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ILIf:!  §11(7 1    flsCS  IY^L-| 


Hkai    os  Niobk.     (Florence.) 


Apollo  Belvederh. 


The  Students  Classical  Dictionary. 


A  SMALLER 


CLASSICAL   DICTIONARY 


OF 


BIOGRAPHY,  MYTHOLOGY,  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


ABRIDGED  FROM  THE  LARGER  DICTIONARY. 


By  WILLIAM   SMITH,  D.C.L.,  LL.D. 


WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


HARPER  <k   BROTHERS,   PUBLISHERS, 

NBW    rORK    AND   LONDON, 

]  899. 

136448 


ANTHONS    CLASSICAL    DICTIONARY. 

A  Classical  Dictionary:  containing  an  Account  of  the  Principal  Proper  Names  mentioned 
in  Ancient  Authors,  and  intended  to  elucidate  all  the  Important  Points  connected  with 
the  Geography,  History,  Biography,  Mythology,  and  Fine  arts  of  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, together  with  an  Account  of  the  Coins, Weight*,  and  Measures  of  the  Ancients,  with 
Tabular  Values  of  the  same.    By  Cuahi.eb  Antuon,  LL.D.    Royal  Svo,  Sheep  extra,  $4  25. 

SMITHS    CLASSICAL    DICTIONARY. 

A  New  Classical  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography,  Mythology,  and  Geography. 
Partly  based  upon  the  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythology,  by 
W»r.  Smith,  LL.D.  Revised,  with  numerous  Corrections  and  Additions,  by  Ciiablcb 
Antuon,  LL.D.    Svo,  Sheep  extra,  $4  10. 


Published  by  HARPER  k  BROTHERS,  New  York, 


For  Reading  Room  Only 


PREFACE. 


The  present  work  is  designed  to  suK.>  a  want  which  still  exists  in 
our  School  Classical  Literature.  It  hfg  been  represented  to  the  editor, 
from  several  quarters,  that  his  Larger  Classical  Dictionary,  though  well 
adapted  for  the  use  of  the  higher  forvis  in  the  public  schools,  is  ex- 
cluded, both  by  its  size  and  pric  ,~i  a  great  number  of  schools,  which 
are  therefore  obliged  to  put  up  with  the  abridgments  of  Lempriere's 
obsolete  work.  In  consequence  of  these  representations,  the  editor  has 
been  induced  to  draw  up  this  Smaller  Dictionary.  All  names  have  been 
inserted  which  a  young  person  would  be  likely  to  meet  with  at  tfee  com- 
mencement of  his  classical  studies;  and  only  those  have  been  <j,  ...ted 
which  occur  in  later  writers,  or  in  works  not  usually  read  in  schools. 
The  quantities  have  been  carefully  marked,  and  the  genitive  cases  in- 
serted. The  mythological  articles  have  been  illustrated  by  drawings 
from  ancient  works  of  art,  for  which  the  editor  is  indebted  to  the  skill- 
ful pencil  of  his  friend,  Mr.  George  Scharf.  In  this,  as  in  the  Smaller 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  care  lias  been  taken  not 
to  presume  too  much  on  the  knowledge  of  the  reader.  It  is  therefore 
hoped  that  these  two  works  may  be  used  conjointly  with  advantage, 
cSjh  in  schools  where  Latin  and  Greek  are  not  taught. 
2  WILLIAM   SMITH 

B 

£-( 
O 

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a* 


SMALL... 


\j-uj-njKjJL\j.rL±j      1/iUliUilil 


RY. 


ABACAENUM. 


ABORIGINES. 


ABACAENUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Siculi  in  Sicily,  W.  ofMessaua,  and  S.  of  Tyn- 
daris. 

ABAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  ofPhocis, 
on  the  boundaries  ofBoeotia;  celebrated  for 
an  ancient  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  who 
hence  derived  the  surname  of  A  baeus. 

ABANTES,  the  ancieul  inhabitants  ofEu- 
boea.  They  are  said  to  have  been  ofThra- 
cian  origin,  to  have  first  settled  in  Phocis, 
where  they  built  Abae,  and  afterwards  to 
have  crossed  over  to  Euboea.  The  Abantes 
of  Euboea  assisted  in  colonizing  several  of 
the  Ionic  cities  of  Asia  Minor. 

XBANTIADES  (-ae),  any  descendant  of 
Alia",  but  especially  Perseus,  great-grandson 

of  Abas,  and  Acrisins,  S if  Abas.    A  female 

descendant  of  Abas,  as  Banau  and  Atalante, 
was  called  Abantias. 

ABARlS  (-is),  a  Hyperborean  priest  of 
Apollo,  came  from  the  country  about  the 
Caucasus  to  Greece,  while  bis  native  land  was 
visited  by  a  plague.    Jlis  history  is  entirely 

mythical  :  he  is  gaid  to  have  taken  no  earthly 
food,  and  to  base  ridden  on  an  arrow,  tin: 
gift  uf  Apollo,  through  the  air.  He  may  per- 
haps be  placed  about  b.o.  5T0. 

ABAS  (-antis).  (1)  Son  of  MctanTra,  was 
changed  by  Demctcr  (Ceres)  into  a  lizard,  be 
cause  he  mocked  the  goddess  when  she  had 
come  on  her  wanderings  into  the  house  of 
his  mother,  and  drank  eagerly  to  quench  her 

thirst (2)  Twelfth  king  of  Argos,  son  ofLyn- 

ceus  ami  Hypermnestra,  grandson  of  Danaus, 
and  father  of  Acrisins  and  Proetns.  When 
he  informed  his  father  of  the  death  ofDanaus, 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  shield  ofhis  grand- 
father, which  was  sacred  to  Hera  (Jnno). 
This  shield  performed  various  marvels,  and 


the  mere  sight  of  it  could  reduce  a  revolted 
people  to  submission. 

ABDERA  (-ae  and  orum),  a  town  of 
Thrace,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Nestus,  which 
flowed  throngh  the  town.  It  was  colonized 
by  Timesius  of  Clazomenac  about  n.o.  656, 
and  a  second  time  by  the  inhabitants  of  Teos 
in  Ionia,  who  settled  there  after  their  own 
town  had  been  taken  by  the  Persians,  B.o.  M  1. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Democritus,  Protag- 
oras, Anaxarchus,  and  other  distinguished 
men;  but  its  inhabitants,  notwithstanding, 
were  accounted  stupid,  and  an  "Abderile" 
was  a  term  of  reproach. 

ABELLA  or  IVELLA  (-ae),  a  town  of 
<  lampania,  not  far  from  Nola,  founded  by  the 
Chalcidians in  Euboea.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  apples,  whence  Virgil  calls  it  m&lif  ra. 

ABGARUS,  ACBARUS,  orAUGARUS  f-i), 
a  name  common  to  many  rulers  of  Edessn,  i  he 

capital  of  the  district  of  Osrhoelie  in  .Mesopo- 
tamia. Of  these  rulers  one  i.-  supposed  by 
Eusebine  to  have  been  the  author  of  a  letter 
written  to  <  Shrist,  which  he  found  in  a  church 
;ii    Edessa  and  translated  from   the  Syriac. 

The  letter  is  believed   to   be  spurious. 

aiwa  (-tie),  a  town  of  Messenia,  on  the 
Me    eniau  gulf. 

A  nil,  a  tribe  mentioned  by  Homer,  and  ap- 
parently a  Thraciau  people. 

\  BILA  (-orum),  a  town  of  Coele-Syria,  aft- 
erwards called  Claudiopolis,  and  the  capital 
of  the  tetrarchy  of  Abilene  I  Luke  iii.  i). 

ABNOBA  MONS  -ae),  the  range  of  hills 
covered  by  the  Black  Korest  in  Germany,  not 
mountain. 

ABORIGINES  (-urn),  the  original  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  equivalent  to  the  Greek 


AEOHRHAS. 


10 


ACERRAE. 


\thones.  But  ihe  Aborigines  in  Italy 
are  not  in  the  Latin  writers  the  original  in- 
habitants of  all  Italy,  but  the  name  of  an  an- 
cient people  who  drove  the  Siculi  out  of  La- 
tium,  and  there  became  the  progenitors  of 
i be  I.atini. 

ABORRHAS,  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates, 
joining  that  river  on  the  E.  side  near  Arce- 
sium  :  called  the  Araxes  by  Xenophon. 

ABSYRTTJS  or  AFSYRTUS  (-i),  sou  of 
Aeetes,  king  of  Colchis,  whom  .Medea  took 
with  her  when  she  fled  with  .Jason.     Being 

Eursr.ed  by  tier  father,  she  murdered  her 
rother,  cut  his  body  in  pieces,  and  strewed 
Ihem  on  the  mad,  that  her  father  might  be 
detained  by  gathering  the  limbs  of  his  child. 
Tumi,  the  place  where  this  horror  was  com- 
mitted, was  believed  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  (tf/ivw)  "cut." 

ABUS  (-i :  Eumber),  a  river  in  Britain. 

ABYDOS  (-i).  (1)  A  town  of  the  Troad  on 
the  Hellespont,  and  a  Milesian  colony,  nearly 
opposite  to  Sestos,  but  a  little  lower  down  the 
stream.  The  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes 
constructed  over  'the  Hellespont,  u.o.  480, 
commenced  a  little  higher  up  than  Abydos, 
and  touched  the  European  shore  between 
Sestos  and  Madyt.us. —  (2)  A  city  of  Upper 
Egypt,  near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile;  once 
'1  only  to  Thebes,  but  in  Strabo's  time 
(a.d.  14)  a  small  village.  It  had  a  temple  of 
(>>iris  and  a  Memnoniwm,  both  still  standing, 
and  an  oracle.  Here  was  found  the  inscrip- 
tion known  as  the  Table  of  Abydos,  which 
contains  a  list  of  the  Egyptian  kings. 

ABYLA  (-ae)  or  ABILA  (-ae)  MONS  or  CO- 
LUMNA,  a  mountain  in  Maaretania  Tingi- 
tana,  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  the  S.  or 
African  coast  of  theFretum  Gaditanum.  This 
and  M.  Calpe  {Gibraltar),  opposite  to  it  on 
the  Spanish  coast,  were  called  the  Oil  inn  us 
of  Hercules,  from  the  fable  that  they  were 
originally  one  mountain,  torn  asunder  by 
Hercules. 

ACABEMIA  and  -IA  (-ae),  a  piece  of  land 
on  the  Cephissus,  6  stadia  from  Athens,  orig- 
inally belonging  to  a  hero  Academus,  and 
subsequently  a  gymnasium,  adorned  by  Ci- 
mon  with  plane  and  olive  plantations,  stat- 
ues, and  other  works  of  art.  Here  taught 
Plato,  who  possessed  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  after  him  his  followers, 
who  were  hence  called  the  Academic),  or 
Academic  philosophers.  Cicero  gave  the 
name  of  Academia  to  his  villa  near  Pnteoli, 
where  he  wrote  his  "(^naestiones  Academ- 
icae." 

ICAMA8  (-antis).  (1)  Son  of  Theseus  and 
Phaedra,  accompanied  Diomedes  to  Troy  to 
demand  the  surrender  of  Helen.— (2)  Son  of 
Antenor  and  Theano,  one  of  the  bravest  Tro- 
jans, slain  byMeriones. — (3)  Son  ofEussorns, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Thracians  in  the 
Trojan  war,  slain  by  the  Telamonian  Ajax. 

ACANTHUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  Isthmus, 
which  connects  the  peninsula  of  Athos  with 
Chalcidice,  founded  by  the  inhabitants  of  An- 
dros. 

iCARNAN  (-finis),  one  of  the  Epigoni.  son 
of  Alcmaeou  and  Callirrhoe,  and  brother  of 


Amphoterus.  Their  father  was  murdered  by 
Phegeus  when  they  were  very  young  j  but  as 
soon  as  they  had  grown  up,  they  slew  Phege- 
us, his  wife,  and  nis  two  sons.  They  after- 
wards went  to  Epirus,  where  Acarnan  found- 
ed the  stale  called  after  him  Acarnania. 

ACARNANIA  (-ae),  the  most  westerly  prov- 
ince of  Greece,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Am- 
bracian  gulf;  on  the  W.  and  S.W.by  the  Io- 
nian sea;  ontheN.E. by  Amphilochia,  which 
is  sometimes  included  in  Acarnania;  and  on 
the  E.  by  Aetolia,  from  which,  at  a  later  time, 
it  was  separated  by  the  Achelons.  The  name 
of  Acarnania  does  not  occur  in  Homer.  In 
the  most  ancient  times  the  land  was  inhabit- 
ed by  the  Taphii,  Teleboae,  and  Leleges,  and 
subsequently  by  the  Curetes.  At  a  later  time 
a  colony  from  Argos,  said  to  have  been  led  by 
Acarnan,  settled  in  the  country.  In  the  sev- 
enth century  n.c.  the  Corinthians  founded  sev- 
eral towns  on  the  coast.  The  Acarnanians 
first  emerge  from  obscurity  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  b.o.  431.  They 
were  then  a  rude  people,  living  by  piracy  and 
robbery,  and  they  always  remained  behind 
the  rest  of  the  Greeks  in  civilization  and  re- 
finement. They  were  good  sliugers,  and  are 
praised  for  their  fidelity  and  courage.  The 
different  towns  formed  a  League,  which  met 
at  Stratus,  and  subsequently  at  Thyrium  or 
Lettcas. 

ACASTUS  (-i),  son  of  Pelias,  king  of  Iol- 
CUS,  one  of  the  Argonauts  and  of  the'Culydo- 
nian  hunters.  His  sisters  were  induced  by 
Medea  to  cut  up  their  father  and  boil  him,  in 
order  to  make  him  young  again.  Acastus,  in 
consequence,  drove  Jason  and  Medea  from 
Iolcus,  and  instituted  funeral  games  in  hon- 
our of  his  father.  During  these  games,  Hip- 
polyte,  the  wife  of  Acastus,  fell  in  love  with 
Peleus.  When  Peleus  refused  to  listen  to  her 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  having  at- 
tempted her  dishonor.  Shortly  afterwards, 
while  Acastus  and  Peleus  were  hunting  on 
mount  Pelion,  and  the  latter  had  fallen  asleep, 
Acastus  took  his  sword  from  him,  and  left 
him  alone.  He  was,  in  consequence,  nearly 
destroyed  by  the  Centaurs  ;  but  he  was  saved 
by  Chiron  or  Hermes,  returned  to  Acastus, 
and  killed  him,  together  with  his  wife. 

ACBARUS.     [Abgaiuts.J 

ACCA  LAURENTIA  ok  LARENTIA  (-ae), 
the  wife  of  the  shepherd  Faustulns  and  the 
nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  after  they  had 
been  taken  from  the  she-wolf.  She  seems  to 
lie  connected  with  the  worship  of  the  Lares, 
from  which  her  name  Larentia  is  probably 
derived. 

ACCIUS  ou  ATTIUS  (-i),  L.,  a  Roman  trag- 
ic poet,  was  born  u.c.  170,  and  lived  to  a  great 
age.  His  tragedies  were  chiefly  imitated  from 
the  Greek,  but  he  also  wrote  some  on  Roman 
subjects  {Praetextatae). 

ACCO,  a  chief  of  the  Senones  in  Gaul,  in- 
duced his  countrymen  to  revolt  against  Cae- 
sar,  n.c.  53,  by  whom  he  was  put  to  death. 

ACE.     [Ptoi.k.mais.] 

ACEKBAS.     [Dn.o.1 

ACERRAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Catnpa- 
nia,  on  the  Clauius  ;  destroyed  by  Hannibal, 


ACESINES. 


11 


AC'IIERUSIA. 


but  rebuilt.— (2)  A  town  of  the  Insubres  iu 
Gallia  Transpadaua. 

XCESINES  (-ae :  Chenaub),  a  river  in  India, 
into  which  the  Hydaspes  flows,  and  which  it- 
self flows  into  the  Indus. 

XCESTA.     [Segesta.] 

ACESTES  (-ae),  son  of  a  Trojan  woman,  of 
the  name  of  Egesta  or  Segesta,  who  was  sent 
by  her  father  to  Sicily,  that  she  might  not  be 
devoured  by  the  monsters  which  infested  the 
territory  of  Troy.  When  Egesta  arrived  in 
Sicily,  the  river-god  Crimisus  begot  by  her  a 
sun  Acestes,  who  was  afterwards  regarded  as 
the  hero  who  had  founded  the  town  of  Seges- 
ta. Aeneas,  on  his  arrival  in  Sicily,  was  hos- 
pitably received  by  Acestes. 

ACHAEI  (-Orum),  one  of  the  chief  Helleni 
races,  were,  according  to  tradition,  descend 
from  Achaeus,  who  was  the  son  of  Xuthu 
Creusa,  and  grandson  of  Hellen.    The 
originally  dwelt  in  Thessaly,  and  fro 
migrated  to  Peloponnesus,the  whc 
became  subject  to  them  with  tl 
of  Arcadia,  and  the  country  af 
Achaia.    As  they  were  the 
Peloponnesus  in  the  heroi 
quently  gives  the  name  of  x 
lective  Greeks.     On  the  conqt 
nesus  by  the  Heraclidae  and  t.  j 

years  after  the  Trojan  war,  many  <_  aei 

under  Tisamenus,  the  sou  of  Oreste.  iheir 

country  and  took  possession  of  the  .  >rtheni 
coast  of  Peloponnesus,  then  inhabited  by  Io- 
nians,  whom  they  expelled  from  the  country, 
which  was  henceforth  called  Achaia.  The  ex- 
pelled lonians  migrated  to  Attica  and  Asia 
Minor.  The  Achaei  settled  in  12  cities:  Pel- 
lene,  Aegira,  Aegae,  Burn,  Helice,  Aegium, 
Rhypae,  Patrae,  Pharae,  Olenus,  Dyme,  and 
Tritaca.  These  12  cities  formed  a  league  for 
mutual  defense  and  protection.  The  Achaei 
had  little  influence  in  the  affairs  of  Greece 
till  the  time  of  the  successors  of  Alexander. 
In  is.c.  281,  the  Achaei,  who  were  then  subject 
to  the  Macedonians,  resolved  to  renew  then- 
ancient  league  for  the  purpose  of  shaking  off 
the  Macedonian  yoke.  This  was  the  origin 
of  the  celebrated  Achaean  League.  It  at  first 
consisted  of  only  four  towns,  Dyme,  Patrae, 
Tritaea,  and  Pharae,  but  was  subsequently 
joined  by  the  Other  towns  of  Achaia,  with  the 
exception  of  Olenus  and  Helice.  It  did  not, 
however,  obtain  much  importance  tilln.0.  251, 
when  Aratus  united  to  it  his  native  town.  Sic- 
yon.  The  example  of  Sicyon  was  followed 
by  Corinth  and  many  other  towns  in  Greece, 
and  the  League  soon  became  the  chief  politi- 
cal power  in  Greece.  At  length  the  Achaei 
declared  war  against  the  Romans,  who  de- 
stroyed the  League,  and  thus  put  an  end  to 
the  independence  of  Greece.  Corinth,  then 
the  chief  town  of  the  League,  was  taken  by 
the  Roman  general  .Miitninius,  in  n.e.  146,  ami 
the  whole  of  southern  Greece  made  a  Human 
province  under  the  name  of  Achaia. 

ACHAEMENE8  (-is).  (1)  The  ancestor  of 
the  Persian  kings,  who  founded  the  family  of 
the  Achaemenidae,  which  was  the  noblest  fam- 
ily of  the  Pasatgadae,  the  noblest  of  the  Per- 
sian tribes.  The  Roman  poets  use  the  adjec- 
tive AclmcnicniuH  in  the  sense  of  Persian.— 


(2)  Sou  of  Darius  I.,  was  governor  of  Egypt, 
and  commanded  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  ex- 
pedition of  Xerxes  against  Greece,  b.o.  480. 
He  was  defeated  and  killed  in  battle  by  Ina- 
rus  the  Libyan,  460. 

AdlAEMENIDES,  ok  XCHEMENlDES,  a 

companion  of  Ulysses,  who  left  him  behind  in 

Sicily  when  he  fled  from  the  Cyclops. 

ACHAEUS.     [Achaei.] 

ACHAIA  (-ae).    (1)  The  northern  coast  of 

the  Peloponnesus,  originally  called  Aegialca 

or  Aegialus,  i.  e.  the  coast-land,  was  bouuded 

on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf  and  the  Ie 

nia*     ""a,  on  the  S.  by  Elis  and  Arcadia,  on  the 

V*  -e  Ionian  sea,  and  on  the  E.  by  Sicyo- 

^ectiug  its  inhabitants,  see  Aoiiaei. 

•ict  in  Thessaly,  which  appears  to 

•  original  seat  of  the  Achaei.— 

province,  which  included  Pe- 

uorthern  Greece  S.  of  Thes- 

jrmedon  the  dissolution  of  the 

ague  in  b.o.  146,  and  hence  derived 

.iRNAE  (-arum),  the  principal  demus 
cica,  Go  stadia  N.  of  Athens,  possessing  a 
nerons  and  warlike  population.  One  of 
ae  plays  of  Aristophanes  bears  their  name. 

XCHELOIADES.     [Aohelotjs.] 

ACHE  LOUS  (-i),  the  largest  river  in  Greece, 
rises  in  Mount  Pindus,  and  flows  southward, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Acarnania  and 
Aetolia,  and  falls  into  the  Ionian  sea  opposite 
the  islands  called  Echinades.  It  is  about  130 
miles  in  length.  The  god  of  this  river  is  de- 
scribed as  the  son  of'Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
aud  as  the  eldest  of  his  3000  brothers.  He 
fought  with  Hercules  for  Deianira,  but  was 
conquered  in  the  contest.  He  then  took  the 
form  of  a  bull, but  was  again  overcome  by  Her- 
cules, who  deprived  him  of  one  of  his  horns, 
which,  however,  he  recovered  by  giving  up 
the  horn  of  Amalthea.  According  to  Ovid 
(Met.  ix.  8T),  the  Naiads  changed  the  horn 
which  Hercules  took  from  Achelous  into  the 
horn  of  plenty.  Achelous  was  from  the  ear- 
liest times  considered  to  be  a  great  divinity 
throughout  Greece,  aud  was  invoked  in  pray- 
ers, sacrifices,  etc.  Achelous  was  regarded  as 
the  representative  of  all  fresh  water;  hence 
we  find  in  Virgil  AchSlota  pocula,  thai  is,  wa- 
ter in  general.  The  Sirens  arc  called  Achi- 
1','itrtlrs,  as  the  daughters  of  Achelous. 

ACHERON  (-cutis),  the  name  of  several  riv- 
ers, all  of  which  were,  at  least  at  one  time,  be- 
lieved to  be  connected  with  the  lower  world. 
— (1)  A  river  iu  Thesprotia,  in  ESpirus, which 
flows  lb  rough  the  lake  Acherusia  into  the  Io- 
nian sea.  —  (2)  A  river  iu  southern  Italy,  in 
Brnttii,  on  which  Alexander  of  Epirua  per- 
ished.- (3)  The  river  of  the  lower  world  round 
which  the  shades  hover,  and  into  which  the 
Pyriphlegethon  and  Cocytus  flow.  In  late 
writers  the  name  of  Acheron  is  used  to  des- 
ignate the  whole  of  the  lower  world. 

ACHfiRONTlA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Apu- 
lia, on  a  summit  of  Mount  Vultur, whence  Hor- 
ace speaks  of  eelsae  nidum  Acherontiae. — (2) 
A  town  on  the  river  Acheron, in  Uruttii.  [Ach- 
eron, No.  2.] 

XCHfiRtTSlA  (-ae).     (Aoiiekon,  No.  1.] 


ACHILLES. 


12 


ACHILLES. 


iCHILLES  ren.-Is,  <  i.  el,  or  i  •.  dot, -I;  ace. 
-6m,  65;  abl.-C-  or  i"),the  great  hero  of  the  Iliad. 
•  8tor ,■■.'.  Achilles  was  the  son  of  Pe- 
leus,  king  of  the  Myrmidonea  in  Phthiotis.  in 
Thessaly,  and  of  the  Nereid  Thetis.  From  his 
father's  name  he  is  often  called  PeUdes,Pekl- 
i  .  or  Pellon,  and  from  his  grandfather's, 
8.  He  was  educated  by  Phoenix,  who 
taught  him  eloquence  and  the  arts  of  war.  In 
the  healing  art  he  was  instructed  by  Chiron, 
the  centaur.  His  mother  Thetis  foretold  him 
that  his  fate  was  either  to  gain  glory  and  die 
early,  or  to  live  a  long  but  inglorious  life. 
The  hero  chose  the  former,  and  took  part  in 
the  Trojan  war,  from  which  he  knew  that  he 
was  not  to  return.  In  50  ships  he  led  his 
hosts  of  Myrmidones,  Hellenes,  and  Achaeans 
against  Troy.  Here  the  swift-footed  Achilles 
was  the  great  bulwark  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
worthy  favorite  of  Athena  (Minerva)  and  Hera 
(Juno).  When  Agamemnon  was  obliged  to 
give  np  Chrysels  to  her  father,  he  threatened 
to  take  away  Briseis  from  Achilles,  who  sur- 
rendered her  on  the  persuasion  of  Athena,  but 
at  the  same  time  refused  to  take  any  further 
part  in  the  war,  and  shut  himself  up  in  his 
tent.  Zeus  (Jupiter),  on  the  entreaty  of  The- 
tis, promised  that  victor}'  should  be  on  the 
side  of  the  Trojans,  until  the  Achaeans  should 
have  honored  her  son.  The  affairs  of  the 
Greeks  declined  in  consequence,  and  they 
were  at  last  pressed  so  hard,  that  an  embassy 
was  sent  to  Achilles,  offering  him  rich  pres- 
ents and  the  restoration  of  Briseis;  but  in 
vain.  Finally,  however,  he  was  persuaded  by 
Patroclus,  his  dearest  friend,  to  allow  the  lat- 
ter to  make  use  of  his  men,  his  horses,  aud  his 
armor.  Patroclus  was  slain,  and  when  this 
news  reached  Achilles,  he  was  seized  with  un- 
speakable grief.  Thetis  consoled  him,  and 
promised  new  arms,  to  be  made  by  Hephaes- 
tus (Vulcan) ;  and  Iris  exhorted  him  to  rescue 
the  body  of  Patroclus.  Achilles  now  rose,  and 
his  thundering  voice  alone  put  the  Trojans  to 
flight.  When  his  new  armor  was  brought  to 
him,  he  hurried  to  the  field  of  battle,  killed 
numbers  of  Trojans,  and  at  length  met  Hec- 
tor, whom  he  chased  thrice  around  the  walis 
of  the  city.  He  then  slew  him,  tied  his  body 
to  his  chariot,  and  dragged  him  to  the  ships 
of  the  Greeks  ;  but  he  afterwards  gave  up  the 
corpse  to  Priam,  who  came  in  person  to  beg 
for  it.  Achilles  himself  fell  in  the  battle  at  the 
Scaean  gate,  before  Troy  was  taken.  Achilles 
is  the  principal  hero  of  the  Iliad :  he  is  the 
handsomest  and  bravest  of  all  the  Greeks  ;  he 
is  affectionate  towards  his  mother  aud  his 
friends  j  formidable  in  battles,  which  are  his 
delight ;  open-hearted  and  without  fear,  and 
at  the  same  time  susceptible  of  the  gentle  and 
■quiet  joys  of  home.  His  greatest  passion  is 
ambition,  and  when  his  sense  of  honor  is 
hurt,  he  is  unrelenting  in  his  revenge  and  an- 
ger, but  withal  submits  obediently  to  the  will 
of  the  gods.  Later  tradition.*.— These  consist 
chiefly  in  accounts  which  rill  up  the  historv 
of  his  youth  aud  death.  His  mother,  wishing 
to  make  her  son  immortal,  concealed  him  by 
night  in  the  fire,  in  order  to  destroy  the  mortal 
parts  he  had  inherited  from  his  father.  But 
Peleus  one  night  discovered  his  child  in  the 
fire,  and  cried  out  in  terror.    Thetis  left  her 


son  and  fled,  and  Peleus  intrusted  him  to  Chi- 
ron, who  instructed  him  in  the  arts  of  riding, 
hunting,  and  playing  the  phormiux,  and  also 
changed  his  original  name,  Ligyrou,  i.  e.  the 
"  whining,"  into  Achilles.  Chiron  fed  his  pu- 
pil with  the  hearts  of  lions  and  the  marrow 
of  bears.  According  to  other  accounts,  The- 
tis endeavored  to  make  Achilles  immortal  by 
dipping  him  in  the  river  Styx,  and  succeeded 
with  the  exception  of  the  ankles,  by  which  she 
held  him.  When  he  was  '.» years  old,  Calchaa 
declared  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  with- 
out his  aid,  and  "Thetis,  knowing  that  this 
war  would  be  fatal  to  him,  disguised  him  as 
a  maiden,  aud  introduced  him  among  the 
daughters  of  Lycomedes  of  Scyros,  where  he 
was  called  by  the  name  of  Pyrrha,  on  account 
of  his  golden  locks.  Here  he  remained  con- 
cealed till  Ulysses  visited  the  place  in  the  dis- 
guise of  a  merchant,  and  offered  for  sale  some 
female  dresses,  amidst  which  he  had  mixed 
some  arms.  Achilles  discovered  his  sex  by 
eagerly  seizing  the  arms,  and  then  accompa- 
nied Ulysses  to  the  Greek  army.    During  his 


Achilles  seizins  Arms  at  Scyros.     (A  Painting 
found  at  Pompeii.) 

residence  at  Scyros,  one  of  his  companions, 
Deidamia,  became  by  him  the  mother  of  a 
sou,  Pyrrhus  or  Neoptolemus.  During  the 
war  against  Troy,  Achilles  slew  Penthesili  a. 
an  Amazon.  He  also  fought  with  Meranon 
and  Troilns.  The  accounts  of  his  death  dif- 
fer very  much,  though  all  agree  in  stating  that 
he  did  not  fall  by  human  hands,  or  at  least 
not  without  the  interference  of  the  god  Apol- 
lo. According  to  some  traditions,  he  was 
killed  by  Apollo  himself:  according  to  others, 
Apollo  assumed  the  appearance  of  Paris  iu 


Aotaeon.    (British  Museum.) 


ACHILLEUM. 


13 


ACTOR. 


killing  him,  while  others  say  that  Apollo 
merely  directed  the  weapon  of  Paris.  Others, 
again,  relate  that  Achilles  loved  Polyxena,  a 
daughter  of  Priam,  and,  tempted  by  the  prom- 
ise that  he  should  receive  her  as  his  wife  if 
he  would  join  the  Trojans,  he  went  without 
arms  into  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Thymbra, 
and  was  assassinated  there  by  Paris.  His 
body  was  rescued  by  Ulysses  and  Ajax  the 
Telamoniau  ;  his  armor  was  promised  by  The- 
tis to  the  bravest  among  the  Greeks,  which 
gave  rise  to  a  contest  between  the  two  heroes 
who  had  rescued  his  body.  [Ajax.]  After 
his  death  Achilles  became  one  of  the  judges 
in  the  lower  world,  and  dwelt  in  the  islands 
of  the  blessed,  where  he  was  united  to  Medea 
or  Iphigenia. 

ACHILLEI'M  (-i),  a  town  near  the  promon- 
tory Sigeum  in  the  Troad,  where  Achilles  was 
supposed  to  have  been  buried. 

XCHILLIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  Pyr- 
rhus,  son  of  Achilles. 

ACHIVI  (-orom),  the  name  of  the  Achaei 
in  the  Latin  writers,  and  frequently  used,  like 
Achaei,  to  signify  the  whole  Greek  nation. 
[Achaei.] 

ACHRADINA  or  ACRlDlNA.     [Syraoc- 

BAE.] 

ACIDALIA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Venus,  from 
the  well  Acidalius  near  Orchomenos,  where 
she  used  to  bathe  with  the  Graces. 

ACILIUS  GLABRIO.     [Gi.ahiuo.] 

ACI8  (-is  or  idis),  son  of  Faunus  and  Sy- 
maethis,  beloved  by  the  nymph  Galatea,  and 
crushed  by  Polyphemus,  the  Cyclop,  through 
jealousy,  under  a  huge  rock.  Hisblood,  gush- 
ing forth  from  under  the  rock,  was  changed 
by  the  nymph  into  the  river  Acis  or  Acinius 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Aetna.  This  story  is 
perhaps  only  a  happy  fiction  suggested  by  the 
manner  in  which  the  little  river  springs  forth 
from  under  a  rock. 

ACMOnIDEs  (-ae),  one  of  the  three  Cy- 
clopes in  Ovid,  the  same  as  Pyracmon  in  Vir- 
gil, and  as  Arges  in  other  accounts. 

ACOETES  (-ae),a  sailor  who  was  saved  by 
Bacchus  when  his  companions  were  destroy- 
ed, because  he  was  the  only  one  of  the  crew 
who  had  espoused  the  cause  of  the  god. 

5.CONTIUS  (-i),  a  beautiful  youth  of  the 
island  of  Ceos.  Having  come  to  Delos  to  cel- 
ebrate the  festival  of  Diana,  he  fell  in  love 
with  Cydippe,  the  daughter  of  a  noble  Athe- 
nian. In  order  to  '.rain  her,  he  had  recourse 
to  a  stratagem.  While  she  was  sitting  before 
the  temple  of  Diana,  he  threw  to  her  an  ap- 
ple upon  which  he  had  written  the  word.-,  "I 
swear  by  the  sanctuary  of  Diana  to  marry 
Acontius."  The  nurse  rook  up  the  apple  and 
handed  it  to  Cydippe,  who  read  aloud  what 
was  written  upon  it,  and  then  threw  the  ap- 
ple away.  But  the  goddess  had  beard  her 
vow;  and  the  repeated  illness  of  the  maiden, 
when  she  was  about  to  marry  another  man, 
at  length  compelled  her  father  to  give  her  in 
marriage  to  Acontius. 

ACRAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Sicily,W.  of  Syr- 
acuse, and  10  stadia  from  the  river  Anapns, 
founded  by  the  Syracusans  70  years  alter  the 
foundation  of  their  own  city. 
B2 


ACRAEPHIA  (-ae),  ACRAEPHIAE 
(-arum),  or  ACRAEPHlUM  (-i),  a  town  in 
Boeotia,  on  the  lake  Copais. 

ACRAGAS  (-antis).     [Agkigkntum.] 

ACRISIONE  (-es),  a  patronymic  of  Danae, 
daughter  of  Acrisius.  Perseus,  grandson  of 
Acrisius,  was  called  iu  the  same  way  Acri- 
sioniades. 

ACRISIUS  (-i),  son  of  Abas,  king  of  Argos, 
grandson  of  Lynceus,  and  great-grandson  of 
Danaus.  An  oracle  had  declared  that  Danae, 
the  daughter  of  Acrisius,  would  give  birth  to 
a  son  who  would  kill  his  grandfather.  For 
this  reason  he  kept  Danae  shut  up  in  a  sub- 
terraneous apartment,  or  in  a  brazen  tower. 
But  here  she  became  the  mother  of  Perseus, 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  visited  her  in  a  show- 
er of  gold.  Acrisius  ordered  mother  and  child 
to  be  exposed  on  the  sea  iu  a  chest ;  but  the 
chest  floated  towards  the  island  of  Seriphus, 
where  both  were  rescued  by  Dictys.  As  to 
the  fulfillment  of  the  oracle,  see  Peiisecs. 

ACROCERAUNIA  (-orum),  a  promontory 
in  Epirus,  jutting  out  into  the  Ionian  sea,  the 
most  westerly  part  of  the  Ceraunii  Montes. 
The  coast  of  the  Acroceraunia  was  dangerous 
to  ships,  whence  Horace  speaks  of  infameo 
scopulus  A croccraunia. 

ACROPOLIS.     [Atiiksaf..] 

ACRC-THOUM  (-i)  or  ACR5THOI  (-drum), 
a  town  near  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
of  Athos.  _ 

ACTAEON  (-onis),  a  celebrated  huntsman, 
sou  of  Aristaeus  and  Autonoe,  a  daughter  of 
Cadmus.  One  day,  as  he  was  hunting,  he  saw 
Artemis  (Diana)  with  her  nymphs  bathing  in 
the  vale  of  Gargaphia,  whereupon  the  god- 
dess changed  him  into  a  stag,  in  which  form 
he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  his  50  dogs  on  Mount 
Cithaeron. 

ACTAEUS  (-i),  the  earliest  king  of  Attica. 
j  The  adjective  Actaeus  is  used  by  the  poets  in 
'  the  sense  of  Attic  or  Athenian. 

ACTE  (-es),  properly  a  piece  of  land  run- 
ning into  the  sea,  and  attached  to  another 
larger  piece  of  land,  but  not  necessarily  by  a 
narrow  neck.  (1)  An  ancient  name  of  Attica, 
used  especially  by  the  poets.  Hence  Orithyia, 
the  daughter  of  Erectheus,  king  of  Athens,  is 
called  Actias  by  Virgil. — (2)  The  peninsula 
between  the  Strymonic  and  Singitic  gulfs  on 
which  Mount  Athos  is. 

ACTIUM  (-i:  La  Punta,  not  Azio),  a  prom- 
ontory in  Acarnania,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Ambracian  gulf,  off  which  Augustus  gained 
the  celebrated  victory  over  Antony  and  Cle- 
opatra, on  September  •_',  b.o.  81.  At  Actium 
there  was  a  temple  of  Apollo,  who  was  hence 
1  called  Actiacus  and  Art  his.  This  temple  was 
'  beautified  by  Augustus,  who  established,  or 
rather  revived,  a  festival  to  Apollo,  called  4c- 
tia,  and  erected  Nioopoi.is  on  the  opposite 
coast,  in  commemoration  of  his  victory.  A 
few  buildings  sprung  up  around  the  temple 
at  Actium.  but  the  place  was  only  a  kind  of 
suburb  of  Xicopolis. 

A.CTIUS.     [Attiub.] 

ACTOR  (-oris).  (1)  Son  of  Deion  and  Dio- 
medes,  father  of Menoetius, and  grandfather 
of  Patroclus.— (2)  A  companion  of  Aeneas,  of 


ACTORIDES. 


1  I 


ADEIA. 


conquered  lance  Turnus  made  a  bi  last 
This  story  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  the 
proverb  Aetorit  spolium  for  any  poor  spoil. 
ACTORIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  de- 

mts  of  an  Actor,  such  as  Patroclus, 
Erithus,  Eurytus,  and  Cteatus. 

ADDf  A  (-ae:  Adda),  a  river  of  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  rising  in  the  Rhaetian  Alps,  and  flow- 
ing through  the  Lacns  Larius  (/..  di  Como) 
into  tin'  Pq,  about  8  miles  above  Cremona. 

ADHERBAL  (-alis).     [Juquetha.] 

ADtiBENE  (-es),  a  district  of  Assyria,  E. 
of  the  Tigris,  and  between  the  river  Lycus, 
called  Zabatus  in  the  Anabasis  of  Xenophon, 
and  the  Caprus,  both  of  which  are  branches 
of  the  Tigris. 

ADMETUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Pherae  in 
Thessaly,  sued  for  Alcestis,  the  daughter  of 
Pelias,  who  promised  her  on  condition  that 
he  should  come  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  lions 
and  boars.  This  task  Admetus  performed  bv 
the  assistance  of  Apollo.  The  god  tended  the 
flocks  of  Admetus  for!)  years,  when  he  was 
obliged  to  Berve  a  mortal  for  having  slain  the 
Cyclops.  Apollo  prevailed  upon  the  Moirae 
or  Fates  to  grant  to  Admetus  deliverance 
from  death  if  his  father,  mother,  or  wife 
would  die  for  him.  Alcestis  died  in  his  stead, 
but  was  brought  back  by  Hercules  from  the 
low<  r  world.— (2)  King  of  the  Molossians,  to 
whom  Themistoi  lbs  fled  for  protection  when 
pursued  as  a  party  to  the  treason  of  Pausa- 
nias. 

ADONIS  (-is  or  idis).  (1)  A  beautiful 
youth,  son  of  Cinyras,  by  his  daughter  Smyr- 
na or  Myrrha.  He  was  beloved  by  Aphro- 
dite- (Venus),  but  he  died  of  a  wound  which 


(A  Painting  found  at  Pompeii.) 


he  received  from  a  boar  during  the  chase. 

The  flower  anemone  sprung  from  his  blood. 
The  grief  of  the  goddess  at  his  death  - 
great  that  the  gods  of  the  lower  world  al- 
lowed him  to  spend  six  months  of  everyyear 
with  Aphrodite  upon  the  earth.  The  worship 
of  Adonis  was  of  Phoenician  origin,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  had  reference  to  the  death  of 


nature  in  winter  and  to  its  revival  in  Bpring: 
hence  Adonis  spends  6  months  in  the  lower 
and  6  months  in  the  upper  world.  His  death 
and  his  return  to  life  were  celebrated  in  an- 
nual festivals  (Adonia)  at  By  bios,  Alexandria 
in  Egypt,  Athens,  and  other  places.  —  (2)  A 
small  river  of  Phoenicia,  rising  in  the  range 
of  Libauus. 

ADRAMYTTIUM  or  EUM  (-i),  a  town  of 
BIysia,  near  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium.  and  opposite  to  the  island  of  Lesbos. 

ADRA.NA  (-ae:  Eder),  a  river  in  Germany, 
flowing  into  the  Fulda  near  Cassel. 

ADRASTUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Talaus,  king 
of  Argos.  Being  expelled  from  Argos  bv  Am- 
phiarans, he  fled  to  Polybus,  king  of  Sicyon, 
whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne  of  Sicyon, 
and  instituted  the  Ner.iean  games.  After- 
wards he  became  reconciled  to  Amphiarans, 
and  returned  to  his  kingdom  of  Argos.  He 
married  his  two  daughters  Deipyle  and  Argla, 
the  former  to  Tydeus  of  Calydon,  and  "the 
latter  to  Polynices  of  Thebes, 'both  fugitives 
from  their  native  countries.  He  then  prepared 
to  restore  Polynices  to  Thebes,  who  had  been 
expelled  by  his  brother  Eteocles,  although 
Amphiarans  foretold  that  all  who  should  en- 
gage in  the  war  should  perish,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  AdrastU8.  Thus  aro.-e  the  celebra- 
ted war  of  the  "Seven  against  Thebes,"  in 
which  Adrastus  was  joined  by  6  other  heroes, 
viz.,  Polynices,  Tydeus,  Amphiarans,  Capane- 
us,  Hippomedoii,  and  Parthenopaeus.  This 
war  ended  as  unfortunately  as  Amphiarans 
had  predicted,  and  Adrastus  alone  was  saved 
by  the  swiftness  of  his  horse  Arlon,  the  gift 
of  Hercules.  Ten  years  afterwards,  Adrastus 
persuaded  the  6  sons  of  the  heroes  who  had 
fallen  in  the  war  to  make  a  new  attack  upon 
Thebes,  and  Amphiarans  now  promised  suc- 
cess. This  war  is  known  as  the  war  of  the 
"  Epigoui"  or  descendants.  Thebes  was  tak- 
en and  razed  to  the  ground.  The  only  Argive 
hero  that  fell  in  this  war  was  Aegialeus,  the 
son  of  Adrastus:  the  latter  died  of  grief  at 
Megara  on  his  return  to  Argos,  and  was  bur- 
ied in  the  former  city.  The  legends  about 
Adrastus  and  the  two  wars  against  Thebes, 
furnished  ample  materials  for  the  epic  as  well 
as  tragic  poets  of  Greece.  —  (2)  Son  of  the 
Phrygian  king  Gordius,  having  unintention- 
ally killed  his  brother,  fled  to  Croesus,  who  re- 
ceived him  kindly.  While  hunting,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  Atys,  the  son  of  Croesus,  and 
in  despair  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

ADRlA  or  IIADRIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in 
Gallia  Cisalpina,  between  the  months  (if  the 
Po  and  the  Athesis  (Adige),  from  which  the 
Adriatic  sea  takes  its  name.  It  wras  original- 
ly a  powerful  town  of  the  Etruscans. — (2)  A 
town  of  Picenum  in  Italy,  and  afterwards  a 
Roman  colony,  at  which  place  the  family  of 
the  emperor  Hadrian  lived. 

ADRIA  i-ie  or  MARE  ADRlA.TICUM,aleo 
MARE  SUPERUM,  so  called  from  the  town 
Adria  [No.  1],  was,  in  its  widest  signification, 
the  sea  between  Italy  on  the  W.,  and  Illyri- 
cum,  Epirus,  and  Greece  on  the  E.  By  the 
Greeks  the  name  Adrias  was  only  applied  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  sea,  the  southern  part 
being  called  the  Ionian  sea. 


ADRIANUS. 


15 


AEGATES. 


ADRIANUS.     [Haubianus.] 

ADRUMETUM.     [Haducmktum.] 

ADUATUC  A  (-ae),  a  castle  of  the  Eburones 
in  Gaul,  probably  the  same  as  the  later  Aduaca 
Tongrorum  (Tomjern). 

ADUATfX'I  or  ADUATICI  (-Orum),  a  pow- 
erful people  of  Gallia  Belgica  in  the  time  of 
Caesar,  were  the  descendants  of  the  Cimbri 
and  Teutoni,  and  lived  between  the  Scaldis 
(Schelde)  and  Mosa  (Maas). 

ADtTLA.  (-ae)  MONS.    [Alpeb.] 

ADULE  (-es)  or  ADULIS  (-is),  a  maritime 
city  of  Aethopia,  on  a  bay  of  the  Red  Sea, 
called  Adulitauus  Sinus.  It  fell  into  the  pow- 
er of  the  Auxnmitae,  for  whose  trade  it  be- 
came the  great  emporium.  Here  was  found 
the  Monwmerdwm  Adulitanum,  a  Greek  in- 
scription recounting  the  conquests  of  Ptolemy 
II.  Euergetes  in  Asia  and  Thrace. 

ADYRMACHIDAE  (-arum),  a  Libyan  peo- 
ple who  appear  to  have  once  possessed  the 
whole  coast  of  Africa  from  the  Canopic  mouth 
of  the  Nile  to  the  Catabathmus  Major,  but 
were  afterwards  pressed  further  inland. 

AEA  (-ae),  sometimes  with  the  addition  of 
the  word  Colchis,  may  be  considered  either 
a  part  of  Colchis  or  another  name  for  the 
country. 

AEXCIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  the  de- 
scendants of  Aeacus,  as  Peleus,  Telamon,  and 
Phocus,  sons  of  Aeacus  ;  Achilles,  son  of  Pe- 
leus, and  grandson  of  Aeacus  ;  Pyrrhus,  son 
of  Achilles,  and  great-grandson  of  Aeacus  ; 
and  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  who  claimed  to 
be  a  descendant  of  Achilles. 

AEACUS  (-i),  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Ae- 
gina, a  daughter  of  the  river-god  Asopus,  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Aegina,  which  derived 
its  name  from  his  mother.  [Aegina.]  Some 
traditions  related  that  at  the  birth  of  Aeacus, 
Aegina  was  not  yet  inhabited,  and  that  Zeus 
changed  the  ants  of  the  island  into  men  (Myr- 
midones),  over  whom  Aeacus  ruled.  Aeacus 
was  renowned  in  all  Greece  for  his  justice  and 
piety,  and  after  his  death  became  oue  of  the 
3  judges  in  Hades. 

AEAEA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Circe,  the  sis- 
ter of  Aeetes,  was  believed  to  have  inhabited 
a  small  island  of  this  name  off  the  coasl  of 
Italy,  which  was  afterwards  united  to  the 
main  land,  and  formed  the  promontory  of  Cir- 
ceii.  Hence  magic  arts  are  called  A  caeae  artes 
and  Aeaea  carmina.  Telegone,  the  son  of 
Circe,  and  founder  of  Tusculum,  is  also  called 
Aeacus. 
AAEAS.     [Aous.] 

AECULANUM  or  AECLANUM  (-i),  a  town 
of  the  Hirpini  in  Samnium,  a  few  miles  S.  of 
Beneventum. 

AeDon  (-onis),  daughter  of  Pandarens  of 
Ephesus,  wife  of  Zethus,  king  of  Thebes,  and 
mother  of  Itylus.  Envious  of  Niobe,  the  wife 
of  her  brother  Amphion,  who  had  6  sons  and 
(>  daughters,  she  resolved  to  kill  the  eldest  of 
Niobe'a  sons,  but  by  mistake  slew  her  own 
son  Itylus.  Zeus  (Jupiter)  relieved  her  grief 
by  changing  her  into  a  nightingale,  whose 
melancholy  tunes  are  represented  as  ASdon's 
lamentations  for  her  child. 
AEUUI  or  HEDIJI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most 


powerful  people  in  Gaul,  lived  between  the 
Liger  (Loire)  and  the  Arar  (Saone).  They  were 
the  first  Gallic  people  who  made  an  alliance 
with  the  Romans,  by  whom  they  were  called 
"brothers  and  relations."  On  Caesar's  arrival 
in  Gaul,  b.o.  5S,  they  were  subject  to  Ariovis- 
tus,  but  were  restored  by  Caesar  to  their  for- 
mer power.     Their  principal  town  was  Bt- 

UBACTE.  _ 

AEETES  or  AEETA  (-ae),  son  of  Helios 
(the  Sun)  and  Perseis,  and  father  of  Medea 
and  Absyrtus.  He  was  king  of  Colchis  at  the 
time  when  Phrixus  brought  thither  the  golden 
fleece.  For  the  remainder  of  his  history,  see 
AiiSYETPS,  Akgonactae,_Jason,  Medea. 

AEETIS  (-idis),  AEETIAS  (-adis),  and 
AEETINE  (-es),  patronymics  of  Medea, 
daughter  of  Aeetes. 

AEGAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Achaia,  on 
the  Crathis,  with  a  celebrated  temple  of  Po- 
seidon (Neptune),  originally  one  of  the  12 
Achaean  towns,  but  its  inhabitants  subse- 
quently removed  to  Aegira.— (2)  A  town  in 
Emathia,  in  Macedonia,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Macedonia  and  the  burial-place  of  the  Mace- 
donian kings.  It  was  also  called  Edessa.— (3) 
A  town  in  Euboea,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Poseidon,  who  was  hence  called  Aegaeus. — 
(4)  Also  Aegaeae,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Aeo- 
lis  in  Asia  Minor,  N.  of  Smyrna,  on  the  river 
Hvllns.— (5)  A  sea-port  town  of  Cilicia. 

AEGAEON  (-6nis),  son  of  Uranus  (Heaven) 
by  Gaea  (Earth).  Aegaeon  and  his  brothers 
Gyes  or  Gyges  and  Cottus  are  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Uranids,  and  are  described 
as  huge  monsters  with  100  arms  and  50  heads. 
Most  writers  mention  the  third  Uranid  under 
the  name  of  Briareus  instead  of  Aegaeon, 
which  is  explained  by  Homer,  who  says  that 
men  called  him  Aegaeon,  but  the  gods  Bria- 
reus. According  to  the  most  ancient  tradition, 
Aegaeon  and  his  brothers  conquered  the  Ti- 
tans when  they  made  war  upon  the  gods,  and 
secured  the  victory  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who 
thrust  the  Titans  into  Tartarus,  and  placed 
Aegaeon  and  his  brothers  to  guard  them.  Oth- 
er legends  represent  Aegaeon  as  one  of  the 
giants  who  attacked  Olympus ;  and  many  wri- 
ters represent  him  as  a  marine  god  living  iu 
the  Aegaean  sea. 

A  K(  iAEUM  (-i)  MARK,  the  part  of  the  Med- 
iterranean sea  now  called  the  Archipelago.  It 
was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Thrace  and  Mace- 
donia, on  the  \Y.  by  Greece,  and  on  the  E,  by 
Asia  Minor.  It  contains  in  its  southern  part 
two  groups  of  islands,  the  CycladCS,  which 
were  separated  from  the  coasts  of  Attica  and 
Peloponnesus  by  the  Myrtoan  sea,  and  the 
Sporades,  lying  offthe  coasts  of  ('aria  and  Io- 
nia. The  pari  of  the  Aegaean  which  washed 
the  Sporades  was  called  the  [carian  sea,  from 
the  island  icaria,  one  of  the  sporades. 

AEGALE(5S,  a  mountain  in  Attica  opposite 
SalamiS,  from  which  Xerxes  saw  the  defeat  of 
his  fleet,  b.o.480. 

AEGATES  (-urn),  the  Goat  Islands,  were  3 
Islands  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  between  Dre- 
panum  and  Lilybaeum,  near  which  the  Ro- 
mans gained  a  naval  victory  over  the  Cartha- 
ginians, and  thus  brought  the  fust  Punic  war 
to  an  end,  n.e.  241.  The  islands  were  Aegiisa 
or  Capraria,  Phorbantla,  and  Hiera. 


AEGERIA. 


16 


AKGISTHUS. 


AEGSRIA  or  HGBRIA  (-ae),  one  of  the 
Cameuae  in  Roman  mythology,  from  whom 
Noma  received  his  instructions  respecting  the 
(onus  of  worship  which  he  introduced.  The 
grove  in  which  the  king  had  his  interviews 
with  the  goddess,  and  in  which  a  well  gushed 
forth  from  a  dark  recess,  was  dedicated  by  him 
to  the  Camenae.  The  Roman  legends  (joint 
ont  two  distinct  places  sacred  to  Aegeria,  one 
near  Alicia,  and  the  other  near  Koine,  at  the 
Porta  Capena. 

AEGESTA.     [Segesta.] 

AEQESTUS.     [Ackstes.] 

AEGEUS  (-cos,  Ci,  or  el;  ace.  -ea),  son  of  Pan- 
dion  and  king  of  Athens,  and  father  of  The- 
seus, whom  he  begot  by  Aethra  at  Troezen. 
Theseus  afterwards  came  to  Athens  and  re- 
stored Acgeus  to  the  throne,  of  which  he  had 
been  deprived  by  the  50  sons  of  Pallas.  When 
Theseus  went  to  Crete  to  deliver  Athens  from 
the  tribute  it  had  to  pay  to  Minos,  he  prom- 
ised his  father  to  hoist  white  sails  on  his  re- 
turn as  a  signal  of  his  safety.  On  approach- 
ing Attica  he  forgot  his  promise,  and  his  fa- 
ther, perceiving  the  black  sails,  thought  that 
his  sou  had  perished,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  sea,  which,  according  to  some  traditions, 
received  from  this  event  the  name  of  the 
Aegean. 

AEGIALE  or  AEGIALEA  (-es),  daughter 
or  granddaughter  of  Adrastus,  whence  she  is 
called  Adrastine,  and  husband  of  Diomedes. 
For  details,  see  Diomedes. 

AEGIALEA,  AEGIALUS.     [Aohaia.] 

AEGlALEUS.     [AniiASTOB  ] 

AEGIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  from  Aege- 
us,  especially  his  son  Theseus. 

AEGILIA.  (1)  An  island  between  Crete 
and  Cythera.  —  (2)  An  island  W.  of  Euboea 
and  opposite  Attica. 

AEGINA  (-ae),  a  rocky  island  in  the  mid- 
die  of  the  Saronic  gulf,  about  200  stadia  in 


circumference,  said  to  have  obtained  its  name 
from  Aegina,  the  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Asopus,  who  there  bore  him  a  son  Aeacus. 
As  the  island  had  then  no  inhabitants,  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  changed  the  ants  into  men  (Myr- 
midones),  over  whom  Aeacus  ruled.  It  was 
first  colonized  by  Achaeaus,  and  afterwards 
by  Dorians  from  Epidaurus,  whence  the  Doric 
dialect  and  customs  prevailed  in  the  island. 
It  was  subject  to  the  Argive  Phidon,  who  is 
said  to  have  established  a  silver  mint  in  the 
island.  It  early  became  a  place  of  great  com- 
mercial importance,  audits  silver  coinage  was 
the  standard  in  most  of  the  Dorian  states.  Iu 
the  sixth  century  n.o.  Aegina  became  Inde- 
pendent, and  for  a  century  before  the  Persian 
war  was  a  prosperous  and  powerful  state.  It 
was  at  that  time  the  chief  seat  of  Grecian  art. 
In  b.o.  420  the  Athenians  took  possession  of 
the  island  and  expelled  its  inhabitants.  In 
the  N.W.  of  the  island  there  was  a  city  of  the 
same  name,  which  contained  the  Aeaeeum  or 
temple  of  Aeacus,  and  on  a  hill  in  the  N.E. 
of  the  island  was  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  Panhelleuius,  the  ruins  of 
which  are  still  extant. 

AEGINIUM,  a  town  of  the  Tymphaei  in 
Thessnly,  on  the  confines  of  Athamania. 

AEGIPLANCTUS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain 
in  Megaris. 

AEGIRA  (-ae),  formerly  Hyperesia,  one  of 
the  12  towns  of  Achaia,  situated  on  a  steep 
hill. 

AEGIRUSSA  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of 
Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor. 

AEGISTHUS  (-i),  son  ofThyestes  by  his 
own  daughter  Pelopia.  He  slew  his  uncle 
Atreus,  and  placed  Thyestes  upon  the  throne, 
of  which  he  had  been  deprived  by  Atreus. 
Homer  appears  to  know  nothing  of  these 
tragic  events;  and  we  learn  from  him  only 
that  Aegisthus  succeeded  his  father  Thyestes 


Temple  of  Aegiim,  restored. 


AEGIUM. 


AEMILIUS. 


in  a  part  of  his  dominions.  Aegisthus  took 
no  part  in  the  Trojan  war,  and  during  the 
absence  of  Agamemnon  he  seduced  his  wife 
Clytemnestra.  He  murdered  Agamemnon  on 
his  return  home,  and  reigned  7  years  over 
Mycenae.  In  the  Sth,  Orestes,  the  son  of  Aga- 
memnon, avenged  the  death  of  his  father  by 
putting  the  adulterer  to  death. 

AEGIUM  (-i),  one  of  the  12  towns  of  Acha- 
ia,  and  the  capital  after  the  destruction  of 
Helice. 

AEGLE  (-e's),  that  is,  "  Brightness"  or 
"  Splendor,"  the  name  of  several  nymphs. 

AEGOS-POTAMOS,  the  "  goat's  river,"  a 
small  river,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name  on 
it,  in  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  flowing  i,.io 
the  Hellespont.  Here  the  Athenians  were 
defeated  by  Lysander,  n.o.  405. 

AEGYPTUS  (-i),  king  of  Aegypt,  son  of  Be- 
lus,  and  twin-brother  of  Danaus.  Aegyptus 
had  50  sons,  and  his  brother  Danaus  50  daugh- 
ters. Danaus,  fearing  the  sons  of  his  brother, 
fled  with  his  daughters  to  Argos  in  Pelopon- 
nesus. Thither  he  was  followed  by  the  sons 
of  Aegyptus,  who  demanded  his  daughters 
for  their  wives.  Danaus  complied  with  their 
request,  but  to  each  of  his  daughters  he  gave 
a  dagger,  with  which  they  were  to  kill  their 
husbands  in  the  bridal  night.  All  the  sons 
of  Aegyptus  were  thus  murdered,  with  the 
exception  of  Lynceus,  who  was  saved  by  Hy- 
permnestrn. 

AEGYPTUS  (-i:  Egupt),  a  country  in  the 
N.E.  corner  of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  E.  by  Palestine, 
Arabia  Petraea,  and  the  Red  Sea,  on  the  S. 
by  Aethiopia,  the  division  between  the  two 
countries  being  at  the  First  or  Little  Cataract 
of  the  Nile,  close  to  Syene,  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  Great  Libyan  Desert.  From  Syene  the 
Nile  flows  due  N.  for  about  500  miles,  through 
a  valley  whose  average  breadth  is  about  7 
miles,  to  a  point  some  few  miles  below  Mem- 
phis. Here  the  river  divides  into  branches 
'7  in  ancient  time,  but  now  only  2),  which 
flow  through  a  low  alluvial  land,  failed,  from 
its  shape,  the  Delta,  into  the  Mediterranean. 
The  whole  district  thus  described  is  period- 
ically laid  under  water  !>v  the  Overflowing  of 
the  Nile  from  April  to  October.  The  river, 
in  subsiding,  leaves  behind  a  rich  deposit  of 
flue  mud,  which  forms  the  soil  of  Egypt  All 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  inundation  is  rock 
or  sand.  Hence  Egypt  was  called  the  "Gift 
of  the  Nile."  The  outlying  portions  of  an- 
cient Egypt  consisted  of  3  cultivable  valleys 
(called  Oases),  in  the  midst  of  the  Western 
or  Libyan  Desert.  At  tin;  earliest  period,  to 
which  history  reaches  back,  Egypt  was  in- 
habited by  a  highly  civilized  people,  under  a 
settled  monarchical  govern  men  t,  divided  into 
castes,  the  highest  of  which  was  composed  of 
the  priest--'.  Its  ancient  history  may  l>e  di- 
vided into 4 great  periods: — (1)  From  the  ear- 
liest times  to  its  conquest  by  Cambyses,  dur- 
ing which  it  was  ruled  by  a  succession  "i  na- 
tive princes.  The  last  of  them,  Psammeni- 
tus,  was  conquered  and  dethroned  by  Cam- 
byses in  n.o.  525,  when  Egypt  became  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Persian  empire.  The  Homeric 
poems  show  some  slight  acquaintance  witli 


the  country  and  its  river  (which  is  also  called 
Ai'7!/7TT<K.  Od.  xiv.  25),  and  refer  to  the  wealth 
and  splendor  of  "  Thebes  with  the  Hundred 
Gates!"  (2)  From  the  Persian  conquest  in 
525,  to  the  transference  of  their  dominion  to 
the  Macedonians  in  332.  This  period  was 
one  of  almost  constant  struggles  between  the 
Egyptians  and  their  conquerors.  It  was  dur- 
ing this  period  that  Egypt  was  visited  by 
Greek  historians  and  philosophers,  such  as 
Hellanicus,  Herodotus,  Anaxagoras,  Plato, 
and  others,  who  brought  back  to  Greece  the 
knowledge  of  the  country  which  they  acquired 
from  the  priests  and  through  personal  ob- 
servation. (3)  The  dynasty  of  Macedonian 
kings,  from  the  accession  of  Ptolemy,  the  son 
of  Lagus,  in  323,  down  to  30,  when  Egypt  be- 
came a  province  of  the  Roman  empire.  Alex- 
ander, after  the  conquest  of  the  country,  gave 
orders  for  the  building  of  Alexandria.  [Alex- 
anhuia.]  (4)  Egypt  under  the  Romans,  down 
to  its  conquest  by  the  Arabs  in  a.t>.  638.  As 
a  Roman  province,  Egypt  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  portions  of  the  empire.  The  fer- 
tility of  its  soil,  and  its  position  between  Eu- 
rope and  Arabia  and  India,  together  with  the 
possession  of  such  v.  nort  as  Alexandria,  gave 
it  the  full  benefit  of  the  two  great  sources  of 
wealth,  agriculture  and  commerce.  From  the 
earliest  times  the  country  was  divided  into 
(1)  The  Delta,  or  Lower  Egypt ;  (2)  the  Hep- 
tanomis,  or  Middle  Egypt;  (3)  the  Thebais, 
or  Upper  Egypt:  and  it  was  further  subdi- 
vided into  36  uomes  or  governments. 

AELANA  (-ae),  the  Ei.atii  of  the  Hebrews, 
a  town  on  the  northern  arm  of  the  Red  Sea, 
called  by  the  Greeks  Aelanites,  from  the  name 
of  the  town, 

AELIA  (-ae),  a  name  giveu  to  Jerusalem 
after  its  restoration  by  the  Roman  emperor 
Aelius  Hadrianus. 

AELliNUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  was  born 
at  Praenestein  Italy,  and  lived  at  Rome  about 
the  middle  of  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian 
era.  He  wrote  two  works  which  have  come 
down  to  us  ;  one  a  collection  of  miscellane- 
ous history  in  14 books,  called  Varia  Historia  ; 
and  the  other  on  the  peculiarities  of  animals 
in  17  books,  called  !><•  Animalium  NaturA. 

A  III, its,  the  name  of  a  plebeian  gens  at 
Rome,  divided  into  the  families  ofQallus,  La- 
mia, I'n:  his,  and  1'ubero. 

XELLO  (-us),  one  of  the  Harpies.     [Hab- 

I'VIAK.l 

AEMILIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  3d  daughter  of 
L.  Aemilius  Paulas,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  was  the  wife  ofScipip  Africanns  I. 
and  the  mother  of  the  celebrated  Cornelia, 
the  mother  of  the  Gracchi. — (2)  Aemilia  Le- 
pida.     [Lepida.] 

AEMlLlA  (-ae)  VIA  (-ae),made  by  M.  Ae- 
milius Lepidns,  cos.  u.e.  [87,  continued  the 
Via  Flaminia  from  Ariminum,  and  traversed 
the  heart  of  ( lisalpitie  Gaul  through  Bononin, 
Mutina,  Parma,  Placentia  (where  it  crossed 
the  Po)  to  Mediolaiium.  II  was  subsequent- 
ly continued  a-  far  as  Aquileia. 

A  KM  fl.  JAM'S  (-i),an  agnomen  of  P.  Cor- 
nelias Bcipio  Africanns  the  younger,  as  the 
son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulus.     [SorPIO.] 

AEMILIUS  (-i),  the  name   of  one  of  the 


AENABIA. 


18 


AEOLIDES. 


D  ii'iu  patrician  gentes  at  Rome,  the 
tiief  members  of  which  are  given  under  their 
ornamea  Lbpidtjs,  Paflus,  and  Soatofs. 

A  EN  S.RIA,  also  called  PlTHBCPSA  and 
N'AKiMi:  Tschia),  a  volcanic  island  off  the 
oasl  of  Campania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay 
f  Naples,  under  which  the  Roman  poets  rep- 
esented  Typhoeus  as  lying. 

AENF:\I»F.s  (-ae),  a  patronymic  from  Ae- 
eas,  given  to  his  son  Ascanins  or  lulus,  and 
o  those  who  were  believed  to  be  descended 
rum  him.  such  as  Augustus,  and  the  Romans 
:i  general. 

AENF.AS  (-ae;  roc.  -a),  the  Trojan  hero. 
Tomeric  Story. — Aeneas  was  the  son  of  An- 
hises  and  Aphrodite  (Venus\  and  was  born 
n  mount  Ida.  lie  was  brought  up  at  Dar- 
anus,  in  the  house  ofAlcathous,  the  hus- 
iand  of  his  sister.  At  first  he  took  no  part 
u  the  Trojan  war  ;  and  it  was  not  till  Achil- 
es  attacked  him  on  mount  Ida,  and  drove 
way  his  flocks,  that  he  led  his  Dardanians 
gainst  the  Greeks.  Henceforth  Aeneas  and 
lector  appear  as  the  great  bulwarks  of  the 
?rojans  against  the  Greeks,  and  Aeneas  is 
idoved  by  gods  and  men.  On  more  than  one 
iccasion  he  is  saved  in  battle  by  the  gods: 


\eneas,  followed  by  Ascanius,  and  carrying  Ancbises  from 
burning  Troy. 

Aphrodite  carried  him  offwhen  he  was  wound- 
:d  by  Diomedes,  and  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
laved  him  when  he  was  on  the  point  of  perish- 
ng  by  the  hands  of  Achilles.  Homer  makes 
10  allusion  to  the  emigration  of  Aeneas  after 
;he  capture  ofTroy,bnt,  on  the  contrary,  he 
evidently  conceives  Aeneas  and  his  descend- 
ants as  reigning  at  Troy  after  the  extinction 
>f  the  house  of  Priam.  Later  Stories. — Most 
icconnta  agree  that  after  the  capture  ofTroy 
Aeneas  withdrew  to  mount  Ida  with  his 
friends  and  the  images  of  the  gods,  especially 
that  of  Pallas  (PaUadium)  •  aud  that  from 
thence  he  crossed  over  to  Europe,  and  finally 
settled  at  Latium  in  Italy,  where  he  became 
the  ancestral  hero  of  the  Romans.  A  descrip- 
tion of  the  wanderines  of  Aeneas  before  he 


reached  Latium  is  given  by  Virgil  in  his  Ae- 
neid.  After  visiting  Epirus  and  Sicily,  he  was 
driven  by  a  storm  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
he  met  with  Dido.  [Dino.]  He  then  sailed 
to  Latium,  where  he  was  hospitably  received 
by  Latinus,  king  of  the  Aborigines.  Here 
Aeneas  founded  the  town  of  Lavinium,  called 
after  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  Latinus,  whom 
he  married.  Turnu.-.  to  whom  Lavinia  had 
been  betrothed,  made  war  against  Latinus 
and  Aeneas.  Latinus  fell  in  the  first  battle, 
andTurnus  was  subsequently  slain  by  Aene- 
as -.  whereupon,  after  the  death  of  Latinus, 
Aeneas  became  sole  ruler  of  the  Aborigines 
and  Trojans,  and  both  nations  were  united 
into  one.  Soon  after  this  Aeneas  fell  in  bat- 
tle against  the  Rutulians  who  were  assisted 
by  Mezentins,  king  of  the  Etruscans.  As  his 
body  was  not  found  after  the  battle,  it  was  be- 
lieved that  it  had  been  carried  up  to  heaven, 
or  that  he  had  perished  in  the  river  Numicius. 
The  Latins  erected  a  monument  to  him,  with 
the  inscription  To  the  father  and  native  god. 
Virgil  represents  Aeneas  landing  in  Italy  7 
years  after  the  fall  ofTroy,  and  comprises  all 
the  events  in  It  ah-,  from  "the  landing  to  the 
death  of  Turnus,  within  the  space  of  20  days. 
The  story  of  the  descent  of  the  Romans  from 
the  Trojans  through  Aeneas  was  believed  at 
an  early  period,  but  rests  on  no  historical 
foundation. 

AENEAS  SILVIUS  (-i),  son  of  Silvius,  and 
grandson  of  Ascanins,  is  the  3d  in  the  list  of 
the  mythical  kings  of  Alba  in  Latium. 

AENEsiDE.MUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  skeptic, 
born  at  Cnossus  in  Crete,  and  lived  a  little 
later  than  Cicero.  He  wrote  several  works, 
but  none  of  them  have  come  down  to  us. 

AENIANES  (-um).  an  ancient  Greek  race, 
originally  near  Ossa,  afterwards  in  southern 
Thessaly,  between  Oeta  and  Othrys,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Spercheus. 

AENLS  (-i).  (1)  An  ancient  town  in  Thrace, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hebrus,  meutioned  in 
the  Iliad,  colonized  by  the  Aeolians  of  Asia 
Minor.  Virgil  supposes  it  to  have  been  built 
by  Aeneas. — (2)  (Inn)  a  river  in  Rhaetia,  the 
boundary  between  Rhaetia  and  Noricum. 

AEOLES  (-um)  or  AEOLII  (-Oram),  one  of 
the  chief  branches  of  the  Hellenic  race,  sup- 
posed to  be  descended  from  Aeolus,  the  son 
of  Helen.  [Aeolus.  No.  1.]  They  originally 
dwelt  in  Thessaly,  from  whence  they  spread 
over  various  parts  of  Greece,  and  also  settled 
in  Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor,  and  in  the  island  of 
Lesbos. 

AEOLIAE  TNSFLAE  (-arum  :  Lipari  Isl- 
ands), a  group  of  islands  N.E.  of  Sicily,  where 
Aeolus,  the  god  of  the  wiuds,  reigned.  Vir- 
gil accordingly  speaks  of  only  one  Aeolian 
island,  supposed  to  be  Strongyle  or  Lipara. 
Those  islands  were  also  cn\\eA~  He]}hae*t>  <i  J,  .<; 
or  Vuh-i'iii'ifie, because  Hephaestus  or  Vulcan 
was  believed  to  have  his  workshop  in  one  of 
them  called  niera.  They  were  also  named 
Lipdrenses,  from  Lipara,  the  largest  of  them. 

AEOLIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  sons  of  Aeolus,  as  Athamas,  Crethens. 
Sisyphus,  Salmoneus,  etc.,  and  to  hi.-  gruud- 
sons, as  Cephalus, Ulysses, and Phrixns.  Av<> 
lis  is  the  patronymic  of  the  female  descend- 


AEOLIS. 


19 


AESCHYLUS. 


ants  of  Aeolus,  given  to  his  daughters  Canace 
and  Alcyone. 

AEOLIS  (-Wis)  or  AEOLIA  (-ae),  a  district 
of  Mysia  in  Asia  Minor,  was  peopled  by  Aeo- 
lian Greeks,  whose  cities  extended  from  the 
Troad  along  the  shores  of  the  Aegaean  to  the 
river  Hermus.  In  early  times  their  12  most 
important  cities  were  independent,  and  form- 
ed a  League.  They  were  Cyme,  Larissae,  Ne- 
ontichos,  Temnus,  Cilia,  Notium,  Aegiriisa, 
Pitane,  Aegaeae,  Myrina,  Grynea,  and  Smyr- 
na; but  Smyrna  subsequently  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ionian  confederacy.  These  cities 
were  subdued  by  Croesus,  and  were  incorpo- 
rated In  the  Persian  empire  on  the  conquest 
of  Croesus  by  Cyrus. 

AEOLUS  (-i).  (1)  Sou  of  Hellen  and  the 
nymph  Orseis,  and  brother  of  Dorus  and  Xu- 
thus.  He  was  the  ruler  of  Thessaly,  and  the 
founder  of  the  Aeolic  branch  of  the  Greek 
nation.  His  children  are  said  to  have  been 
very  numerous;  but  the  most  ancient  story 
mentioned  only  4  sons,  viz.,  Sisyphus,  Atha- 
mas,  Cretheus,  and  Salmoneus. —  (2)  Son  of 
Hippotes,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  Arne,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
vious Aeolus.  He  is  represented  in  Homer 
as  the  happy  ruler  of  the  Aeolian  islands,  to 
whom  Zeus  had  given  dominion  over  the 
winds,  which  he  might  soothe  or  excite  ac- 
cording to  his  pleasure.  This  statement  of 
Homer  and  the  etymology  of  the  name  of  Aeo- 
lus from  ut'XXw,  led  to  Aeolus  being  regarded 
in  later  times  as  the  god  and  king  of  the 
winds,  which  he  kept  inclosed  in  a  mountain. 

AEPf  TUS  (-i).  (1)  A  mythical  king  of  Ar- 
cadia, from  whom  a  part  of  the  country  was 
called  Aepytis. — (2)  Youngest  son  of  the  Her- 
aclid  Cresphontes,  king  of  Messenia,  and  of 
Merope,  daughter  of  the  Arcadian  king  Cyp- 
selus.  When  his  father  and  brothers  were 
murdered  during  an  insurrection,  Aepytns, 
who  was  witli  his  grandfather  Cypselus,  alone 
escaped.  The  throne  of  Cresphontes  was 
meantime  occupied  by  Polyphontes,  who 
forced  Merope  to  become  his  wife.  When 
Aepytus  had  grown  to  manhood  he  returned 
to  his  kingdom,  and  put  Polyphontes  to 
death.  From  him  the  kind's  of  Messenia  were 
called  Acpytids,  instead  of  the  more  general 
name  Heraclids. 

AEQIT  (-drum),  AEQUIC(3LI  (-orum), 
AEQJ!TCOT,AE  (-arum),  A  EQClCfLA  NI 
(-orum),  an  ancient  and  warlike  people  of  It- 
aly, dwelling  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Anio 
in  the  mountains  forming  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  Latium,  and  between  the  Latini,  Sab- 
ini, Hernici, and  Marsi.  In  conjunction  with 
tin'  Volsci,  who  were  of  the  same  race,  they 
carried  on  constant  hostilities  with  Rome,  but 
were  finally  subdued  in  b.o.  302.  One  of  their 
chief  seats  was  Mount  Algidus,  from  which 
they  were  accustomed  to  make  their  maraud- 
ing expeditions. 

A.EQUI  PALISCI.    [Falebii.] 

AJEEOPS  (-ea),  daughter  of  Catreus,  kin  ■  of 
Crete,  and  wife  ofPlisthenes,  the  son  of  Al  re- 
us, by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus.  After  the  death  of 
Plisthenes,  Aerope  married  Atreus  ;  and  her 
two  sons,  who  were  educated  by  Atreus.  were 


generally  believed  to  be  his  sons.  Aerope 
was  faithless  to  Atreus,  being  seduced  by  Thy- 
estes. 

AESlCUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Alexir- 
rhoe,  fell  in  love  with  Hesperia,  the  daughter 
ol'Cebren,  and  while  he  was  pursuing  her,  she 
was  stung  by  a  viper  and  died.  Aesacus  in 
his  grief  threw  himself  into  the  sea,  and  was 
changed  by  Thetis  into  an  aquatic  bird. 

AESAR  (-iris)  or  AESARUS  (-i),  a  river 
near  Croton  in  Bruttii,  in  southern  Italy. 

AESCHINES  (-is).  (1)  The  Athenian  ora- 
tor, born  is.c.  3S9,  was  the  son  of  Atrometus 
and  Glaucothea.  In  his  youth  he  assisted  his 
father  in  his  school ;  he  next  acted  as  secreta- 
ry to  Aristophon,  and  afterwards  to  Eubulus  ; 
he  subsequently  tried  his  fortune  as  an  act- 
or, but  was  unsuccessful ;  and  at  leugth,  after 
serving  with  distinction  in  the  army,  came  for- 
ward as  a  public  speaker,  and  soon  acquired 
great  reputation.  In  347  he  was  sent  along 
with  Demosthenes  as  one  of  the  10  embassa- 
dors to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Philip.  Prom 
this  time  he  appears  as  the  friend  of  the  Mace- 
donian party,  and  as  the  opponent  of  Demos- 
thenes. Shortly  afterwards  Aeschines  formed 
one  of  a  second  embassy  sent  to  Philip,  and 
on  his  return  to  Athens  was  accused  by  Ti- 
marchus.  He  evaded  the  danger  by  bringing 
forward  a  counter-accusation  against  Timar- 
chus  (345),  showing  that  the  moral  conduct  of 
his  accuser  was  such  that  he  had  no  right  to 
speak  before  the  people.  The  speech  in  which 
Aeschines  attacked  Timarchus  is  still  extant: 
Timarchus  was  coudemned,  and  Aeschines 
gained  a  brilliant  triumph.  In  343  Demos- 
thenes renewed  the  charge  against  Aeschines 
of  treachery  during  his  second  embassy  to 
Philip.  This  charge  of  Demosthenes  (Dc  Falsa 
Legatione)  was  not  spoken,  but  published  as 
a  memorial,  and  Aeschines  answered  it  in  a 
similar  memorial  on  the  embassy,  which  was 
likewise  published.  After  the  battle  of  Chae- 
ronea  in  338,  which  gave  Philip  the  suprema- 
cy in  Greece,  Ctesiphon  proposed  that  Demos- 
thenes should  be  rewarded  for  his  services 
with  a  golden  crown  in  the  theatre  at  the  great 
Dionysia.  Aeschines  in  consequence  accused 
Ctesiphon  ;  but  he  did  not  prosecute  the 
charge  till  8  years  later,  330.  The  speech 
which  he  delivered  on  the  occasion  is  extant, 
and  was  answered  by  Demosthenes  in  hi-  cel- 
ebrated oration  on  the  Crown.  Aeschines  was 
defeated,  and  withdrew  from  Athens.  lb' 
went  to  Asia  Minor,  and  at  length  established 
a  school  of  eloquence  at  Rhodes.  On  one  oc- 
casion he  read  to  his  audience  in  Rhodes  his 
speech  against  Ctesiphon,  and  when  some  of 
his  hearers  expressed  their  astonishment  at 
his  defeat,  he  replied,"  Ton  would  cease  to  be 
astonished  if  you  had  heard  Demosthenes." 

From  Rhodes  he  went  to  SamOS,  where  be 
died  in  314.— (2)  An  Athenian  philosopher  and 
rhetorician,  and  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  He 
wrote  several  dialogues,  but  the  :;  which  have 
come  down  to  US  under  his  name  are  no 
nine. 

A.E8CHTLU8  (-i),  the  celebrated  tragic 
poet,  the  son  ofEuphorion,  was  born  at  Elea- 
sis  in  Attica,  b.o. 526.  At  the  age  of  28  (499) 
he  made  his  first  appearance  as  a  competitor 


AESCULAPIUS. 


20 


AESOPUS. 


for  the  prize  oftragedy,  without  being  success- 
ful. He  fought,  with  hi*  brothers  Cynaeglrus 
and  Aminius,  at  the  battle  of  Marathon  (490), 
and  also  at  those  of  Salamis  (4S0)  and  Plataea 
<4"9).  In  484  he  gained  the  prize  of  tragedy  ; 
and  in  472  he  gained  the  prize  with  the  trilo- 
gy, of  which  the  Persae,  the  earliest  of  his  ex- 
tant dramas,  was  one  piece.  In  46s  he  was 
defeated  in  a  tragic  contest  by  his  younger  ri- 
val Sophocles  :  and  he  is  said  in  consequence 
to  have  quitted  Athens  in  disgust,  and  to  have 
gone  to  the  court  of  Hiero,  ting  of  Syracuse. 
In  467  his  patron  Hiero  died;  and  in  458  it 
appears  that  Aeschylus  was  again  at  Athens, 
from  the  fact  that  the  trilogy  of  the  Oresteia 
was  produced  in  that  year.  *  In  the  same  or 
the  following  year,  he  again  visited  Sicily,  and 
he  died  at  Gela  in  450,  in  the  09th  year  of  his 
age.  It  is  said  that  an  eagle,  mistakiug  the 
poet's  bald  head  for  a  stone,  let  a  tortoise  fall 
upon  it  to  break  the  shell,  and  so  fulfilled  an 
oracle,  according  to  which  he  was  fated  to  die 
by  a  blow  from  heaven.  The  alterations  made 
by  Aeschylus  in  the  composition  and  dramat- 
ic representation  of  tragedy  were  so  great  that 
he  was  considered  by  the  Athenians  as  the  fa- 
ther of  it.  The  principal  alteration  which  he 
made  was  the  introduction  of  a  second  actor, 
and  the  conseqnent  formation  of  the  dialogue 
properly  so  called,  and  the  limitation  of  the 
choral  parts,  lie  furnished  his  actors  with 
more  suitable  and  magnificent  dresses,  with 
significant  and  various  masks,  and  with  the 
thick-soled  cothurnus,  to  raise  their  stature 
to  the  height  of  heroes.  With  him  also  arose 
the  usage  of  representing  at  the  same  time  a 
trilogy  of  plays  connected  in  subject,  so  that 
each  formed  one  act,  as  it  were,  of  a  great 
whole.  A  satirical  play  commonly  followed 
each  tragic  trilogy.  Aeschylus  is  said  to  have 
written  70  tragedies.  Of  these  only  7  are  ex- 
tant, namely.  The  Persians,  the  Seven  against 
Thebes,  the  Sv/ppliunts,  the  Prometheus,  the 
Agamemnon,  the  Choephori,  and  Eumenides ; 
the  last  three  forming  the  trilogy  of  the  Ores- 
teia. 

AESCULAPIUS  (-i),  called  ASCLEPIL'S 
(-i)  by  the  Greeks,  the  god  of  the  medical  art. 
In  Homer  he  is  not  a  divinity,  but  simply  the 
"blameless  physician"'  whose  sons,  Machaon 
and  Podalirius,  were  the  physicians  in  the 
Greek  army.  The  common  story  relates  that 
Aesculapius  was  a  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis, 
and  that  when  Coronis  was  with  child  by 
Apollo  she  became  enamored  oflschys,  an  Ar- 
cadian. Apodo,  informed  of  this  by  a  raven, 
killed  Coronis  and  Ischys.  When"  the  body 
of  Coronis  was  to  be  burnt,  the  child  Aescu- 
lapius was  saved  from  the  flames,  and  was 
brought  up  by  Chiron,  who  instructed  him  in 
the  art  of  healing  and  in  hunting.  There  are 
other  tales  respecting  his  birth,  according  to 
some  of  which  he  was  a  native  of  Epidaurus, 
and  this  was  a  common  opinion  in  later  times. 
After  he  had  grown  up,  he  not  only  cured 
the  sick,  but  recalled  the  dead  to  life.  Zens 
(Jupiter),  fearing  lest  men  might  contrive  to 
escape  death  altogether,  killed  Aesculapius 
with  his  thunderbolt  j  but  on  the  request  of 
Apollo,  Zeus  placed  him  among  the  stars. 
He  was  married  to  Epione,  by  whom  he  had 
the  2  sons  spoken  of  by  Homer,  and  also  oth- 


er children.  The  chief  seat  of  the  worship 
of  Aesculapius  was  Epidaurus,  where  he  had 
a  temple  surrounded  with  an  extensive  grove. 
Serpents  were  sacred  to  him  because  they 
were  a  symbol  of  renovation,  and  were  be- 
lieved to  have  the  power  of  discovering  heal- 
ing herbs.  The  cock  was  sacrificed  to  him. 
At  Rome  the  worship  of  Aesculapius  was  in- 
troduced from  Epidaurus  in  is.c.  293,  for  the 
purpose  of  averting  a  pestilence.  The  sup- 
posed descendants  of  Aesculapius  were  called 
by  the  patronymic  name  of  Asclepiadae,  and 
their  principal  seats  were  Cos  and  Cnidus. 
They  were  an  order  or  caste  of  priests.  The 
knowledge  of  medicine  was  regarded  as  a 
sacred  secret,  which  was  transmitted  from 
father  to  son  in  these  families. 

AESEPUS  (-i),  a  river  rising  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Ida,  and  flowing  into  the  Propontis. 

AESERNIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Samniutn, 
made  a  Roman  colony  in  the  first  Punic  war. 

AESIS  (-is),  a  river  forming  the  boundary 
between  Picenum  and  Umbria,  anciently  the 
S.  boundary  of  the  Seuones,  and  the  N.E. 
boundary  of  Italy  proper. 

AESIS  (-is)  or  AESIUM  (-i),  a  town  and 
Roman  colony  in  Umbria  on  the  river  Aesis. 

AESON  (-onis),  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro, 
and  father  of  Jason.  He  was  excluded  from 
the  throne  by  his  half-brother  Pelias.  Dur- 
ing the  absence  of  Jason  on  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  Pelias  attempted  to  murder  Ae- 
son,  but  the  latter  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 
According  to  Ovid,  Aeson  survived  the  return 
of  the  Argonauts,  and  was  made  young  again 
bv  Medea. 

'AESOPUS  (-1),  a  writer  of  Fables,  lived 
about,  is.c.  570,  and  was  a  contemporary  of 
Solon.  He  was  originally  a  slave,  and  re- 
ceived his  freedom  from  his  master  Iadmon 
the  Samian.  Upon  this  he  visited  Croesus, 
who  sent  him  to  Delphi,  to  distribute  among 
the  citizens  4  minae  apiece ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  some  dispute  on  the  subject  he  re- 
fused to  give  any  money  at  all,  upon  which 
the  enrasred  Delphians  threw  him  from  a  prec- 
ipice. Plagues  were  sent  upon  them  from 
the  gods  for  the  offense,  and  they  proclaimed 
their  willingness  to  give  a  compensation  for 
his  death  to  any  one  who  could  claim  it.  At 
length  Iadmon  the  grandson  of  his  old  mas- 
ter, received  the  compensation,  since  no  near- 
er connection  could  be  found.  Later  writers 
represent  Aesop  as  a  perfect  monster  of  ug- 
liness and  deformity,  a  notion  for  which 
there  is  no  authority 'in  the  classical  authors. 
Whether  Aesop  left  any  written  works  at  ail 
is  a  question  which  affords  room  for  doubt,- 
though  it  is  certain  that  fables,  bearing  Ae- 
sop's name,  were  popular  at  Athens  ui  ts 
most  intellectual  age.  They  were  in  prose. 
and  were  turned  into  poetry  by  several  writ- 
ers. Socrates  turned  some  of  them  into  verse 
during  his  imprisonment.  The  only  Greek 
versifier  of  Aesop,  of  whose  writings  any 
whole  fables  are  preserved,  is  Babrius.  Of 
the  Latin  writers  of  Aesopian  fables,  Phae- 
drus  is  the  most  celebrated.  [PnAF.insrs.] 
The  fables  now  extant  in  prose,  bearing  the 
name  of  Aesop,  are  unquestionably  spurious. 

AESOPUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS,  or'fLoDIUS 


Aesoulai-ius.    (Berlin.) 


AESTII. 


2L 


AETOLUS. 


(-i),  was  the  greatest  tragic  actor  at  Rome,  and 
contemporary  of  Roscius,  the  greatest  comic 
actor.  Both  of  them  lived  on  intimate  terms 
with  Cicero.  Aesopus  appeared  for  the  last 
time  on  the  stage  at  an  advanced  age,  at  the 
dedication  of  the  theatre  of  Ponipey  (n.c.  55), 
when  his  voice  failed  him,  and  he  could  not 
go  through  with  the  speech.  He  realized  an 
immense  fortune  by  his  profession, which  was 
squandered  by  his  son,  a  foolish  spendthrift. 

AESTII  (-drum),  AESTYI,  or  AESTUI 
(-drum),  a  people  dwelling  on  the  sea-coast, 
in  the  N.E.  of  Germany,  probably  in  the  mod- 
ern Kurland,who  collected  amber,which  they 
called  alessum.  They  were  probably  a  Sarma- 
tian  or  Slavonic  and  not  a  Germanic  race. 

AEStXLA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Aequi,  on  a 
mountain  between  Praeneste  and  Tibur. 

AETHALIA  (-ae)  or  AETHALIS  (-idis), 
called  ILVA  (-ae)  (Elba)  by  the  Romans,  a 
small  island  in  the  Tuscan  sea,  opposite  the 
town  of  Populonia,  celebrated  for  its  iron 
mines. 

AETUALIDES  (-ae),  son  of  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury) and  Eupolemla,  the  herald  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. His  soul,  after  many  migrations,  at 
length  took  possession  of  the  body  of  Pytha- 
goras, in  which  it  still  recollected  its  former 
migrations. 

AETHICES  (-ti m),  a  Thessalian  or  Epirot 
people,  near  M.  Pindus. 

AETHIOPES  (-um:  said  to  be  from  aWa 
and  w*l/,  but  perhaps  really  a  foreign  name 
corrupted)  was  a  name  applied  (1)  most  gen- 
erally to  all  black  or  dark  races  of  men  ;  (2) 
to  all  the  inhabitants  of  Inner  Africa,  S.  of 
Mauretania,  the  Great  Desert,  and  Egypt,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Red  Sea  and  Indian  Ocean, 
and  to  some  of  the  dark  races  of  Asia;  and 
(3)  most  spe  iifically  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
land  S.  ol  Egypt,  which  was  called  Aetiiio- 

1>IA. 

AETHIOPIA  (-ae:  Nubia,  Kordofan,  Sen- 
naar,  Abyssinia),  a  country  of  Africa,  S.  of 
Egypt,  the  boundary  of  the  countries  being 
ai  Syene  and  the  Smaller  Cataract  of  the  Nile, 
and  extending  on  the  E.  to  the  Red  Sea,  and 
to  the  S.  and  S.W.  indefinitely,  as  far  appar- 
ently as  the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  ex- 
tended. The  people  of  Aethiopia  seem  to 
have  been  of  the  Caucasian  race,  and  to  have 
spoken  a  language  allied  to  the  Arabic.  Mon- 
uments are  found  in  the  country  closely  re- 
sembling those  of  Egypt,  but  of  an  inferior 
style.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  powerful  mon- 
archy, of  which  M  ki'.oe  was  the  capital.  Some 
traditions  made  Meroe  the  parent  of  Egyp- 
tian civilization,  while  others  ascribed  "the 
civilization  of  Ethiopia  to  Egyptian  coloniza- 
tion. So  great  was  the  power  of  the  Ethio- 
piana  that  more  than  once  in  its  history  Egypt 
was  governed  by  Ethiopian  kin^s.  Under  Hie 
Ptolemies  Graeco-Egyptian  colonics  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Ethiopia;  but  the  coun- 
try was  never  subdued.  The  Romans  failed 
to  extend  their  empire  over  Ethiopia,  though 
they  made  expeditions  into  the  country,  in 
one  of  which  C.  Petronius,  prefect,  of  Egypt 
under  Augustus,  advanced  ae  far  as  Napata, 
and  defeated  the  warrior  queen  Candace  (b.o, 
22).  Christianity  very  early  extended  to  Ethi- 
opia, probably  in  consequence  of  the  conver- 


sion of  the  treasurer  of  queen  Candace  (Acts 
viii.  27). 

AETHRA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Pittheus 
of  Troezen,  and  mother  of  Theseus  by  Aege- 
us.  She  afterwards  lived  in  Attica,  from 
whence  she  was  carried  off  to  Lacedaemon 
by  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  became  a  slave  of 
Helen,  with  whom  she  was  taken  to  Troy. 
At  the  capture  of  Troy  she  was  restored  to 
liberty  by  her  grandson  Acamas  or  Demo- 
phon.— (2)  Daughter  of  Oceauus,  by  whom  At 
las  begot  the  12  Hyades  and  a  son  Hyas. 

AETNA  (-ae).  (1)  A  volcanic  mountain  in 
the  N.E.  of  Sicily  between  Tauromenium  and 
Cataua.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  Aetna,  a  Sicilian  nymph,  a  daughter  of 
Heaven  and  Earth.  Zeus  (Jupiter)  buried 
under  it  Typhon  or  Euceladus  ;  and  in  its  in- 
terior Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  and  the  Cyclops 
forged  the  thunderbolts  for  Zeus.  There  were 
several  eruptions  of  M.  Aetna  in  antiquity. 
One  occurred  in  b.o.  475,  to  which  Aeschylus 
and  Pindar  probably  allude,  and  another  iu 
425,  which  Thucydides  says  was  the  third  on 
record  since  the  Greeks  had  settled  in  Sicily. 
—(2)  A  town  at  the  foot  of  M.  Aetna,  on  the 
road  to  Catana,  formerly  called  Inessa  or  In- 
nesa.  It  was  founded  in  n.o.  401  by  the  in- 
habitants of  Catana,  who  had  been  expelled 
from  their  own  town  by  the  Siculi.  They 
gave  the  name  of  Aetna  to  Inessa,  because 
their  own  town  Catana  had  been  called  Aetna 
by  Hierp  I. 

AETOLIA  (-ae),  a  division  of  Greece,  was 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Acaruauia,  from  which 
it  was  separated  by  the  river  Achelous,  on 
the  N.  by  Epirus  and  Thessaly,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Ozolian  Eocriaus,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  en- 
trance to  the  Corinthian  gulf.  It  was  divided 
into  two  parts — Old  Aetolia,  from  the  Ache- 
lous to  the  Evenus  and  Calydon,  and  New 
Aetolia,  or  the  Acquired,  from  the  Evenus 
and  Calydon  to  the  Ozolian  Locrians.  On  the 
coast  the  country  is  level  and  fruitful,  but  in 
the  interior  mountainous  and  unproductive. 
The  mountains  contained  many  wild  beasts, 
and  were  celebrated  in  mythology  for  the 
hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  The  country 
was  originally  inhabited  by  Curetes  and  Lele- 
ges,  but  was  at  an  early  period  colonized  by 
Greeks  from  Elis,  led  by  the  mythical  Arm- 
i.us.  The  Aetoliaus  took  part  in  the  Trojan 
war,  under  their  king  Thoas.  They  contin- 
ued for  a  long  time  a  rude  and  uncivilized 
people,  living  to  a  great  extent  by  robbery  : 
and  even  in  the  time  of  Thucydides  (b.O.410) 
many  of  their  tribes  spoke  a  language  which 
was  not  Greek,  and  were  in  the  habit  of  eat- 
ing law  flesh.  They  appear  to  have  been 
early  united  by  a  kind  of  League,  but  this 
League  first  acquired  political  importance 
about  the  middle  of  the  iid  century  b.o.,  and 
became  a  formidable  rival  to  the  Macedonian 
monarchs  and  the  Achaean  League.  The 
Aetolians  took  the  side  of  Antiochus  III. 

against  the  Romans,  and  on  tin'  defeat  of 
thai  monarch,  B.O.  Is'.*,  they  became  virtually 
the  subjects  of  Rome.  On  the  conquest  of 
the  Achaeans,  b.o.  146,  Aetolia  was  included 
in  the  Roman  province  of  Achaia. 

AETOLUS  (-i),  son  of  Endymion  and  hus- 
band of  Pronoe,  by  whom  he  had  two  sous, 


AFRANIUS. 


AGAMEDES. 


Pleuron  and  Calydon.  He  was  king  of  Elis, 
but,  bavin.:  slain  Apis,  he  lied  to  the  country 
near  the  Achelous,  which  was  called  Aetolia 
after  him. 

AFRANIUS  (-i),  L.  (1)  A  Roman  comic 
poet,  flourished  about  it.c.  100.  His  comedies 
depicted  Roman  life  with  such  accuracy  that 
lassed  with  Menander.  Only  a  few 
fragments  of  them  are  preserved. — (2)  A  per- 
bod  of  obscure  origin,  who  was,  through 
Pompey'a  influence,  made  consul,  is.c.  60. 
\\  hen  Pompey  obtained  the  provinces  of  the 
two  Spains  in"his  2d  consulship  (55),  he  sent 
Afranius  and  Petreius  to  govern  them,  while 
he  himself  remained  in  Rome.  In  4l.i  Afra- 
nius and  Peueius  were  defeated  by  Caesar  in 
Spain.  Afranius  thereupon  passed  over  to 
Pompey  in  Greece,  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  (48),  and  subsequently  at  the 
battle  of  Thapsus  in  Africa  (46).  He  then  at- 
tempted to  fly  into  Mauretania,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  by  iJ.  Siltins,  and  killed. 

AFRICA  (-ae)  was  used  by  the  ancients  in 
two  senses,  (1)  for  the  whole  continent  of  Af- 
rica, and  (2)  for  the  portion  of  X.Africa  which 
the  Romans  erected  into  a  province.— (,1)  In 
the  more  general  sense  the  name  was  not 
used  by  the  Greek  writers:  and  its  use  by 
the  Romans  arose  from  the  extension  to  the 
whole  continent  of  the  name  of  a  part  of  it. 
The  proper  Gteek  name  for  the  continent  is 
Libya.  Considerably  before  the  historical 
period  of  Greece  begins  the  Phoenicians  ex- 
tended their  commerce  over  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  founded  several  colonies  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Africa,  of  which  Carthage  was  the 
chief.  [Carthago.]  The  Greeks  knew  very 
little  of  the  country  until  the  foundation  of 
the  Dorian  colony  of  Cybbnk  (b.o.  620),  and 
the  intercourse  of  Greek  travelers  with  Egypt 
in  the  6th  and  5th  centuries;  and  even  then 
their  knowledge  of  all  but  the  part  near  Cy- 
rene  was  derived  from  the  Egyptians  and 
Phoenicians,  who  sent  out  some  remarkable 
expeditions  to  explore  the  country.  A  Phoe- 
nician fleet  sent  by  the  Egyptian  king  Pha- 
raoh Xecho  (about"  n.c.  600)  was  said  to  have 
sailed  from  the  Red  Sea,  round  Africa,  and  so 
into  the  Mediterranean  :  the  authenticity  of 
this  story  is  still  a  matter  of  dispute.  "We 
still  possess  an  authentic  account  of  another 
expedition,  which  the  Carthaginians  dis- 
patched under  Hanno  (about  b.o.  510),  and 
which  reached  a  point  on  the  W.  coast  near- 
ly, if  not  quite,  as  far  as  lat.  10°  N.  In  the  in- 
terior, the  Great  Desert  (Sahara)  interposed 
a  formidable  obstacle  to  discovery;  but  even 
before  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  people  on 
the  northern  coast  told  of  individuals  who 
had  crossed  the  desert,  and  had  reached  a 
great  river  flowing  towards  the  E.,with  croc- 
odiles in  it,  and  black  men  living  on  its 
banks,  which,  if  the  story  be  true,  was  prob- 
ably the  Niger  in  its  upper  course,  near  Tim- 
buctoo.  There  were  great  differences  of  opin- 
ion as  to  the  boundaries  of  the  continent. 
Some  divided  the  whole  world  into  only  two 
parts,  Europe  and  Asia,  and  they  were  not 
agreed  to  which  of  these  two  Libya  (i.  e.  Af- 
rica) belonged:  and  those  who  recognized 
three  divisions  differed  again  iu  placing  the 
boundary  between  Libya  and  Asia  either  on 


the  W.  of  Egypt,  or  along  the  Nile,  or  at  the 
isthmus  of  Suez  and  the  Red  Sea  ;  the  lasi 
opinion  gradually  prevailed.  Herodotus  di- 
vides the  inhabitants  of  Africa  into  four 
races,  two  native,  namely,  the  Libyans  and 
Ethiopians,  and  two  foreign,  namely,  the 
Phoenicians  aud  the  Greeks.  The  Libyans, 
however,  were  a  Caucasian  race  ;  the  Ethio- 
pians of  Heiodotus  correspond  to  our  Negro 
races.  The  whole  of  the  north  of  Africa  fell 
successively  under  the  power  of  Rome,  and 
was  Anally  divided  into  provinces  as  follow.-: 
— (1)  Aegypt;  (2)  Libya,  including  (o)  Libyae 
Nomos  or  Libya  Exterior,  (b)  Marmarica,"  (<■) 
Cyrenaica  ;  (3)  Africa  Propria,  the  former  em- 
pfre  of  Carthage,  see  below,  No.  2 ;  (4)  Nu- 
midia ;  (5)  Mauretania,  divided  into  («)  Siti- 
fensis,  (b)  Caesariensis,  (c)  Tiugitana:  these, 
with  (6)  Aethiopia.  make  up  the  whole  of  Af- 
rica, according  to  the  divisions  recognized  by 
the  latest  of  the  ancient  geographers.  The 
northern  district  was  better  known  to  the 
Romans  than  it  is  to  us,  and  was  extremely 
populous  aud  flourishing. — (2)  Africa  Pr.o- 
1'iUA  or  Pbovinoia,  or  simply  Africa,  was  the 
name  under  which  the  Romans,  after  the 
Third  Punic  War,  n.c.  146,  erected  into  a  prov- 
ince the  whole  of  the  former  territory  of  Car- 
thage. It  extended  from  the  river  Musca,  on 
the  W.,  which  divided  it  from  Numidia,  to  the 
bottom  of  the  Syrtis  Minor,  on  the  S.E.  It 
was  divided  into  two  districts  (regiones), 
namely,  (1)  Zengis  or  Zeugitaua,  the  district 
round  Carthage,  <2)  Byzacium  orByzacena,  S. 
of  Zeugitana,  as  far  a.-  the  bottom  of  the  Syr- 
tis Minor.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  "re- 
gency of  Tunis.  The  province  was  full  of 
flourishing  towns,  and  was  extremely  fertile  ; 
it  furnished  Rome  with  its  chief  supplies  of 
corn. 

AFRICA.NTJS  (-i),  a  surname  given  to  the 
Seipios,  on  account  of  their  victories  in  Africa, 
[Scirio.] 

AFPICTS  (-i :  X.M,  by  the  Greeks),  the  S.W. 
wind,  so  called  because  it  blew  from  Africa. 

AGAMEDES  (-ae),  commonly  called  son  of 
Erginns,  king  ol'Orchomenus,"and  brother  of 
Trophonius.  Agamedes  and  Trophonins  dis- 
tinguished themselves  as  architects.  They 
built  a  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  a 
treasury  of  Hyrieus,  king  of  Hyria,  inBoeotia. 
In  the  construction  of  the  latter,  they  con- 
trived to  place  a  stone  in  such  a  manner  that 
it  could  be  taken  away  outside  without  any 
body  perceiving  it.  They  now  constantly 
robbed  the  treasury ;  aud  the  king,  seeing  that 
locks  and  seals  were  uninjured,  while  hi<  treas- 
ures were  constantly  decreasing,  set  traps  to 
catch  the  thief.  Agamedes  was  thus  caught, 
and  Trophonius  cut  off  his  head  to  avert  the 
discovery.  After  this,  Trophonius  was  im- 
mediately swallowed  up  by  the  earth  in  the 
grove  of  Lebadea.  Here  he  was  worshiped 
as  a  hero,  and  had  a  celebrated  oracle.  A  tra- 
dition mentioned  by  Cicero  states  that  Aga- 
medes and  Trophonius,  after  building  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  prayed  to  the  god 
to  grant  them,  in  reward  for  their  labor,  what 
was  best  for  men.  The  god  promised  to  do 
so  on  a  certaiu  day.  aud  when  the  day  came 
the  two  brothers  died. 


AGAMEMNON. 


AGENORIDES. 


AGAMEMNON  (-onis),  son  of  PHsthenes 
and  Aeropii  or  Eriphyle,  and  grandson  of 
Atreus,  king  of  Mycenae  ;  but  Homer  and  oth- 
ers call  him  a  son  of  Atreus  and  grandson  of 
Pelops.  Agamemnon  and  his  brother  Mene- 
laus  were  brought  up  together  with  Aegis- 
thus,  the  son  of  Thyestes,  in  the  house  of  At- 
reus. After  the  murder  of  Atreus  by  Aegis- 
thus  and  Thyestes,  who  succeeded  Atreus  in 
the  kingdom  of  Mycenae  [Aegistiius],  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus  went  to  Sparta.  Here 
Agamemnon  married  Clytemnestra,  the 
daughter  of  Tyudareus,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Iphianassa  (Iphigenia),  Chryso- 
themis,  Laodice  (Electra),  and  Orestes.  The 
manner  in  which  Agamemnon  obtained  the 
kingdom  of  Mycenae  is  differently  related. 
From  Homer  it  appears  as  if  he  had  peacably 
succeeded  Thyestes  j  while,  according  to  oth- 
ers, he  expelled  Thyestes,  and  usurped  his 
throne.  He  now  became  the  most  powerful 
prince  in  Greece.  Homer  says  he  ruled  over 
all  Argos,  which  signifies  Peloponnesus,  or 
the  greater  part  of  it,  for  the  city  of  Argos  was 
governed  by  Diomedes.  When  Helen,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  was  carried  off  by  Paris,  and  the 
Greek  chiefs  resolved  to  recover  her  by  force 
of  arms,  Agamemnon  was  chosen  their  com- 
mander in  chief.  After  two  years  of  prepa- 
ration, the  Greek  army  and  fleet  assembled 
in  the  port  of  Aulis,  in  Boeotia.  At  this  place 
Agamemnon  killed  a  stag  which  was  sacred 
to  Artemis  (Diana),  who  in  return  visited  the 
Greek  army  with  a  pestilence,  and  produced 
a  calm  which  prevented  the  Greeks  from  leav- 
ing the  port.  In  order  to  appease  her  wrath, 
Agamemnon  consented  to  sacrifice  his  daugh- 
ter Iphigenia  ;  but,  at  the  moment  of  the  sac- 
rifice, she  was  carried  off  by  Artemis  herself 
to  Tauris,  and  another  victim  was  substituted 
in  her  place.  The  calm  now  ceased,  and  the 
army  sailed  to  the  coast  of  Troy.  The  quar- 
rel between  Agamemnon  and  Achilles,  in  the 
10th  year  of  the  war,  is  related  elsewhere. 
1  Achilles.]  Agamemnon,  although  the  chief 
commander  of  the  Greeks,  is  not  the  hero  of 
the  Iliad,  and  in  chivalrous  spirit,  bravery, 
and  character,  altogether  inferior  to  Achilles. 
But  he  nevertheless  rises  above  all  the  Greeks 
by  his  dignity,  power,  and  majesty:  his  eyes 
and  head  are  likened  to  those  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter), his  girdle  to  that  of  Arcs  (Mars),  and  his 
breast  to  that  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  At  the 
capture  of  Troy  he  received  Cassandra,  the 
daughter  of  Priam,  as  his  prize.  On  his  re- 
turn home  lie  was  murdered  by  Aegisthus, 
who  had  seduced  Clytemnestra  during  i  In-  ab- 
sence other  husband.  The  tragic  poets  make 
Clytemnestra  alone  murder  Agamemnon.  His 
death  was  avenged  by  his  son  Orestes. 

AGAMEMNONIDES  (-ae),  the  son  of  Aga- 
memnon, ;'.  c._preste8. 

AGANIPPE  (-es),  a  nymph  of  the  fountain 
of  the  same  name  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Helicon, 
in  Boeotia.  It  was  sacred  to  the  Muses  (who 
were  hence  called  Aganivpides),  and  was  be- 
lieved to  inspire  those  who  drank  of  it.  The 
fountain  ofHippocrene  has  the  epithet  Ago- 
nippifi,  from  its  being  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
like  that  of  Aganippe. 

AGATHOCI.ES  (-is  or  Cos)  was  born  at 
Thermae,  a  town  of  Sicily  subject  to  Carthage, 


and  was  brought  up  as  a  potter  at  Syracuse. 
I  His  strength  and  personal  beauty  recom- 
meuded  him  to  Damas,  a  noble  Syracusan, 
who  drew  him  from  obscurity,  and  on  whose 
death  he  married  his  rich  widow,  and  so  be- 
came one  of  the  wealthiest  citizens  in  Syra- 
j  ense.  His  ambitious  schemes  then  developed 
themselves,  and  he  was  driven  into  exile. 
After  several  changes  of  fortune  he  collected 
an  armj',  and  was  declared  sovereign  of  Syra- 
cuse,^ n  817  In  the  course  of  a  few  years 
the  whole  of  Sicily,  which  was  not  under  the 
dominion  of  Carthage,  submitted  to  him.  Iu 
310  he  was  defeated  at  Himera  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians, under  llamilcar, who  straightway  laid 
siege  to  Syracuse,  whereupon  he  formed  the 
bold  design  of  averting  the  ruin  which  threat- 
ened him  by  carrying  the  war  into  Africa. 
His  successes  were  most  brilliant  and  rapid. 
He  constantly  defeated  the  troops  of  Carthage, 
but  was  at  length  summoned  from  Africa  by 
the  affairs  of  Sicily,  where  many  cities  had  re- 
volted from  him,,3JlL  These  he  reduced,  aft- 
er making  a  treaty  with  the  Carthaginians. 
He  had  previously  assumed  the  title  of  king 
of  Sicily.  He  afterwards  plundered  the  Lipari 
isles,  and  also  carried  his  arms  into  Italy,  in 
order  to  attack  the  Bruttii.  But  his  last  days 
were  embittered  by  family  misfortunes.  His 
grandson  Archagathus  murdered  his  son  Aga- 
thocles,  for  the  sake  of  succeeding  to  the 
crown,  and  the  old  king  feared  that  the  rest 
of  his  family  would  share  his  fate.  He  ac- 
cordingly sent  his  wife  and  her  two  children 
to  Egypt";  and  his  own  death  followed  almost 
immediately,  289,  after  a  reign  of  28  years,  and 
in  the  72d  year  of  his  age.  Some  authors  re- 
late an  incredible  story  of  his  being  poisoned 
by  Maeno,  an  associate  of  Archagathus.  The 
poison,  we  are  told,  was  concealed  in  the  quill 
with  which  he  cleaned  his  teeth,  and  reduced 
him  to  so  frightful  a  condition  that  he  was 
placed  on  the  funeral  pile  and  burnt  while  yet 
living,  being  unable  to  give  any  signs  that  he 
was  not  dead. 

AGATHON,  an  Athenian  tragic  poet,  a  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Euripides  and  Plato. 
He  died  about  b.o.  400. 

AGATHYRNA  (-ae),  AGATHYRNUM  (-i), 
a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily. 

AGATHYRSI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Euro- 
pean Sarmatin,  on  the  river  Maria  (Marosch), 
in  Transylvania.  From  the  practice  of  paint- 
ing or  tattooing  their  skin,  they  are  called  by 
Virgil  pieti  Agathyrsi. 

aoavF;  (-es),  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of 
Echlon,  and  mother  of  Pcntheus.  For  details 
see  Pentueus. 

AGBATANA.     [Eoisatana.1 

AGENDICUM  or  AGEDICUM  (-i :  Sens), 
the  chief  town  of  the  Senoncs  in  Gallia  Lug- 
dunensis. 

AGENOR  (-oris).  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), king  of  Phoenicia,  and  father  of  Cad- 
mus and  Europa.  Virgil  calls  Carthage  the 
city  of  Agenor,  since  Dido  was  descended  from 
Agenor. — (2)  Son  of  the  Trojan  Antenor  and 
Tinaiio,  one  of  the  bravest,  among  the  Tro< 
jans.  _ 

XGENOkiDES  (-ae),a  descendanl  ofanAg. 
enor,  such  as  Cadmus,  Phineus,  and  Perseus, 


AGESI  LAI'S. 


24 


AGKI1TA. 


IGBSILAU9  (-i),  kings  of  Sparta.  —  (1) 
I  ab<  ml  b.o.  886,  and  waa  contempora- 
ry with  tin1  H'^ri^Uii ion  of  Lycnrgns. — (2)  Sun 
of  Archidamus  II..  succeeded  his  half-brother 
Agia  II..  r..<'.  398,  excluding,  on  the  ground  of 
spurious  birth,  and  by  the  interest  of  Lysan- 
iter.  his  nephew  Leotyoiiides.  From  896  to 
394  he  carried  on  the  war  in  Asia  Minor  with 
-.  but,  iu  the  midst  of  his  con- 
was  summoned  home  to  defend  his 
country  against  Thebes,  Corinth,  and  Argos, 
which  had "been  induced  by  Artaxerxes  to  take 
tip  arms  against  Sparta.  "  In  31(4  he  met  and 
defeated,  at  CorouGa  iu  Boeotia,  the  allied 
forces.  During  the  next  4  years  he  regained 
for  his  country  much  of  its  former  supremacy, 
till  at  length  the  fatal  battle  of  Leuctra,  371, 
overthrew  forever  the  power  of  Sparta,  and 
gave  the  supremacy  for  a  time  to  Thebes.  In 
301  he  crossed,  with  a  body  of  Lacedaemonian 
mercenaries,  into  Egypt,  where  he  died  in  the 
winter  of  361-360,  "after  a  life  of  above  80 
years,  and  a  reign  of  3S.  In  person  Agesi- 
lana  was  small,  mean-looking,  and  lame,  on 
which  last  ground  objection  had  been  made 
to  his  accession,  an  oracle,  curiously  fulfilled, 
having  warned  Sparta  of  evils  awaiting  her 
under  a  "lame  sovereignty."'  In  his  reign, 
indeed,  her  fall  took  place,  but  not  throiigh 
him,  for  he  was  one  of  the  best  citizens  and 
generals  that  Sparta  ever  had. 

IGESIPOLIS,  kings  of  Sparta.  — (1)  Suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Pausanias,  while  yet  a  mi- 
nor, in  b.o.  394,  and  reigned  14  years.— (2)  Son 
of  Cleombrotus,  reigned  one  year,  371.  —  (3) 
Succeeded  Cleomenes  iu  220,  but  was  soon  de- 
posed by  hie  colleague  Lycnrgns. 

AGINNUM  (-i:  A  gen),  the  chief  town  of 
the  Nitiobriges  in  Gallia  Aquitanica. 

AGIS  (idis),  kings  of  Sparta.— (1)  Son  of 
Eurystheues,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  the 
Agidae.— (2  Son  of  Archidamns  IL,  i 
n.i..  427-39S.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  invaded  Attica  sev- 
eral times.  While  Alcibiades  was  at  Sparta 
he  was  the  guest  of  Agis,  and  is  said  to  have 
seduced  his  wife  Timaea  :  in  consequence  of 
which  Leotychides,  the  son  of  Agis,  was  ex- 
cluded from  the  throne  as  illegitimate. — (3) 
Son  of  Archidamns  HI.,  reigned  338-330.  He 
attempted  to  overthrow  the  Macedonian  pow- 
er iu  Europe,  while  Alexander  the  Great  was 
in  Asia,  but  was  defeated  and  killed  in  battle 
by  Antipater  in  330.— (4)  Son  ot'Eudamidas 
II.,  reigned  244-240.  He  attempted  to  re-es- 
tablish the  institutions  ofLycurgns,  and  to 
i  (Feet  a  thorough  reform  in  the  Spartan  state  ; 
but  he  was  resisted  by  his  colleague  Leonidas 
II.  and  the  wealthy,  waa  thrown  into  prison, 
and  was  there  put  to  death  by  command  of 
the  ephors,  along  with  his  mother  and  grand- 
mother. _ 

AGLAjA  (-ae),  "the  bright  one,''  one  of  the 
Chakitks  or  Graces. 

AGRA FLOS  (-i).  (1)  Danghter  of  Actaeue, 
fir-t  kinL'  of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Cecrops. — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Cecrops  and  Agraulos,  of 
whom  various  stories  are  told.  Athi 
nerva)  is  said  to  have  given  Erichthonius  in 
a  chest  to  Agraulos  and  her  sister  Herse,  with 
strict  injunctions  not  to  open  it:  but  they 
disobeyed  the   command.     LEbiohtooxius.] 


Agraulos  was  subsequently  punished  by  be- 
ing changed  into  a  stone  by  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury), because  she  attempted  to  prevent  the 
god  from  entering  the  house  of  Herse,  with 
whom  he  had  fallen  in  love.  Another  legend 
relates  that  Agraulos  threw  herself  down  from 
the  Acropolis  because  au  oracle  had  declared 
that  the  Athenians  would  conquer  if  someone 
would  sacrifice  himself  for  his  country.  The 
Athenians  in  gratitude  built  her  a  temple  on, 
the  Acropolis,  in  which  the  young  Athenians, 
on  receiving  their  first  suit  of  armor,  took  an 
oath  that  they  would  always  defend  their 
country  to  the  last.  A  festival  (Agraulia)  was 
celebrated  at  Athens  in  her  honor. 

AGRI  DECFMATES,  tithe  lands,  the  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  a  part  of  Germany, 
E.  of  the  Rhine  and  X.  of  the  Danube,  which 
they  took  possession  of  when  the  Germans 
retired  eastward,  and  which  they  gave  to  the 
Ganls,  and  subsequently  to  their  own  veter- 
ans, on  the  payment  of  a  tenth  of  the  produce 
(deciima).  Towards  the  end  of  the  first  or 
the  beginning  of  the  second  century  after 
t'hrist  these  lands  were  incorporated  in  the 
Roman  empire. 

AGRICOLA  (-ae),  CN.  JFLIFS  (-i),  born 
June  13th,  a.d.  37,  at  Forum  Julii  (Frejus,  in 
Provence),  was  the  son  of  Julius  Gracchi  ns, 
who  was  executed  by  Caligula,  and  of  Julia 
Procilla.  He  received  a  careful  education ; 
he  first  served  in  Britain,  a.d.  60,  uuder  Sue- 
tonius Paulinus  ;  was  quaestor  in  Asia  in  63  ; 
was  governor  of  Aquitania  from  74  to  76  ;  and 
waa  consul  iu  77,  when  he  betrothed  his 
daughter  to  the  historian  Tacitus,  and  in  the 
following  year  gave  her  to  him  iu  marriage. 
In  78  he  received  the  government  of  Britain, 
which  he  held  for  7  years,  during  which  time 
he  subdued  the  whole  of  the  country  with  the 
exception  of  the  highlands  of  Caledonia,  and 
by  hia  wise  administration  introduced  among 
the  inhabitants  the  language  and  civilization 
of  Rome.  He  was  recalled  in  S5  through  the 
jealousy  of  Domitian,  and  on  his  return  lived 
in  retirement  till  his  death  in  93,  which  ac- 
cording to  some  was  occasioned  by  poisou 
admimsiered  by  order  of  Domitian.  His  char- 
acter is  drawn  in  the  brightest  colors  by  his 
son-in-law  Tacitus, whose  Life  of  Agricola  has 
come  down  to  us. 

AGRIGENTUM  (-i),  called  ACRAGAS(-an- 
tis)  by  the  Greeks  (Girrrcnti),  a  city  on  the  S. 
coast  of  Sicily,  about  2i  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  was  celebrated  for  its  wealth  and  popu- 
lousness,  and  waa  one  of  the  most  splendid 
i  itiea  of  the  ancient,  world.  It  was  founded 
by  a  Doric  colony  from  Gela,  about  j;.<:.  579, 
was  under  the  government  of  the  cruel  tyrant 
Phalaris  (abont  560),  and  subsequently  under 
that  of  Theron  (4SS-472).  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Carthaginians  (405),  and,  though  "re- 
built by  Timoleon,  it  never  regained  its  for- 
mer greatness.  It  came  into  the  power  of  the 
Romans  in  210.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Em- 
pedocles.  There  are  still  gigantic  remains 
of  the  ancient  citv. 

AGRIPPA(-ae),HERr)DES  -is).  (1) Called 
,  "  Agrippa  the  Great."  son  of  Aristobulus  and 
Berenice,  and  grandson  of  Herod  the  Great. 
He  was  educated  at  Rome,  and  lived  on  inti- 
mate terms  with  the  future  emperors  Calig 


AGRIPPA. 


AHENOBAKBUS. 


ula  and  Claudius.    Caligula  gave  him  the  te- 

trarchies  of  Abilene,  Batanaea,  Trachonitis,  i 

and  Auranitis ;  and  Claudius  annexed  Judaea 


f  Herod  Agripppa 


and  Samaria  to  his  dominions.  His  govern- 
ment was  exceedingly  popular  among  the 
Jews.  It  was  probably  to  increase  his  popu- 
larity with  the  Jews  that  he  caused  the  apos- 
tle James  to  be  beheaded,  and  Peter  to  be  cast 
into  prison  (a.d.  44).  The  manner  of  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Caesarea  in  the 
same  year,  is  related  in  Acts  xii. — (2)  Son  of 
the  preceding,  king  of  Chalcis,  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Jewish  war  he  sidsd  with  the 
Romans,  and  after  the  capture  of  Jerusalem 
he  went  with  his  sister  Berenice  to  Rome, 
and  died  in  the  70th  year  of  his  age,  a.d.  100. 
It  was  before  this  Agrippa  that  the  apostle 
Paul  made  his  defense,  a.d.  60  {Acts  xxv. 
xxvi.). 

AGRIPPA  (-ae),  M.  VIPSANIUS  (-i),  born 
in  i?.c.  63,  of  an  obscure  family,  studied  with 
young  Octavius  (afterwards  the  emperor  Au- 
gustus) at  Apollonia  in  iftyria,  and  upon  the 
murder  of  Caesar  in  44  was  one  of  the  friends 
of  Octavius  who  advised  him  to  proceed  im- 


M.  Vipsaniurt  Agrippa. 

mediately  to  Rome.  In  the  civil  wars  which 
followed,  and  which  terminated  in  giving  Au- 
gustus the  sovereignty  of  the  Roman  world, 
Agrippa  took  an  active  part;  and  his  mili- 


tary abilities  contributed  greatly  to  that  re- 
sult. He  commanded  the  fleet  of  Augustus 
at  the  battle  of  Actium  in  31.  He  was  thrice 
consul,  and  in  his  third  consulship,  in  27,  he 
built  the  Pantheon.  In  21  he  married  Julia, 
daughter  of  Augustus.  He  continued  to  be 
employed  in  various  military  commands  till 
his  death  in  n.c.  12.  By  his  first  wife  Pom- 
pouia,  Agrippa  had  Vipsania,  married  to  Ti- 
berius, the  successor  of  Augustus ;  and  by 
Julia  he  had  2  daughters,  Julia  and  Agrip- 
pina,  and  3  sons,  Caius  Caesar,  Lucius  Caesar, 
[Caesab],  and  Agrippa  Postumus:  the  iasE 
was  banished  by  Augustus  to  the  island  of 
Planasia,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Tiberius 
at  his  accession,  a.d.  14. 

AGRIPPINA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  M. 
Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  of  Julia,  the  daughter 
of  Augustus,  married  Germanicus,  by  whom 
she  had  9  children,  among  whom  were  the 
emperor  Caligula,  and  Agrippina,  the  mother 
of  Nero.  She  was  distinguished  for  her  vir- 
tues and  heroism,  and  shared  all  the  dangers 
of  her  husband's  campaigns.  On  his  death  in 
a.d.  17  she  returned  to  Italy ;  but  the  favor 
with  which  she  was  received  by  the  people 
increased  the  hatred  which  Tiberius  and  his 
mother  Livia  had  long  entertained  towards 
her.  At  length  in  a.d.  30  Tiberius  banished 
her  to  the  island  of  Paudataria,  where  she 
died  3  years  afterwards,  probably  by  volun- 
tary starvation. — (2)  Daughter  of  Germanicus 
and  Agrippina  [No.  1],  and  mother  of  the  em- 
peror Nero,  was  born  at  Oppidtim  Ubioru.ni, 
afterwards  called  in  honor  of  her  Colonia 
Agrippina, now  Cologne.  [Colonia. 1  She  was 
beautiful  and  intelligent,  but  licentious,  cruel, 
and  ambitious.  She  was  first  married  to  Cn. 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus  (a.d.  28),  by  whom 
she  had  a  son,  afterwards  the  emperor  Nero  ; 
next  to  Crispus  Passienus;  and  thirdly  to 
the  emperor  Claudius  (40),  although  she  was 
his  niece.  In  50  she  prevailed  upon  Claudius 
to  adopt  her  son,  to  the  prejudice  of  his  own 
son  Bntannicus;  and  in  order  to  secure  the 
succession  for  her  son  she  poisoned  the  em- 
peror in  54.  The  young  emperor  soon  be- 
came tired  of  the'  ascendancy  of  his  mother, 
and,  after  making  several  attempts  to  shake 
off  her  authority,  he  caused  her  to  be  assas- 
sinated  in  50. 

AGKIUS  (-i),  son  of  Porthaon  and  Euryte, 
and  lather  of  Thersitcs  and  5  other  sons. 

AGYXEUS  (trisyll.)i  a  surname  of  Apollo, 
as  the  protector  of  the  streets  and  public 

places. 

A.GYLLA.    [Caehe.] 

At ;v  1(1  I'M.  a  town  in  Sicily  on  the  Cya- 
mosorus,  N.W.  of  Ceutnripae  ami  N.E.  of 
Bnna,  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Dio- 
dorus. 

AlIALA  (-ae),  C.  SERVILlUS  (-i),  magis- 
ter  equitum  in  b.o.  489  to  the  die  tator  I.,  cin- 
cinnatus,  when  he  slew  Si\  Maki.ius  in  the 
forum  because  he  refused  to  appear  before 
the  dictator.  Ahala  was  brought  to  trial,  and 
only  escaped  condemnation  by  a  voluntary 
exile. 

AHARN'A  (-ae),  a  town  in  Klruria,  N.E.  of 
Volsinil. 

IHENOBARBUS  (-1),  the  name  or  a  dis- 
tinguished family  of  the  Domit  ia  gens.    They 


AIDES. 


26 


A  LAM. 


are  said  to  have  obtained  the  surname  of 
Ahenobarbus,  i.e.  "Brazen- Beard"  or 
•■  Red-Beard,"  because  the  Dioscuri  (Cas- 
tor and  Pollux)  announced  to  one  of 
their  ancestors  t lie  victory  of  the  Ro- 
mans over  the  Latins  at  lake  RegilluS 
(u. r.  496),  and,  to  confirm  the  truth  of 
what  they  said,  stroked  his  black  hair 
and  beard,  which  immediately  became 
red. —  ,1:  On.  Domittub  Ahknobabbub, 
consul  li.o.  122,  conquered  the  Allobro- 
gea  in  Gaul,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sul- 
(ga  and  Khodanus.— (2)  Cn.  DojiiTirs 
Am :niiii.ii:m\  tribune  of  the  plebs,  104, 
brought  forward  the  law  (Lex  Dom&ia) 
by  which  the  election  of  the  priests  was 
transferred  from  the  collegia  to  the  peo- 
ple. The  people  afterwards  elected  him 
Pontifex  Maximus  out  of  gratitude.  He 
was  consul  in  90,  and  censor  in  92,  with 
Licinius  Crassus,  the  orator. — (3)  L.  Do- 
MiTiis  AiiKNon.vi'.Brs,  married  Portia, 
the  sister  of  M.  Cato,  and  was  a  staunch 
and  courageous  supporter  of  the  aristo- 
cratical  party.  He  was  aedile  in  01, 
praetor  in  5S,  and  consul  in  54.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  40  he 
threw  himself  into  Corflnium,  but  was 
compelled  by  his  own  troops  to  sur- 
render to  Caesar.  He  next  went  to  Mas- 
silia,  and  after  the  surrender  of  that  town 
repaired  to  Pompey  in  Greece;  he  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (4S),  where  lie  com- 
manded the  left  wing,  and,  according  to  Cic- 
ero's assertion  in  the  second  Philippic,  by  the 
hand  of  Antony.  —  (4)  Cn.  Domitids  Aueno- 
bakiics.  son  of  No.  3,  was  taken  with  his  fa- 
ther at  Corflnium  (49),  was  present  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pharsalia  (48),  and  returned  to  Italy  in 
46,  when  he  was  pardoned  by  Caesar.  He  ac- 
companied Antony  in  his  campaign  against 
the  Parthians  in  36.  He  was  consul  in  32, 
and  deserted  to  Augustus  shortly  before  the 
battle  of  Actium. — (5)  Cn.  Domitius  Aheno- 
bakbus,  consul  a.i>.  32,  married  Asrrippina, 
daughter  of  Germauicus,  and  was  father  of 
the  emperor  Nero.     [Ageippina.] 

AIDES  or  AIDONEU8,     [Hades]. 

AIUS  (-i)  LOCTTlUS  (-i)  or  LOQUENS 
(-cutis),  a  Roman  divinity.  A  short  time  be- 
fore the  Gauls  took  Rome  (b.o.  390)  a  voice 
was  heard  at  Rome  during  the  silence  of 
night  announcing  that  the  Gauls  were  ap- 
proaching.  The  Romans  afterwards  erected 
on  the  spot  where  the  voice  had  been  heard 
an  altar,  with  a  sacred  enclosure  around  it,  to 
A  in"  Locutius,  or  the  "  Announcing  Speaker." 

AJAX  (-acis),  called  AIAS  by  the  Creeks. 
—(1)  Son  of  Telamon,  king  of  Salamis,  and 
grandson  of  Aeacus.  Homer  calls  him  Ajax 
the  Telamonian,  Ajax  the  Great,  or  simply 
Ajax,  whereas  the  other  Ajax,  son  of  Oi'leus, 
is  always  distinguished  from  the  former  by 
some  epithet.  He  sailed  against  Troy  in  12 
ships,  and  is  represented  in"  the  Iliad  as  sec- 
ond i mly  to  Achilles  in  bravery.  In  the  con- 
test for  the  armor  of  Achilles  he  was  con- 
quered by  Ulysses,  and  this,  says  Homer,  was 
the  cause  of  his  death.  Later  poets  relate 
that  his  defeat  by  Ulysses  threw  him  into  an 
awful  state  of  madness;  that  he  rushed  from 
his  tent  and  slaughtered  the  sheep  of  the 


Ajax 


Ina  Marbles.) 


Greek  army,  fancying  they  were  his  enemies; 
and  that  at  length  he  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life.  From  his'  blood  there  sprang  up  a  pur* 
ple  flower  bearing  the  letters  Ai  (Ai)  on  its 
leaves,  which  were  at  once  the  initials  of  his 
name  and  expressive  of  a  sigh.  Homer  does 
not  mention  his  mistress  Tecmessa.— (2)  Son 
of  Oilens,  king  of  the  Locrians,  also  called  the 
J  lesser  Ajax.  sailed  against  Troy  in  40  ships. 
He  is  described  as  small  of  stature,but  skilled 
in  throwing  the  spear,  and,  next  to  Achilles, 
the  most  swift-footed  among  the  Greeks.  On 
his  return  from  Troy  his  vessel  was  wrecked  ; 
he  himself  got  safe  upon  a  rock  through  the 
assistance  of  Poseidon  (Neptune);  buTas  he 
boasted  that  he  would  escape  in  defiance  of 
the  immortals,  Poseidon  split  the  rock  with 
his  trident,  and  Ajax  was  swallowed  up  by 
the  sea.  This  is  the  account  of  Homer.  Vir- 
gil  tells  ns  that  the  anger  of  Athena  (Minerva) 
was  excited  against  him  because  on  the 
night  of  the  capture  of  Troy  he  violated  Cas- 
sandra in  the  temple  of  the  goddess. 

ALABANDA  (-drum),  an  inland  town  of 
Caria,  near  the  Marsyas,  to  the  S.  of  the  Mae- 
ander,  situated  between  two  hills.  It  was  a 
prosperous  place,  but  one  of  the  most  corrupt 
and  luxurious  towns  in  Asia  Minor. 

A  LAL4  i^IKN'AE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
of  Boeotia,  E.  of  Coronea,  with  a  temple  of 
Athena  (Minerva),  who  is  said  to  have  been 
born  in  the  town,  and  who  was  hence  called 
A  lalcomeneis. 

ALALIA.     [Ai.kkia.] 

ALANI  (-drum),  a  great  Asiatic  people,  in- 
cluded under  the  general  name  of  Scythians. 
They  are  first  found  about  the  E.  part  of  the 
Caucasus,  in  the  country  called  Albania, 
which  appears  to  be  only  another  form  of  the 
same  name.  At  a  later  time  they  pressed 
into  Europe  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Lower 
Danube,  where,  towards  the  end  of  the  5th 
century,  they  were  routed  by  the  Huns,  who 


ALARICU8. 


ALBINOVANUS. 


then  compelled  them  to  become  their  allies, 
la  a.d.  4U6  some  of  the  Alani  took  part  wilh 
the  Vandals  in  their  irruption  into  Gaul  and 
Spain,  where  they  gradually  disappear  from 
history. 

XLXRICUS  (-i),  in  German  Al-ric,  i.  e. "All- 
rich,"  king  of  the  Visigoths,  who  took  and 
plundered  Rome,  24th  of  August,  A.n.  410.  He 
died  shortly  afterwards  at  Consentia  in  Brut- 
tium. 

ALBA  (-ae)  SILVlUS  (-i),  one  of  the  myth- 
ical kings  of  Alba,  son  of  Latiuus,  reigned  3'J 
years. 


the  W.  by  Iberia.  It  was  a  fertile  plain, 
abounding  in  pasture  and  vineyards;  but  t tie 
inhabitants  were  tierce  and  warlike.  They 
were  a  Scythian  tribe,  identical  With  the 
Alani.  The  Romans  first  became  acquaint- 
ed with  them  at  the  time  of  the  Mithridatic 
war,  when  they  encountered  Pompey  with  a 
large  army. 

ALBANUM.    [Alba,  No.  2.] 

ALBANUS  (-i)  LACUS,  a  small  lake,  about 
5  miles  in  circumference,  W.  of  the  Mons  Al- 
banns,  between  Bovillae  and  Alba  Longa,  is 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano,  and  is  many 


Liike  of  Alhn. 


ALBA  (-ae).  (l)  FtroKHTLA  or  Fooetjtis,  a 
town  of  the  Marsi,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  situated  on  a  lofty  rock  near  the  lake 
Puclnna,  and  used  by  the  Romans  .'is  a  state 

Erison. — (2)  Longa,  the  must  ancient  town  in 
atitim,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Asca- 
nins,  and  to  have  founded  Rome.  It  was 
called  Longa  from  its  stretching  in  a  lone 
line  down  the  Alban  Mount  towards  the  Al- 
ban  Lake,  it  was  destroyed  by  Tullue  Hos- 
tilius,  am)  was  never  rebuilt;  its  inhabitants 
were  removed  to  Koine  At  a  later  time  I  he 
surrounding  country  wae  studded  with  the 
splendid  villas  of  the  Roman  aristocracy  and 
emperors  (Pompey's,  Domitian's,  etc.),  each 
ofwhich  was  called  Albanum.  (3)  Pompkia,  a 
town  in  Liguria,  colonized  by  Pompeine  Mag 
nus,  the  birthplace  of  the  emperor  Pertiuax. 
ALI'.ANlA  (-ae:  in  the  8.E.  part  of  Gear- 
fria),  a  country  of  Asia  on  the  w.  side  of  the 
Caspian,  extending  from  the  rivers  Cyrus  and 
Araxes  on  the  s.  toM.  Ceraunius  (the  k.  part 
of  the  Caucasus)  on  the  N.,  and  bounded  on 


hundred  feet  deep.  The  emissarinm  which 
the  Romans  bored  through  the  solid  rock 
during  the  siege  ofVeii,  in  order  to  cany  off 

the  superlli s  water  of  the  lake,  is  extant 

.•it  the  present  day. 

ALBANUS  Mons  was,  in  its  narrower  sig- 
nification, the  mountain  in  Latium  on  whose 
declivity  the  town  of  Alba  Longa  was  situa- 
ted. It  was  the  sacred  mountain  of  the  Lat- 
ins, on  which  the  religious  festivals  of  the 
Latin  League  were  celebrated  (feriae  Lot' 
iiiac),  and  on  ils  highest  summit  was  the  tern 
pic  of  Jupiter  Latiaris,  to  which  the  Roman 
generals  ascended  in  triumph  when  this 
honor  was  denied  I  hem  in  Home.  The  Mons 
Albanne  in  its  wider  signification  included 
i ne  Mon-  \ m.i i,i  and  ibe  mountains  about 
Tusculum. 

ALBIC1  (-drum),  a  warlike  Gallic  people 
inhabiting  the  mountains  north  ofMassilia. 

ALBlNOVlNUS  (-0,  C.  PEDO  (-6nis),  a 
friend  of  Ovid,  who  addresses  to  him  one  of 
bie  Lpi.-tles  from  Poutus. 


ALIUNUS. 


28 


ALCIBIADES. 


AI.BlNl's  or  ALBUS  (-i),  POSTTJMIUS 
(•i),  the  nnme  of  a  patrician  family  at  Rome, 
many  of  the  members  ot'which  held  the  high- 
est offices  of  the  state  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  republic  to  its  downfall.  The 
founder  of  the  family  was  dictator  b.o.  498, 
when  he  conquered  the  Latins  in  the  great 
battle  near  Lake  Regillus. 

ALBIM'S  (-i),  CLODIUS  (-i),  was  governor 
of  Britain  at  the  death  of  Commodus  in  a.d. 
192.  In  order  to  secure  his  neutrality,  Sep- 
timins  Severns  made  him  Caesar;  but,  after 
Severus  had  defeated  his  rivals,  he  turned  his 
arras  against  Albinus.  A  great  battle  was 
fought  between  them  at  Lugdnnnm  (Lyons), 
m  Gaul,  l'.i7,  in  which  Albiuus  was  defeated 
and  killed. 

ALBION  (-orsis),  another  name  of  Britan- 
nia, the  white  land,  from  its  white  cliffs  oppo- 
site the  coast  nf  Gaul. 

ALIUS  (-is:  Elbe),  one  of  the  great  rivers 
in  Germany,  the  most  easterly  which  the  Ro- 
mans became  acquainted  with.  The  Romans 
reached  the  Elbe  for  the  first  time  iu  b.o.  9, 
under  Drusus.  The  last  Roman  gen>  al  who 
saw  the  Elbe  was  Tiberius,  iu  a.i>.  5. 

ALBlUM  INGAUNUM  or  ALBINGAU- 
NTJM  (-i),a  town  of  the  Ingauni  on  the  coast 
of  Lignria,  aud  a  municipium. 

ALBIUM  INTEMELIUM  or  ALBINTE- 
MELIi  M  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Intemelii  on  the 
coast  of  Lignria,  and  a  municipium. 

ALBtTLA  (-ae),  an  ancient  name  of  the  riv- 
er TlllFR. 

ALBULAE  AQUAEL    [Ai.mjnea.] 

ALBfNEA  or  ALBUNA  (-ae),  a  prophetic 
nymph  or  sybil,  to  whom  a  grove  was  conse- 
crated in  the  neighborhood  of  Tibur,  with  a 
fountain  and  a  temple.  This  fountain  was 
the  largest  of  the  Albnlae  aquae,  sulphureous 
springs  at  Tibur, flowing  into  the  Auio.  The 
temple  is  still  extant  at  Tivoli. 

ALBURNTTS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Lu- 
cauia  covered  with  wood,  behind  Paestum. 

ALCAEUS  (-i),  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  the 
earliest  of  the  Aeolian  lyric  pnets,  began  to 
flourish  about  b.o.  611.  In  the  war  between 
the  Athenians  and  Mytilenaeaus  for  the  pos- 
session  of  Sigenm  (b.o.  6uG)  he  incurred  the 
disgrace  of  leaving  his  arms  on  the  field  of 
battle.  Alcaeus  belonged  by  birth  to  the  no- 
bles, and  was  driven  into  exile  with  his  broth- 
er Antimenidas  when  the  popular  party  got 
the  upper  hand.  He  attempted  by  force  of 
arms  to  regain  his  country;  but  all  his  at- 
tempts were  frustrated  by  Pittacub,  who  had 
been  chosen  by  the  people  Aesymnetes  or 
lic.tator  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  him  and 
he  other  exiles.  Alcaeus  and  his  brother 
afterwards  traveled  into  various  countries. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain.  The  ex- 
tant fragments  of  his  poems,  and  the  excel- 
lent imitations  of  Horace,  enable  us  to  un- 
derstand something  of  their  character.  Those 
which  have  received  the  highest  praise  are 
his  warlike  odes,  in  which  he  tried  to  rouse 
the  spirits  of  the  nobles,  the  Alcaei  minacea 
Comenae  of  Horace.  Alcaens  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  well-known  Alcaic  metre. 

ALCATHOI'S  (-i),  son  of  Pelops  and  Hip- 
podamia,  obtained  as  his  wife  Evaechme,  the 


daughter  of  Megareus,  by  slaying  the  Cithae- 
roiiian  lion,  and  succeeded  his  father-in-law 
as  king  of  Megara.  He  restored  the  walls  of 
Megara,  which  is  therefore  sometimes  called 
Alcathoe  by  the  poets.  In  this  work  he  was 
assisted  by  Apollo.  The  stone  upon  which 
the  god  used  to  place  his  lyre  while  he  was 
at  work  was  believed,  even  in  late  times,  to 
give  forth  a  sound,  when  struck,  similar  to 
that  of  a  lyre. 

ALCE8TIS  (-is)  or  ALCESTE  (-us),  wife  of 
Admetus.     [Ai>metcs.] 

ALCIBIADES  (-is),  son  of  Cliuias  and  Di 
nomache,  was  born  at  Athens  about  n.o.  450, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  447,  was 
brought  up  by  his  relation  Pericles.  He  pos- 
sessed a  beautiful  person,  transcendent  abil- 
ties,  and  great  wealth.  His  youth  was  dis- 
graced by  his  amours  and  debaucheries,  and 
Socrates,  who  saw  his 
vast  capabilities,  at- 
tempted to  win  him  to 
the  paths  of  virtue,  but 
in  vain.  Their  intima- 
cy was  strengthened 
by  mutual  services.  At 
the  battle  of  Poiidaea 
(482)  his  life  was  saved 
by  Socrates,  and  at 
that  of  Delinm(424)  he 
saved  the  life  of  Socra- 
tes. After  the  death 
of  Cleon  (422)  he  be- 
came one  of  the  lead- 
ing politicians,  aud  the 
head  of  the  war  party 
in  opposition  toNicias. 
In  415  he  was  appoint- 
ed, along  with  Nicias 
and  Lam  ach  us,  as  com 
mander  of  the  expedi- 
tion to  Sicily.  While 
the  preparations  for 
the  expedition  were 
going  on,  there  oc- 
curred the  mysterious 
mutilation  of  the  busts 
of  the  Hermae,  which 
the  popular  fears  connected  with  an  attempt 
to  overthrow  the  Athenian  constitution.  Al- 
cibiades  was  charged  with  being  the  ringlead- 
er in  this  attempt.  He  demanded  an  investi- 
gation before  he  set  sail,  but  this  his  enemies 
would  not  grant ;  but  he  had  not  been  long 
in  Sicily  before  he  was  recalled  to  stand  his 
trial.  On  his  return  homeward  he  managed 
to  escape  at  Thurii,  and  thence  proceeded  to 
Sparta,  where  he  acted  as  the  avowed  enemy 
of  his  country.  The  machinations  of  his  ene- 
my, Alms  II. .induced  him  to  abandon  the  Spar* 
tans  and  take  refuge  with  Tissaphernes  (412), 
whose  favor  be  soon  gained.  Through  his 
influence  Tissaphernes  deserted  the  Spartans 
and  professed  his  willingness  to  assist  the 
Athenians,  who  accordingly  recalled  Alcibi- 
ades  from  banishment  in  411.  He  did  not 
immediately  return  to  Athens,  but  remained 
abroad  for  the  next  4  years,  during  which  the 
Athenians  under  his  command  gained  the 
victories  of  Cynossema,  Abydos,  and  Cyzicus, 
and  got  possession  ofChalcedon  and  Byzan- 
tium.    In  407  he  returned  to  Athens,  where 


Bust  of  Alcibiades. 


ALCIDES. 


29 


ALESIA. 


he  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm,  and 
was  appowed  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
land  and  sea  forces.  But  the  defeat  at  Nudum, 
occasioned  during  his  absence  by  the  impru- 
dence of  Ss  lieutenant,  Antiochus,  furnished 
his  enemies  with  a  handle  against  him,  and 
he  was  superseded  in  his  command  (400)  He 
now  went  into  voluntary  exile  to  his  fortified 
domain  at  Bisanthe,  in  the  Thracian  Cherso- 
ne.siis.  After  the  fall  of  Athens  (404)  he  took 
refuge  with  Pharnabazus.  He  was  about  to 
proceed  to  the  court  of  Artaxerxes,  when  one 
night  his  house  was  surrounded  by  a  band  of 
armed  men,  and  set  on  lire.  He  rushed  out, 
sword  iu  hand,  but  fell,  pierced  with  arrows 
(404).  The  assassins  were  probably  either  em- 
ployed by  the  Spartans  or  by  the  brothers  of 
a  lady  whom  Alcibiades  had  seduced.  He  left 
a  son  by  his  wife  Hipparete  named  Alcibiades, 
who  never  distinguished  himself. 

ALCIDES  (-ae),  a  name  of  Hercules,  as  the 
grandson  of  Alceus  or  Alcaeus. 

ALClMEDE  (-es),  daughter  of  Phyiacus  and 
Clymene,  wife  of  Aeson,  and  mother  of  Jason. 

ALCINOUS  (-i),  son  of  Nausithous,  and 
grandson  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  is  celebrated 
in  the  Odyssey  as  the  happy  ruler  of  the  Phae- 
acians  in  the  island  of  Scheria. 

ALCIPHKON  (-ouis),  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  Greek  epistolary  writers,  was, 
perhaps,  a  contemporary  of  Luc'ian,  about  \.  7>. 
ISO.  The  letters  (llii  in  number)  are  written 
by  fictitious  personages,  and  the  language  is 
distinguished  by  its  purity  and  elegance. 

ALClTIloE  (es)  or  ALCATHOE  (-es), 
daughter  of  Minyas,  changed,  together  with 
her  sisters,  into  bats,  for  refusing  to  join  the 
other  women  of  Boeotia  in  the  worship  of 
Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

ALCMAEON  (-6nis),son  of Amphiaraus and 
Eriphyie,  and  brother  of  Amphilochus.  Alc- 
maeou  took  part  in  the  expedition  of  the  Bpi- 
goni  against  Thebes,  and  on  his  return  home 
Be  slew  his  mother,  according  to  the  injunc- 
tion of  his  father.  [Amphiaraus.]  For  this 
deed  he  became  mad,  and  was  haunted  by  the 
Erinnyes.     lie  went  to  Phegeus,  in  Psophis, 

ami.  being  purified  by  the  latter,  he  married 

his  daughter  Arsino  or  Alphesiboea,  to  whom 

he  gave  the  necklace  and  pepros  ofHarmo- 
nia.  lint  as  the  land  of  this  country  ceased 
to  bear,  on  account,  of  its  harboring  a  matri- 
cide, he  left  Psophis  and  repaired  to  the  coun- 
try at  the  mouth  of  the  river  AcheloUS.     The 

god  Acheious  gave  him  his  daughter  Callir- 
rhofi  iii  marriage.  Callirrhoe,  wishing  to  pos- 
sess the  neckiace  ami  peplns  of  Barmonia, 
Alcmaeon  wenl  to  Psophis  and  obtained  them 
from  Pbegens,  under  the  pretext  of  dedica- 
ting them  at  Delphi ;  hut  when  Phegeus  beard 
that  the  treasures  were  fetched  for  CaliirrhoS, 
he  caused  his  sons  to  murder  Alcmaeon. 

ALCMAECNIDAE  (-arum),  a  noble  family 
nt  Allien-.',  were  n  branch  of  the  family  <>(  the 
Nelidne.who  were'  driven  out  of  Pylus,in  Mes 
senia,  by  the  Dorians,  and  settled  ,,t  Athens. 
In  consequence  of  the  way  in  which  lega- 
cies, one  of  the  family,  treated  the  insurgents 
under  Cylon  (b.o  612),  they  brought  upon 
themselves  the  guilt  of  sacrilege,  and  wen-  jn 
consequence  banished  from  Athens  aboul  •'.'.'.'.. 


About  500  they  returned  from  exile,  but  were 
again  expelled  by  Pisistratus.  In  54S  they  con- 
tracted with  the  Amphictyonic  council  to  re- 
build the.  temple  of  Delphi,  and  obtained  great 
popularity  throughout  Greece  by  executing 
the  work  in  a  style  ol  magnificence  which 
much  exceeded  their  engagement.  On  the  ex- 
pulsion of  Hippias,  iu  510,  they  were  again  re- 
stored to  Athens.  They  now  joined  the  pop- 
ular party,  and  Clisthenes,  who  was  at  that 
time  the  head  of  the  family,  gave  a  new  con- 
stitution to  Athens.     [Ci.isti'ienes.] 

ALCMAN  (-iiuis),  the  chief  lyric  poet  of 
Sparta,  by  birth  a  Lydian  of  Sardis,  was 
brought  to  Laconia  as  a  slave  when  very 
young,  and  was  emancipated  by  his  master, 
who  discovered  his  genius.  He  probably  flour- 
ished about  is.c.  031.  He  is  said  to  have  died, 
like  Sulla,  of  the  mo  bus  pedicularia.  Alcman 
is  said  by  some  to  have  been  the  inventor  of 
erotic  poetry. 

ALCMENE  (-es)  or  ALCMENA  (-ae), daugh- 
ter of  Electryou,  king  of  Mycenae,  promised 
to  marry  Amphitryon,  provided  he  avenged 
the  death  of  her  brothers,  who  had  been  slain 
by  the  sons  of  Pterelaus.  Amphitryon  under- 
took the  task;  but,  during  his  absence,  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  in  the  disguise  id' Amphitryon,  vis- 
ited Alcmene,  and,  preteuding  to  he  her  hus- 
band, related  in  what  way  he  had  avenged 
the  death  of  her  brothers.  Amphitryon  him- 
self returned  the  next  day:  Alcmene  became 
the  mother  of  Hercules  by  Zeus,  and  of  Iphi- 
cles  by  Amphitryon.     LHkboui.es.] 

ALCYONE  or  HALCTONE  (-es).  (1)  A 
Pleiad,  daughter  of  Atlas  and  Pleione,  and 
beloved  by  Poseidon  (Neptune). — (2)  Daugh- 
ter of  Aeolus  and  Enarete,  and  wife  of  Ceyx. 
Her  husband  having  perished  in  a  shipwreck, 
Alcyone,  for  grief,  threw  herself  into  the  sea  ; 
but  the  gods,  out  of  compassion,  changed  the 
two  into  birds.  While  the  bird  alcyon  was 
breeding  there  always  prevailed  calms  at  sea. 

ALCfONlUM  MAKE,  the  E.  part  of  the 
( lorinthian  gulf. 

ALGA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Arcadia,  S.  of  the 
Stymphalenn  lake.  Athena  (Minerva)  was 
worshiped  under  the  name  of  A  lea  in  this  place 
and  in  Tegea. 

AI.KCTO  (-fig;  ace. -6),  ono  of  lite  Furies. 
[EOMENIDES.  I 

AI.RMANNIorAl.AMAXMor  AI.XMANI 
(-orum)  (from  the  German  alle  Manner,  all 
men),  a  confederacy  of  German  tribes  be- 
tween the  Danube,  the  Rhine,  and  the  Main. 
They  first  came  into  contact,  with  the  Romans 

iii  the  reign  of  Caracalla,  who  assumed  the 
surname  of  Ah  inannicus  on  account,  of  a  pre- 
tended victory  over  them  (\.i>.  214).  After 
this  time  they  continually  invaded  the  Roman 
dominions,  and  in  the  5th  century  were  in 
possession  of  Alsace  and  of  German  Switzer- 
land. 

ALBRlA  or  ALALIA  (-ne),  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Corsica,  on  the  E.  of  the  island,  found- 
ed by  the  Phocaeans  b.o.564,  ami  mad"  •>.  Ro- 
man colony  by  Sulla. 

ALlSA  (-ae).    [Hat.ksa.] 

AI.KSJA  (-ac).an  ancient  town  ofth.  Man- 
dubii  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  aud  situated  on 


ALETRIUM. 


30 


ALEXANDER. 


ii  liiL'h  hill  (now  Auxo is),  which  was  washed 
by  the  two  rivers  Lutosa  (Oze)  and  Osera  (Oze- 

rain).  It  was  taken  anil  destroyed  by  Caesar, 
in  B.0. 52,  after  a  memorable  siege. 

iLETMUM  or  ALATRlUM,  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Heruici,  subsequently  a  inuuicip- 
ium  .nnd  a  Roman  colony,  W.  of  Sora  and  E. 
of  Anagnia. 

ALECXDAE  (-arum).     [Ai.eoas.] 

A  1.101  AS  (-ae),  a  descendant  of  Hercules, 
waa  the  ruler  of  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  and  the 
reputed  founder  of  the  celebrated  family  of 
the  Alenadae.  They  were  divided  into  two 
branches,  the  Alenadae  and  the  Scopadae,  of 
whom  the  latter  inhabited  Crannon,  while  the 
former  remained  at  Larissa.  In  the  invasion 
of  Greece  by  Xerxes  (is.o.  480),  the  Aleuadae 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Persians,  and  the 
family  continued  to  be  the  predominant  one 
iu  Thessaly  for  a  long  time  afterwards. 

ALEXANDER  (-dri),  the  usual  name  of 
P  \-:     in  the  Iliad. 

ALEXANDER  SEVERUS.     'Seveecs.] 

ALEXANDER.  I.  Kitim  of  Epirus.  -  (1) 
Son  ofNeoptoIemnsand  brother ofOlympias, 
the  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great,  was  made 
king  of  Epirus  by  Philip,  is.c.  336.  In  332 
Alexander  crossed  over  into  Italy  to  aid  the 
Taren tines  against  the  L'jcanians  and  Brut- 
tii.  He  was  "defeated  and  slain  in  battle  in 
320,  near  Pandosia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Ache- 
ron,in  Southern  Italy. — (2)  Son  of  Pyrrhusand 
Lanassa,  succeeded  his  father  in  '272. 

II.  Kings  of  Macedonia. — (1)  Son  of  Amyn- 
tas  I.,  succeeded  his  father  about  u.o.  5057was 
obliged  to  submit  to  the  Persians,  and  accom- 
panied Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of  Greece  (ij.c. 
4S0).  He  was  secretly  inclined  to  the  cause 
of  the  Greeks.  He  died  about  455,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Perdicca?  II. — (2)  Son  of  Amyn- 
tas  II.,  whom  he  succeeded,  reigned  369-367. 
He  was  murdered  by  Ptolemy  Alorites. — (3) 


der  the  Great. 


Surnamed  the  Great,  son  of  Philip  II.  and 
Olympias,  was  born  at  Pella,  n.o.  356.  He 
was  educated  by  Aristotle,  who  acquired  a 
great  influence  over  his  mind  and  character. 
He  tirst  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Chaeronea  (338),  where  the  victory  was 
mainly  owing  to  his  impetuosity  and  courage. 
On  the  murder  of  Philip  (336),  he  ascended 
the  throne,  at  the  age  of  20,  and  found  him- 
self surrounded  by  enemies  on  every  side. 
He  first  put  down  rebellion  In  his  own  king- 
dom, and  then  rapidly  marched  into  Greece. 
His  unexpected  activity  overawed  all  oppo- 
sition ;  Thebes,  which  had  been  most  active 
against  him,  submitted  when  he  appeared  at 
its  gates;  and  the  assembled  Greeks  at  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth  elected  him  to  the  com- 
mand agaiust  Persia.  He  now  directed  his 
arms  against  the  barbarians  of  the  north,  and 
crossed  the  Danube  (335).  A  report  of  his 
death  having  reached  Greece,  the  Thebaus 
once  more  took  up  arms.  But  a  terrible  pun- 
ishment awaited  them.  He  took  Thebes  by 
assault,  destroyed  all  the  buildings,  with  the 
exception  of  the  house  of  Pindar,  killed  most 
of  the  inhabitants,  and  sold  the  rest  as  slaves. 
Alexander  now  prepared  for  his  great  expe- 
dition against  Persia.  Iu  the  spring  of  334 
he  crossed  the  Hellespont,  with  about  35,000 
men.  Of  these  30,000  were  foot  and  5000horse, 
and  of  the  former  only  12,0tK)  were  Macedo- 
nians. Alexander's  first  engagement  with 
the  Persians  was  on  the  river  Granlcus  in 
Mvsia  (May,  334),  where  they  were  entirely 
defeated  by  him.  In  the  following  year  (333) 
he  collected  his  army  at  Gordinm  iu  Phrygia, 
where  he  cut  or  untied  the  celebrated  Gor- 
dian  knot,  which,  it  was  said,  was  to  be  loos- 
ened only  by  the  conqueror  of  Asia.  From 
thence  he  marched  to  Issus,  on  the  confines 
of  Syria,  where  he  gained  a  great  victory'  over 
Darius,  the  Persian  king.  Sarins  himself  es- 
caped, but  his  mother,  wife,  and  chil- 
dren fell  into  the  hands  of  Alexander, 
who  treated  them  with  the  utmost  deli- 
cacy and  respect.  Alexander  now  di- 
rected his  arms  against  the  cities  of 
Phoenicia,  most  of  which  submitted  ; 
but  Tyre  was  not  taken  till  the  middle 
of  332,  after  au  obstinate  defense  of  7 
months.  He  next  marched  into  Egypt, 
which  willingly  submitted  to  him.  At 
the  beginning  of  331  he  founded  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Nile  the  city  of  Alexan- 
dria, and  about  the  same  time  visited 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Amnion,  in  the 
desert  of  Libya,  and  was  saluted  by  the 
priests  as  the  son  of  Jupiter  Amnion. 
In  the  spring  of  the  same  year  (331)  he 
set  out  against  Darins,  who  had  collect- 
ed another  army.  He  crossed  the  Eu- 
phrates and  the  Tigris,  and  at  length 
met  with  the  immense  hosts  of  Darius, 
said  to  have  amounted  to  more  than  a 
million  of  men,  in  the  plains  of  Ganga- 
mela.  The  battle  was  fought  in  the 
month  of  October,  331,  and  ended  iu  the 
complete  defeat  of  the  Persians.  Alex- 
ander was  now  the  conqueror  of  Asia, 
and  began  to  adopt  Persian  habits  and 
customs, by  which  he  conciliated  the  af- 
fections of  h.s  new  subjects.     FromAr 


ALEXANDRE. 


.".1 


ALEXANDEK. 


about  80  of  his  generals.  He  himself 
took  a  second  wife,  Barsine,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Darius.  Towards  the  close 
of  the  year  325  he  weut  to  Ecbatana, 
where  he  lost  his  great  favorite,  Hk- 
i'iiaestion.  From  Ecbatana  he  marched 
to  Babylon,  which  he  intended  to  make 
the  capital  of  his  empire,  as  the  best 
point  of  communication  between  his 
eastern  and  western  dominions.  His 
schemes  were  numerous  and  gigantic; 
but  he  was  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  them. 
He  was  attacked  by  a  fever,  which  was 

Coin  representing  Alexander  the  Great  ft8  Jupiter  Ammon.         probably  aggravate'd  by  the  quantity  of 

bela  he  marched  to  Babvlon.Susa,  and  Persep-  I  wine  he  had  drunk  at  a  banquet  given  to  his 
olis,  all  of  which  surrendered  to  him.  He  is  principal  officers,  and  he  died  after  an  illness 
said  to  have  set  tire  to  the  palace  of  Persepolis,  ]  of  11  days,  in  the  month  of  May  or  June,  b.o. 
and,  according  to  some  accounts,  in  the  rev-  323,  at  the  age  of  32,  after  a  reigu  of  12  years 
elry  of  a  banquet,  at  the  instigation  of  Thais,  aud  S  months.  He  appointed  no  one  as  his 
an  Athenian  courtesan.  At  the  beginning;  of 
330  Alexander  marched  from  Persepolis  into 
Media,  in  pursuit  of  Darius,  whom  he  follow- 
ed into  Parthia,  where  the  unfortunate  king 
was  murdered  by  Bessus,  satrap  of  Bactria. 
In  329  Alexander  crossed  the  mountains  of 
the  Paropamisus  (the  Hindoo  Koosh),  ai 
marched  into  Bactria  against  Bessus.  who 
was  betrayed  to  him,  and  was  put  to  death. 
Daring  the  next  2  years  he  was  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  the  conquest  ofSogdiana,  He  also 
crossed  the  Jaxartes  (the  Sir),  and  defeated 
several  Scythian  tribes  N.  of  that  river.  On 
the  conquest  of  a  mountain  fortress  he  ob- 
tained possession  of  Roxana,  the  daughter  of 

the  Bactrian  chief  Oxyartes,  whom  he  made  successor,  but  just  before  his  death  he  gave 
his  wife.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he  kill-  his  ringtoPerdiccas.  Roxana  was  with  child 
ed  his  friend  Ci.itus  in  a  drunken  brawl.  He  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  afterwards  bore 
had  previously  put  to  death  his  faithful  serv-  a  son  who  is  known  by  the  name  of  Alexan- 
ant  Pa rm f.n ion,  on  the  charge  of  treason.  In  !  der  Aegus.  — (4)  Akocs,  son  of  Alexander  the 
32T  he  invaded  India,  and  crossed  the  Indus,  1  Great  and  Roxana,  was  born  shortly  after  the 
probably  near  the  modern  Attock.  He  met  death  of  his  father,  in  b.o.  323.  anil  was  ac- 
with  no  resistance  till  he  reached  the  Hydas-  knowledged  as  the  partner  of  Philip  Arrhi- 
pes,  where  he  was  opposed  by  Porus,  an  In-    daeus  in  the  empire,  under  the  guardianship 


i  of  Alexander  the  Great. 


di.-m  king,  whom  he  defeated  afler  a  gallant 
resistance,  and  took  prisoner.  Alexander  re- 
st", red  to  him  his  kingdom,  and  treated  him 
with  distinguished  honor.  He  founded  a 
town  on  the  Hydaspes,  called  Bncephala, In 
honor  of  his  horse  Bucephalus,  who  died  here, 
after  carrying  him  through  so  many  victories. 
From  thence  he  penetrated  as  far  as  the  IIv- 
phasis  (Garra).  This  was  the  farthest  point 
which  he  reached,  for  the  Macedonians,  worn 
out  by  long  service,  and  tired  of  the  war,  re- 
fused to  advance  farther;  and  Alexander. 
notwithstanding  his  entreaties  and  prayers, 
was  obliged  to  lead  them  back.     He  returned 


of  Perdiccas,  Antipater,  and  Polysperchon,  in 
succession.  Alexander  and  his  mother  Box- 
ana  were  imprisoned  by  Cassander  when  he 
obtained  possession  of  Macedonia  in  31(1.  and 
remained  in  prison  till  311,  when  they  were 
put  to  death  by  Cassander. 

III.  Kings  of  Siiria. — (1)  Surnamed  Rat.as, 
a  person  of  low  origin,  pretended  to  he  the 
son  of  Antiochns  IV  Eprphanes,  and  reigned 
in  Syria  H.O,  160-146.  He  was  defeated  and 
dethroned  by  Demetrius  II.  Nicator. — (2)  Sur- 
named Zi  iiina  or  Zabtnas,  son  of  a  merchant, 
was  set  up  by  Ptolemy  Pbvscon  as  a  pretend- 
er to  the  throne  of  Syria,  b.o.  128.     lie  was 


to  the  Hydaspes,  and  then  sailed  down  the  defeated  by  Antiochns  Grypus,  by  whom  he 

river  with  a  portion   of  liis  troops,  While  the  w;is  put  to  death,  122. 

remainder  marched  along  the  hanks  in  two  j     iv.  Ltterarj/.  —  (1)  Of  Akoak,  a  peripatetic 

divisions.    He  finally    reached   the   Indian  philosopher  at  Borne  in  the  first  century  after 

ocean  about  the  middle  of  320.    Nearchus  Christ,  was  tutor  i"  the  emperor  Nero. — (2) 

was  sent  with  the  fleet  to  sail  along  the  coast  The  Artolian,  ofPlenron  in  Aetolia,  a  Greek 

to  the  Persian  gulf  [Nkabohus]  :  and  Alex-  poet,  lived  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemaeus  Phila- 

ander  marched  with  the  real  of  his  forces  aelphus  (n.o.  285-247),  at  Alexandria,  where 

through  Gedrosia,  in  which  country  his  army  he  was  reckoned  one  of  the "  tragic  poets  who 

Buffered  greatly  from  want  of  water  and  pro-  constituted  the  tragic  pleiad.-  (3)OfAPBrEo- 

visions.    He  reached  Snsa  at  the  beginning  of  disias,  in  ('aria,  the  mosl  celebrated  of  the 

325.    Here  he  allowed  himself  aud  his  troops  commentators  on  Aristotle,  lived  about  *.r>. 

some  rest  from  their  labors  ;  and  anxious  to  200.  Some  of  Ids  works  were  edited  and 
form  his  European  and  Asiatic  subjects  into  translated  into  Latin  at  the  revival  of  liter- 
one   people,  he    assigned  Asiatic   wives   to  atnre. 


ALEXANDRIA 


ALEXANDRIA. 


ALEXANDRIA,  ofteuer  -IA,  rarely  -EA 
(-•ie),  the  name  «>t"  several  cities  founded  by,  or 
iu  memory  of,  Alexander  the  Great.  Of  these 
the  most  important  are: — (1)  The  capital  of 
Egypt  under  the  Ptolemies,  ordered  by  Alex- 
ander to  lie  fonndecl  in  i$.o.  332.  It  was  built 
on  the  narrow  neck  of  laud  between  the  Lake 
Mareotie  and  the  Mediterranean,  opposite  to 
the  I.  of  Pharos,  which  was  joined  to  the  city 
by  an  artificial  dike.  On  this  island  a  great 
lighthouse  was  built  J7i  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphia  (283).  T'nder  the  care  of  the 
Ptolemies,  as  the  capital  of  a  great  kingdom, 
and  commanding  by  its  position  all  the  com- 
merce of  Europe  with  the  East,  Alexandria 
soon  became  the  most  wealthy  and  splendid 
city  of  the  known  world.  It  was  celebrated 
for  its  magnificent  library,  founded  by  the 
first  two  Ptolemies.  The  library  suffered  se- 
verely by  fire  when  Julius  Caesar  was  bosieged 


in  Alexandria,  and  was  finally  destroyed  Dy 
Amrou,  the  lieutenant  of  the  Caliph  Omar,  in 
a.o.  651.  Under  the  Romans  Alexandria  re- 
tained its  commercial  and  literary  importance, 
and  became  also  a  chief  seat  of  Christianity 
and  theological  learning.  Its  site  is  now  cov- 
ered by  a  mass  of  ruins,  among  which  are  the 
two  obelisks  (vulg.  Cleopatra's  Seedles)  which 
adorned  the  gateway  of  the  royal  palace,  and, 
outside  the  walls,  to'the  S.,  the  column  of  Dio- 
cletian (vulg.  Pompeii's  Pillar).  The  modern 
city  stands  on  the  dike  uniting  the  island  of 
Pharos  to  the  main  land.— (2)  A.  Troas,  also 
Troas  simply,  on  the  sea-coast  8.W.  of  Troy, 
was  enlarged  by  Antigonus,  hence  called  An- 
tigoula,  but  afterwards  it  resumed  its  first 
name.  It  flourished  greatly,  both  under  the 
Greeks  and  the  Romans  ;  and  both  JuliusCae- 
sar  and  Coustantine  thought  of  establishing 
the  seat  of  empire  in  it.— (3)  A.  An  I^sum,  a 


ALFENUS  VARUS. 


33 


ALPES. 


sea-port  at  the  entrance  of  Syria,  a  little  S. 
of  Issus. — (4)  In  Susiana,  aft.  Antiocuia,  aft. 
Ciiarax  Spasini,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris, 
built  by  Alexander ;  destroyed  by  a  flood ;  re- 
storedby  Antiochus  Epiphanes;  birthplace 
of  Dionysius  Periegetes  and  Isidorus  Chara- 
ceims. 

ALFENUS  VARUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man jurist,  who  was  originally  a  shoemaker 
or  a  barber.     He  is  mentioned  by  Horace. 

ALGIDUS  MON8,  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Latium,  extending  S.  from  Praeueste  to  M. 
Albanus,  cold,  but  covered  with  wood,  and 
containing  good  pasturage.  On  it  was  situ- 
ated the  town  of  Algidum.  It  was  an  an- 
cient seat  of  the  worship  of  Diana.  From  it 
the  Aequi  usually  made  their  incursions  into 
the  Roman  territory. 

A.LIENUS  CAECINA.     [Caeoina.] 

ALIMENTUS,  L.  CINCIUS  (-i),  a  cele- 
brated (toman  annalist,  antiquary,  and  jurist ; 
was  praetor  in  Sicily,  li.o.  'itiw,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral works,  of  which  the  best  known  was  his 
Annales,  which  contained  an  account  of  the 
second  Punic  war. 

ALIPHERA  (-ae),  a  fortified  town  in  Ar- 
cadia, situated  on  a  mountain  on  the  borders 
ofElis,  S.  of  the  Alpheus. 

ALlSO  (-onis:  Elseri),  a  strong  fortress 
built  by  Drusus,  b.o.  11,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Lnppia  (Lippe)  and  the  Eliso  (Alms). 

ALLIA  (-ae),  or  more  correctly  ALIA,  a 
small  river  flowing  into  the  Tiber  about  (! 
miles  from  Rome."  It  is  memorable  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Gauls  ou  its 
banks,  .Inly  Kith,  b.o.  390.  Hence  the  dies  M- 
liensis  was  an  unlucky  day  in  the  Roman  cal- 
endar. 

ALLIFAE  or  ALlFAE  (-arum),  a  town  of 
Samnium,  on  the  Vulturnus,  celebrated  for 
tin'  manufacture  of  its  large  drinking-cups 
(Allifana  pocula). 

ALLQBRQGES  -utn),  a  powerful  people  of 
Gaul,  dwelling  between  the  Rhodanus  (/iftone) 
and  the  [sara  (here),  as  far  as  the  L.  Leman- 
niis  (Lake  of  Geneva),  consequently  in  the 
modern  Dauphine  and  8avoy.  Their  chief 
town  was  Vienna  on  the  Rhone.  They  were 
conquered,  in  b.o.  121,  byQ.  Pabius  Maximus 
Allobroglcus,  and  made  subjects  of  Rome,  but 

they  bore  the  yoke  unwillingly,  and  were  al- 
ways disposed  to  rebellion. 

ALMO  (-duis),  a  small  river,  rising  near  Bo- 
viil.ie,  and  flowing  into  the  Tiber  ST  of  Rome, 

In  which  the  statues  of  I'ybele  were  washed 

annually. 

ALM5PE8  (-um),  a  people  in  Macedonia, 
Inhabiting  the  district  Almopia  between  Eor- 
daea  and  Pelagonia. 

Al.ni;t'S  1-.  6s,  1  i,  or  el;  dat.  -eo  or  eo ;  ace. 
-da),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Canace, 
married  [phimedia,  the  daughter  ofTriops. 
His  wife  was  beloved  by  Poseidon,  by  whom 
she  had  iw.i  sons,  Otus  and  Ephialtes,  who 
are  usually  called  the  Aldldae,  from  their  re- 
puted father  AloeuS.  They  wen:  renowned 
for  their  extraordinary  strength  and  daring 
Spirit.      When  they  were  9  years  old,  each  of 

their  bodies   measured  u  cubits  in  breadth, 

and  27   in   height.     At  this   early  age,  they 


threatened  the  Olympian  gods  with  war,  and 
attempted  to  pile  Ossa  upon  Olympus,  and 
Pelion  upon  Ossa.  They  would  have  accom- 
plished their  object,  says  Homer,  had  they 
been  allowed  to  grow  up  to  the  age  of  man- 
hood ;  but  Apollo  destroyed  them  before  their 
beards  began  to  appear.  They  also  put  the 
god  Ares  in  chains,  and  kept  him  imprisoned 
for  13  mouths. 

ALOIDAE  (-arum).    [Aloeos.] 

AL5PE  (-es),  a  town  in  the  Opuutian  Lo 
cris,  opposite  Euboea. 

ALOPECONNESUS  (-i),  a  town  in  theThra 
cian  Chersonesus,  founded  by  the  Aeolians. 

ALPENUS  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Epicnemidii 
Locri  at  the  entrance  of  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopylae. 

ALPES  (-inm  :  probably  from  the  Celtic 
Alb  or  Alp,  "a  height"),  the  mountains  form- 
ing the  boundary  of  northern  Italy,  which 
were  distinguished  by  the  following  names. 
We  enumerate  them  in  order  from  W.  to  E. 
1.  Alpks  Maiutimae,  the  Maritime  or  Ligu- 
rian  Alps,  from  Genua  (Genoa),  where  the 
Apennines  begin,  run  W.  as  far  as  the  river 
Varus  (Far),  and  then  N.  to  M.  Vesulus 
(Monte  Vino),  one  of  the  highest  points  of  the 
Alps. — 2.  Ai.pes  Cottiae  or  Cottianae,  the 
Cottian  Alps  (so  called  from  a  king  Cottins 
in  the  time  of  Augustus),  from  Monte  Viso  to 
Mont  Cenis,  contained  M.  Matrona,  after- 
wards called  M.Janus  or  Janua  (Mont  Gene- 
ere),  across  which  Cottius  constructed  a  road, 
which  became  the  chief  means  of  communi- 
cation between  Italy  and  Gaul.— 3.  Alpes 
Geaiae,  also  Sai.tiis  Graius  (the  name  is 
probably  Celtic,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with 
Greece),  the  Graian  Alps,  from  Mont  Cenis 
to  the  Little  St.  Bernard  inclusive,  contained 
the  Jugum  Cremonis  (U  Oramont)  and  the 
Centronicae  Aloes,  apparently  the  Little  St. 
Bernard  and  the  surrounding  mountains. 
The  Little  St.  Bernard,  which  is  sometimes 
called  Alpis  Graia,  is  probably  the  pass  by 
which  Hannibal  crossed  the  Alps;  the  road 
over  it,  which  was  improved  by  Augustus, 
led  to  Augusta  (Aosta)  in  the  territory  of  the 
Salassi. — 4.  Ai.pes   Penninae,  the   Pennine 

Alps,  from  the  (ileal  St.lieniard  to  the  Sim- 

plon   inclusive,  the    highest    porta f  the 

chain,   including    Mont     I'.lane.   Monte    Rosa. 

and  Mont  Cervin.  The  Great  St. Bernard  was 
called  M.  IVnnlnus,  and  on  its  summit  the 
inhabitants  worshiped  a  deity  whom  the  Rfl 
mans  called  Jupiter  I'euninus.  The  name 
is  probably  derived  from  the  Celtic  pen,  "a 
height." — 5.  Ai.pes  Lepontioepm  or  Lepon- 
tiae,  the  Lepontian  or  Helvetian  Alps,  from 
the  simplou  to  the  St.  Got  hard.-  6.  Awes 
Ruaetioae,  the  Rliaetian  Alps,  from  the  st. 
Gothard  to  the  Orteler  by  the  pass  of  the 
Stelvio.  M.  Adiila  is  usually  supposed  to  b< 
the  St. Gothard.  7.  Alpes  TridentTnae,  the 
mountains  of  southern  Tyrol,  in  which  the 
Atbesis  (Adige)  rises,  with  the  pass  of  the 
Brenner,     8.  \1e1s  norioae,  the  Xoric  Alps, 

N.  E.  of  the  Tridenti Ups,  comprising  thr 

mountains  in  the  neighbor] d  of  Salzburg 

9.  Ai.pes  Carnioae,  the  Carnie  Alps,  E.  ol 

the  Tridentine,  and  S.  of  the  NoriC,to  M t 

Terglu.— 10.  Alpes  Juliae,  the  Julian  Alps, 


ALPHESEBOEA. 


M 


AMAZONES. 


from  Mount  Tergln  to  the  commencement  of 
the  Illyrian  or  Dalmatian  mountains,  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  the  Alpes  Dalma- 
ticae,  farther  north  by  the  name  of  the  Alpes 
Pannonicae.  The  Alpes  Juliae  were  so  called 
because  Julius  Caesar  or  Augustus  construct- 
ed roads  across  them  ;  they  are  also  called 
Alpes  Venetae. 

ALPHfiSlBOEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Phegens 
and  wife  of  Alcmaeon.     [Ai.cma.kon.] 

ALPHKES  (-i),  the  chief  river  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, rising  in  the  S.E.  of  Arcadia,  flowing 
through  Arcadia  and  Elis,  not  far  from  Olym- 
pia,  and  falling  into  the  Ionian  sea.  In  some 
parts  of  its  course  the  river  flows  under 
ground  ;  and  this  subterranean  descent  gave 
rise  to  the  story  about  the  river-god  Alpheus 
and  the  nymph  Arethusa.  The  latter,  pur- 
sued by  Alpheus,  was  changed  by  Artemis 
into  the  fountain  of  Arethusa  iu  the  island  of 
Ortygia  at  Syracuse,  but  the  god  continued  to 
pursue  her  under  the  sea,  and  attempted  to 
mingle  his  stream  with  the  fountain  in  Or- 
tygia. _ 

ALPIXES  (-i),  a  name  which  Horace  gives 
in  ridicule  to  a  bombastic  poet.  He  probably 
means  Bibaodlub. 

ALSIUM  (-i),  one  of  the  most  ancient  Etrus- 
can towns  on  the  coast  near  Caere,  and  u  Ro- 
man colony  after  the  first  Punic  war. 

ALTHAEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Thestius,  wife 
of  Oeneus.  and  mother  of  Meleager,  upon 
whose  death  she  killed  herself. 

ALTXNTTM  (-i),  a  wealthy  town  of  the  Ve- 
neti  in  the  X.  of  Italy,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Silis,  and  the  chief  emporium  for  all  the  goods 
which  were  sent  from  southern  Italy  to  the 
countries  of  the  north. 

ALTIS.     [Olympia.J 

XLUXTlUM  or  HlLUXTlEM  (-i),  a  town 
on  the  X.  coast  of  Sicily,  on  a  steep  hill,  cele- 
brated for  its  wine. 

ALES  or  HALES,  a  town  in  Phthiotis  in 
Thessaly,  at  the  extremity  of  M.  Othrys. 

XLYATTES  (-is),  king  of  Lydia,  B.O.  017- 
5C0,  succeeded  his  father  Sadyattes,  and  was 
himself  succeeded  by  his  son  Croesus.  The 
tomb  of  Alyattes,  N.  of  Sardis,  near  the  lake 
Gygaea,  which  consisted  of  a  large  mound 
of  earth  raised  upon  a  foundation  of  great 
stones,  still  exists.  It  is  nearly  a  mile  iu  cir- 
cumference. 

ALYZIA  or  ALYZEA  (-ae).  a  town  in  Acar- 
nania  near  the  Bea  opposite  Leacas,  with  a 
harbor  and  a  temple  both  sacred  to  Her- 
cules. 

AM  ALTERA  '-:ie),the  nurse  of  the  infant 
Zeus  (Jupiter,  in  ( 'rete.was,  according  to  some 
traditions, the  '_">at  which  suckled  Zeus,  and 
■was  rewarded  by  being  placed  among  the 
3tars.  According  to  others,  Amalthea  was  a 
nymph  who  fed  Zeus  with  the  milk  of  a  goat. 
When  this  goat  broke  off  one  of  her  horns, 
Amalthea  filled  it  with  fresh  herbs  and  gave 
it  to  Zeus,  who  placed  it  among  the  stars. 
According  to  other  accounts,  Zeus  himself 
broke  off  one  of  the  horns  of  the  goat,  and  en- 
dowed it  with  the  wonderful  power  of  be- 
coming tilled  with  whatever  the  possessor 
might  wish.    Hence  this  horn  w.ih  commonly 


called  the  horn  of  plenty,  or  cornucopia,  and 
it  was  used  iu  later  times  as  the  symbol  of 
plenty  in  general. 

S.MALTHBUM  (-i)  or  AMALTHEA  (-ae),  a 
villa  of  Atticus  in  Epirns,  perhaps  originally 
a  shrine  of  the  nymph  Amalthea,  which  Atti- 
cus converted  into  a  beautiful  summer  re- 
treat. Cicero,  in  imitation,  constructed  a  sim- 
ilar retreatjon  his  estate  at  Arpmum. 

AMAXTTA  (-ae),  a  Greek  town  and  district 
in  Illyricmn,  at  some  distance  from  the  coast, 
E.  of  Oricum. 

AMANUS  (-i),  a  branch  of  Mt.  Taurus, 
which  runs  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Issus 
N.E.  to  the  principal  chain,  dividing  Syria 
from  Cilicia  and  Cappadocia.  Its  inhabitants 
were  wild  banditti. 

AMARDI  or  MARDI  (orum),  a  powerful, 
warlike,  and  predatory  tribe  who  dwelt  on 
the  S.  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

AMARYXTIIUS  (-i),  a  town  iu  Euboea,  7 
stadia  from  Eretria,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Artemis  (Diana),  who  was  hence  called 
Aiiiaiiiiithia  or  Amarysia. 

AMASENCS  (-i),  a  small  river  iu  Latium, 
which,  after  being  joined  by  the  Ufens,  falls 
into  the  sea  between  Circeii  and  Terracina, 
though  the  greater  part  of  its  waters  are  lost 
in  the  Pontine  marshes. 

AMASlA  (-ae)  or  -EA  (-ae),  the  capital  of 
the  kings  of  Pontus,  was  a  strongly  fortified 
city  on  both  banks  of  the  river  Iris.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Mithridates  the  Great  and 
of  the  geographer  Strabo. 

AMASIS  (-is),  king  of  Egypt,  b.  o.  570-5-20, 
succeeded  Apries,  whom  he  dethroned.  Dur- 
ing his  long  reign  Egypt  was  in  a  very  pros- 
perous condition,  and  the  Greeks  were  brought 
into  much  closer  intercourse  with  the  Egyp- 
tians than  had  existed  previously. 

AMASTRIS  (-is).  (1)  Wife  of  Xerxes  and 
mother  of  Artaxerxes  I.,  was  of  a  cruel  and 
vindictive  character. — (2)  Also  called  Amas- 
trine,  niece  of  Darius,  the  last  king  of  Persia. 
She  married,  1,  Craterus ;  2,  Dionysius,  tyrant 
of  Heraclea  iu  Bithynia,  b.c. 322;  and,  3,  Ly- 
simachns,  302.  She  was  drowned  by  her  two 
sons  about  28S. — (3)  A  city  on  the  coast  of 
Paphlagonia,  built  by  Amastris  after  her  sep- 
aration from  Ly8imachus. 

AMATA  (-ae),  wife  of  king  Latinus  and 
mother  of  Laviuia,  opposed  Lavinia  being 
given  in  marriage  to  Aeneas,  because  she  had 
already  promised  her  to  Turnus.  When  she 
heard  that  Turnus  had  fallen  in  battle,  she 
hung  herself. 

AMATHES  (-nntis),  au  ancient  town  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Cyprus,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  was  hence  called 
A  mathuttla.  There  were  copper-mines  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  town. 

AMAZ(5XES  (-urn)  and  XMAZOXlDES 
(-urn),  a  mythical  race  of  warlike  females,  are 
said  to  have  come  from  the  Caucasus,  and  to 
have  settled  in  Asia  Minor,  about  the  river 
Thermodon,  where  they  founded  the  city 
Themiscvra.  They  were  governed  by  a  queen. 
and  the  female  children  had  their  right  breasts 
cnt  off  that  they  might  use  the  bow  with  more 
ease.    They  constantly  occur  in  (ireek  my 


An  Amazon.     (Berlin.) 
C2 


AMBARRI. 


35 


AMMON. 


thology.  One  of  the  labors  imposed  upon 
Hercules  was  to  take  from  Hippolyte,  the 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  her  girdle.  [Hercu- 
les.] In  the  reign  of  Theseus  they  invaded 
Attica.  Toward  the  end  of  the  Trojan  war, 
they  came,  under  their  queen  Peuthesilea,  to 
the  assistance  of  Priam ;  but  she  was  killed 
by  Achilles. 


AMBARRI  (-oiuui),  a  people  of  Gaul,  on 
the  Ann-  (Saone),  K.  of  Aedui. 

AMBl5.NI  (-Oram),  a  Belgic  people,  be- 
tween the  Bellovaci  and  At  rebates,  conquer- 
ed by  Caesar  in  n.o.  57.  Their  chief  town 
was  Samarobriva,  afterwards  Ambiani,  now 
A  in  ien». 

AMBlORIX  (-Igis),  a  chief  of  the  Ebnrones 
in  Ganl,  who  cut  to  pieces  the  Roman  troops 
under  Sabinus  and  Cotta,  n.o.  54. 

AMB1VARETI  (-firiim),  (lie  clicntes  or  vas- 
sals of  the  Aedui,  probably  dwelt  N.  of  the 
latter. 

AMBIVARITI  (-orum),  a  Gallic  people,  W. 
of  I  lie  Mans,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Namiir. 

AMBRACIA  (-ae:  Artn),  a  town  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Arachthus,  N.  of  the  Ambracinn 

flllf,  was  originally  included  in  Acarnanfa, 
ut  afterwards  In  Epirus.  It  was  colonized  by 
the  Corinthians  abonl  b.o.  660.  Pyrrhus  made 
it  tin'  capital  of  his  kingdom,  and  adorned  ii 
with  public  buildings  and  statues.  At  a  later 
time  it  joined  theAetolian  League,  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  in  n.o.  1$S>,  and  stripped  of  its 
works  of  art.  Its  inhabitants  were  trans- 
planted to  the  new  city  of  No n. is,  found- 
ed by  Augustus  after  the  battle  of  Ai'tiini, 
li.o.  31. 


AMBRXCIUS  SINUS  (G.o/Arta),  a  gulf 
of  the  Ionian  sea  between  Epirus  and  Acar- 
nania,  25  miles  long  and  10  wide. 

AMBRONES  (-urn),  a  Celtic  people,  who 
joined  the  Cimbri  and  Teutoni  in  their  inva- 
sion of  the  Roman  dominions,  and  were  de- 
feated by  Marius  near  Aquae  Sextiae  (Aix),  in 
n.o.  102. 

AMBRTSUS  or  AMPHRYSUS  (-i),  a  town 
in  Phocis,  S.  of  M.  Parnassus. 

AMKNANUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Sicily  near  Ca- 
taua,  only  flowed  occasionally. 

AMERlA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Umbria. 
and  a  municipium,  the  birthplace  of  Sex. 
Roscius  defended  by  Cicero,  was  situate  in  a 
district  rich  in  vines. 

AMERIOLA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  land  of 
the  Sabines,  destroyed  by  the  Romans. 

AMESTRATUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of 
Sicily  not  far  from  the  coast. 

AMIDA  (-ae),  a  city  in  Sopheue  (Armenia 
Major)  on  the  upper  Tigris. 

IMILCAR.     [Hamii.oak.] 

AMISIA  or  AMISIUS  (-i :  Ems),  a  river  in 
northern  Germany  well  known  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

AMISUS  (-i),  a  large  city  on  the  coast  of 
Pontus,  on  a  bay  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  called 
after  it  (Amisenus  Sinus).  Mithridates  en- 
larged it,  and  made  it  one  of  his  residences. 

XMITERNUM  (-i),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
towns  of  the  Sabines,  on  the  Aternus,  the 
birthplace  of  the  historian  Sallust, 

AMMIANUS  MARCELLTNUS  (-i),  by  birth 
a  Greek,  and  a  native  of  Syrian  Antioch, 
served  among  the  imperial  body  guards,  lie 
attended  the  emperor  Julian  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Persians  (a.i>.  363).  He  wrote  a 
history  of  the  Roman  empire,  of  which  Is, 
books  are  extant,  embracing  the  period  from 
a.i>.  353,  tothedeathol'Valens,378.  His  style 
is  harsh  and  inflated,  but  bis  accuracy,  fidel- 
ity, and  impartiality  deserve  praise. 

AMMON  (-finis),  an  Egyptian  divinity, 
whom  the  Greeks  identified'  with  Zeus,  aul 


turnip  of  An 


Egyptii 


nuuii'liUJ 


AMXISl'S. 


3G 


AMTHISSA. 


the  Romans  with  Jupiter.    He  possessed  a 

celebrated  temple  and  oracle  in  the  oasis  of 
Ammonium  (Siwah)  in  the  Libyan  Desert, 
which  was  visited  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

AMNISUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  X.  of  Crete, 
and  the  harbor  of  Cnossus,  situated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name. 

AMOR  (-oris),  the  god  of  love,  had  no  place 
in  the  religion  of  the  Romans,  who  only  trans- 
late the  Greek  name  Eros  into  Amor.  [Eros 

AMORGTJS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  one  of  the  Sporades,  the  birth- 
of  Simonides,  and  under  the  Roman 
emperors  a  place  of  banishment. 

AMPELtrSIA  (-ae),  the  promontory  at  the 
W.  end  of  the  African  coast  of  the  Fretilin 
Gaditanum  (Straits  of  Gibraltar). 

AMPHliRAUS  <-i),  son  ofOicles  and  Hyp- 
ermnestra,  a  great  prophet  and  hero  at  Ar- 
gos. By  his  wife  Eryphylu,the  sister  of  Adras- 
tus,  he  was  the  father  of  Alcmaeon,  Amphil- 
ochus,  Eurydice,  and  Demonassa.  He  join- 
ed Adrastus  in  the  expedition  against  Thebes, 
although  lie  foresaw  its  fatal  termination, 
through  the  persuasious  of  his  wile  Eriphyle, 
who  had  been  induced  to  persuade  her  hus- 
band by  the  necklace  of  Harmonia,  which 
Polynices  had  given  her.  On  leaving  Argos 
he  enjoined  his  sons  to  punish  their  mother 
for  his  death.  During  the  war  against  The- 
bes, Amphiaraus  fought  bravely,  but  could 
not  escape  his  fate.  Pursued  by  Periclyme- 
nus,  he  tied  towards  the  river  Ismenius,  anil 
the  earth  swallowed  him  up,  together  with 
his  chariot,  before  he  was  overtaken  by  his 
enemy.  He  was  made  immortal,  and  was 
worshiped  as  a  hero.  His  oracle  between 
Potniae  and  Thebes,  where  he  was  said  to 
have  been  swallowed  up,  enjoyed  great  celeb- 
rity. His  son,  Alcmaeon,  is  called  AmphlA- 
ru'icles. 

AMPHICLEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  X.  of 
Phocis. 

AMPHICTfON  (-onis),  son  of  Deucalion 
am!  Pyrrha,  believed  to  have  been  the  founder 
of  the  Amphictyonic  council. 

AMPHILOCHIA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the 
Amphilochi,  an  Epirot  race,  at  the  E.  end  of 
the  Ambra'ian  gulf,  usually  included  in  Acar- 
nania.  Their  chief  town  was  Argos  Amphi- 
lochicnm.     [  A.Mi'ini.oenrs.] 

AMPHILOCHUS  (-i),  son  of  Amphiaraus 
and  Eriphyle,  and  brother  of  Alcmaeon.  He 
took  part  in  the  expedition  of  the  Epigoni 
against  Thebes,  assisted  his  brother  m  the 
iiiurder  of  their  mother  [Ai.ru  w:o\  .  and  aft- 
erwards fought  against  Tiny.  Like  his  father, 
he  was  a  celebrated  seer.  He  was  killed  in 
single  combat  by  Mopsus,  who  was  also  a 
.t  Mallos,  in  Cilicia.  According  to  some 
be  founded  Argos  Amphilochicum  on  the 
Ambracian  gulf. 

AMPHION  (-dnis),  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Antiope,  and  twin-brother  of  Zethus. 
They  were  born  on  Mount  Cithaeron,  and 
grew  up  among  the  shepherds.  Having  be- 
come acquainted  with  their  origin  they  march- 
ed against  Thebes,  where  Lycus  reigned,  the 
husband  of  their  mother  Antiope,  who  had 
married  Dirce  in  her  stead.     They  took  the 


city,  and  killed  Lycus  and  Dirce  because  they 
had  treated  Antiope  with  great  cruelty.  They 
put  Dirce  to  death  by  tying  her  to  a  bull, 
who  dragged  her  about  till  she  perished  .- 
and  they  then  threw  her  body  into  a  fountain, 
which  was  from  this  time  called  the  fountain 
of  Dirce.  After  they  had  obtained  possession 
of  Thebes,  they  fortified  it  by  a  wall.  Am- 
phiou  had  received  a  lyre  from  Hermes  (Mer- 
enry),  on  which  he  played  with  such  magic 
skill  that  the  stones  moved  of  their  own  ac- 
cord and  formed  the  wall.  Amphion  after- 
wards married  Niobe,  who  bore  him  many 
sons  and  daughters,  all  of  whom  were  killed 
by  Apollo,  whereupon  he  put  an  eud  to  his 
own  life.     [Niobe.] 


•  Zethus  and  Amphion. 

(From  h  Bass-relief  at  Rome.) 

AMPHIPOLIS  (-is),  a  town  in  Macedonia 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Strymon,  about  3 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  Strymon  flowed  al- 
most round  the  town,  nearly  forming  a  circle,! 
whence  its  name  Amphi-polis.  It  was  orig- 
inally called  Ennea  Hodoi,  the  "Nine  Ways," 
and  belonged  to  the  Edonians,  a  Thracian 
people.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Athenians  in 
437,  who  drove  the  Edonians  out  of  the  place. 
It  was  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Athenian  possessions  in  theX.  of  the  Aega<  an 
sea.  Hence  their  indignation  when  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Brasidas  (424)  and  of  Philip 
(358).     The  port  of  Amphipolis  was  Eion. 

AMPHISSA  -ae  .one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
the  Locri  Ozolae  on  the  borders  of  Phocis,  T 
miles  from  Delphi.    In  consequence  of  the 


AMPHITKITE. 


37 


ANAXAGORAS. 


Sacred  War  declared  against  Aruphissa  by 
the  Amphictyons,  the  town  was  destroyed  by 
Philip,  B.C.  33S,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt. 

AMPHITRITE  (-es),  a  Nereid  or  an  Ocea- 
nid,  wife  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  goddess 
of  the  sea,  especially  of  the  Mediterranean. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Triton. 

AMPHITRYON  or  AMPHITRUO  (-6uis), 
son  of  Alcaeii8  and  Hipponome,  and  husband 
ofAlcmenO.  For  details  see  Alomene.  Her- 
cules, the  son  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  and  Alcmene, 
is  called  AmphitryoriuhUx  in  allusion  to  his 
reputed  father.  Amphitryon  fell  in  a  war 
against  Ergiims,  king  of  the  Minyans. 

AMPHRYSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  in 
Thessaly  which  flowed  into  the  Pagasaean 
gulf,  on  the  banks  of  which  Apollo  fed  the 
herds  of  Admetus.— (2)  See  Amkrysub. 

AMPSA.GA  (-ae),  a  river  of  N.  Africa,  divid- 
ing Numidia  from  Mauretania  Sitifensis,  and 
flowing  past  the  town  of  Cirta, 

AMPSANCTUS  orAMSANCTUS  LACUS, 
a  small  lake  in  Samniuin  near  Aeculamim, 
from  which  mephitic  vapors  arose.  Hence 
it  was  regarded  as  an  entrance  to  the  lower 
world. 

AMPYCUS  (-i),  son  of  Pelias,  husband  of 
Chloris,  and  father  of  the  famous  seer  Mop- 
bus,  who  is  hence  called  Ampy&des. 

AMULlUS.    [Romulus.] 

AMYCLAE  (-arum).  (1)  An  ancient  town 
of  Laconia  on  the  Eurotas,  Ik  miles  S.E.  of 
Sparta.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  abode  of 
Tyndarns,  and  of  Castor  and  Pollux,  who  are 
hence  called  Amyclaei  Fratres.  After  the 
conquest  of  Peloponnesns  by  the  Dorians,  the 
Achaeane  maintained  themselves  in  Amyclae 
for  a  long  time;  but  it  was  at  length  taken 
ami  destroyed  by  the  Lacedaemonians  under 
Teleclns.  Amyclae  still  continned  memora- 
ble by  tl:c  festival  of  the  Hyacinthia  celebrated 
at  the  place  annually,  and  by  the  colossal 
statue  of  Apollo,  who  "was  hence  called  Amy- 
claeii#.—(2)  An  ancient  town  of  Latinm,  E.of 
Terracina,  on  the  Sinus  Amyclanus,  claimed 
to  be  an  Achaean  colony  from  Laconia.  The 
inhabitants  were  said  to  have  deserted  it  on 
account  of  its  being  infested  by  serpents; 
whence  Virgil  speaks  of  tacitae  .1  mudae. 

aMyci.Idks  (-ae),  a  name  nf  Hyacinth  us, 
as  the  son  of  Amyclae,  the  founder  of  Amyclae. 

AMYOUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
king  of  the  Hebryces,  celebrated  for  his  skill 
in  boxing.  He  used  to  challenge  strangers 
to  box  with  him,  and  slay  them;  but  when 
the  Argonauts  came  to  his  dominions,  Pollux 
killed  him  in  a  boxing-match. 

AMiMnNF:  .  -  .  one  of  the  60  daughters 
ofDanaus,  was  the  mother  by  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) of  Nauplins,  the  father  of  Palamedes. 
The  fountain  of  Amymone  in  Argolis  was 
called  after  her. 

Amvntas  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Macedonia, 
reigned  from  nbont  u.o,  640  to  600,  and  was 

t-ucccedcd  by  his  son  Alexander  L— (2)  King 
of  Macedonia,  son  of  Philip,  the  brother  or 
Perdiccas  II.,  reigned  393  369,  and  obtained 
the  crown  by  the  murder  of  She  usurper  Pan- 
snnias.  He  carefully  cultivated  the  friendship 
of  Athens.     He  left  bv  l|is  wife  Eurydice  J 


sous,  Alexander,  Perdiccas,  and  the  famous 
Philip,  who  is  hence  called  by  Ovid  Amya- 
tiddes. 

AMYNTOR  (-oris),  king  of  the  Dolopes,  and 
father  of  Phoenix,  who  is  hence  called  A  myn- 
tor'ides.     [Puoemx.] 

AMYTHAON  (-Ouis),  son  of  Cretheus  and 
Tyro,  father  of  Bias  and  of  the  seer  Melam- 
pus,  who  is  hence  called  Ami/thdonlus. 

ANACES  or  ANACTES,  i.e.  '-the  Kings,'' 
a  name  frequently  given  to  Castor  and  Pollux. 

ANACHARSIS  (-is),  a  Scythian  of  princely 
rank,  left  his  native  country  in  pursuit  of 
knowledge,  and  came  to  Athens,  about  n.o. 
594.  He  became  acquainted  with  Solon,  and 
by  his  talents  and  acute  observations  he  ex- 
cited general  admiration.  He  was  killed  by 
his  brother  Saulius  on  his  return  to  his  native 
country.  The  letters  which  go  uuder  his 
name  are  spurious. 

ANACREON  (-ontis),  a  celebrated  lyric 
poet,  born  at  Teos,  an  Ionian  city  in  Asia 
Minor.  He  removed  to  Abdera,  in  Thrace, 
when  Teos  was  taken  by  the  Persians  (about 
n.o.  544),  but  he  lived  chiefly  at  Samos,  under 
the  patronage  of  Polycrates.  After  the  death 
of  Polycrates  (52'2),  he  went  to  Athens  at  the 
invitation  of  the  tyrant  Hipparchus.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  S5,  probably  about  47S.  Of  his 
poems  only  a  few  genuine  fragments  have 
come  down  to  us;  for  the  "Odes"  attributed 
to  him  are  spurious.  In  his  poems  he  cele- 
brates the  praises  of  love  and  wine. 

ANACTORIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Acarnnnia, 
built  by  the  Corinthians,  upon  a  promontory 
of  the  same  name  at  the  entrance  of  the  Am- 
bracian  gulf. 

ANAGNIA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the  Hcr- 
nici  in  Latiuin,  and  subsequently  both  a  muni- 
cipium  and  a  Roman  colony.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood Cicero  had  a  beautiful  estate,  Anag- 
ninum  (sc.  praedium). 

ANAPIlE  (-Gs),  a  small  island  in  the  S.  of 
the  Aegean  sea,  E.  of  Thera. 

XNAPUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river  in  Acarnania. 
flowing  into  the  Achelous. —  (2)  A  river  in 
Sicily,  flowing  into  the  sea  S.  of  Syracuse 
through  marshes. 

ANARTKS  (-ium)  or  -TI  (-f.rtini),  a  people 
of  Dacia,  N.  of  tin;  Tbeiss. 

ANAS  (-ae:  &ttadiana),  one  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  Spain,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Lusitania  and  Baefica,  and  flowing  into 
the  ocean  by  two  mouths  (now  only  one). 

INAXAGORAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school,  was  born  at 
Ciazomenae  in  [onia,  b.o. 600.    lie  gave  up 

his  property  to  his  relations,  as  he  Intended 
to  devote  his  life  to  higher  ends,  and  wenl  to 

Athens  :it    the  age  of  20  ;   here   he    remained 

30 years, and  became  the  intimate  friend  and 
teacher  of  Euripides  ami  Pericles,  jiis  doc- 
trines gave  offense  to  the  religions  fee 

of  the  Athenians;  and  he  was  accused  ofim- 
piety,  460.     It  was  only  through  the  eloquence 

of  Pericles  that  he  was  not  put  to  death  :  but 
he  was  Bentenced  to  pay  a  tine  of  6  talents 
and  to  quit  Athens.  He  retired  to  Lampsa- 
COB,  where   he  died   in  4'is,  at  the   age   of  T2. 


136 J  48 


ANAXANDREDES. 


38 


ANDHOGEOS. 


He  taught  that  a  supreme  intelligence  was 
the  cause  of  all  things. 

iNAXANDRiDES,  king  of  Sparta,  reigned 
from  about  0.0. 500  to  520.  Having  a  barren 
wife  whom  he  would  not  divorce,  the  ephors 
made  him  take  with  her  a  second.  By  her  he 
had  Cleomenea;  and  after  this,  by  bis  first 
wife,  Dorieus,  Leonidas,  aud  Cleombrotns. 

AXAXARCHUS  (-i),  a  philosopher  of  Ab- 
dera,  of  the  school  of  Democrilus,  accompa- 
nied Alexander  into  Asia  (b.o.  334).  After 
the  death  of  Alexander  (323),  Anaxarchus  was 
thrown  by  shipwreck  into  the  power  of  Nico- 
creon,  king  of  Cyprus,  to  whom  he  had  given 
offense,  and  who  had  him  pounded  to  death 
in  a  stone  mortar. 

AXAXARETK  (-es),  a  maiden  of  Cyprus, 
treated  her  lover  Iphis  with  such  haughtiness 
that  he  hung  himself  at  her  door.  She  looked 
with  indifference  at  the  funeral  of  the  youth, 
but  Venus  changed  her  into  a  stone  statue. 

AXAXIMANDER  (-dri),  of  Miletus,  was 
born  M.o.  010,  and  died  547,  in  his  64th  year. 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  philosophers  of  the 
Ionian  school,  and  the  immediate  successor 
of  Thales,  its  first  founder. 

AXAXiMEXES  (-is),  of  Miletus,  the  third 
in  the  series  of  Ionian  philosophers,  flourish- 
ed about  b.o.  544;  but  as  he  was  the  teacher 
of  Auaxagoras,  U.O.4S0,  he  must  have  lived  to 
a  great  age.  He  considered  air  to  be  the  tirst 
cause  of  all  things. 

ANAZARBDS  i-i)  or  -A  (-ae),  a  city  of  Cili- 
cia  Campestris,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name.  Augustus  conferred  upon 
it  the  name  of  CaesarCa  (ad  Auazarbum). 

ANCAEUS  (-i).  (1)  Sou  of  the  Arcadian  Ly- 
curgus,  and  father  of  Agapenor.  He  was  one 
of  the  Argonauts,  and  was  killed  by  the  Caly- 
donian  boar. — (2)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Astypalaea,  also  one  of  the  Argonauts, 
and  the  helmsman  of  the  ship  Argo  after  the 
death  of  Tiphys. 

ANCHIAU  (-es)  and  -LU8  (-i).  (1)  A  town 
in  Thrace,  on  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  borders 
of  Moesia.— (2)  An  ancient  city  of  Cilicia,  W. 
of  the  Cydnus  near  the  coast,  said  to  have 
been  built  by  Sardanapalus. 

AXCIITSES  (-ae),  son  ofCapys  and  Themis, 
the  daughter  ofUus,  and  king  ofDardanus  on 
Mount  Ida.  In  beauty  he  equaled  the  im- 
mortal gods,  and  was  "beloved  by  Aphrodite 
(Venus),  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Aeneas,  who  is  hence  called  Anchlstdden. 
Having  boasted  of  his  intercourse  with  the 
goddess,  he  was  struck  by  a  flash  of  lightning, 
which  deprived  him  of  his  sight.  On  the 
capture  of  Troy  by  the  Creeks,  Aeneas  carried 
hi-  father  on  his  shoulders  from  the  burning 
city.  He  died  soon  after  the  arrival  of  AcuGas 
in  Sicily,  and  was  buried  on  mount  Eryx. 

ANCONA  (-ae)  or  ANCON  (-onis),  a  town 
in  Piccnum  on  the  Adriatic  sea,  lying  in  a 
bend  of  the  coast  between  two  promontories, 
and  hence  called  Ancon,  or  an  "elbow."  It 
was  built  by  the  Syracusans  in  the  time  of 
the  elder  Dionysius,  b.o.  392.  The  Romans 
made  it  a  colony.  It  possessed  an  excellent 
harbor,  completed  by  Trajan,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  important  sea-ports  of  the  Adriatic. 


ANGUS  MARCTUS  (-i).foiirth  king  of  Rome, 
reigued  '24  years,  b.0.  040-616,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  sou  ofNuma's  daughter.  He 
took  many  Latin  towns,  transported  the  in- 
habitants to  Home,  and  gave  them  the  Aven- 
tine  to  dwell  on:  these  conquered  Latins  form- 
ed the  original  Plebs.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Tarquinius  Priscus. 

ANCYRA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  Galatia  in  Asia 
Minor,  originally  the  chief  city  of  a  Gallic 
tribe  named  the  Tectosagcs,  who  came  from 
the  S.  of  France.  When  Augustus  recorded 
the  chief  events  of  his  life  on  bronze  tablets 
at  Rome,  the  citizens  of  Ancyra  had  a  copy 
made,  which  was  cut  on  marble  blocks,  and 
placed  at  Ancyra  in  a  temple  dedicated  to 
Augustus  and  Rome.  This  inscription  is  still 
extant,  aud  called  the  Monumentnm  Ancyra- 
num.— (2)  A  town  in  Phrygia  Epictetus  on 
the  borders  of  Mysia. 

ANDKCAVI,  ANDEGAVI  (-drum),  or  AN- 
DES (-ium),  a  Gallic  people  N.  of  the  Loire, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  also  called 
Juliomagus,  now  A  ngera. 

ANDES  (-ium),  a  village  near  Mantua,  the 
birthplace  of  Virgil. 

ANDQCIDES,  ouc  of  the  10  Attic  orators, 
son  of  Leogoi  as,  was  born  at  Athens  in  is.o. 
467.  He  belonged  to  a  noble  family,  and  was 
a  supporter  of  the  oligarchical  party  at  Ath- 
ens. In  415  he  became  involved  in  the  charge 
brought  against  Alcibiades  of  having  muti- 
lated the  Hermae,  and  was  thrown  into  pris- 
on ;  but  he  recovered  his  liberty  by  denoun- 
cing the  real  or  pretended  perpetrators  of  the 
crime.  He  was  four  times  banished  from 
Athens,  aud  after  leading  a  wandering  and 
disreputable  life,  died  in  exile.  Four  of  his 
orations  have  come  down  to  us. 

ANDRAEMON  (-onis).  (1)  Husband  of 
Gorge,  daughter  ofOeneusking  of  Calydon  in 
Aetolia,  whom  he  succeeded,  and  father  of 
Thoas,  wdio  is  hence  called  Androemonides. — 
(2)  Son  of  Oxylus,  and  husband  of  Dryope, 
who  was  mother  of  Amphissus  by  Apollo. 

ANDROCLUS  (-i)  or  -CLES  (-is),  the  slave 
of  a  Roman  consular,  was  sentenced  to  be  ex- 
posed to  the  wild  beasts  in  the  circus;  but  a 
lion,  which  had  been  let  loose  upon  him,  ex- 
hibited signs  of  recognition,  aud  began  lick- 
ing him.  Upon  inquiry  it  appeared  that  An- 
droclus  had  run  away  from  his  master  in  Af- 
rica; and  that,  having  taken  refuge  in  a  cave, 
a  lion  entered,  went  up  to  him,  and  held  out 
his  paw.  Androelus  extracted  a  large  thorn 
which  had  entered  it.  Henceforth  they  lived 
together  for  some  time,  the  lion  catering  for 
his  benefactor.  But  at  last,  tired  of  this  sav- 
age life,  Androelus  left  the  cave,  was  appre- 
hended by  some  soldiers,  brought  to  Rome, 
and  condemned  to  the  wild  beasts.  He  was 
pardoned,  and  presented  with  the  lion,  which 
he  used  to  lead  about  the  city. 

ANDROGEOS  (-6)  or  ANDROGEUS  M), 
son  of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  conquered  all  his 
opponents  in  the  games  of  the  Panathenaea 
at  Athens,  and  was  in  consequence  slain  at 
the  instigation  of  Aegens.  Minos  made  war 
on  the  Athenians  to  avenge  the  death  of  his 
sou,  and  compelled  them  to  send  every  year 


Perseus  and  Andeomeda.    (Marble  Relief,  Naples.) 


ANDROMACHE. 


39 


ANT  II  EMUS. 


to  Crete  7  youths  and  7  damsels  to  be  de- 
voured by  the  Minotaur.  From  this  shame- 
ful tribute  they  were  delivered  by  Tiieskus. 

ANDROMACHE  (-us)  or  ANDROMACHA 
(-ae),  daughter  of  Eetion,  king  of  the  Cilician 
Thebes,  and  wife  of  Hector,  by  whom  she  had 
a  son  Scamandrius  (Astyanax).  On  the  tak- 
ing of  Troy  her  sou  was  hurled  from  the  walls 
of  the  city,  and  she  herself  fell  to  the  share 
of  Neoptolemus  (Pyrrhus),  the  son  of  Achil- 
les, who  took  her  to  Epirus.  She  afterwards 
married  Helenus,  a  brother  of  Hector,  who 
ruled  over  Chaouia. 

ANDROMEDA  (-ae)  or  ANDROMEDE 
(-cs),  daughter  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Aethiopia, 
and  Cassiopea.  In  consequence  of  her  moth- 
er boasting  that  the  beauty  of  her  daughter 
surpassed  that  of  the  Nereids,  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) sent  a  sea-monster  to  lay  waste  the 
country.  The  oracle  of  Amnion  promised  de- 
liverance if  Andromeda  was  given  up  to  the 
monster  ;  and  Cepheus  was  obliged  to  chain 
his  daughter  to  a  rock.  Here  she  was  found 
aud  saved  by  Perseus,  who  slew  the  monster 
and  obtained  her  as  his  wife.  She  had  been 
previously  promised  to  Phineus,  and  this  gave 
rise  to  the  famous  fight  of  Phineus  aud  Per- 
seus at  the  wedding,  in  which  the  former  and 
all  his  associates  were  slain.  After  her  death 
she  was  placed  among  the  stars. 

ANDRONICUS  LIVlUS.  LLivics.l 
ANDROS  or -RTJS  (-i),  the  most  northerly 
and  one  of  the  largest  islands  of  the  Cyclades, 
S.  E.  of  Euboea,  21  miles  long  and  8  broad,  ear- 
ly attained  importance,  and  colonized  Acan- 
thus and  Staglra  about  B.o. 651,  It  was  cele- 
brated fir  its  wine,  whence  the  whole  island 
was  regarded  as  sacred  to  Dionysus. 

ANGLI  or  ANGLII  (-drum),  a  German  peo- 
ple on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kibe,  who  passed 
over  with  the  Saxons  into  Britain,  which  was 

called  after  them  England.  [Saxones.]  Some 
of  them  appear  to  have  settled  in  Angeln  in 
Schleswig. 

ANGRIVARII  (-Crura),  a  German  people 
dwelling  on  both  sides  of  the  Visurgis(HVwr), 
separated  from  the  Cherusci  by  au  agger  or 
mound  of  earth. 

ANTGRUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  the  Tri- 
phylian  Klis,  the  Minyeius  of  Homer,  flowing 
into  the  Ionian  sea,  near  Samicnm.  Its  wa- 
ters had  a  disagreeable  smell,  in  consequence, 
it  Is  said,  of  the  Centaurs  having  washed  in 

them  after  they  bad  been  wounded  by  Her- 
cules. 

AN  in,  anciently  X.NIEN  (hence  Gen.  Anie- 
nt ,  s  liver  rising  In  the  mountains  of  the 
Hernici  near Treba, which,  after  receiving  the 
brook  Digentia,  forms  at  Tibnr  beautiful  wa- 
ter-falls, and  flows  Into  the  'liber  :;  miles 
above  Rome.  The  water  of  the  Aniowas  con- 
veyed to  Home  by  two  aqueducts,  the  Anio 

VetUS  and  .1  nio  nonts. 

ANirs  (-i)  son  of  Apollo  by  Crefisa,  and 
priest  of  Apollo  at  Delos.  By  Drydpe  be  bid 
three  daughters,  to  whom  Dionysus  gave  the 
power  of  producing  at  will  any  quantity  of 
wine,  corn,  and  oil— whence  they  wen'  called 
Qenotrdpae,     With  these  necessaries  they  are 


said  to  have  supplied  the  Greeks  during  the 
first  9  years  of  the  Trojan  war. 

ANNA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Belus  and  sister 
of  Dido.  After  the  death  of  the  latter,  she  fled 
from  Carthage  to  Italy,  where  she  was  kind- 
ly received  by  Aeneas.  Here  she  excited  the 
jealousy  of  Lavinia,  and,  being  warned  in  a 
dream  by  Dido,  she  fled  and  threw  herself  into 
the  river  Numicius.  Henceforth  she  was  wor- 
shiped as  the  nymph  of  that  river  under  the 
name  of  Anna  Perenna. 

ANNIUS  MILO.     [Milo.] 

ANSER  (-vris),  a  poet  of  the  Augustan  age, 
a  friend  of  the  triumvir  M.  Autonius,  and  one 
of  the  detractors  of  Virgil. 

ANSIBARII  or  AMPSIVARII  (-orum),  a 
German  people,  originally  dwelling  between 
the  sources  of  the  Ems  and  the  Weser,  and 
afterwards  in  the  interior  of  the  couutry  uear 
the  Cherusci. 

ANTAEOP5LIS  (-is),  an  ancient  city  of 
Upper  Egypt  (the  Thebai's),  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Nile,  and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Osiris. 

ANTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Ge  (Earth),  a  mighty  giant  and  wrestler 
in  Libya,  whose  strength  was  invincible  so 
long  as  he  remained  in  contact  with  his  moth- 
er earth.  Hercules  discovered  the  source  of 
his  strength,  lifted  him  from  the  earth,  and 
crushed  him  in  the  air. 

ANTALClDAS  (-ae),  a  Spartan,  son  of  Le- 
on, is  chiefly  known  by  the  celebrated  treaty 
concluded  with  Persia  in  b.o.  :>S7,  usually  call- 
ed the  peace  of  Antalcidas,  since  it  was  the 
fruit  of  his  diplomacy.  According  to  this 
treaty  all  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor  were 
to  belong  to  the  Persian  king;  the  Athenians 
were  allowed  to  retain  only  Lemnos,  Imbros, 
and  Scyros;  and  all  the  other  Greek  cities 
were  to  be  independent. 

ANTANDRTJS  (-i),  a  city  of  Great  Mysia,  on 
the  Adramyttian  Gulf,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Ida  ;  au  Aeolian  colony. 

ANTEA  or  AN'TTA.     [Bki.lbrophon.1 

ANTEMNAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  Sabine 
town  at  the  junction  of  the  Anio  and  the  Ti- 
ber, destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  earliest 
times. 

ANTENOR  (-5ris),  a  Trojan,  son  ofAesyetea 
and  Cleomestra,  and  husband  ofTheano.    He 

was  one  of  I  be  wisest  among  the  elders  at 
Troy  ;  he  received  Menelaus  and  Clysses  into 
his  honse  when  they  came  to  Troy  as  embas- 
sadors: and  be  advised  bis  fellow-citizens  to 
restore  Helen  to  Menelaus,  On  the  capture 
of  Troy,  Anteuor  was  spared  by  the  Greeks. 
His  history  after  this  even  I  Is  told  differently. 
Some  relate  that  In'  went  with  the  Henetl  to 
the  western  coast  of  i be  Adriatic,  where  be 

founded  I'alavium.  His  sons  and  descend- 
ants were  called  .1  til,  wr'ulitr. 

ANTfiROS.    rEnoH.1 
ANTHEDON"(-5ni8),atownofBoeoHa,with 

a  harbor,  on  the  coast  of  the  Kuboean  sea, 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Antbedon, 
son  of  GlanCUS,  who  was  here  changed  into  a 

god. 

ANTHBMUS  (-tintls),  a  Macedonian  town 
in  Chalcldlce, 


AUTHEMUSIA. 


40 


AN  TIOCHIA. 


ANTHEMtTSlA  (-ae)  or  ANTHEMtTS  (-an- 
ti- .  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  S.  W.  of  Edessa, 
and  a  little  E.  of  the  Euphrates.  The  Bur- 
rounding  district  was  called  by  the  same 
name,  but  was  generally  included  under  the 

name  of  OsRHOl  NK. 

ANTHENE"  (-es),  a  place  in  Cynuria,  in  the 
Peloponnesus. 

ANTHYLLA  (-ae),  a  considerable  city  (if 
Lower  Egypt,  near  the  month  of  the  Canopic 
branch  of  the  Nile,  below  Naucratis. 

ANTIAS  (-atis),  Q.  VALERIUS  (-i),  a  Ro- 
man historian,  flourished  about  b.c.  80,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  Rome  from  the  earliest 
times  down  to  those  of  Sulla.  His  work  was 
full  of  falsehoods. 

ANTICLEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Autolycus, 
wife  of  Laertes,  and  mother  of  Ulysses,  died 
of  grief  at  the  long  absence  of  her  son.  It  is 
said  that  before  marrying  Laertes  she  lived 
on  intimate  terms  with  Sisyphus;  whence 
Ulysses  is  sometimes  called  a  son  of  Sisyphus. 

ANTICYRA,  more  anciently  ANTICIR- 
RHA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Phoeis,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Crissaean  gulf. — (2)  A  town  in  Thessaly, 
on  the  Spercheus,  not  far  from  its  mouth. 
Botli  towns  were  celebrated  for  their  helle- 
bore, the  chief  remedy  in  antiquity  for  mad- 
ness: hence  the  proverb  X<iri:ii't  Anticyram, 
when  a  person  acted  senselessly. 

ANTIGONE  (-es),  daughter  of  Oedipus  by 
his  mother  Jocaste,  and  sister  of  Ismene  and 
of  Eteocles  and  Polynices.  In  the  tragic  story 
of  Oedipus,  Antigone  appears  as  a  noble 
maiden,  with  a  truly  heroic  attachment  to  her 
father  and  brothers.  When  Oedipus  had  put 
out  his  eyes,  and  was  obliged  to  quit  Thebes, 
he  was  accompanied  by  Antigone,  who  re- 
mained with  him  till  he  died  at  Colonus,  and 
then  returned  to  Thebes.  After  her  two 
brothers  had  killed  each  other  in  battle,  and 
Creon,  the  king  of  Thebes,  would  not  allow 
Polynices  to  be  buried,  Antigone  alone  defied 
the  tyrant,  and  buried  the  body  of  her  brother. 
Creon  thereupon  ordered  her  to  be  shut  up  in 
a  subterranean  cave,  where  she  killed  herself. 
Her  lover  Haemon,  the  son  of  Cieoii,  killed 
himself  by  her  side. 

ANTIG5N1A  and  -TA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in 
Epirus  (Illyricnm)  at  the  junction  of  a  tribu- 
tary with  the  Amis,  and  near  a  narrow  pass 
of  the  Acroeeraunian  mountains. — (2)  A  town 
on  the  Orontes  in  Syria,  founded  by  Antigo- 
nns  as  the  capital  of  his  empire  (it.o.  306),  but 
most  of  its  inhabitants  were  transferred  by 
Seleucus  to  Anttoohia,  which  was  built  in  its 
neigborhood. 

ANTlGONUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Asia,  sur- 
named  the  One-eyed,  son  ofPhilip  of  Elymio- 
tis,  and  father  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  by 
StratonTce.  He  was  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  in  the  division  of 
the  empire  after  the  death  of  the  latter  (b.c. 
323)  he  received  the  provinces  of  the  Greater 
Phrygia,  Lycia,  and  Pamphylia.  On  the  death 
of  the  reirent  Antipater,  in  319,  he  aspired  to 
the  sovereignty  of  Asia.  In  316  he  defeated 
and  put  Eumenes  to  death,  after  a  struggle 
of  nearly  3  years.  He  afterwards  carried  on 
war,  with  varying  success,  against  Seleucus, 


Ptolemy,  Cassauder,  and  Lysimachua.  After 
the  defeat,  of  Ptolemy's  fleet  in  306,  Autigonus 
assumed  the  title  of  king,  and  his  example 
was  followed  by  Ptolemy,  Lysimachus,  and 
Seleucus.  Autigonus  and  his  son  Demetrius 
were  at  length  defeated  by  Lysimachus  at  the 
decisive  battle  of  Ipsus  in  Phrygia,  in  30L 
Autigonus  fell  in  the  battle,  in  the  81st  year  of 
his  age. — (2)  Gonatas,  son  of  Demetrius  Poli- 
orcetes,  and  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He 
assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Macedonia  after 
his  father's  death  in  Asia  in  283,  but  he  did 
not  obtain  possession  of  the  throne  till  277. 
He  was  driven  out  of  his  kingdom  by  Pyrrhus 
of  Epirus  in  273,  but  recovered  it  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  died  in  239.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Demetrius  II.  His  surname  Gonatus  is 
usually  derived  from  Gounos  or  Gonni  in 
Thessaly;  but  some  think  that  Gonatas  is  a, 
Macedonian  word,  signifying  an  iron  plate 
protecting  the  knee. — (3)  Dobon  (so  called  be- 
cause he  was  always  about  to  give  but  never 
did),  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene,  and  grand- 
son of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  On  the  death 
of  Demetrius  II.,  in  229,  he  was  left  guardian 
of  his  son  Philip,  but  he  married  the  widow 
of  Demetrius,  and  became  king  of  Macedonia 
himself.  He  supported  Aratus  and  the  Achae- 
an League  against  Cleomenes,  king  of  Sparta, 
whom  he  defeated  at  Sellasia  in  221,  and  took 
Sparta.     He  died  220. 

ANTILIBANUS  (-i),  a  mountain  on  the 
confines  of  Palestine,  Phoenicia,  and  Syria, 
parallel  toLibanus,  which  it  exceeds  in  height. 
Its  highest  summit  is  M.  Hermon. 

ANTILOCHUS  (-i),  son  of  Nestor  and  An- 
axibia,  accompanied  his  father  to  Troy,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery.  lie  was 
slain  before  Troy  by  Memnou  the  Ethiopian. 

ANTIMACHUS  (-i),  a  Greek  epic  and  ele- 
giac poet  of  Claros  or  Colophon,  flourished 
towards  the  end  of  the  Peloponnesian  war; 
his  chief  work  was  an  epic  poem  called  The- 
litis. 

ANTINOOpOLIS  (-is),  a  splendid  city,  built 
by  Hadrian,  in  memory  of  his  favorite  Anti- 
nods,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile. 

ANTINOUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Eupithes  of 
Ithaca,  and  one  of  the  suitors  of  Penelope, 
was  slain  by  LTlysses. — (2)  A  youth  of  extraor- 
dinary beauty,  born  at  Claudiopolis  in  Bithy- 
ni.a.  was  the  favorite  of  the  emperor  Hadrian, 
and  his  companion  in  all  his  journeys.  He 
was  drowned  in  the  Nile,  a.t>.  122.  The  grief 
of  the  emperor  knew  no  bounds  He  enrolled 
Antinous  among  the  gods,  cansed  a  temple  to 
be  erected  to  him  at  Mantinea,  and  founded 
the  city  of  Antinoopoi.is  in  honor  of  him. 

ANTIOCIllA  and  -EA  (-ae).  (1)  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Greek  kingdom  of  Syria,  and  long 
the  chief  city  of  Asia,  stood  on'the  left  bank 
of  the  Orontes,  about  20  miles  (geog.)  from 
the  sea,  in  a  beautiful  valley.  It  was  built  by 
Seleucus  Nicator,  about  b.o.  300,  who  called  it 
Antiochia  in  honor  of  his  father  Antiochus, 
and  peopled  it  chiefly  from  the  neighboring 
citv  of  Antigonla.  D  was  one  of  the  earliest 
strongholds  of  the  Christian  faith;  the  first 
place  where  the  Christian  name  was  used 
[Acta  xi.  26);  and  the  see  of  one  of  the  four 


ANTIOCHUS. 


fl 


ANTIOCHUS. 


chief  bishops,  who  were  called  Patriarchs. — 
(2)  A.  Ai>  Makandrum,  a  city  of  C'aria,  on  the 
Maeander,  built  by  Antiochns  I.  Soter  on  the 
site  of  the  old  city  of  Pythopolis. — (3)  A  city 
on  the  borders  ofPbrygia  and  Pisidia;  built 
by  colonists  from  Magnesia  :  made  a  colony 
under  Augustus,  and  called  Caesarea. — The 
other  cities  of  tin'  name  ^l' Am  ioch  are  better 
known  tinder  other  designations. 

ANTIOCHUS  (-i).  I.  Kings  of  8,  ria.-(l) 
Soter  (reigned  b.o.  28(1  -261 1,  was  the  son  of 
Seleucus  I.,  the  founder  of  the  Syrian  king- 
dom of  the  Seleucidae.  He  married  hiH  step- 
mother Stratonlce,  with  whom  he  fell  violent- 
ly in  love,  and  whom  his  father  surrendered 
to  him.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Gauls 
in  261.— (2)  Thkos  (b.o  261  246),  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  No.l.  The  Milesians  gave  him  hie 
surname  oiTheos,  because  he  delivered  them 
from  their  tyrant,  Timarhus.  lie 
carried  on  war  wil li  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus,  king  of  Egypt,  which  was 
brought  to  n  close  by  his  putting 
away  liis  wife  Laodlcu,  and  marry- 
ing Berenice,  the  daughter  of  Ptol- 
emy. After  the  death  of  Ptolemy, 
he  recalled  Laodlce,  but,  in  revenge 
for  the  insult,  she  had  received,  she 
caused  Antioch us  and  Berenice  to 
be  murdered.  lie  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Seleucus  CalliniCUS.  His 
younger  son  Antiochus  Hieras  also 
assumed  the  crown,  and  carried  on 
war  some  years  with  his  brother. 
[Si'.ij;[,<a;sil.j— (3)  The  Great  (ii.<;. 


'J2::-ls7),  son  and  successor  of  Seleucus  Callini- 
cus.  He  carried  on  war  against  Ptolemy  Phi- 
lopator,  king  <if  Egypt,  in  order  to  obtain 
Coele-Syria,  Phoenicia,  and  Palestine,  but  was 
obliged  to  cede  these  provinces  to  Ptolemy, 
in  consequence  of  his  defeat  at  the  battle  of 
Raphia,  near  Gaza,  in  '217.  lie  was  after- 
wards engaged  for  7  years  (212-205)  iu  an  at- 
tempt to  regain  the  eastern  provinces  of  Asia, 
which  had  revolted  during  the  reign  of  An- 
tiochus II.;  but,  though  he  met  with  great 
success,  he  found  it  hopeless  to  effect  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Parthian  and  Bactrian  king- 
doms, and  accordingly  concluded  a  peace  with 
them.  In  I'.is  he  conquered  Palestine  and 
Coele-Syria,  which  he  afterwards  gave  as  a 
dowry  with  his  daughter  Cleopatra  upon  her 
marriage  with  Ptolemy  Epiphanes.  He  aft- 
erwards became  involved  in  hostilities  with 


Coin  of  Antioch  lot  llo:  Qri  ;it. 


ANTIOCHUS. 


42 


ANTIPATER. 


the  Roman?,  and  was  urged  by  Hannibal,  who 
arrived  at  his  court,  to  invade  Italy  without 
lose  of  time ;  bnl  Antiochus  did  not  follow 
hi-  ad\  ice.  Id  192  be  crossed  over  into  Greece: 
and  in  lyi  be  was  defeated  by  the  Romans 
at  Thermopylae,  and  compelled  to  retttrn  to 
Asia.  In  190  he  was  again  defeated  by  the 
Romans  under  L.  Scipio,  at  Mount  Sipylns, 
near  Magnesia,  and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace, 
which  was  granted  in  188,  on  condition  of  his 
ceding  all  his  dominions  E.  of  Mount  Tau- 
rus, and  paying  15,000  Enboic  talents.  In  or- 
der to  raise  the  money  to  pay  the  Romans, 
he  attacked  a  wealthy  tempie  in  Elymais,  but 
was  killed  by  the  people  of  the  place  (1ST). 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Seleucus  Philop- 
stor.--(4)  Epipiianks  (n.<;.  1 75-104),  son  ofAn- 
tiochus  III.,  succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus 
Philopator  in  175     lie  carried  ou  war  against 


Coin  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  with  tbe  Figure  of  Jup 


Egypt  (171-168)  with  srreat  success,  and  he 
was  preparing  to  lay  siege  to  Alexandria  in 
16s,  when  the  Romans  compelled  him  to  re- 
tire. He  endeavored  to  root  out  the  Jewish 
religion  and  to  introduce  the  worship  of  the 
Greek  divinities  ;  but  this  attempt  led  to  a 
risiiiu'  «>f  the  Jewish  people,  under  Mattathias 
and  hi-  heroic  sons,  the  Maccabees,  which  An- 
tiochus was  unable  to  put  down.  He  attempt- 
ed to  plunder  a  temple  in  Elymais  in  164,  but 
he  was  repulsed,  and  died  shortly  afterwards 
in  a  stati-  of  raving  madness,  which  the  Jews 
and  Greeks  equally  attributed  to  his  sacri- 
legious crimes.  His  subjects  gave  him  the 
name  of  Epimanes  (the  "madman"),  in  parody 
of  Epiphanes.  -(5)  Edpatoe(b  c.  164-10'.'),  son 
and  successor  of  Epiphanes,  was  9  years  "id 
at  his  father's  death.  He  was  dethroned  and 
put  to  death  by  Demetrius  Soter,  the  son  of 
Seleucus  Philopator. — (")  Th'f.os,  son  of  Alex- 
ander Balas.  He  was  brought  forward  as  a 
claimant  to  the  crown  in  144,  against  Deine- 
.  by  Tryphon,  but  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  latter,  who  ascended  the  throne 
himself  in  142. — (7)  Sidf.tes  (b.o.  137-128),  80 
called  from  Side,  in  Pamphylia,  where  h<-  was 
brought  np,  younger  son  of  Demetrius  Soter, 
succeeded  Tryphon.  He  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  battle  by  the  Parthians  in  128.— (8) 
Gbypus,  or  Hook-nosed  ( is.  c.  125-96),  second 
sou  of  Demetrius  Xicator  and  Cleopatra.  He 
carried  on  war  for  some  years  with  his  half- 
brother,  A.  PX.  Cyzicenus.  At  length,  in  112, 
the  r  wo  brothers  agreed  to  share  the  kingdom 
between  them,  A.  Cyzicenus  having  Coele-Sy- 
ria  and  Phoenicia,  and  A.  Grypus  the  remain- 
der of  the  provinces.  Grypus  was  assassin- 
ated in  96.  —  (9)   Cyzicenus,  from   Cyzicn-, 


where  he  was  bronght  up,  brother  of  No.  8, 
I  over  Coele-Syria  and  Phoenicia  from 
1 12  to  HO,  but  fell  in  battle  in  95  agaiust  Seleu- 
cus Epiphanes,  son  of  A.  VIII.  Grypus.— (10) 
Ei  SKiiKS,  son  of  Cyzicenus,  defeated  Seleucus 
Epiphanes,  and  maintained  the  throne  against 
the  brothers  of  Seleucus.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  95. — (11)  Epipiiam.s.  son  of  Grypus 
and  brother  of  Seleucus  Epiphanes,  carried 
on  war  against  Eusebes,  but  was  defeated  by 
the  latter,  and  drowned  in  the  river  Orontes. 
— (12)  Dionysus,  brother  of  No.  11,  held  the 
crown  for  a  short  time, but  fell  in  battle  against 
Aretas,  king  of  the  Arabians.  The  Syxiaus, 
worn  out  with  the  civil  broils  of  the  Seleuci- 
dae,  offered  the  kingdom  to  Tigranes.  king  of 
Armenia,  who  united  Syria  to  his  own  domin- 
ions in  S3,  and  held  it  till  his  defeat  by  the 
Romans  in  09.  —  (13)  Asiaticcs,  son  of  Eu- 
sebes, became  king  of  Syria  on  the 
defeat  of  Tigranes  by  Lucullus  in  09; 
but  he  was  deprived  of  it  in  65  by 
Pompey,  who  reduced  Syria  to  a  Ro- 
man province.  In  this  year  the  Se- 
leucidae  ceased  to  reign. 

II.  Kings  ofCommaqene. — (1)  Made 
an  alliance  with  the  Romans,  about 
b.o.  04.  He  assisted  Pompey  with 
troops  in  49,  and  was  attacked  by 
Antony  in  38.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Mithridates  I.  about  31.  — (2)  Suc- 
ceeded Mithridates  I.,  and  was  put 
to  death  at  Rome  bv  Augustus  in  29. 
—(3)  Succeeded  Mithridates  II.,  and 
died  in  a.d.  17.  Upon  his  death,  Comma- 
gene  became  a  Roman  province,  and  remain- 
ed so  till  a.d.  38. — (4)  Surnamed  Epipiianks, 
received  his  paternal  dominion  from  Calig- 
ula in  a.i>.  38.  He  assisted  the  Romans  in 
their  wars  against  the  Parthians  under  Nero, 
and  against  the  Jews  under  Vespasian.  In 
el  he  was  accused  of  conspiring  with  the 
Parthians  against  the  Romans,  was  deprived 
of  his  kingdom,  and  retired  to  Rome,  where 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

III.  Literary.—  Of  Ascai.ov,  the  founder  of 
the  rift h  Academy,  was  s  friend  of  Lucullus 
and  the  teacher  of  Cicero  during  his  studies 
at  Athens  (u.o.  79). 

ANTI<*)PE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Nyeteus, 
and  mother  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  of  Amphion  and 
Zethns.  For"  details  see  Amphion. —  (2)  An 
Amazon,  sister  of  Hippolyte,  wife  of  Theseus, 
and  mother  ot  Hippolytns. 


Antiope. 

ANTIPATER  (-trf).    (1)  The  Macedonian, 


ANTIPATER. 


43 


ANTON  I A  TURRLS. 


an  officer  greatly  trusted  by  Philip  and  Alex- 
ander the  Greatj  was  left  by  the  latter  regent 
in  Macedonia  when  he  crossed  over  into  Asia 
in  b.o.  33-1.  On  the  death  of  Alexander  (323), 
Antipater,  in  conjunction  with  Craterus,  car- 
ried on  war  against  the  Greeks,  who  endeav- 
ored to  recover  their  independence.  This 
war,  usually  called  the  Lamiau  war,  from  La- 
mia, where  Antipater  was  besieged  in  323, 
was  terminated  by  Antipater's  victory  over 
the  confederates  at  Crannou  in  322.  This  was 
followed  by  the  submission  of  Athens  and  the 
death  of  Demosthenes.  Antipater  died  in  319, 
after  appointing  Folysperchou  regent,  and  his 
own  son  CASSAN]n:Kto  a  subordinate  position. 
—(2)  Grandson  of  the  preceding,  and  second 
sou  of  Cassander  aud  Thessalouica.  He  and 
his  brother  Alexander  quarreled  for  the  pos- 
session of  Macedonia;  aud  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes  availed  himself  of  their  dissensions  to 
obtain  the  kingdom,  aud  to  put  to  death  the 
two  brothers. — (3)  Father  of  Herod  the  Great, 
son  of  a  noble  Idumaean  of  the  same  name, 
espoused  the  cause  of  Hyrcanus  against  his 
brother  Aristobiiliis.  He  was  appointed  by 
Caesar  in  u.o.  4T  procurator  of  Judaea,  which 
appointment  he  held  till  his  death  in  43,  when 
he  was  poisoned.— (4)  Eldest  son  of  Herod  the 
Great  by  his  first  wife,  conspired  against  his 
father's  life,  and  was  executed  five  days  be- 
fore Herod's  death.— (5)  Of  Tarsus,  a  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, the  successor  of  Diogenes  and  the 
teacher  of  Panaetius,  about  b.o.  144. 

ANTIPATER,  L.  CAELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
historian,  and  a  contemporary  of  C.  Gracchus 
(u.o.  123),  wrote  Annates,  which  contained  a 
valuable  account  of  the  second  Punic  war. 

ANTIPATRIA  (-ae).  a  town  in  Illyricum  on 
the  borders  of  Macedonia,  on  the  Apsns. 

ANTlPHlTES  (-ae),king  of  the  mythical 
Laestrygonee  in  Sicily,  who  are  represented 
as  giants  and  cannibals.    They  destroyed  11 

of  iii'-  ships  of  riyssrs,  who  escaped  with 

only  one  vessel.  Fonniae  is  railed  by  Ovid 
Antiphatae  domus, because  il  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  the  Laestrygonee. 

ANTIPHELLU8.    1  Phkiaus.] 

ANTf  I'llfLI'S  f-\),  of  Egypt,  a  distinguish- 
ed  painter,  the  rival  of  Apelles,  painted  for 
Philip  and  Alexander  the  Great. 

ANTiPIKlN*  (-f.nis),  the  most  ancient  of 
the  10  orators,  born  at  Rhamuus  in  Attica, 
b.o.  180.  He  belonged  to  the  oligarchical 
party  at  Athens,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  establishment  of  the  government  of  the 
Four  Hundred  (b.o.  ill),  after  the  overthrow 
of  which  be  was  brought  to  trial,  condemned, 
and  put  to  death.  Antiphon  introduced  great 
improvements  In  public  speaking ;  be  opened 
a  school  in  which  be  taught  rhetoric,  and  the 
historian  Thii'vdides  was  one  of  his  pupils. 
The  orations  which  he  composed  were  written 
for  others;  and  the  only  time  that  he  spoke 
in  public  himself  was  when  be  was  accused 
nnd  condemned  to  death.     This  speech  is  now 

lost.    We  still  possess  (6  of  his  oratious,  3  of 
which  were  written  by  him  for  others,  and 
the  remaining  12  as  specimens  for  his  school, 
or  exercises  on  fictitious  cases. 
ANTlP0LIS(-i8:  Atttibee),  a  town  In  Ottilia 


Narbonensis  on  the  coast,  a  few  miles  W.  of 
Nicaea,  founded  by  Massilia. 

ANTlRRIliUM.     [Riium.] 

ANT1SSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Lesbos,  on  the 
W.  coast  between  Methymua,  and  the  prom- 
ontory Sigrium,  was  originally  on  a  small 
island  opposite  Lesbos,  which  was  afterwards 
united  with  Lesbos. 

ANTISTHENES  (-is  and  -ae),an  Athenian, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynic  philosophers. 
His  mother  was  a  Thraeiau.  In  his  youth  he 
fought  at  Tanagra  (u.o.  42G),  and  was  a  dis- 
ciple first  of  Gorgias,  and  then  of  Socrates, 
whom  ho  never  quitted,  and  at  whose  death 
he  was  present.  He  died  at  Athens,  at  the 
age  of  70.  He  taught  in  the  Cynosarges,  a 
gymnasium  for  the  use  of  Athenians  born  of 
foreign  mothers  ;  whence  probably  his  follow- 
ers were  called  Cynics,  though  others  derive 
their  name  from  their  dog-like  neglect  of  all 
forms  and  usages  of  society.  He  was  an  en- 
emy to  all  speculation,  and  thus  was  opposed 
to  Plato.  He  taught  that  virtue  is  the  sole 
thing  necessary.  From  his  school  the  Stoics 
subsequently  sprung. 

ANT1STIUS  LALEO.     [Labko.] 

ANTITAURUS  (-i:  Ali-Dagh),  a  chain  of 
mountains,  which  strikes  off  N.E.  from  the 
main  chain  of  the  Taurus  on  the  S.  border  of 
Cappadocia,  in  the  centre  of  which  district  it- 
turns  to  the  E.  and  runs  parallel  to  the  Tau- 
rus as  far  as  the  Euphrates.  Its  average 
height  exceeds  that  of  the  Taurus. 

ANTlUM(-i),a  very  ancient  town  ofLatium, 
on  a  rocky  promontory  running  out  some  dis- 
tance into  the  Tyrrhenian  sea.  It  was  found- 
ed by  the  Tyrrhenians  and  Pelasgians,  and 
was  noted  for  its  piracy.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Romans  in  is. c. 468,  and  a  colony  was  sent 
thither;   but  it  revolted,  was  taken'  a   second 

time  by  the  Romans  in  338,  «as  deprived  of 
all  its  ships,  the  beaks  ofwhlch  {Rostra)  served 
to  ornament  the  platform  of  the  speakers  in 

the  Roman  forum,  and  received  another  Un- 
man colony.  In  the  latter  times  of  the  re- 
public, and  under  the  empire,  il  was  a  favorite 

residence  of  many  of  the  Roman  nobles  and 
emperors.    The  emperor  Nero  was  born  here, 

and  in  the  remains  of  his  palace   the  Apollo 

Belvedere  was  found.  Antinm  possessed 
temples  of  fortune  and  Neptune. 

ANTdNlA  (-ae).  (1)  Majob,  elder  daughter 
of  M.  AntoniiiK  anil  Octavia,  wife  of  L  l'o 
niilius  Ahenobarbus.  and  mother  of  Cn.  Do- 

milins,  the    father   of  the    emperor   Nero 

(2)  Minob,  younger  Bister  of  the  preceding, 
wife  of  Drusus,  ihe  brother  of  the  emperor 
Tiberius,  and  mother  of  Germanicus.  the 
father  of  the  emperor  Caligula,  of  Livia,  or 
Livilla,  and  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  She 
died    a. ii.  88,  soon   after  Hie  accession   of  her 

grandson  Caligula,  she  was  celebrated  for 
her  beauty' virtue,  and  chastity.  (3)  Daughter 
of  the  emperor  Claudius,  was  pat  to  death  by 
Nero,  A.n.  00,  because  she  refused  to  many 
him. 

ANTSNlA  TTJRRT8,  a  castle  on  a  rock  at 
the  N.YV.  coiner  of  the  Temple  a  i  Jerusalem, 
which  commanded  bol  h  ■  be  temple  and  the 
city.    It  was  at  first  called  Baris:  Herod  tha 


AMOMNOPOLIS. 


44 


AX  TO. XI  US. 


Great  changed  its  name  in  honor  ofM.Anto- 
nins.  It  contained  the  residence  of  the  Pro- 
curator Judaeae. 

ANTSNINOPOLia  (-is),  a  city  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, between  Edessa  and  Dara,  aft.  Maxim- 
ianopolis,  and  <</'■  Constantia. 

ANT5NINUS,  M.  AURELIUS.  OL  An:r, 
LlUB.] 

ANTONINUS  PIUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor, 

-  -161,  born  near  Lanuvinm,  \.r>.  SO,  was 

adopted  by  Hadrian  iu  138,  and  succeeded  the 

latter  in  the  same  year.    The  senate  conferred 

upon  him  the  title  of  Pitts,  or  the  dutifully  af- 


(Froni  tue  Pedestal  of  the  Col 


and  Faustina. 

of  Antoninus  Pius.) 


fectionate,  because  he  persuaded  them  to  grant  ' 
to  his  father  Hadrian  the  apotheosis  and  the 
other  honors  usually  paid  to  deceased  emper- 
ors. The  i  ei<_rn  of  Antoninus  is  almost  a  blank 
in  history  -a  blank  caused  by  the  suspension 
for  a  time  of  war,  violence,  and  crime.  He 
was  one  of  tin-  best  princes  that  ever  mount- 
ed a  throne,  and  all  his  thoughts  and  ener- 
gies were  dedicated  to  the  happiness  of  his 
people.  He  died  1G1,  in  his  75th  year.  He 
was  succeeded  by  M.  Aurelius,  whom  he  had 
adopted,  when  lie  himself  was  adopted  by 
Hadrian,  and  to  whom  he  gave  his  daughter 
Fai  si  ina  in  marriaj 

ANTONIU8  (-i).  1  ■>!.,  the  orator,  born  n.c 
143;  quaestor  in  113;  praetor  in  104,  when  he 
fought  .■!_'. . " i j - 1  tin-  pirates  in  Cilicia; 
in  '.':<:  and  censor  in  !>7.  He  belonged  to  Sul- 
la's  party,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Marius 
and  China,  when  they  entered  Koine  in  s-7: 
bis  head  was  cut  off  and  placed  on  the  Rostra. 
mentions  him  and  L.  Crassus  as  the 
most  distinguished  orators  oftheir  age;  and 
he  is  introduced  as  one  of  the  speakers  in 
Cicero's  De  Oratore. — (2)  M.,  surnamed  Cium- 
cc8,  elder  son  of  the  orator,  and  father  of  the 
triumvir,  was  praetor  in  75,  and  received  the 
command  of  the  fleet  and  all  the  eorists  of  the 
Mediterranean,  in  order  to  clear  the  sea  of 
pirates  :  but  he  did  not  BDCCeed  in  his  object, 
and  used  his  power  to  plunder  the  provinces. 
He  died  shortly  afterwards  in  Crete,  and  was 
called  Creticus  iu  derision. — (3)  C,  younger 
son  of  the  orator,  and  uncle,  of  the  triumvir, 
was  expelled  the  senate  in  70,  and  v. 
colleague  of  Cicero  in  the  praetorship  (66)  and 


consulship  (63).  He  was  one  of  Catiline's  con- 
spirators, but  deserted  the  latter  by  Cicero's 
promising  him  the  province  of  Macedonia. 
He  had  to  lead  an  army  against  Catiline,  but, 
unwilling  to  flght  against  his  former  friend, 
he  gave  the  command  on  the  day  of  battle  to 
his  legate,  M.Petreius.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war  Antony  went  into  his  province,  which 
he  plundered  shamefully  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
Rome  in  59  was  accused  both  of  taking  part  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy  and  of  extortion  in  his 
province.  He  was  defended  by  Cicero,  but  was 
condemned,  and  retired  to  the  island  of  Ceph- 
alleuia.  He  was  subsequently  recalled,  prob- 
ably by  Caesar,  and  was  in  Rome  at  the 
beginning  of  44.— (4)  M,  the  Tbicmvik, 
was  s. hi  ofNo.  2.  and  Julia,  the  sister  "f 
Julius  Caesar,  consul  in  64,  and  was  born 
about  S3.  His  father  died  while  he  was 
still  young,  and  he  was  brousrht  up  by 
Lentulus,  who  married  his  mother  Julia, 
and  who  was  put  to  death  by  Cicero  in 
63  as  one  of  Catiline's  conspirators: 
hence  Antony  became  a  personal  enemy 
of  Cicero.  Antony  indulged  in  his  ear- 
liest youth  iu  every  kind  of  dissipation, 
and  his  affairs  soon  became  deeply  in- 
volved. In  58  he  went  to  Syria,  where 
he  served  with  distinction  under.  A.  Ga- 
binins.  In  54  he  went  to  Caesar  in  Gaul, 
and  by  the  influence  of  the  latter  was 
elected  quaestor  (52).  He  now  became 
one  of  the  most  active  partisans  of  Cae- 
sar. He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  49, 
and  in  January  fled  to  Caesar's  camp  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  aftpr  putting  his  veto 
upon  the  decree  of  the  senate  which  deprived 
Caesar  of  his  command.  Iu  4S  Antony  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  where  he 
commanded  the  left  wing.  In  4-1  he  was  con- 
sul with  Caesar,  when  he  offered  him  the 
kingly  diadem  at  the  festival  of  the  Luperca- 
lia.     After  Caesar's  murder  on  the  15th  of 


ANTONIUS. 


ANUBIS. 


March,  Antony  endeavored  to  succeed  to 
his  power.  He  pronounced  the  speech 
over  Caesar's  body,  and  read  his  will  to 
the  people  j  and  he  also  obtained  the  pa- 
pers and  private  property  of  Caesar.  But 
he  found  a  new  and  unexpected  rival  in 
young  Octavianus,  the  adopted  son  ami 
great-nephew  of  the  dictator,  who  at  tirst 
joined  the  senate  in  order  to  crush  An- 
tony. Towards  the  end  of  the  year  An- 
tony proceeded  to  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which 
had  been  previously  grauted  him  by  the  Coi 
senate:  but  Dec.  Brutus  refused  to  sur- 
render the  province  to  Antony,  and  threw 
himself  into  Mutina,  where  he  was  besieged 
by  Antony.  The  senate  approved  of  the 
conduct  of  Brutus,  declared  Antony  a  pub- 
lic euerny,  and  intrusted  the  conduct  of  the 
war  against  him  to  Octavianus.  Antony  was 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Mutina,  in  April,  43, 
and  was  obliged  to  cross  the  Alps.  Both  the 
consuls,  however,  had  fallen,  and  the  sena- 
tors now  bewail  to  show  their  jealousy  of  Oc- 
tavianus. Meantime  Antony  was  joined  by 
Lepidus  with  a  powerful  army;  Octavianus 
became  reconciled  to  Antony ;  and  it  was 
agreed  that  the  government  of  the  state 
should  be  vested  in  Antony,  Octavianus,  and 
Lepidus,  under  the  title  of  Triumviri  Ite- 
■publicae  Constitiiendac,  for  the  next  5  years. 
The  mutual  enemies  of  each  were  proscribed, 
and  in  the  numerous  executions  that  follow- 
ed, Cicero,  who  had  attacked  Antony  in  his 
Philippic  Oration*,  fell  a  victim  to  Antony. 
In  42  Antony  and  Octavianus  crashed  the  re- 
publican party  by  the  battle  of  Philippi,  in 
which  Brutus  "and"  Cassiua  fell.  Antony  I  hen 
weut  to  Asia,  which  he  had  received  as  his 
share  of  the  Hunan  world.  In  Cilicia  he  met 
with  Cleopatra,  and  followed  ber  to  Egypt, 
a  captive  to  her  charms.  In  41,  Fnlvia,  the 
wife  of  Antony,  and  his  brother  L.  Autoili- 
U8,  made  war  upon  Octavianus  in  Italy.  An- 
tony prepared  to  support  his  relatives,  but 
the  war  was  brought  to  a  close  at  the  begin- 
ning of  4U,  before  Antony  could  reach  Italy. 
The  opportune  death  of  Fnlvia  facilitated  the 
reconciliation  of  Antony  and  Octaviauns, 
which  was  cemented  by  Antony  marrying 
Octavia,  tin-  sister  of  ( tciavianns.  Antony  re- 
mained in  Italy  till  39,  when  the  triumvirs 

' clnded  a  pe  ice  ti ith  Sext  Pompey,  and  he 

afterwards  wen  1  to  his  provinces  in  the  Fast. 
In  this  year  and  the  following,  Ventidius,  the 
lieutenant  of  Antony,  defeated  tin-  I'arlhians. 
In  '.,'  Antony  crossed  over  to  Italy,  when  the 
triumvirate  was  renewed  for  6 years,  lie  t hen 
returned  to  the  East,  ami  shortly  afterwards 
sent  Octavia  back  to  her  brother,  ami  sur- 
rendered himself  entirely  to  the  charmf  of 
Cleopatra.  In  M  he  invaded  I'arthia,  but  he- 
lost  a  great  number  of  his  troops,  and  was 


Coin  of  Antony,  struck  ut  Ajotloch. 


of  Antony,  with  Symbols  of  Worship  of  Bacchus  and  Venus. 

obliged  to  retreat.  He  was  more  successful 
in  his  invasion  of  Armenia  in  34,  for  he  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  person  of  Artavas- 
des,  the  Armenian  king,  and  carried  him  to 
Alexandria.  Antony  now  laid  aside  entirely 
the  character  of  a  Roman  citizen,  and  assumed 
the  pomp  and  ceremony  of  an  Eastern  despot. 
His  conduct,  and  the"  unbounded  influence 
which  Cleopatra  had  acquired  over  him,  al- 
ienated many  of  his  friends  and  supporters; 
and  Octavianus  saw  that  the  time  had  now 
come  for  crashing  his  rival.  The  contest  was 
decided  by  the  memorable  sea-fight  off  Ac- 
tium,  September  2d,  31,  in  which  Antony's 
fleet  was  completely  defeated.  Antony,  ac- 
companied by  Cleopatra,  fled  to  Alexandria, 
where  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  in  the 
following  year  (30),  when  Octavianus  appear- 
ed before  the  city. — (5)  C,  brother  of  the  tri- 
umvir, was  praetor  in  Macedonia  bi  44.  fell 
into  the  hands  of  M.  Brutus  in  43,  ami  was 
put  to  death  by  Brutus  in  4-.',  to  revenge  the 
murder  of  Cicero.— (6)  L.,  youngest  brother 
of  the  triumvir,  was  consul  in  41.  when  he  en- 
gaged in  war  agains,'  Octavianus  at  the  insti- 

eati ifFulvia,  his  brother's  wife.    He  threw 

himselfinto  the  town  ofPerusia,  which  he  was 
obliged  to  surrender  in  the  following  year. 
His  life  was  spared,  and  he  was  afterwards 
appointed  by  Octavianus  to  the  command  of 

Iberia.     (7)  M.,  elder  soli   of  the   triumvir  by 

Fnlvia,  was  executed  by  order  of  Octavianus, 
after  the  death  of  hi-  father  in  30.— (8)  Ji  i.i  s, 
younger  son  of  the  triumvir  by  Fnlvia,  was 
brougbl   up  by  his   step-mother  Octavia  nl 

Koine,  and  received  great  marks  of  favor  fii  in 
Augustus.      He  was  Consul  in  H.O.  10,  but  was 

put  to  death  iii  '■'.  iii  consequence  of  his  adul' 
erous  Intercourse  with  Julia, 
the  daughter  of  Augustus. 

ANTONiUS  FELIX.  [FE- 
LIX.] 

ANTONlUS  Mt'SA.    [Mtr- 

SA.] 

ANT5NIU8  PRIMUS. 
I  Primus.] 

ANTRON  (-5nis),  a  town  in 
Pbthiotis  in  Thessaly,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  sinus  Malia- 
i  'i 

X.NUBIS  (-is),  an  Egyptian 

divinity,  worshiped  in  the 
form  of  a  human  being  with  a 
dog's  heel.  The  GreeKe  iden- 
tified him  with  i heir  own  Ber- 
me  the  Roman  Men  a 
thus  speak  of  Hermannphie 

in  the  -line  manner  as  ofZeus    Ima|re  of  Anut>:». 


ANXUR. 


46 


APHRODITE. 


(Jupiter)  Ainnion.  His  worship  was  intro- 
duced at  Rome  towards  the  end  of  the  republic 

ANXUR.     [Tabbaoina.] 

ANYTTS  (-i),  a  wealthy  Athenian,  the  most 
influential  and  formidable  of  the  accusers  of 
ee,  B.O.  399.  He  was  a  leading  man  of 
[he  democratic;!]  party,  and  took  an  active 
part,  along  with  Thnisybulus,  iu  the  over- 
throw of  the  30  Tyrants. 

AONES  -uni),  an  ancient  race  in  Boeotia. 
Hence  the  poets  frequently  use  Aoniua  as 
equivalent  to  Boeotian.  As  Mount  Helicon 
and  the  fountain  Aganippe  were  in  Aouia,  the 
Mnses  are  called  Aatildes. 

AORSI  or  ADORSI  (-drum),  a  powerful  peo- 
ple of  Asiatic  Sarmatia,  chiefly  found  between 
the  Palus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azof)  and  the  Cas- 
pian, whence  they  spread  far  into  European 
.Sarmatia. 

Aol'S  -i>  or  AEAS  (-antis),  the  principal 
river  of  the  Greek  part  of  Illyricum,  rising  in 
M.  Lacmon,  and  flowing  iuto  the  Ionian  sea 
near  Apollouia. 

APlMEA  or  -IA  (-ae).  (1)  A.  An  Obontem 
a  city  of  Syria,  built  by  Seleucus  Nicator  on 
the  s':te  of  the  older  city  of  PEr.r.A,  iu  a  very 
strong  position  on  the  river  Orontes  or  Axius, 
and  named  in  honor  of  his  wife  Apama.— (2) 
A.  Cibotub  or  Ai>  Maeandrdm,  a  great  city 


Medal  of  Apamea  Cibotui 


of  Phrygia,  on  the  Maeander,  close  above  its 
confluence  with  theMarsvas.  It  was  built  by 
Antiochus  I.  Soter,  who  named  it  in  honor  of 
his  mother  Apama. — (3)  A.  Mvki.f.on,  in  Bi- 
thynia.     [Myki.ea.] 

APELLEs  (-is),  the  most  celebrated  of  Gre- 
cian painters,  was  born,  most  probably,  at  Co- 
.ophon  in  Ionia,  though  some  ancient  writers 
call  him  a  Coan  and  others  an  Ephesian.  He 
was  the  contemporary  <>f  Alexander  the  Great 
(k.c.  ri:;C-.'i-'?.t,  who  entertained  so  hii_'h  an 
opinion  of  him.  that  he  was  the  only  person 
whom  Alexander  would  permit  to  take  his 
portrait  We  are  not  told  when  or  where  he 
died.  Throughout  his  life  Apelles  labored  to 
improve  himself,  especially  in  drawing,  which 
he  never  spent  a  day  without  practising. 
Hence  the  proverb  Nulla  die*  sine  linea.  Of 
his  portraits  the  most  celebrated  was  that  of 
Alexander  wielding  a  thunderbolt;  but  the 
most  admired  of  all  his  pictures  was  the  "  Ve-  I 


mrs  Anadyomene,"  or  Venus  rising  out  of  the 
sea.  The  goddess  was  wringing  her  hair,  and 
the  falling  drops  of  water  formed  a  transpar- 
ent silver  veil  around  her  form. 

APELLICON,  of  Teos,  a  Peripatetic  philos- 
opher and  great  collector  of  books.  His  val- 
uable library  at  Athens,  containing  the  auto- 
graphs of  Aristotle's  works,  was  carried  to 
Rome  by  Sulla  (is.o.  S3) :  Apellicon  had  died 
just  before. 

APENNINES  (-i)  MONS,  (probably  from 
the  Celtic  Pen,  "a  height"),  the  Apennines,  a 
chain  of  mountains  running  throughout  Italy 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  forming  the  backbone  of 
the  peninsula.  It  is  a  continuation  of  the 
Maritime  Alps  [Alfes],  and  begins  near  Gen- 
ua. At  the  boundaries  of  Samnium,  Apulia, 
and  Lucania,  it  divides  into  two  main  branch- 
es, one  of  which  runs  E.  through  Apulia  and 
Calabria,  aud  terminates  at  the  Salentine 
promontory,  and  the  other  W.  through  Brut- 
tium,  terminating  apparently  at  Rhegium  and 
the  straits  of  Messina,  but  iu  reality  contin- 
ued throughout  Sicily. 

APER  (-ri),  ARRIUS  (-i),  praetorian  pre- 
fect, and  son-in-law  of  the  emperor  Numenan, 
whom  he  was  said  to  have  murdered  :  he  was 
himself  put  to  death  by  Diocletian  on  his  ac- 
cession in  a.i>.  2S4. 

APERANTIA  (-ae),  a  town  and  district  of 
Aetolia,  near  the  Achclous,  inhabited  by  the 
Aperantii. 

APHACA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Coele-Syria,  be- 
tween Ileliopolis  and  Byblus,  celebrated  for 
the  worship  and  oracle  of  Aphrodite  (Venn-). 

APHAREUS  (-ei  ,  father  of  Idas  and  Lyn- 
ceus.  the  AphdretUdde  (also  Aphdreia  prole*), 
celebrated  for  their  tight  with  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux. 

APHINDA  (-ae),  an  Attic  demus  not  far 
from  Decelea,  was  originally  one  of  the  12 
towns  and  districts  into  which  Cecrops  is 
said  to  have  divided  Attica.  Here  Theseus 
concealed  Helen,  but  her  brothers  Castor  and 
Pollux  took  the  place  and  rescued  their  sister. 

APHftDiRSiAS  (-adis),  the  name  of  several 
places  famous  for  the  worship  of  Aphrouite 
(Venus). — (1)  A  town  in  Caria  on  the  site  of 
an  old  town  of  the  Leleges,  named  Ninde :  un- 
der the  Romans  a  free  city  and  asylum,  and 
a  flourishing  school  of  art. — (2)  Also  called 
Veneris  Ori'mr.u.  a  town,  harbor,  and  island 
on  the  coast  of  Cilicia,  opposite  to  Cyprus. 

APHRODITE  (-es),  called  VENUS  (-5ris),  by 
the  Romans,  the  goddess  of  love  aud  beauty. 
In  the  Iliad  she  is  represented  as  the  daughter 
of  Zen-  andDione;  but  later  poets  frequently 
relate  that  .she  was  sprung  from  the  loam  of 
the  sea,  whence  they  derive  her  name.  She 
was  the  wife  of  Hephaestos  (Vulcan) ;  but  she 
proved  faithless  to  her  hnsband,  and  was  in 
love  with  Ares  (Mars)  the  god  of  war.  She 
also  loved  the  gods  Dionysus  (Bacchus).  Her- 
mes (Mercury  .  and  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and 
the  mortal-  ANoniSES  and  Atoms.  She  sur- 
passed all  the  other  goddesses  in  beauty,  and 
hence  received  the  prize  of  beauty  from  Paris. 
[Paris.]  She  likewise  had  the  power  of  grant- 
ing beauty  and  invincible  charms  to  others, 
and  whoever  wore  her  magic  girdle  imraedi- 


Vends  (Aphbobitjc)  of  Milo.    (Louvre.) 
D 


APHTHONIUS. 


47 


APIS. 


Aphrort'Ue  (Venus)  nrul  Eros  (Cupid). 
(Causei  Museum  Romanum,  vol.  I.  tav.  40.) 

ately  became  an  object  of  love  and  desire. 
In  the  vegetable  kingdom  the  myrtle,  rose, 
apple,  poppy,  etc.,  were  sacred  to 
her.  The  animals  sacred  to  her, 
which  are  often  mentioned  as 
drawing  her  chariot  or  serving  as 
her  messengers,  are  the  sparrow, 
the  dove,  the  swan,  the  swallow, 
and  a  bird  called  iynx.  She  is  gen- 
erally represented  in  works  id" art 
with  her  son  Eros  (Cupid).  The 
principal  places  ofher  worship  in 
Greece  were  the  islands  of  Cyprus 
and  Cythera.  Her  worship  was  of 
Eastern  origin,  and  probably  in- 
troduced by  the  Phoenicians  to 
the  islands  of  Cyprus  and.  Cythera, 
from  whence  it  spread  all  over 
Greece.  She  appears  to  have  been 
originally  identical  with  Astarle, 
called  by  the  Hebrews  Ashtoreth. 
APHTHOnIUS  (-i),of  Antioch, 
a  ( Ireefe  rhetorician,  lived  about 
a.i>.  315,  and  wrote  the  introduc- 
tion to  the  study  of  rhetoric,  en- 
tilled  Proffymntumata.  It  was  used 

as  the  common  school-book  in  this 

branch  of  education  for  several 

centuries. 

APHTTI8  (-is),  a  town  in  the  peninsula 
Pallene  in  Macedonia,  with  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple and  oracle  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  Amnion. 

APIA.    [Apis.] 

APTCTUS  (-i),  the  name  of  three  notorious 
gluttons.— (1)  The  first  lived  in  the  time  of 
Sulla. — (2)  The  secoud  and  most  renowned, 


M.  Gabius  Apicius,  flourished  under 
Tiberius.  Having  squandered  his 
fortune  on  the  pleasures  of  the  table, 
he  hanged  himself.— (3)  A  contempo- 
rary of  Trajan,  sent  to  this  emperor, 
when  he  was  in  Parthia,  fresh  oys- 
ters, preserved  by  a  skillful  process 
of  his  own. — The  work  on  Cookery 
ascribed  to  Apicius  was  probably 
compiled  at  a  late  period  by  some  one 
wdio  prefixed  the  name  of  Apicius 
in  order  to  insure  the  circulation  of 
his  book. 

APIDlNUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Thes- 
saly,  flowing  into  the  EuTpeus  near 
Pharsalus. 

APlOLAE  (-arum),  a  town  of  La- 
tium,  destroyed  by  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus. 

APION,  a  Greek  grammarian,  and 
a  native  of  Oasis  in  Egypt,  taught 
rhetoric  at  Rome  in  the"  reigns  of 
Tiberius  and  Claudius.  He  wrote  a 
work  against  the  Jews,  to  which  Jo- 
seph us  replied  in  his  treatise  Against 
Apion. 

APION  PTOLEMAEUS.    [Ptolk- 

MAKC8.] 

APIS  (-is).  (1)  Sou  of  Phoroneus 
and  Laodice,  king  of  Argos,  from 
whom  Peloponnesus,  and  more  es- 
pecially Argos,  was  called  Avia. — (2) 
The  sacred  Bull  of  Memphis,  wor- 
shiped as  a  god  among  the  Egyp- 
tians. There  were  certain  signs  hy  which  he 
was  recognized  to  be  the  god.     At  Memphis 


he  had  a  splendid  residence,  containing  ex- 
tensive  walks  and  courts  for  his  amusement. 
His  birthday,  which  was  celebrated  cverj 
year,  was  a  day  of  rejoicing  for  all  Egypt 
His  death  was  a  season  of  public  mourn- 
ing, which  continued  till  another  sacred  bull 
was  discovered  by  the  pi  lei  I  . 


Ai'onoTi. 


48 


APOLLO. 


£p0d5T1  (-ornm),  a  people  in  the  S.E.  of 
Aetolia,  between  the  Evenns  and  Hylaethns. 
Xpolltxauis,  siDONirs. 

Al'dl.l.lxis  PH.,  a  promontory  in  N.Af- 
rica, forming  the  W.  point  of  the  gulf  of  Car- 
thage. 

XPOLLO  C-Inis),  one  of  the  great  divinities 
of  the  Greeks,  son  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  and  Leto 
(Latona)  and  twin  brother  of  Artemis  (Diana1. 
was  born  in  the  island  ofDelos,  whither  Leto 
had  fled  from  the  jealous  Hera  Juno).  [Leto.] 
The  powers  ascribed  to  Apollo  are  apparently 
of  different  kinds,  but  are  all  connected  with 
one  another,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing classification.  lie  is— 1.  The  god  who  pun- 
isAea,  whence  he  is  represented  with  a  bow 
and  arrows.  All  sudden  deaths  were  believed 
to  be  the  effect  of  his  arrows  ;  and  with  them 
he  sent  the  plague  into  the  camp  of  the  Greeks 
before  Troy. — 2.  The  god  who  affords  help,  and 
wards  off  evil.  As  he  had  the  power  of  pun- 
ishing men,  so  he  was  also  able  to  deliver 
men,  if  duly  propitiated.  From  his  being  the 
tri'd  who  afforded  help,  he  is  the  father  of 
Aesculapius,  the  god  of  the  healing  art,  and 
was  also  identified  in  later  times  with  P 
the  god  of  the  healing  art  in  Homer. — 3.  The 
god  of  prophecy.  Apollo  exercised  this  power 
In  his  numerous  oracles,  and  especially  m  that 
of  Delphi.  Hence  he  is  frequently  called  the 
Pythian  Apollo,  from  Pytho,  the  ancient  name 
of  Delphi.  He  had  the  power  of  communicat- 
ing the  gift  of  prophecy  both  to  gods  and 
men,  and  all  the  ancient"  seers  and  prophets 
are  placed  in  some  relationship  to  him. — t. 
The  god  of  tony  and  music.  We  find  him  in 
the  Iliad  delighting  the  immortal  gods  with 
his  phorminx;  and  the  Homeric  bards  de- 
rived their  art  of  song  either  from  Apollo  or 


the  Muses.  Hence  he  is  placed  in  close  con- 
nection with  the  Muses,  and  is  called  Musa- 
ijetes,  as  leader  of  the  choir  of  the  Muses. 
Later  tradition  ascribed  to  Apollo  even  the 
invention  of  the  flute  and  lyre,  while  it  is 
more  commonly  related  that  he  received  the 
lyre  from  Hermes  (Mercury).  Respecting  his 
musical  contests,  sec  Maksyas,  Mipas. — 5.  The 
god  who  protects  the  flocks  and  cattle.  There 
are  in  Homer  only"  a  few  allusions  to  this 
feature  in  the  character  of  Apollo,  but  in  later 
writers  it  assumes  a  very  prominent  form, 
attd  in  the  story  of  Apollo"  tending  the  flocks 
of  Admetus  at "Pherae,  iu  Thessaly,  the  idea 


(Osterle;  Denk.  der  altuu  Kunst,  tav.  32.) 


The  Pytlimn  Apollo. 
(Audran,  i  rqportion  Ju  Corps  Humain,  pi. 18.) 

its  height — 6.  The  mill  vim  delights  in 
the  foundation  of  towns  ami  tin*  establi  hi)  •  ni 
i,/  civil  constitutions.  Hence  a  town  or  a  col- 
ony was  never  founded  by  the  Greeks  with- 
out consultinir  an  oracle  of  Apollo,  so  that  in 
every  case  he  became,  as  it  were,  their  spirit- 
ual leader. — 7.  The  tan'  oj  the  Sun.  In  Homer, 
Apollo  and  Helios,  or  the  Sun,  are  perfectly 
distinct,  and  his  identification  with  the  Sun, 
though  almost  universal  among  later  writers, 
was  the  result  of  later  speculations,  and  of 
foreign,  chiefly  Egyptian,  influence.—  Apollo 
bad  more  influence  upon  the  Greeks  than  any 
other  god.  It  may  safely  be  asserted  that  the 
Greeks  would  never  have  become  what  they 
were,  without  the  worship  of  Apollo:  in  him 
the  brightest  side  of  the  Grecian  mind  is  re- 
flected. Iu  the  religion  of  the  early  Romans 
there  is  no  trace  of  the  worship  of  Apollo. 
The  Romans  became  acquainted  with  t\u<  di- 
vinity through  the  Greeks,  and  adopted  .ill 
their  notions  about  him  from  the  latter  peo- 
ple. During  the  second  Punic  war,  in  212, 
the  ludi  Apollinares  were  instituted  in  his 
honor.— The  most  beautifui  among  the  ex- 
tant representations  of  Apollo  is  the  Apollo 
Belvedere  at  Koine,  iu  which  he  appears  as 
the  perfect  ideal  of  youthful  manliness. 


Apollo  Cituaboedus.    (Munich.) 


AFOLLODORUS. 


49 


APPIANUS. 


XPOLL5DORUS  (-1),  of  Athens,  flourished 
about  b.o.  140.  His  work,  entitled  Bibliotheca, 
contains  a  well-arranged  account  of  the  Greek 
mythology. 

APOLLONIA  (-ae).  (1)  An  important  town 
in  lllyria,  not  far  frum  the  mouth  of  the  Aous, 
and  60  stadia  from  the  sea.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Corinthians  and  Corcyraeaus,  and  was 
equally  celebrated  as  a  place  of  commerce  and 
of  learning.  Many  distinguished  Romans, 
among  others  the  young  Octavius,  afterwards 
the  emperor  Augustus,  pursued  their  studies 
here.  Persons  traveling  from  Italy  to  Greece 
and  the  East  usually  landed  either  at  Apol- 
lonia  or  Dyrrhacium. — (2)  A  town  in  Mace- 
donia, on  the  Via  Egnatia,  between  Thessa- 
lonica  and  Amphipolis,  and  S.  of  the  lake  of 
Bolbe.— (3)  a  town  in  Thrace  on  the  Black 
Sea,  a  colony  of  Miletus,  had  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Apollo,  from  which  Lucullus  carried 
away  a  collossus  of  this  god,  and  erected  it 
on  the  Capitol  at  Rome. — (4)  A  castle  or  for- 
tified town  of  the  Locri  Ozolae,  near  Naupac- 
tus.— (5)  A  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily.— 
(6)  A  town  in  Bithynia  on  the  lake  Apolloni- 
atis,  through  which  the  river  Rhyndacus  Hows. 
— (7)  A  town  in  Cyrenaica  and  the  harbor  of 
Cyrene,  one  of  the  5  towns  of  the  Pentapolis 
in  Libya:  it  was  the  birthplace  of  Eratosthe- 
nes. 

APOLLONIS  (-is),  a  city  in  Lydia,  between 
Pergamus  and  Sardis,  named  after  Apollouis, 
the  moiher  of  king  Eumcnes. 

APOLLONIUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Ai.auanda  in  Ca- 
ria,  a  rhetorician,  taught  rhetoric  at  Rhodes, 
about  B.O.  100.  —  (2)  Of  Ai.auanda,  suruameu 
Moi.o,  likewise  a  rhetorician,  taught  rhetoric 
at  Rhodes.  In  b.o.  61,  Apollonius  came  to 
Rome  as  embassador  of  the  Rhodians,  on 
which  occasion  Cicero  heard  him;  Cicero 
also  received  instruction  from  Apollonius  at 
Rhodes  a  few  years  later.  —  (3)  Pebgaeus, 
from  I'erga  in  Pamphylia,  one  of  the  great- 
est mathematicians  Of  antiquity,  commonly 


called  the  "Great  Geometer,"  was  educated 
at  Alexandria  under  the  successors  of  Euclid, 
and  flourished  about  u.o.  250-220.— (4)  Riiodi- 
us,  a  poet  and  grammarian,  was  born  at  Alex- 
andria, and  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Ptol- 
emy Philopator  and  Ptolemy  Epiphanes  (b.o. 
222-1S1).  In  his  youth  he  was  instructed  by 
Callimachus ;  but  they  afterwards  became  bit- 
ter enemies.  Apollonius  taught  rhetoric  at 
Rhodes  with  so  much  success  that  the  Rho- 
dians honoredhim  withtheirfranchise;  hence 
he  was  called  the  "  Rhodian."  He  afterwards 
returned  to  Alexandria,  where  he  succeeded 
Eratosthenes  as  chief  librarian  at  Alexan- 
dria. His  poem,  called  the  Argonautica,  gives 
a  description  of  the  adventures  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.—(5)  Tyanensih  or  Tyanaeus,  i.e.  of 
Ty&na  in  Cappadocia,  a  Pythagorean  philos- 
opher, was  born  about  4  years  before  the 
Christian  era.  Apollonius  obtained  great  in- 
fluence by  pretending  to  miraculous  powers. 
His  life  is  written  Dy  Philostratus.  After 
traveling  through  the  greater  part  of  the  then 
known  world,  he  settled  down  at  Ephesus, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  proclaimed  the  death 
of  the  tyrant  Domitian  the  instant  it  took 
place. 

APONUS  or  APONI  FONS,  warm  medici- 
nal springs,  near  Pa tavium, hence  called  Aquae 
Patavinae,  were  much  frequented  by  the  sick. 

APPIA  VIA  (-ae),  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  Roman  roads,  was  commenced  by  Ap. 
Claudius  Caecus,  when  censor,  b.o.  312,  and 
was  the  great  line  of  communication  between 
Rome  and  southern  Italy.  It  issued  from  the 
Porta  Capena,  and  terminated  at  Capua,  but 
was  eventually  extended  to  Brundusiuni. 

APPIANUS  (-i),  the  Roman  historian,  a 
native  of  Alexandria,  lived  at  Rome  during 
the  reigns  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus 
Pius,  lie  wrote  a  Roman  history  in  24  hooks, 
of  which  only  part  has  come  down  to  us.  Hi* 
style  is  clear;  but  he  possesses  few  merits  u 
a  historian. 


r  -  >  i¥M 


Appiiin  Wny. 


APPIAS. 


50 


ARABIA. 


AI'l'iAS  (-&dis),  a  nymph  of  the  Appian 
well,  which  was  Bituated  near  the  temple  of 
Venus  Genetrix  in  the  foram  of  Julias  Caesar. 
Ii  was  Burroundedby  statues  of  nymphs  called 
Appiades. 

APPII  FORUM.     [Forum  Arm.] 

APPtJLlIUS  or  APULEIUS  (-i),  ofMadura 
in  Africa,  born  about  a.i>.  130,  received  the 
rirnt  rudiments  of  education  at  Carthage,  and 
afterwards  studied  the  Platonic  philosophy  at 
Athens.  He  next  traveled  extensively,  visit- 
ing Italy,  Greece,  and  Asia.  After  his  return 
to  Africa  he  married  a  very  rich  widow.  His 
most  important  work  is  the  Golden  Ass,  which 
is  a  kind  of  romance.  The  well-known  and 
beautiful  tale  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  forms  an 
episode  in  this  work. 

APPHLEIUS  SATURNINUS.     [Saturni- 

M  S.  J 

APRIES,  a  kin?  of  Egypt,  the  Pharaoh- 
Hophra  of  Scripture,  succeeded  his  father 
Psammis,  and  reigned  n.o.  595-570.     He  was 

dethroned  and  put  to  death  by  AmasiS. 

APSUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Illyria,  flowing  into 
the  Ionian  sea. 

APSYRTDS.     [Absyrtgs.] 

APUANI  (-orum),  a  Liguriau  people  on  the 
Macra,  subdued  by  the  Romans  after  a  long 
resistance, and  transplanted  to  Samnium,  n.o. 
180. 

APfJLEIUS.     [Ai'i-ri.Kirs.] 

APULIA  (-ae),  included,  in  its  widest  sig- 
nification, the  whole  of  the  S.E.  of  Italy  from 
the  river  Frento  to  the  promontory  Iapyginm. 
In  its  narrower  sense  it  was  the  country  E. 
of  Samnium  on  both  sides  of  the  Aufidus,  the 
Dannia  and  Peucetia  of  the  Greeks:  the  S.  E. 
part  was  called  Calabria  by  the  Romans.  The 
Greeks  gave  the  name  of  Dannia  to  the  N. 
part  of  the  country  from  the  Frento  to  the 
Aufidus,  of  Peucetia  to  the  country  from  the 
Aufidus  to  Tarentum  and  Brundnsium,  and 
oflapygia  or  Messapia  to  the  whole  of  the 
remaining  S.  part ;  though  they  sometimes 
included  under  [apygia  all  Apulia  in  its  wid- 
est meaning.  The  country  was  very  fertile, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tarentum, 
and  the  mountains  afforded  excellent  pastur- 
age. The  population  was  of  a  mixed  nature: 
they  were  for  the  most  part  of  Illyriau  origin, 
and*  are  said  to  have  settled  in  the  country 
under  the  guidance  of  Iapyx,  Daunius,  and 
Peucetius,  three  sous  of  an  Illyriau  kitiL',  I.y- 
caon.  Subsequently  many  towns  were  found- 
ed by  Greek  colonists.  The  Apulians  joined 
the  Samnites  against  the  Romans,  and  be- 
came subject  to  the  latter  on  the  conquest  of 
the  Samnites. 

X.QUAE  -arum),  the  name  given  by  the 
Romans  to  many  medicinal  springs  and  bath- 
ing-places:— (1)  Cutiliak,  mineral  springs  in 
Samnium  near  the  ancient  town  of  Cutilia, 
which  perished  in  early  times,  andE.  of  Rente. 
There  was  a  celebrated  lake  in  its  neighbor- 
hood, with  a  floating  island,  which  was  re- 
fas  the  umbilicus  or  centre  of  Italy. 
■  p  i-ian  died  at  this  place.— (2)  Patavixae. 
[Apohi  Pons.]— (3)  Sextiae  (Aix),  a  Roman 
colony  in  Gallia  Narhonensis,  founded  by  Sex- 
tiua  Calvinus,  B.C.  122 ;   its   mineral  waters 


were  long  celebrated.  Near  this  place  Mar; 
us  defeated  the  Teutoni,  b.o.  102. — (*)  Stati- 
Kt.i.Ai:,  a  town  of  the  Statielli  in  Liguria,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  warm  baths. 

S.QUILARIA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Zeugitana  in  Africa,  on  "he  W.  side  of  Iler- 
maeum  Pr.  (C.  lion).  It  was  a  good  landing- 
place  in  summer. 

&QUILEIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Gallia  Transpa- 
dana  ;it  the  very  top  of  the  Adriatic,  about  60 
stadia  from  the  sea.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Romans  in  n.o.  Is2,  as  a  bulwark  against  the 
northern  barbarians,  and  was  one  of  the 
strongest  fortresses  of  the  Romans.  It  was 
also  a  flourishing  place  of  commerce.  It  was 
taken  and  completely  destroyed  by  Attila  in 
A.i).  452:  its  inhabitants  escaped  to  the  La- 
goons,  where  Venice  was  afterwards  built. 

iQUILLlA  VIA  (-ae),  began  at  Capua,  and 
ran  S.  through  the  very  heart  of  Lucauia  and 
Bruttii  to  Rnegium. 

iQUII.Llrs  or  IQUILITJS  (-i).  (1)  Con- 
sul, n.o.  129,  finished  the  war  against  Aris- 
toniens,  son  of  Eumenes  of  Pergamus. — (2) 
Consul,  B.o.  101,  finished  the  Servile  war  in 
Sicily.  In  88  he  was  defeated  by  Mithridates, 
who  put  him  to  death  by  pouring  molten  gold 
down  his  throat. 

iQUILDNIA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Samnium,  E. 
of  Bovianum,  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in 
the  Samnite  wars. 

XQDINUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Volscians  in 
Latitim;  a  Roman  municipium  and  after- 
wards a  colony;  the  birthplace  of  Juvenal ; 
celebrated  for  its  purple  dye. 

AQUlTANlA  (-ae).  (1)  The  country  of 
the  Aquitani,  extended  from  the  Garumna 
(Garonne)  to  the  Pyrenees.  It  was  first  con- 
quered by  Caesar's  legates.— (2)  The  Roman 
province  of  Aquitania,  formed  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  extended  from  the  Ligeris  (Loire), 
to  the  Pyrenees,  and  was  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  Mons  Cevenna,  which  separated  it 
from  Gallia  Narbonensis.  The  Aquitani  were 
of  Iberian  or  Spanish  origin. 

ARA  UBI5RUM,  a  place  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bonn  in  Germany,  perhaps  Godesberg. 

ARABIA  (-ae),  a  country  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Asia,  forming  a  large  peninsula,  of 
a  sort  of  hatchet  shape,  bounded  on  the  \V.  by 
the  Arabiofs  Sinus  (lied  Sea),  on  the  S.  and 
S.B.  by  the  Ebythraeum  Mark  [GulfofEab- 
d-Mandeb  and  Indian  Ocean),  and  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  Persicns  Sinus  {Persian  Gulf).  On  the 
N.  or  land  side  its  boundaries  were  somewhat 
indefinite,  but  it  seems  to  have  included  the 
whole  of  the  desert  country  between  Egypt 
and  Syria,  on  the  one  side,  and  the  banks  of 
the  Euphrates  on  the  other.  It  was  divided 
into  3  parts:  (1)  Arabia  Petraka,  including 
the  triangular  piece  of  land  between  the  two 
heads  of'the  Red  Sea  (the  peninsula  of  M. 
Sinai;  and  the  country  immediately  to  the  N. 
and  X.E.,  and  called  from  its  capital  Petra; 
while  the  literal  signification  of  the  name 
"  Porky  Arabia"  agrees  also  with  the  nature 
of  the  country;  (2)  Arabia  Deseuta,  includ- 
ing the  great  "Syrian  Desert  and  a  portion  of 
the  interior  of  the  Arabian  peninsula;  (3) 
Arabia  Felix,  consisting  of  the  whoV  couu- 


AKABICUS  SINUS. 


ARBELA. 


try  uot  included  in  the  two  other  divisions. 
The  ignorance  of  the  ancients  respecting  the 
interior  of  the  peninsula  led  them  to  class  it 
with  Arabia  Felix,  although  it  properly  be- 
longs to  Arabia  Deserta,  for  it.  consists  of  a 
sandy  desert.  There  is  only  on  the  W.  coast 
a  belt  of  fertile  land,  which  caused  the  an- 
cients to  apply  the  epithet  of  Felix  to  the 
whole  peninsula.— The  inhabitants  of  Arabia 
were  of  the  race  called  Semitic  or  Aramaean, 
and  closely  related  to  the  Israelites.  The 
N.W.  district  (Arabea  Peiraca)  was  inhabited 
by  the  various  tribes  w  hich  constantly  appear 
in  Jewish  history:  the  Atnalekites,  Midian- 
ites,  Edoraites,  Moabites,  Ammonites,  etc. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  called  the  inhabit- 
ants by  the  name  of  Nakatiiari,  whose  cap- 
ital was  Petra.  The  people  of  Arabia  Deserta 
were  called  Arabes  Sceuitae,  from  their  dwell- 
ing in  tents,  and  Arabes  Nomadae,  from  their 
mode  of  life.  From  the  earliest  known  period 
a  considerable  traffic  was  carried  on  by  the 
people  in  the  N.  (especially  the  Nabathaei) 
by  means  of  caravans,  and  by  those  on  the  S. 
and  E.  coast  by  sea,  in  the  productions  of 
their  own  country  (chiefly  minis,  spices,  and 
precious  stones),  and  in  those  of  India  and 
Arabia.  The  only  part  of  Arabia  ever  con- 
quered was  Arabia  Petraea,  which  hei  ame  un- 
der Trajan  a  Roman  province.  Christianity 
was  early  introduced  into  Arabia,  where  it 
spread  to  a  great  extent,  and  continued  to 
exist  side  by  side  wil  h  the  old  religion  (which 
was  Sabaeism;  or  the  worship  of  heavenly 
bodies),  and  with  some  admixture  of  Judaism, 
until  the  total  revolution  produced  by  the  rise 
of  Mohammedanism  in  622. 

ARABICUS  SIMS  (-i:  Red  Sea),  a  long 
narrow  gulf  between  Africa  and  Arabia,  con- 
nected on  the  S.  wiih  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the 
Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  and  on  the  N.  di- 
vided into  two  beads  by  the  peninsula  of 
Arabia  Petraea  Penins.  of  Sinai),  the  I-:,  of 
which  was  called  sinus  Aelauites  or  Aelani- 
ticus  (Gulf  of  Akaba),  and  the  W.  Sinus  He- 
roopolites  or  Heroopoliticus  [Gulf  of  Sv-ez). 
Respecting  its  other  name  see  Ebyturaeum 
Mare. 

ARABlS  (-is),  a  river  of  Gedrosia  falling 
Into  the  Indian  Ocean,  \V.  of  the  month  of 
the  [ndus,  and  dividing  the  Orltae  on  ji^  \v. 
from  the  ArabTtae  or  Arblee  on  its  E. 

IRACHNE  (-es),a  Lydiau  maiden, daughter 
of  Idmon  of  Colophon,  a  famous  dyer  in  pur- 
ple. Ara<  hnG  excelled  in  the  ait  oi  weaving, 
ami,  prond  of  her  talent,  ventured  i<>  chal- 
lenge Athi  na  (Minerva)  to  compete  with  her, 
The  maiden  produced  a  pie<  e  of  cloth  in 
which  the  amours  of  the  gode  were  woven, 

»nd  a    lie de     could  and  no  fault  with  ii, 

•-lie  tore  tin-  work  to  pieces.  Arachne,  in  de- 
spair, hung  herself:  Athena  loosened  the  rope 
and  saved  her  life,  hut  tin-  rope  was  changed 
into  a  cobweb,  anil  Arachn.  herself  into  a 
spider  (Arachne).  This  fable  si  m 
gesi.  thai  man  learned  the  an  of  weaving  from 
the  spider,  and  that  it  was  invented  iiiLydia. 

lCHSSIA  (-ae),  01 fthe  E.  i  rovinces 

oi  the  Persian  'ami  afterwards  ofthe  Parthian) 
Empire,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Indus,  on 

the   N.  by   the    I'aropaini-adiic,  on    tin-  \\  .  l,v 

D2 


Drangiana,  and  on  the  S.  by  Gedrosia.  It  was 
a  fertile  country. 

AltACHTHUS  (-i)  or  ARETPO  (-onis),  a 
river  of  Epirus,  rising  in  M.  Lacmon  or  the 
Tymphean  mountains,  and  flowing  into  the 
Ambracian  gulf. 

ARACYNTHTJS  (-i),  a  mountain  on  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Aetolia,  near  Pleuron,  some- 
times ]daced  in  Acarnania.  Later  writers  er- 
roneously make  it  a  mountain  between  Boe- 
otia  and  Attica,  and  hence  mention  it  in  con- 
nection with  Amphion,  the  Boeotian  hero. 

A  RA.DTJS  (-i :  in  0.  T.  Arvad),  a  small  island 
off  the  coast  of  Phoenicia,  wit  h  a  nourishing 
city,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  exiles  from 
Sidon.  It  possessed  a  harbor  on  the  main- 
land, called  Antaradus. 

ARAE  PHILAENORUM.     [Philaeni.] 

ARAR  or  ARARIS  (-is:  Sat'me),  a  river  or 
Gaul,  rises  in  the  Vosges,  receives  the  Dubis 
(Dmili.sj  from  the  E.,  after  which  it  becomes 
navigable,  and  flows  with  a  quiet  stream  into 
the  Rhone  at  Lugdunum  (/..  on  . 

ARATUS  (-i)."  (1)  The  celebrated  general 
ofthe  Achaeans,  son  of  Clinias,  was  born  at 
Sicyon,  «.o.  271.  His  father  was  murdered 
when  he  was  a  child,  and  was  brought  up  at 
Aigos.  At  'Id  years  of  age  lie  delivered  Sicyon 
from  the  rule  of  its  tyrant,  and  united  the  city 
to  the  Achaean  League,  which  gained  in  con- 
sequence a  great  accession  of  power,  n.o.  251. 
[A(  iiAi.i.l  In  '.'45  be  was  elected  general  of 
I  he  league,  which  office  be  frequently  held  ill 

subsequent  years.     But  lie  excelled  more  in 

negotiation  than  in  war:  and  in  his  war  with 
the  Aetolians  and  Spartans  he  was  often  de- 
feated. In  older  to  resist  these  enemies  he 
cultivated  the  friendship  ofAntigonue  Doson, 
king  of  Macedonia,  and  of  his  successor  Phil- 
ip; but  as  Philip  was  evidently  anxious  to 

make  himself  master  of  all  Greece,  dissensions 

arose  between  him  and  A  rat  us,  and  the  latter 

was  eventually  poisoned  in  Vie  by  the  king's 

order.  (2)  Of  Soli,  afterwards  Pompeiopoue, 
in  Cilicia,  flourished  ij.o.  270,  and  spent  the  lat- 
ter part  of  hi-,  life  ai  the  conrl  of  Antigonus 

GonataS,  king  of  Macedonia.      lb'  wrote   two 

astronomical  poems,  entitled  Phaenomena  and 
Diosemeia,  which  were  very  popular  in  an- 
cient times.  They  were  translated  into  Latin 
by  <  licero,  by  <  laesar  Germauicns,  the  grand- 
son of  Augustus,  and  by  Fesl  tn    Avienus. 

\i;  Wks  (-is),  the  name  of  several  rivers. 
— (1)  In  Armenia,  rising   ill    M.    \ha  or  Alms, 
joining  t he  t  '\ rns   ana  falling  with  it   into 
the  Cn  plan  sea.    The  A  raxes  was  proverbial 
for  i  he  force  of  its  cum  nl       2)  In  Mi 
tni.i.    f  \  noma  ian.  | — (3)  Iii  Persia,  the  river  on 
which   Persepolis  Btood,  flowing  into  a  Milt 
lake  not  far  below  Per  ep    i         I)  Itisdoubl 
ftil  whether  the  Araxe    if  Herodotus  is  the 
ame  a    I  he  0   n     J  ax  Aim   .or  Volga. 
ARB  \<T;s  i  is),  the  founder  of  the  Median 
empii  e.  nccoi  ding  to  Cte  ias,  is  -aid  to  have 
taken  Nineveh  in  conjunction  with  Belesis, 

the    Bab)  Ionian,  and    to    1,  ■  |  .  d    the 

old  Assyrian  empire  tinder  the  reigu  ofSar- 
dnnapaltis,  u.o.  s;r,. 

\  I:  in. I.  \  ae),  a  city  of  \dinbi  tie  in  \s- 
syria,  celebrated  a-  the  bead-quarters  of  Da- 


AK15USCULA. 


AKCHILOCHUS. 


rius  Codomannus,  before  the  last  battle  in 
which  he  was  overthrown  by  Alexander  (b.o. 
831  .  which  is  hence  frequently  called  the  bat- 
tle Of  Arbela,  though  it  was  really  fought  near 
Gai  ga.mei.a,  about  60  miles  W.  of  Arbela. 

ARBUSCULA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  female  ac- 
tor iu  pantomimes  in  the  time  of  Cicero. 

ARCA  (-ae),  or-AE  (-arum),  an  ancient  city 
in  the  N.  of  Phoenicia  ;  the  birthplace  of  the 
emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

ARCADIA  (-ae),  a  country  in  the  middle 
of  Peloponnesus,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
mountains,  the  Switzerland  of  Greece.  The 
Achelous,  the  greatest  river  of  Peloponnesus, 
rises  in  Arcadia.  The  N.  and  E.  parts  of  the 
country  were  barren  and  unproductive;  the 
W.  and  S.  were  more  fertile,  with  numerous 
valleys  where  corn  was  grown.  The  Arcadi- 
ans regarded  themselves  as  the  most  ancient 
people  iu  Greece :  the  Greek  writers  call  them 
indigenous  and  Pelasgians.  They  were  chiefly 
employed  in  hunting  and  the  tending  of  cattle, 
whence  their  worship  of  Pan,  who  was  espe- 
cially the  god  of  Arcadia  and  of  Artemis. 
They  were  passionately  fond  of  music,  and 
cultivated  it  with  success.  The  Arcadians  ex- 
perienced fewer  changes  than  any  other  peo- 
ple in  Greece,  and  retained  possession  of  their 
country  upon  the  conquest  of  the  rest  of  Pe- 
loponnesus by  the  Dorians.  After  the  second 
Messenian  war,  the  different  towns  became 
independent  republics,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant were  M  an  tinea,  Tegea,  Okciiomenus, 
Psorms,  and  Piienf.cs.  Like  the  Swiss,  the 
Arcadians  frequently  served  as  mercenaries. 
The  Lacedaemonians  made  many  attempts  to 
obtain  possession  of  parts  of  Arcadia,  but 
these  attempts  were  finally  frustrated  by  the 
battle  of  Leuctra  (is.c.  371);  and  iu  order  to 
resist  all  future  aggressions  on  the  part  of 
Sparta,  the  Arcadians,  upon  the  advice  of 
Epaminondas,  built  the  city  of  Megalopolis. 
They  subsequentlyjoined  the  Achaean  League, 
and  finally  became  subject  to  the  Romans. 

ARCADIUS  (-i),  emperor  of  the  East,  elder 
son  of  Theodosius  I.,  and  brother  of  Houo- 
rius,  reigned  a.i>.  395-408. 

ARC  AS  (-adis),  king  of  the  Arcadians,  sou 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Callisto,  from  whom  Ar- 
cadia was  supposed  to  have  derived  its  name. 

ARCESlLAUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Pitane,  in  Aeolis,  succeeded 
Crates  about  b.o.  241  in  the  chair  of  the 
Academy  at  Athens,  and  became  the  founder 
of  the  second  or  middle  Academy.  He  is  said 
to  have  died  in  his  76th  year  from  a  fit  of 
drunkenness.— (2)  The  name  of  four  kings  of 
Gyrene.     [Battiadae.] 

ARCESTUS  (-i),  father  of  Laertes,  and  grand- 
father of  Ulysses,  who  is  hence  called  .1  rcesi- 
ades. 

ARCHELATJS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Hr.uon  the 
Great,  was  appointed  by  his  father  as  his  suc- 
cessor, and  received  from  Augustus  Judaea, 
Samaria,  and  Idumaea,  with  the  title  of  eth- 
narch.  In  consequence  ofhis  tyrannical  gov- 
ernment Augustus  banished  him  in  a.i>.  7  to 
Vienna  in  Gaul,  where  he  died. — (2)  King  of 
Macedonia  (b.o.  413-399),  an  illegitimate  son 
of  Perdiccas  II.,  obtained  the  throne  by  the 


murder  ofhis  half-brother.  He  was  a  warm 
patron  of  art  and  literature.  His  palace  was 
adorned  with  paintings  by  Zeuxis;  and  Eu- 
ripides, Agathon,  and  other  men  of  eminence, 
were  among  his  guests. — (3)  A  distinguished 
general  of  Mithkidates,  defeated  by  Sulla  in 
Boeotia,  b.o.  S6.  He  deserted  to  the  Romans 
b.o.  81. — (4)  Son  of  the  preceding,  was  raised 
by  Pompey,  in  u.c.  63,  to  the  dignity  of  priest 
of  the  goddess  at  Comana  in  Pont  us  or  Cap- 
padocia.  Iu  56  or  55  Archelaus  became  king 
of  Egypt  by  marrying  Berenice,  the  daughter 
of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  who,  after  the  expulsion 
of  her  father,  had  obtained  the  sovereignty 
of  Egypt.  But  at  the  end  of  6  months  he  was 
defeated  and  slain  iu  battle  by  Gabinins,  who 
had  marched  with  au  army  into  Egypt  in  or- 
der to  restore  Ptolemy  Auletes. — (5)  Son  of 
No.  4,  and  his  successor  in  the  office  of  high- 
priest  of  Comana,  was  deprived  of  his  dignity 
by  Julius  Caesar  iu  47.— (6)  Son  of  No.  5,  re- 
ceived from  Antony,  in  u.o.  36,  the  kiugdom 
of  Gappadocia — a  favor  which  he  owed  to  the 
charms  ofhis  mother  Glaphyia.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  kingdom  by  Tiberius,  a.i>.  17; 
and  Cappadocia  was  then  made  a  Roman 
province.  —  (7)  A  philosopher  of  the  Ionic 
school,  born  either  at  Athens  or  at  Miletus. 
He  flourished  about  b.o.  450. 

ARCHIAS  (-ae).  (1)  An  Heraclid  of  Co- 
rinth, who  founded  Syracuse,  b.c.  734. — (2)  A. 
Licinius  Aucuias,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  An- 
tioch  in  Syria,  about  b.o.  120,  came  to  Rome 
in  102,  and  was  received  iu  the  most  friendly 
way  by  the  Luculli,  from  whom  he  obtained 
the  gentile  name  of  Licinius.  He  was  enrolled 
a3  a  citizen  at  Heraciea  in  Lucania :  and  as 
this  town  was  united  with  Rome  by  a  foedus, 
he  subsequently  obtained  the  Roman  fran- 
chise in  accordance  with  the  lex  Plautia  Pa- 
piria  passed  in  b.c.  89.  In  61  he  was  accused 
of  assuming  the  citizenship  illegally.  He  was 
defended  by  his  friend  M.  Cicero  in  the  extant 
speech  fro  Archia,  in  which  the  orator,  after 
briefly  discussing  the  legal  points  of  the  case, 
rests  the  defense  of  his  client  upon  his  merits 
as  a  poet,  which  entitled  him  to  the  Roman 
citizenship. 

ARCIIIDAMUS  (-i).the  name  of  5  kings  of 
Sparta. — (1)  Son  of  Anaxidamns,  contempo- 
rary with  the  Tegcatan  war,  which  followed 
soon  after  the  second  Messenian,  b.c.  60S.— (2) 
Son  of  Zeiixidamus,  succeeded  his  grandfather 
Leotychides,  and  reigned  b.o. 469-427.  He  op- 
posed making  war  upon  the  Athenians  ;  but 
after  the  Peloponnesian  war  broke  out  (u.o. 
431),  he  invaded  Attica,  and  held  the  supreme 
command  of  the  Peloponnesian  forces  till  Ids 
death  in  429.— (3)  Grandson  of  No.  2,  and  son 
of  Agesilaus  II.,  reigned  b.o.  361-33S.  In  338 
he  went  to  Italy  to  aid  the  Tarcntines  against 
The  Lucanians,  and  there  fell  in  battle.— (4) 
Grandson  of  No.  3,  and  son  of  Eudamidas  I., 
was  king  in  b.c.296,  when  he  was  defeated  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes.— (5)  Son  of  Eudamidas 
II.,  and  the  brother  of  Agis  IV.  He  was  slain 
soon  after  his  accession,  b.c.  240.  He  was  the 
last  king  of  the  Eurypontid  race. 

ARCHILOCHUS  (-i),  of  Paros,  was  one  of 
the  earliest  lyric  poets,  and  the  first  who  com- 
posed Iambic  verses     He  flourished  about 


II  rad  of  Akf.s  (M.\m).    (Glyptothek,  Munich.) 


ARCHIMEDES. 


53 


ARES. 


b.o.  714-676.  He  went  from  Pares  to  Thasos 
With  a  colouy,  but  afterwards  returned  to  Pa- 
ros,  and  fell  in  battle  in  a  war  against  the 
Naxians.  His  fame  was  chiefly  founded  ou 
his  satiric  iambic  poetry.  He  had  been  a 
suitor  to  Neobnle,  one  of  the  daughters  of 
Lycambes,  who  first  promised  aud  afterwards 
refused  to  give  his  daughter  to  the  poet.  En- 
raged at  this  treatment,  Archilochns  attacked 
the  whole  family  in  an  iambic  poem,  with 
such  effect  that  the  daughters  of  Lycambes 
are  said  to  have  hung  themselves  through 
shame.  While  at  Thasos,  he  incurred  the  dis- 
grace of  losing  his  shield  in  an  engagement 
with  theThracians  of  the  opposite  continenl  ; 
but,  instead  of  being  ashamed  of  thedisa'-  er, 
he  recorded  it  in  his  verse. 

ARCHIMEDES  (-i  and  is),  of  Syracuse,  the 
most  famous  of  ancient  mathematicians,  was 
born  H.O.  287.  He  was  a  friend,  if  not  a  kins- 
man, of  Iliero,  for  whom  he  constructed  vari- 
ous engines  of  war,  which,  many  years  after- 
wards, were  so  far  effectual  in  the  defense  of 
Syracuse  against  Marcellns,  as  to  convert  the 
siege  into  a  blockade.  The  accounts  of  the 
performances  of  these  engines  are  evidently 
exaggerated  ;  and  the  story  of  the  burning  of 
the  Homan  ships  by  the  reflected  rays  of  the 
sun  is  probably  a  fiction.  When  Syracuse 
was  taken  (u.C.  212),  Archimedes  was  killed 
by  tie-  Roman  soldiers, being  a1  the  time  ju- 
tenl  upon  n  math«tratical  problem.  Some  of 
his  works  have  cooe  down  to  us. 

ARCHYTAS  £~ae),  of  Tarentum,  a  distin- 
guished philosopher,  mathematician,  general, 
anil  statesman,  lived  about  B.C.  400,  and  on- 
wards, lie  rcas  contemporary  with  Plato, 
Whose  life  he  is  said  to  have  saved  by  his  in- 
fluence with  the  tyrant  Dionysins.  lie  was 
drowned  irtiile  upon  a  voyage  on  the  Adri- 
atic. As  a  philosopher,  he  belonged  to  the 
Pythagorean  school. 

ARCONNESUS  (-i).  (1)  An  island  off  the 
coa  '  of  Ionia,  near  Lebedus,  also  called  Aspiu 
and  Maoris. — '2;  Aii  island  off  the  const  of 
('aria,  opposite  Halicarnassus,  of  which  it 
formed  the  harbor. 

ARCTINUS  (-i),  of  Miletus,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished among  the  cyclic  poets, probably 

lived  about,  B.O.  TT'J. 

ARCTOPHYLAX.    [A'toros  ] 

ARCTOS  (-i),  "the  Bear."  two  constella- 
tions near  the  X.Pole.  (1)  TflB  GBBA1  Hi  ah 
(f/V.svt  Major),  also  called  the  Wagon  (plaus 
Irinin.  The  ancient  Italian  name  ol'lhis  con- 
stellation was  Septem  Triones,  that  ij,  the  n,  ven 
Plowing  Oxen,  also  Septentrio,  ami  with  the 
epithet  Major  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Sep- 
tentrio Minor,  or  Leesei  Bear,  2)  The  Lessbh 
or  Little  Bi  i  b  I  ri  sa  Kinor  ,  likew  i  e  i  ailed 
the  Wagon,  and  Cynosura  dog's  tail)  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  constellation  to  the  up- 
turned curl  of  a  dog's  tail.  The  constellation 
before  the  Great  Bear  was  called  Bodies,  A  rcto- 
phfllax,  or  Arcturus.  At  a  later  time  Arcto- 
phylax  became  the  general  name  .,t  the  con- 
stellati  d,  and  the  word  ArctSrut  was  con 
fined  tc«  the  chief  star  in  it.  All  these  con- 
stcllatii'Bs  are  connected  in  mythology  with 
the  Atvhliau  nymph  Caltjsto,  the  daughter 


of  Lycaon.  Metamorphosed  by  Zeus  (Jupiter, 
upon  the  earth  into  a  she-bear,  Callisto  win, 
pursued  by  her  son  Areas  in  the  chase,  and 
when  he  was  on  the  point  of  killing  her,  Zeus 
placed  them  both  among  the  stars,  Callisto 
becoming  the  Great  Bear,  and  Areas  the  Little 
Bear  or  Bootes.  In  the  poets  the  epithets  of 
these  stars  have  constant  reference  to  the 
family  and  country  of  Callisto :  thus  we  rind 
them  called  Lycaonis  Arctos;  Maenalia  Arc- 
tic and  Maenalis  Ursa  (from  M.  Maenalus  in 
Arcadia) ;  Erymanthis  Ursa  (from M. Eryman- 
thns  in  Arcadia) ;  Parrhasides  stellae  (from 
the  Arcadian  town  Parrhasia.) — Though  most 
traditions  identified  Bootes  with  Areas,  others 
pronounced  him  to  be  Icarus  or  his  daughter 
Erigone.  Hence  the  Septentriones  are  called 
Boves  Icarii. 

AKCTURUS.     [Arotos.] 

ARDEA  (-ac),  the  chief  town  of  the  Rntnll 
in  Latiuni,  situated  about  3  miles  from  the 
sea,  one  of  the  most  ancient  places  in  Italy, 
and  the  capital  of  Turnus.  It  was  conquered 
and  colonized  by  the  Romans,  b.o. 442. 

ARDUENNAS1LYA  (-ae),  the  Ardennes,  a 
vast  forest  in  the  WW.  of  Gaul,  extending 
from  the  Rhine  and  the  Treviri  to  the  Nervii 
and  Remi,  and  N.  as  far  as  the  Scheldt. 

ARDYS,  son  ofGyges,  king  of  Lydia,  reign- 
ed n.o,  678-629. 

X.RELATE  (-cs),  ARELAS  (-atis),  or  iRE- 
LATUM  (-i)  (Aries),  a  town  in  Gallia  Narbo- 
uensis,  al  the  head  of  the  Delta  of  i he  Rhone 
OU  the  left  bank,  and  a  Roman  colony.  The 
Roman  remains  at  Aries  attest  the  greatness 
of  the  ancient  city:  there  are  still  the  ruins 
of  an  aqueduct,  theatre,  amphitheatre,  etc. 

AREOPAGUS.    [Athenae.] 

ARES  (-is),  called  MARS  (-His),  by  the  Ro- 
mans, the  Creek  god  of  war,  ami  one  of  the 
great  Olympian  gods,  is  called  the  son  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  aud  Hera  (Juno).  He  is  repre- 
sented as  delighting  in  the  din  and  roar  of 
battles,  in  the  slaughter  of  men,  and  in  the 
destruction  of  towns.  Hi-  savage  ami  san- 
guinary character  makes  him  haled  by  the 
olher  gods  and  !iy  his  own  parents.      He  was 

wounded  by  Diomedes,  who  was  assisted  by 
Athena  (Minerva),  and  in  his  fall  he  roared 
like  ten  thousand  warrior-.  The  gigantic 
Aloidaehad  likewise  conquered  him,  ami  kept 
him  a  prisoner  lor  13  months,  until  he  was 
delivered  by  Hermes  (Mercury).  Hewasalso 
1- |uered  by  Hercules,  with  whom  he  fought 

onaCCOUUl  of  hi-  soil  CyCnUS,  and  was  obliged 

to  return  t  > Olympus.    Thi   Ben  e  ami  Rlgaii 

tie,  bill  willed   hand    01 1,  loved  ami  won 

beloved  by  Aphrodite  (Venus).    I  Arnnom  i  k 
According  to  ll   late  tradition,  Ares  Blew  Ha- 

lirrhothius,  the  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
when  he  was  offering  violence  to  AlcippG,  the 
daughter  of  Ares.  Hereupon  Poseidon  ac 
i  u  ed  \ie-  in  the  Areopagus,  whore  theOlym- 
piau  gods  were  a-  enabled  in  court,    A  i  - 

ed,  ami  thisevenl  was  believed  to  have 
given  rise  to  the  name  Areopagus,    In  On  ece 

the  worship  of  Ares  was  verj  general, 

mid  it  was  probably  introduce. i  from  Thrace. 

i  ling  the  Roman  god  of  war,  .see 
M  a  as. 


ARESTOR. 


54 


ARGOS. 


X.RESTOR  [-5ri8),fatherofArgus,the  guard- 
ian of  Io,  who  is  therefore  called  .1  rest 

A.RETAS,  the  name  of  several  kim's  of  Ara- 
bia Petraea.  — (1)  A  contemporary  of  Pom- 
pey,  invaded  Judaea  in  n.o.  65,  in  order  to 

Clace  Hyrcanus  on  the  throne,  but  was  driven 
aek  by  the  Romans,  who  espoused  the  cause 
of  Arietobulus.  His  dominions  were  subse- 
quentlv  invaded  by  Scauras,  the  lieutenant 
of  Pompey. — (2)  The  father-in-law  of  Herod 
Antipas,  invaded  Judaea  because  Herod  had 
dismissed  the  daughter  of  Aretas  in  conse- 
quence of  his  connection  with  Herodiaa  This 
Aretas  seems  to  have  been  the  same  who  had 
possession  of  Damascus  at  the  time  of  the 
convereionof  the  Apostle  Paul,  a.d.  31. 

ARETHLSA  (-ae),  one  of  the  Xereids,  and 
the  nymph  of  the  famous  fountain  of  Are- 
thusa'in  the  island  of  Ortygia,  near  Syracuse. 
For  details,  see  Ai.piiecs. 

ARETILM.     [Abbetium.] 

AKEl'S  (-i).  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded  his 
grandfather,  Cleomenes  II.,  and  reigned  u.c. 
309-265.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Mace- 
donians. 

iREVACAE(-arnm),orARBVACI(-6mm), 
the  most  powerful  tribe  of  the  Celtiberians  in 
Spain,  near  the  sources  of  the  Tagus,  derived 
their  name  from  the  river  Areva,  a  tributary 
of  the  Drains. 

ARGENTORATUM  (-i),  or  -TDS  (-i), 
(Strasburg),  an  important  town  on  the  Rhine 
in  Gallia  Belgica,  and  a  Roman  municipium. 

ARGES.     [Cyci.opks.] 

ARGI.     [Argos.] 

ARGIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Adrastus  and 
Amphithea,  and  wife  of  Polynices. 

ARGILETLM  (-i),  a  district  in  Rome,  ex- 
tending from  the  S.  of  the  Quirinal  to  the  Cap- 
itoline  and  the  Forum.  It  was  chiefly  inhab- 
ited by  mechanics  and  booksellers. 

ARGILUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  be- 
tween Amphipolis  and  Bromiscus,  a  colony 
of  Andros._ 

ARGIXUSAE  (-arum),  3  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Aeolis,  opposite  Mytileue  in  Les- 
bos, celebrated  for  the  naval  victory  of  the 
Athenians  over  the  Lacedaemonians  under 
Callicratidas.  b.O;_406. 

ARGlPHONTES  (-is),  "the  slayer  of  Ar- 
gus," a  surname  of  Hermes  (Mercury). 

ARGIPPAEI  (-6mm),  a  Scythian"  tribe  in 
Sarmatia  Asiatica,  who  appear  to  have  been 
of  the  Calmnck  race. 

ARGITHEA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  Atha- 
mania  in  Epirus. 

ARGIVA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Hera  or  Juno 
from  Argos,  where  she  was  especially  hon- 
ored.    [A  BOOS.] 

ARGIVL     [Aboos.] 

ARGO.     [Abgos  \ttak.] 

ARGoLIS.    [Abgos.] 

ARGON" ALTAI-:  (-arum),  the  Argonauts, 
'"the  sailors  of  the  Argo,"  were  the  heroes 
who  sailed  to  Aea  (afterwards  called  Colchis) 
for  the  purpose  of  fetching  the  golden  fleece. 
In  order  to  get  rid  of  Jason  [Jason],  Pelias, 
king  of  Iolcus  in  Thessaly,  persuaded  him  to 
fetch  the  golden  fleece,  which  was  suspended 
on  an  oak-tree  in  the  j^rove  of  Ares  (Mars)  in 


Colchis,  and  was  guarded  day  and  night  by  u 
dragon.  Jason  undertook  the  enterprise,  and 
commanded  Argus,  the  son  of  phrixu-.  to 
build  a  ship  with  50  oars,  which  was  called 
Ainu  after  the  name  of  the  builder.  The 
goddess  Athena  (Minerva)  is  represented  in 
works  of  art  superintending  the  building  of 
the  ship.  Jason  was  accompanied  by  all  the 
great  heroes  of  the  age,  such  as  Hercules, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  Theseus,  etc. :  their  num- 
ber is  said  to  have  been  50.  After  meeting 
with  many  adventures,  they  at  length  arrived 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Phasis.  The  Col- 
chiau  king  Aeetes  promised  to  give  up  the 
golden  fleece,  if  Jason  would  yoke  to  a  plow 
two  fire-breathing  oxen  with  brazen  feet,  and 
sow  the  teetli  of  the  dragon  which  had  not 
been  used  by  Cadmus  at  Thebes.  Medea,  the 
daughter  of  Aeetes,  fell  in  love  with  Jason, 
and,  on  his  promising  to  marry  her,  she  fur- 
nished him  with  the  means  of  resisting  ti:e 
and  steel,  and  sent  to  sleep  the  dragon  that 
guarded  the  golden  fleece.  After  Jason  had 
taken  the  treasure,  he  and  his  Argonauts  em- 
barked by  night,  along  with  Medea,  and  sailed 
away.  On  their  return  they  were  driven  by 
a  storm  to  the  W.  of  Italy  ;'  and,  after  wan- 
dering about  the  western  "coasts  of  the  Med- 
iterranean, they  at  length  arrived  at  Iolcus. 
[Medea  ;  Jam>n.]  The  tale  of  the  Argonauts 
may  have  arisen  from  the  commercial  enter- 
prises which  the  wealthy  Minyans,  who  lived 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Iolcus,  made  to  the 
coasts  of  the  Euxiue. 

ARGOS  is  said  to  have  signified  a  plain  in 
the  language  of  the  Macedonians  and  Thessa- 
liaus,  and  it  may  therefore  contain  the  same 
root  as  the  Latin  word  ager.  In  Homer  we 
find  mention  of  the  Pelasgic.  Argos,  that  is,  a 
town  or  district  of  Thessaly,  and  of  the  Achae- 
an Argos,  by  which  he  means  sometimes  the 
whole  Peloponnesus,  sometimes  Agamem- 
non's kingdom  of  Argos,  of  which  Mycenae 
was  the  capital,  and  sometimes  the  town  of 
Argos.  As  Argos  frequently  signifies  the 
whole  Peloponnesus,  the  most  important  part 
of  Greece,  so  the  'Apielot  often  occur  in  Ho- 
mer as  a  name  of  the  whole  body  of  the 
Greeks,  in  which  sense  the  Roman  poets  also 
use  ArgivL—(l)  Ap.gos,  a  district  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, also  called  by  Greek  writers  Argia,  or 
Argolice,  or  Argblis.  Under  the  Romans  Ar- 
golis  became  the  usual  name  of  the  country, 
while  the  word  Argos  or  Argi  was  confined 
to  the  town.  The  Roman  Argolis  was  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  territory,  on 
the  \V.  by  Arcadia,  on  the  S.  by  Laconia,  and 
included  towards  the  E.  the  whole  peninsula 
between  the  Saronic  and  Argolic  gulfs;  but 
during  the  time  of  Grecian  independence  Ar- 
golis or  Argos  was  only  the  country  lying 
round  the  Argolic  gulf,  bounded  on  "the  \VT 
by  the  Arcadian  mountains,  and  separated  on 
the  X.  by  a  range  of  mountains  from  Corinth, 
Cleonae,  and  Phlius.  The  country  was  divi- 
ded into  the  districts  of  Argla  or  Argos  proper, 
Epidacria,  Ti'.or/.F.NiA,  and  Hf.r.mionis.  The 
main  part  of  the  population  consisted  of  Pe- 
lasgi  and  Achaei,  to  whom  Dorians  were  add- 
ed after  the  conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the 
Dorians.  See  below,  Xo.  2. — (2)  Argos,  or 
Abqi,  -orum,  in  the  Latin  writers,  the  capital 


ARGUS. 


AM  AN  A. 


Athena  (Minerva)  superintending  the  Buihlir.g  of  the  Argo.     (Zoega,  Bassi  rilievi,  tav.  45.) 


of  Argolis,  and,  npxt  to  Sparta,  the  most  im- 
portant town  in  Peloponnesus,  situated  in  a 
level  plain  a  little  to  the  W.  of  the  Inachns. 
It  had  an  aueient  Pelasgic  citadel,  called  La- 
rissa,  and  another  built  subsequently  on  an- 
other height.  It  was  particularly  celebrated 
for  the  worship  of  Hera  (Juno),  whose  great 
temple,  Heraewn,  lay  between  Argos  and  My- 
cenae. The  city  is  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Inaciics,  or  his  son  Piiobonkub,  or  grandson 
Aeous.  The  descendants  of  Inachns  were  de- 
prived of  the  sovereignty  by  Danaus,  who  is 

said  to  have  come  from  Egypt     The  de-cend- 

ants  of  Danaus  were  in  their  turn  obliged  to 

submit  to  the  Achaean  race  of  the  Pelopidae. 
Under  the  role  of  the  Pelopidae  Mycenae  lie- 
came  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  and  Argos 
was  a  dependent  state.  Tims  Mycenae  was 
the  royal  residence  of  Atrens  ami  of  his  son 
Agamemnon  ;  bnl  under  Orestes  Argos  again 
recovered  its  supremacy.  I'pon  i he  conquest 
of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians  Argot  fell 
tn  the  -hare  ol  Temenus,  whose  descendants 
ruled  over  the  country.  All  these  events  be- 
long to  mythology;  and  Argos  first  appears 
in  history  about  u.o  T.'.n,  ns  the  chief  state  of 
Peloponnesus,  under  its  rnler  PntDON.  Aft- 
er the  time  of  Phidon  it-  influence  declined  ; 
and  its  power  was  greatly  weakened  by  its 
wars  with  Sparta.  In  consequent •<•  of  it  -  ral- 
onsy  of  Sparta,  Argos  took  no  pari  in  the  Per- 
ilan  war.  In  the  Pelopoonesinn  war  il  i  ided 
with  Athens  against  Sparta.  Al  this  time  its 
govi  riimeni  was  a  democracy,  but  nl  n  later 
period  it,  fell  under  the  power  of  tyrants,  in 
'24:1  it.  joined  the  Achaean  League, and  on  the 
conquest  of  the  latter  by  the  Romans,  I46.it  be- 
came a  part  of  the  Roman  province  of  Achaia. 

ARGUS  (-i).  (l)Son  of  Zeus  Jupiter)  and 
Niobe,  ::d  kingofAriros.  (2)  Surnamed  Pak- 
opths,  "the  all-seeing,"  because  he  had  a  hun- 
dred '■>•'■-,  son  of  Agenor,  or  Arestor,  or  tna- 
chus.     Hera  (J >)  appointed  him  guardian 


of  the  cow  into  which  Io  had  been  metamor> 
phosed  ;  but  Hermes  (Mercury),  at  the  com- 
mand of  Zeus,  scut  him  to  sleep  by  the  sweet 
notes  of  his  flute,  and  then  cut  off  his  head. 
Hera  transplanted  his  eyes  to  the  tail  of  the 
peacock,  her  favorite  bird.— (3)  The  builder 
of  the  Argo,  son  of  Phrixus. 

ARGYRlPA.    [Ami.] 

AHIA  or  -IA  (-tie),  the  most  important  of 
the  eastern  provinces  of  the  ancient  Persian 
empire,  was  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Paro- 
pamisadae,  on  the  N.  by  Margiana  and  llyr- 
cania,  on  the  W.  by  l'ai  tlda,  and  on  the  S.  by 
the  desert,  of  Carniania.  Prom  Aria  Was  de- 
rived the  name  under  which  till  the  eastern 
provinces  were  included.     [Auiana.] 

AirrAI)NE(-es),or.\KTAI)NA  (-ae),  daugh- 
ter of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  fell  in  love  with 

Theseus,  when  he  was  seul   by  his  father  to 

convey  the  tribute  of  the  Athenians  to  the 

Minotaur,  and   gave   him  the   ClSW  of  thread 

by  means  of  which  be  fonnd  his  way  out  of 
the  Labyrinth.  Theseus  in  return  promised 
to  many  her,  and  she  accordingly  left  Crete 

with  him  ;  but  on  their  arrival  in  the  island 
of  Ida  (Naxos),   she   was    killed    by   Arlemis 

(Diana).  This  is  the  Homeric  account;  but 
the  111 common  tradition  related  thai  The- 
seus deserted  Ariadne  in  Naxos,  where  she 

Was  found    by    Dionysus,  who   made    Ikt   bis 

wife,  ami  placi  'i  i "  i be    tar    the  crown 

which  be  ga^  e  ber  nl  their  mat  i  In  ;e 

AliTAKi's  (-i),  the  friend  of  Cyrns,  com- 
tnauded  the  left  wing  of  the  nrmj  al  the  battle 
of  Cnnaxa,  b.o.  401.  After  the  death  of  (Jyrna 
he  purchased  his  pardon  from  Artaxerxesby 
deserting  the  Greeks. 

A  Iff  AN  A  (-ae),  derived  from  Asia,  from  the 
specific  sense  or  which  II  mnsl  be  carefully 
distinguished,  was  the  general  name  of  the 
eastern  provinces  of  the  Persian  empire,  in- 
cluding   I'arthia,   Aria,   the    I'aropnini-.ehe  . 


ARIARATHES. 


56 


ARIOBARZANES. 


ARIA8PAJB  or  AGRI- 
ASPAE  (-arum),  a  people 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  Persian 
province  of  Drangiana,  on 
the  borders  of  Gedrosia, 

5.RICIA  (-ae),  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium  at  the  foot 
of  the  Alban  Mount,  on  the 
Appian  Way,  1C  miles  fn  m 
Rome.  It  wan  subdued  by 
the  Romans,  with  the  other 
Latiu  towns,  in  n.o.  33S, 
and  received  the  Roman 
franchise.  In  its  neigh- 
borhood  was  the  celebra- 
ted grove  and  temple  of 
Diaua  Aricina,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Lacue  Nemo- 
reusis.  Diana  was  wor- 
shiped here  witli  barbar- 
ous customs:  her  priest, 
called  rex  nemorensis,  was 
always  a  runaway  slave, 
who  obtained  his  office  by 
killing  his  predecessor  in 
single  combat. 

iRlMASPI  (-unim),  a 
people  in  the  N.  of  Seythia, 
represented  as  men'  with 
only  one  eye,  who  fought 
with  the  griffins  for  the 
possession  of  the  gold  iu 
their  neighborhood.  The 
germ  of  the  fable  is  per- 
haps to  be  recognized  in 
the  fact  that  the  Ural 
mountains  abound  in  gold. 
Arachosia,  Drangiana,  Gedrosia,  and  Car-  ARIMI  (-dram),  and  ARIMA  (-orum),  the 
mania.       _  names    of  a    mythical    people,  district,  and 

ARIARATHES  (-i),  the  name   of  several    range  of  mountains  in  Asia  Minor,  which  the 
kin_^  of  Cappadocia. —  (1)  Son  of  Ariamnes    °'d  Greek  poets  made  the  scene  of  the  pun- 

ted  by  Perdiccas,  and  crucified,  u.c.    ishmentjif  the  monster  Typhoons. 

322.     Euineuee  -hen  obtained  possession  of       iRIMINUM  (-i:  Rimini),  a   town  in  I'm- 

.—(2)  Son  of  Holophernes,  and    bria.  at  the  mouth  of  the  little  river  Arimi- 

nephew  of  Ariarathes  I.,  recovered  Cappado-    nus.     It  was  originally  inhabited  bv  I'rnbri- 

cia  after  the  death  of  Eumenes,  815.     He  was    ans  and    Pelasgians,  was   afterwards  in  the 

ed  by  Ariamnes  II.  —  3   Son  ofAriam- 

nes  II..  and  grandson  of  No. '-'.  married  Stra- 
tonice,  daughter  of  Antiochus  II..  kis 
ria.— (4)  Son  of  No.  3,  reigned  220-162.  lie 
married  Antiochis,  the  daughter  of  Antiochus 
the  Great,  and  assisted  Antiochus  in  his  war 
against  the  Romans.  After  the  d< 
Antiochn-s  Ariarathes  sued  for  peace  in  18S, 
which  he  obtained  on  favorable  terms.  —  (£) 
Son  of  No.  -:.  Bnrnamed  Philopator,  reigned 

L    Be  assisted  the  Romans  in  their  war 

3|    Aristonicus    of  Pergainns,  and   fell 

in  this  war,  130.— (*)  Son  of  No.  5,  reigned 

130-96.    He  marrit  sister  of  Mith- 

-  VI..  king  of  Pontus.  and  was  p:::  to 
death  by  Mithridates.— (7,  Son  of  No.  <;,  also 
murdered  by  Mithridates,  who  now  took  pos- 
ofhie  kingdom.  The  Cappadocians 
rebelled  against  Mithridates,  and  placed  upon 
the  throne'.— (8)  Second  son  of  No.  6;  but  he 
was  speedily  driven  out  of  the  kingdom  by 
Mithridates,  and  shortly  afterwards  died.— 
Cd)  son  of  Ariobarzanes  1 1.,  reigned  4-2-36.  He 
was  deposed  and  put  to  death  by  Antony,  who 
appointed  Archelaus  as  his  successor. 


Dannecker's  Ariadne.    (Frankfort.) 


possession  of  the  Senones,  ami  was  colonized 
by  the  Romans  in  n.o.  20-s,  from  which  time 
it  appears  as  a  flourishing  place.  After  leav- 
ing Cisalpine  Gaul,  it  was  the  first  town  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Italy  which  a  person  ar- 
rived at  in  Italia  pjroper. 

AKiOBAEZAXES(-is).  I.  Kings  or  Satraps 
of  Pontus.— (1)  Betrayed  by  his  son  Mithri- 
dates to  the  Persian  king,  about  n.o.  400.— (2) 
Son  of  Mithridates  I.,  reigned  363-337.  Ke 
revolted  from  Arlaxerxes  in  S&2,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  kingdom  of 
Pontus.— (3)  Son  of  Mithridates  III  .  ; 
266-240,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mith 
IV.  II.  Kings  of  Cappadocia.— (1)  Surnamed 
Pnit.oROMAEOS,  reigned  u.o.  '.'8-1;::.  and  was 
elected  king  by  the  Cappadocians,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Romans.  He  was  several 
times  expelled  from  his  kingdom  by  Mithri- 
but  was  finally  restored  bv  Pompey  in 
63,  shortly  before  his  death.— (2)  Surnamed 
Piiir.oiATon.  succeeded  his  father  in  <;:;.— (3) 
Surnamed  Ersnncs  and  Puii.obomaecs,  son 
•  if  No.  -',  whom  he  succeeded  about  51.  lie  as- 
sisted Pompey  against  Caesar,  who  not  only 


ARION. 


57 


AEISTIDES. 


pardoned  him,  but  even  enlarged  his  territo- 
ries.   He  was  slain  in  4-.'  by  Cassius. 

ARION  (-onis).  (1)  Of  Methymna  in  Les- 
bos, a  celebrated  lyric  poet  and  player  on  the 
cithara,  and  the  inventor  of  dithyrarnbic  po- 
etry. He  lived  about  b.c.  025,  and  spent  a 
great  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Periander, 
tyrant  of  Corinth.  On  one  occasion,  we  are 
told,  Arion  went  to  Sicily  to  take  part  in  some 
musical  contest.  He  won  the  prize,  and,  laden 
with  presents,  he  embarked  in  a  Corinthian 
ship  to  return  to  his  friend  Periander.  The 
rude  sailors  coveted  his  treasures,  and  medi- 
tated his  murder.  After  trying  in  vain  to 
save  his  life,  he  at  length  obtained  permission 
once  more  to  play  on  the  cithara,  and,  as  soon 
as  he  had  invoked  the  gods  in  inspired  strains, 
he  threw  himself  into  the  sea.  But  many 
song-loving  dolphins  had  assembled  round 
the  vessel,  and  one  of  them  now  took  the  bard 
on  its  back  and  carried  him  to  Tacnarus,  from 
whence  he  returned  to  Corinth  in  safety,  and 
related  his  adventure  to  Periander.  Upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Corinthian  vessel,  Periander  in- 
quired of  the  sailors  after  Arion,  who  replied 
that  he  had  remained  behind  at  Tarentum; 
but  when  Arion,  at  the  bidding  of  Periander, 
came  forward,  the  sailors  owned  their  u'tiilt, 
and  were  punished  according  to  their  desert. 
— (2)  A  fabulous  horse,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  begotten  by  Poseidon  (Neptune). 

APJOVISTUS  (-i),  a  German  chief,  who  had 
Conquered  a  great  part  of  Gaul,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Caesar,  and  driven  across  the  Rhine, 
b.o.  r»s  Ariovistus  escaped  across  the  river 
in  a  small  boat. 

iBISTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Apollo  and  CyrenS, 
was  bom  in  Libya.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Thrace,  where  he  fell  in  love  with  Enrydice, 
the  wife  of  Orpheus.  The  latter,  while  fleeing 
from  him,  perished  by  the  bite  of  a  serpen  1 ; 
whereupon  the  Nymphs,  in  anger, destroyed 
the  bees  ofAristaeus.  The  way  in  which  he 
recovered  his  bees  is  related  in  the  fourth 
Georgic  of  Virgil.  After  his  death  he  was 
worshiped  ae  a  eod  on  account  of  the  benefits 

he  bad  conferred  upon  mankind.  He  was  re- 
garded as  the  protector  ol  flocks  and  shep- 
herds, of  vine  and  olive  plantations:  be  taught 
men  to  keep  bees,  and  averted  from  the  fields 
the  burning  heat  of  the  sun  and  other  causes 
of  destruct  ion. 

ARISTAO'iUAS  (-ae),  of  Miletus,  brother- 
in-law  of  Histiaeua,  was  left  liy  the  latter  dur- 
ing his  Stay  at  the  Persian  court  in  ch 

the  government  of  Miletus.  Having  failed  in 
an  attempt  upon  Naxoe  (b.o. 501), which  he 
had  promised  to  subdue  for  the  Persian  ,  and 
fearing  the  consequencei  of  his  failure,  he  in- 
dm  ed  the  ionl  in  citlef  to  revoll  from  Persia. 
lie  applied  for  assistance  to  the Spartani  and 

Athenians :  the  former  refused,  1ml  the  latter 
sent  him  20  ships  and  some  troops.  In  499 
his  army  captured  and  burned  Sardls.  but  was 
finally  chased  back  to  the  coast.  The  Athe 
uow  departed  ;  the  Persians  conquered 
most  of  the  [oniau  cil  let  .  ami  Aristagoras  in 

despair  fled  to  Thrace,  where  he  was  slain  by 
the  Kdoiiians  in  4!l7. 

IRISTARCHUS  (-1).  (1)  OfSaraos,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician  and  astronomer  at  Alex- 


andria, flourished  between  b.c.  2S0  and  264. — 
(2)  Of  Samothrace,  the  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, flourished  b.c.  156.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Aristophanes,  and  founded  at  Alexandria  a 
grammatical  and  critical  school.  At  an  ad- 
vanced age  he  went  to  Cyprus,  where  he  died 
at  the  age  of  72,  of  voluntary  starvation,  be- 
cause he  was  Buffering  from  incurable  dropsy. 
Aristarchus  was  the  greatest  critic  of  antiq- 
uity. His  labors  were  chiefly  devoted  to  the 
Homeric  poems,  of  which  he  published  an 
edition  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the 
text  from  his  time  to  the  present  day.  He  di- 
vided the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  into  24  books 
each. 

ARISTEAS,  of  Proconnesus,  an  epic  poet 
of  whose  life  we  have  only  fabulous  accounts. 
His  date  is  quite  uncertain.  He  is  represent- 
ed as  a  magician,  whose  soul  could  leave  aud 
re-enter  its  body  according  to  its  pleasure. 
He  was  connected  with  the  worship  of  Apollo, 
which  he  was  said  to  have  introduced  at  Met- 
apoutum. 

ARISTIDES  (-is).  (1)  An  Athenian,  son  of 
Lysiniachus,  surnamed  the  "Just,"  was  of  an 
ancient  and  noble  family.  He  fought  as  the 
commander  of  his  tribe  at  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon, b.o.  490;  and  the  next  year,  4s<>,  he  was 
archon.  He  was  the  great  rival  of  Themisto- 
cles,  and  it  was  through  the  influence  of  the 
latter  with  the  people  that  he  suffered  ostra- 
cism in  4S3  or  4S2.  He  was  still  in  exile  in 
480  at  the  battle  of  Salamis,  where  he  did 
good  service  by  dislodging  the  enemy,  with  a 
band  raised  and  armed  by  himself,  from  the 
islet  ofPsyttalea.  He  was  recalled  from  ban- 
ishment after  the  battle,  was  appointed  gen- 
eral in  the  following  year  (479),  and  com- 
manded the  Athenians  at  the  battle  of  Pla- 
taea.  In  477,  when  the  allies  had  become  dis- 
gusted with  the  conduct  of Pausanias and  the 
Spartans,  he  and  his  colleague  ( 'imoii  had  the 
glory  of  obtaining  for  Athens  the  command 
of  the  maritime  confederacy  ;  and  to  Aristides 
was  by  general  consent  intrusted  tin'  task  id' 
drawing  up  its  laws  and  fixing  its  nssess- 
menis.  The  first  tribute  of  460  talents,  paid 
into  a  common  treasury  at  Delos,  bore  his 
name,  and  was  regarded  by  the  allies  in  after 
time;  as.  marking  their  Saturnian  age.  This 
Is  in-  last  recordi  d  act.    He  probably  died  in 

468.  He  died  so  poor  that  he  did  mil  leave 
enough  to  pay  for  his  funeral  :   his  daughters 

were  portioned  by  the  state,  andhis  sou  Lysim- 
achus  received  a  grant  of  land  and  of  money. 

—(2)  The  author  of  a  licentious   romance,  in 

iir.ee,  entitled  Stilesiaca,  having  Miletus  for 

its  scene.      It  was  translated  into  Latin  by  I.. 

Cornelius  Sisenna,  a  contemporary  of  Sulla, 
.iihI  became  popular  with  the  Romans.    The 

title  of  his  woi  I     gave  rise  tO   the   term    Will 

itian.  as  applied  to  works  of  fiction. —(3)  of 
The  he's,  a  celebrated  Greek  painter,  nourished 
a  bout  i;  0.360  830.    His  pictures  were  bo  much 

valued  that  loir'  after  his  death  Attains,  kirn,' 

oi'  per  ■  nun  .  i .  iv. -i  ..I  600,000    e  tero     i.. i  one 

of  them.     -CI'.  \mii     \  i  is  i  iiiKs,  sin  -inn I 

Tr.r.c hjb,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhetorician, 

was  born  at  Adrian!,  in  Mysia,  in  \.n.  117. 
After  traveling  through  various  countries, 
he  settled  at  Smyrna,  where  he  died  about 


ARISTION. 


58 


ARISTOTELES. 


\.i>.  ISO.    Several  of  his  works  have  come 
down  to  us. 

ARISTlON.a  philosopher,  who  made  him- 
self tyrant  of  Athens  through  the  influence 
of  Mithridates.  Hewaspnl  to  death  by  Sulla, 
on  the  capture  of  Athens  by  the  latter,  b.o.  87. 

ARISTIPPDS  (-i),  a  native  of  Cyrene,  and 
founder  ofthe  Cyrenaic  school  of  philosophy, 
il  mrished  about  b.o.  370.  The  fame  of  Socra- 
tes brought  him  to  Athens,  and  he  remained 
with  the  latter  almost  up  to  the  time  of  his 
execution,  js.c.  399.  Though  a  disciple  of  Soc- 
rates, lie  was  luxurious  in  his  mode  of  liv- 
ing, and  he  took  money  for  his  teaching, 
lie  passed  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Dio- 
nysins,  tyrant  of  Syracuse;  but  he  appears  at 
last  to  have  returned  to  Cyrene,  and  there  to 
have  spent  his  old  age.  He  imparted  his 
doctrine  to  his  daughter  Arete,  by  whom  it 
was  communicated  to  her  son,  the  younger 
Aristippus. 

ARISTOBULUS  (-i).  (1)  The  name  of  sev- 
eral princes  of  Judaea.  Of  these  the  best 
known  in  history  is  the  brother  of  Hyrcanus, 
of  whom  an  account  is  given  under  Hykca- 
nus. — (2)  Of  Cassandrea,  served  under  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  Asia,  and  wrote  a  history 
of  Alexander,  which  was  one  of  the  chief 
sources  used  by  Arrian  in  the  composition  of 
his  work. 

ARISTODEMTJS  (-i).  (1)  A  descendant  of 
Hercules,  boh  of  Aristomachus.  brother  of 
Temenus  and  Cresphontes,  and  father  of 
Eurysthenes  and  Procles.  lie  was  killed  at 
Naupactns  by  a  Hash  of  lightning,  just  as  he 
was  setting  out  on  the  expedition  into  Pelo- 
ponnesus, and  his  iwo  son:-  obtained  Sparta, 
which  would  have  fallen  to  him.— (2)  A  Mes- 
Benian,  the  chief  hero  in  the  first  Messenian 
war.  He  sacrificed  his  own  daughter  to  save 
his  country.  lie  was  afterwards  elected  kinL' 
in  place  ofEuphaes;  and  continued  the  war 
against  the  Spartans,  till  at.  length,  rinding  re- 
sistance boneless,  he  put  an  end  to  his  life  on 
the  tomb  of  his  daughter,  about  b.o.  723. 

AKISTOGITON.    [H<kM0Ditr9.] 

ARISTQMACHTTS  (-i),son  ofCle  idemusor 
Cleodaeus,  grandson  of  Hyllus,  great-grand- 
son of  Hercules,  and  father  of  Temenus,  Cres- 
phontes, and  Aristodemns.  He  fell  in  battle 
when  he  invaded  Peloponnesus;  but  his  3 
sons  were  more  successful,  and  conquered 
Pelopon 

ARISToMKXEs  (-is),  the  Messenian,  the 
hei  i  of  be  second  war  with  Sparta,  belongs 
more  t,,  legend  than  to  history.  lie  •  i-  a 
native  of  Andania,  and  was  sprung  from  the 
royal  line  of  AepytUS.  Tired  of  tie'  yoke  of 
Sparta,  he  began  the  war  in  b.c.  685.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Mcssenians  in  the  third  year 
of  the  war,  Aristomenes  retreated  to  the 
mountain  fortress  of  Ira,  and  there  maintain- 
ed the  war  for  11  years,  constantly  ravaging 
the  land  of  Laconia.  In  one  of  his  incursions 
the  Spartans  overpowered  him  with  snperior 
numbers,  and,  carryin<_r  him  with  50  of  his 
comrades  to  Sparta,  east  them  into  the  pi; 
where  condemned  criminals  were  thrown. 
The  rest  perished;  not  so  Aristomenes,  the 
favorite  of  the  gods ;  for  legends  told  how  an 


eagle  bore  him  up  on  its  wings  as  he  fell,  and 
a  fox  guided  him  on  the  third  day  from  the 
cavern.  But  the  city  of  Ira,  which  he  had  so 
loiiir  successfully  defended,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Spartaus,  who  again  became  masters 
of  Messeuia,  b.o.  668.  Aristomenes  settled  at 
Ialysus,  in  Rhodes,  where  he  married  his 
daughter  to  Damagetus,  kin_'  id' Ialysus. 

ARISTON.  (1)  Of  Chios,  a  Stoic  philoso- 
pher,  and  a  disciple  of  Zeno,  flourished  about 
b.c.  von.— (2)  A  Peripatetic  philosopher  oflu- 
lis,  in  the  island  of  Ceos,  succeeded  Lycon  as 
head  of  the  Peripatetic  school,  about  b.o.  230. 

ARISTONICTJS  i);a  natural  son  of  Eu- 
menes  II.,  of  Pergamus.  Upon  the  death  of 
his  brother  Attains  III.,  n.o.  133,  who  left  his 
kingdom  to  the  Romans,  Aristonicus  laid 
claim  to  the  crown.  He  defeated  in  131  the 
consul  P.  Licinius  Crassus;  but  in  130  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  M.  Perperna, 
was  carried  to  Rome  by  M.  Aiquillus  in  129, 
and  was  there  put  to  death. 

ARIST5PHANES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated 
comic  poet,  was  born  about  b.o.  444,  and  prob- 
ably at  Athens.  His  father  Philippus  had 
possessions  in  Aegiua,  and  may  originally 
have  come  from  that  island,  whence  a  ques- 
tion arose  whether  Aristophanes  was  a  gen- 
uine Athenian  citizen:  his  enemy  Cleon 
brought  against  him  more  than  one  accusa- 
tion to  deprive  him  of  his  civic  rights,  but 
without  success.  He  had  three  sons,  Philip- 
pus,  Araros,  and  Nicostratns,  but  of  his  pri- 
vate history  we  know  nothing.  He  died 
about  b.c.  380.  The  comedies  of  Aristopha- 
nes are  ofthe  highest  historical  interest,  con- 
taining as  they  do  an  admirable  series  of  car- 
icatures on  the  leading  men  ofthe  day.  The 
first  great  evil  id' his  own  time  against  winch 
he  inveighs  was  the  Peloponuesian  war,  to 
which  he  ascribes  the  influence  of  dema- 
gogues like  Cleon  at  Athens.  His  play,  call- 
ed tin-  Knights,  was  especially  directed  against 
Cleon.  Another  great  object,  of  his  indigna- 
tion was  the  system  of  education  which  had 
been  introduced  by  the  Sophists,  and  which 
he  attacks  in  the  Clouds,  making  Socrates  the 
representative  ofthe  Sophists.  Another  feat- 
ure of  the  times  was  the  excessive  love  for 
litigation  at  Athens,  which  he  ridicules  in  the 
Wasps.  Eleven  of  the  plays  of  Aristophanes 
have  come  down  to  us.  As  a  poet  he  pos- 
sessed merits  ofthe  highest  order.  He  was 
a  complete  master  ofthe  Attic,  dialect,  which 
appears  in  his  works  in  its  greatest  perfection. 
— (2)  Of  Byzantium,  an  eminent  Greek  gram- 
marian, was  a  pupil  of  Zenodotus  and  Era- 
tosthenes, and  teacher  ofthe  celebrated  Aria- 
tarchus.  He  lived  about  n.o.  264,  and  bad 
the  management  ofthe  library  at  Alexandria. 
He  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  use  of 
accents  in  the  Greek  language. 

ARISTOTELES  (-is),  the  philosopher,  was 
born  at  StagTra,  a  town  in  Chalcidice  in  Mac- 
edonia, b.c.  384.  His  father, Nicomachus,  was 
phy<ician  in  ordinary  to  Amyntas  II..  king 
of  Macedonia  ;  his  mother's  name  was  Phaes- 
tis  or  Phaestias.  In  367  he  went  to  Athens 
to  pursue  his  studies,  and  there  became  a 
pupil  of  Plato,  who  named  him  the  "intellect 
of  his  school,''  and  his  house,  the  house  of 


ARISTOTELES. 


59 


Ali  JUNIUS. 


the  "reader."  He  lived  at  Athens  for  20 
years,  but  quitted  the  city  upon  the  death  of 
Plato  (347),  and  repaired  to  his  friend  Her- 
mlas  at  Atarneus,  where  he  married  Pythias, 
the  adoptive  daughter  of  the  prince.  On  the 
death  of  Hkrmias,  who  was  killed  by  the  Per- 
sians (344),  Aristotle  fled  from  Atarneus  to 
Mytileue.  Two  years  afterwards  (342)  he  ac- 
cepted an  invitation  from  Philip  of  Macedo- 
nia to  undertake  the  instruction  of  his  son 
Alexander,  then  13  years  of  age.  Here  Aris- 
totle was  treated  with  the  most  marked  re- 
spect. His  native  city,  Stagira,  which  had 
been  destroyed  by  Philip,  was  rebuilt  at  his 


request.  Aristotle  spent  7  years  in  Macedo- 
nia. On  Alexander's  accession  to  the  throne 
in  335,  Aristotle  returned  to  Athens.  Here 
he   had  the   [.vc.um,  a  gymnasium   sacred  to 

Apollo  Lyceus,  assignee!  to  him  by  the  state. 
He  assembled  round  him  a  large  Dumber  of 
scholars,  to  whom  he  delivered  lectures  on 
philosophy  in  the  shady  walks  (irepiwaTot) 
Which  surrounded  the  LycGtim,  while  walk- 
in:'  up  and  down  (  n , v).  and  noi  sitting, 

which  was  the  general  practice  of  the  philos- 
ophers. From  one  or  other  of  these  circum- 
stances the  name  Peripatetic  is  derived,  which 
was  afterwards  given  to  his  school,  lie  gave 
two  different  courses  of  lectures  every  day. 
Those  which  he  delivered  in  the  morn  ug 
(called  esoterie),  to  a  narrower  circle  of  hear- 
i  i  ,  embraced  subjects  connected  « h  h  the 
in.. re  abstruse  philo  ophy,  physics,  and  dia- 
le  i  c  .  Those  which  he  delivered  in  the  aft- 
ernoon, to  .i  i,e. re  promiscuous  cii  cle  (i  ailed 

ended  to  rhetoric,  sophist  ii 
politics,     lie  presided  over  bis  BChool  for  13 
years    (333  323).      During   this   time    he    also 
composed  the  gi eater  pari  of  his  wort       In 

these  labors  he  Was  as>isled  by  the  kingly 
liberality    of  his    former    pupil,   who    .   hi   en 

large  collections  of  natural  curiositiei  to  be 
made  for  him, to  which  posterity  Is  indebted 
for  one  <.f  i.i  t  excellent  works,  the  His- 
tory Of  Animal*.  After  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander (323),  Aristotle  was  looked  upon  with 
suspicion  at  Athens  as  a  friend  ofMacedoni  t ; 
but  as  it  was  not  easy  to  briii";  any  political 
i  ion  against  him,  he  « as  accni  ed  "i 
impiety,  lie  withdrew  IV. mi  Athens  before 
hia  trial,  and  escaped  in  the  beginning  of  322 
to  Chalcie  in  Btaboea,  when-  he  died 


course  of  the  same  year,  in  the  63d  year  of  his 
age.  He  bequeathed  to  Theophrastus  his 
well-stored  library  and  the  originals  of  his 
writings.  He  is  described  as  having  been  of 
weak  health,  which,  considering  the  aston- 
ishing extent  of  his  studies,  shows  all  the 
more  the  energy  of  his  mind.  His  works, 
which  treated  of  almost  all  the  subjects  of 
human  knowledge  cultivated  in  his  time,  have 
exercised  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  hu- 
man mind ;  and  his  treatises  on  philosophy 
and  logic  still  claim  the  attention  of  every 
student,  of  those  sciences. 

ARISTOXENUS  (-i),  of  Tarentum,  a  Peri- 
patetic philosopher  and  a  musician,  flourished 
about  ii.c.  31S.  He  wrote  numerous  works, 
of  which  one  on  music  is  still  extant. 

ARlfJSIA  (-ae),  a  district  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Chios,  where  the  best  wine  in  the  island 
was  grown. 

ARMENE  (-es),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Paphlagonia,  a  little  to  the  W.  of  Sinope. 

ARMENIA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia,  lying 
between  Asia  Minor  and  the  Caspian,  is  a 
lofty  table-land,  backed  by  the  chain  of  the 
Caucasus,  watered  by  the  rivers  Cyrus  and 
A  raxes,  and  containing  the  sources  of  the 
Tigris  and  of  the  Euphrates,  the  latter  of 
which  divides  the  country  into  2  unequal 
parts,  which  were  called  Major  and  Minor.— 
The  people  of  Armenia  were  one  of  the  most 
ancient  families  of  that  branch  of  the  human 
race  which  is  called  Caucasian.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Assyrians  and  Persians,  and 
were  at  a  later  time  subject  to  the  Greek 
kings  of  Syria.  When  Antiochus  the  Great 
was  defeated  by  the  Romans  (B.o.  190),  the 
country  regained  its  independence,  and  was 
at  this  period  divided  into  the  two  kingdoms 
of  Armenia  .Major  and  Minor.    Ultimately, 

Armenia  Minor  was  made  a  Roman  province 
by  Trajan  :  and  Armenia  Major,  after  being 
a  perpetual  object  of  contention  between  (he 
Koinans  and  the  l'arthians,  was  subjected  to 
the  revived  Persian  empire  by  ils  fust,  king 
Arlaxeiwos  in  a.i>.  226. 

A  i;  mix  Jus  (-i:  the  Latinized  form  of  Her- 
mann, "the  chieftain  "),  son  of  Sigimer,  and 
chief  of  i  he  tribe  of  the  CherUSCi,  who  inhab- 
ited the  country  to  the  N.of  theHnrtzi t 

ains,  now  forming  the  8.  of  Hanover  and 
Brunswick.  Be  was  born  in  n,0.18;  and  ill 
bis  youth  he  led  the  Cheruscl  as  auxiliaries 
of  the  Roman  legiom  in  t  let  many,  where  be 
learned  the  Roman  language,  was  admitted 

tot  he  ii  eedom  of  i  be  oil  | ,  and  enrolled  ai ta 

ti jukes,    in  a.i>.  9,  Arminiii-  per  uadi  9 

his  countrymen  to  rise  against  the  Romans, 
who  were  uovi  si     of  thl    p  irl  of  <  ler- 

many.      His  attempt    was  crowned  with   BUI 

vf?><.    Qnintilins  varus,  who  was  stationed 

in  the  country  with  ::  legion  ,  wap  destroyed 
With  almost  all  hi-    t  roop     [Vauub]  J  mid  thr 
I.'. .in  ins  had  to  relinquish  all  their  po    e 
sio  ns  beyond  the  Rhine.    In  14,  Arminfushad 
to  defend  h)  i  count  rj   again  I  I  lei  manlcu 

At    firSi     he    Was    successful;    but    (ierili. 

in  idi    ;ood  hii  retreat  to  the  Rhine,     it  was 

in  i in-  cour-e  of  ibis  campaign  that  'i  hn 
ueld  '.  the  w if.-  of  Armiiiiu  ,  fell   Into   the 
hand-  of  the  Romans,     hi  (0,  Armiuiu 


ARMORICA. 


GO 


AKSACKS. 


defeated  by  Germanicns,  and  h is  country  was 
probably  only  Baved  from  subjection  by  the 

jealousy  of  Tiberius,  who  recalled  Germani- 
cns in  the  following  year.  At  length  Armin- 
ius  aimed  at  absolute  power,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence cut  off  by  his  own  relations  in  the 
37th  year  of  bis  age,  a.i>.  19. 

ARMORICA  or  AREMORiCA  (-ae),  the 
name  of  the  N.W.  coast  of  Gaul  from  the  Li- 
geris  (Loire)  to  the  Sequaua  (Heine),  derived 
from  the  Celtic  ar,  air,  "upon,"  muir,  nwr, 
"  the  sea." 

ARNA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Umbria,  near  Pe- 
rnsia. 

ARXAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia,  S.  of  Aulou  and  Bromiscus. 

ARXISSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Eordaea  in  Mac- 
edonia. 

ARXUS  (-i :  Arno),  the  chief  river  of  Etru- 
ria,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  flowing  by  Pisae, 
and  falling  into  the  Tyrrhenian  sea. 

ARoMATA  (-orum),  the  E.-most  promon- 
tory  of  Africa,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Ara- 
bian Gulf. 

ARPI  (-6rum),  an  inland  town  in  the  Dau- 
nian  Apulia,  founded,  according  to  tradition, 
by  Diomedes,  who  called  it  Argos  Hippium, 
from  which  its  later  names  of  Argyrippa  or 
Argyr'/pa  and  Arpi  are  said  to  have  arisen. 
It  revolted  to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  b.g.216,  but  was  retaken  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  213. 

ARPINUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Latium  on  the 
small  river  Pibrenns,  originally  belonging  to 
the  Volscians  and  afterwards  to  the  Samnites, 
was  a  Roman  municipium,  and  received  the 
jus  sufragii,  or  right  of  voting  in  the  Roman 
comitia,  n.o.  188.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Marius  and  Cicero. 


ARRK'J'ILM  or  ARETlUM  (-i:  Arezzo), 
one  of  the  most  important  of  the  12  cities  of 
Errtiria,  was  situated  in  the  N.E.  of  the  coun- 
try at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  and  pos- 
sessed a  fertile  territory  near  the  sources  of 
the  Arnns  and  the  Tiber,  producing  good 
wine  and  corn,  [f  was  particularly  celebrated 
for  its  pottery,  whicb  was  of  red 'ware.  The 
Ciluii,  from  whom  Maecenas  was  descended, 
were  a  noble  family  of  Arretium. 

A  RUHIDAEUS  or  ARIDAETJS  (-i),  son  of 
Philip  and  a  female  dancer,  Philinna  of  La- 
rissa,  was  of  imbecile  understanding.  On  the 
death  of  Alexander,  n.o.  323,  he  was  elected 


king  under  the  name  of  Philip,  and  in  322  he 
married  Eurydice.  On  their  return  to  Mace- 
donia, he  and  his  wife  were  made  prisoners, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  Olympias,  317. 

ARRIANCS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian  and  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Nicomedia  in  Bithynia, 
about  A.n.  9().  He  was  a  pupil  and  friend  of 
Epictetns,  whose  lectures  he  published  at 
Athens.  In  124,  he  received  from  Hadrian 
the  Roman  citizenship,  and  from  this  time 
assumed  the  name  of  Flavins.  In  136,  he  was 
appointed  praefect  of  Cappadocia,  which  was 
invaded  in  the  year  after  by  the  Alani  or  Mas- 
sagetae,  whom  lie  defeated.  Under  Antoni- 
nus Pius,  in  140,  he  was  consul ;  and  he  died 
at  an  advanced  age  in  the  reign  of  M.  Aure- 
lius.  Arrian  was  one  of  the  best  writers  of 
his  time.  He  was  a  close  imitator  of  Xeno- 
phon  both  in  the  subjects  of  his  works  and 
in  the  style  in  which  they  were  written.  The 
most  important  of  them  is  his  History  of  the 
expedition  of  Alexander  the  Great,  in  7  books, 
which  was  based  upon  the  most  trustworthy 
histories  written  by  the  contemporaries  of 
Alexander. 

ARSlCES  (-is),  the  name  of  the  founder  of 
the  Parthian  empire,  which  was  also  borne 
by  all  his  successors,  who  were  hence  called 
the  Arsdc'idae. — (1)  He  was  of  obscure  origin, 
but  he  induced  the  Parthians  to  revolt  from 
Antiochus  II.,  king  of  .Syria,  and  became  the 
fust  monarch  of  the  Parthians,  about  n.o. 250. 
The  events  which  immediately  followed  are 
stated  very  differently  by  different  historians. 
He  reigned  only  2  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother  Tiridates.  —  (2)  Tiridates, 
reigned  37  years,  n.o.  284-211,  and  defeated 
Seleucus  Callinicus,  the  successor  of  Antio- 
chus II.— (3)  Artahanus  I.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  attacked  by  Antiochus  III.  (the 
Great),  who,  however,  at  length  recognized 
him  as  king,  about  210.— (4)  Priai-atius,  sou 
of  the  preceding,  reigned  15  years,  and  left  3 
sons,  Pnraates,  Mithridates,  and  Artabauns. 
— (5)  Piiraates  I.,  was  succeeded  by  his  broth- 
er.— (5)  Mithridates  I.,  who  greatly  enlarged 
the  Parthian  empire  by  his  conquests.  He 
defeated  Demetrius  Nicator,  king   of  Syria, 


Arsacea  VI.  (Mithridates  I.). 

and  took  him  prisonet  in  138.  He  died  dur- 
ing the  captivity  of  Demetrius,  between  138 
and  130. — (7)  Phraatks  II.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, defeated  and  slew  in  battle  Antiochus 
VII.  Sidetes,  n.o.  12S.  Phraates  himself  was 
shortly  after  killed  by  the  Scythians.  — (8)  Ar- 
tabanus  II.,  youngest  son  of  Xo.  4,  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Thogarii  or  Tocharii,  ap- 
parently after  a  short  reign.— (9)  Mn  urina- 
tes II.,  son   of  the  preceding,  added  many 


ARSACES. 


61 


ARSACIDAE. 


nations  to  the  Parthian  empire,  whence  he 
obtained  the  surname  of  Great.  He  sent  an 
embassador  to  Sulla,  n.o.  92.  —  (10)  Mnasoi- 
kes  (?),the  successor  of  the  preceding,  of  whom 
nothing  is  known. — (11)  Sanatuoces,  reigned 
7  years,  and  died  about  b.c.  70. — (12)  Phraates 
III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  lived  at  the  time 
of  the  war  between  the  Romans  and  Mithri- 
dates  of  Pontus,  by  both  of  whom  he  was 
courted.  He  was  murdered  by  his  two  sons, 
Mithridates  and  Orodes.— (13)  Mithbidates 
III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  expelled  from 
the  throne  on  account  ot  his  cruelty,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Orodes. — (14)  Oco- 
deb  I.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  the  Par- 
thian king  whose  geueral  Surenas  defeated 
Crassns  aud  the  Romans,  u.o.  53.  [Ckassus.] 
After  the  death  of  Crassus,  Orodes  gave  the 
command  of  the  army  to  his  son  Pacorus, 
who  invaded  Syria  both  in  51  aud  50,  but  was 
in  each  year  driven  back  by  Cassius.  In  40, 
the  Parthians  again  invaded  Syria,  under  the 
command  of  Pacorus  aud  Labienns,  but  were 
defeated  in  30  by  Ventidius  Bassus,  oue  of 
Antony's  legates.  In  3S,  Pacorus  once  more 
invaded  Syria,  but  was  completely  defeated 
and  fell  in  the  battle.  This  defeat  was  a  se- 
vere blow  to  the  aged  king  Orodes,  who  short- 
ly afterwards  surrendered  the  crown  to  his 
sou,  Phraates,during  his  life-time.— (15)  Phka- 
ates IV.,  was  a  cruel  tyrant.  In  36,  Antony 
invaded  Partbia,  but  was  obliged  to  retreat 
after  losing  a  great  part  of  his  army.  A  few 
years  afterwards  Phraates  was  driven  out  of 
the  country  by  his  subjects,  and  Tiridates  pro- 
claimed king  in  his  stead.  Phraates,  how- 
ever, was  soon  restored  by  the  Scythians,  and 
Tiridates  fled  to  Augustus,  carrying  with  him 
tli<'  youngest  son  of  Phraates.  Augustus  re- 
stored his  son  to  Phraates,  on  condition  of 
his  surrendering  the  Roman  standards  and 
prisoners  taken  in  the  war  with  Crassns  and 
Antony.  They  were  given  up  in  20,  and  their 
restoration  was  celebrated  not  only  by  the 
poets,  but  by  festivals  and  commemorative 
monuments.  Phraates  also  sent  to  Augustus 
as  hostages  his  -i  sous.  In  a. t).  2,  Phraates 
was  poisoned  by  his  wife  Thermnsa,  and  her 
son  Phraataces.— (W)  Phraataoes,  reigned 
only  ;i  short  time,  as  he  was  expelled  by  his 
subjects  on  account,  of  his  crimes.  The  Par- 
thian nobles  then  elected  as  king  Orodes,  who 
was  of  the  family  of  the  Arsacidae.— (17)  Oro- 
DK8  II.,  also  reigned  only  a  short  time,  as  be 
was  killed  by  the  Parthians  on  account  of  his 

cruelty.  Upon  his  death  the  Parthians  ap- 
plied to  the  Romans  for  Vonones,  oi fthe 

son^  of  Phraates  iv.,  who  was 
accordingly  granted  to  them.— 
(18)  Vononek  I.,  son  of  Phraates 

IV.,  was  also  disliked  by  his  sub- 
jects, who  therefore  invited  Ar- 
tabanUS,  king  of  Media,  to  take 
possession  of  the  kingdom.  Ar- 
tabanus drove  v"ononee  out  or 
Parthla,  who  resided  flrsl  in  Ar- 
menia, next   in  Syria,  ami  BUbsi - 

quentlyin  Cilicla.  lie  was  put  to 
death  in  a.  ii.  10.—  (19)  Art  ab  ANUS 
III.,  obtained  the  Parthian  king- 
dom soon  after  the  expulsion  of 
Vonones,  about  a. i>.  10.    Artaba- 


nus  was  involved  in  hostilities  with  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  expelled  more  than  once  by 
his  subjects.  —  (20)  Gotauzf.s,  succeeded  his 
father,  Artabanus  III.,  but  was  defeated  by  his 
brother  Bardanes  and  retired  into  Hyrcania. — 
(21)  Baudanes,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
put  to  death  by  his  subjects  in  47,  whereupon 
Gotarzes  again  obtained  the  crown.— (22)  Vo- 
nones II.,  succeeded  Gotarzes  about  50.  His 
reign  was  short. — (23)  Voi.ogeses  I.,  son  of 
Vonones  II.  or  Artabanus  III.  Soon  after  his 
accession  he  conquered  Armenia,  which  he 
gave  to  his  brother  Tiridates.  He  carried  on 
war  with  the  Romans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Domitius  Corbulo,  aud  at  length  made  peace 
with  the  Romans  on  coudition  that  Tiridates 
should  receive  Armenia  as  a  gift  from  the 
Roman  emperor.  Accordingly  Tiridates  came 
to  Rome  in  63,  and  obtained  from  Nero  the 
Armenian  crown.  —  (24)  Paookus,  succeeded 
his  father  Vologeses  I.,  and  was  a  contempo- 
rary of  Domitiau  aud  Trajan. — (25)  Cnosuorcs 
or  Osroeb,  succeeded  his  brother  Pacorus 
during  the  reign  of  Trajan.  His  conquest 
of  Armenia  occasioned  the  invasion  of  Par- 
thla by  Trajan,  who  stripped  it  of  many  of 
its  provinces,  and  made  the  Parthians  for  a 
time  subject  to  Rome.  [Tbajanus.]  Upon 
the  death  of  Trajan,  in  a.d.  117,  Hadrian  re- 
linquished the  conquests  of  Trajan,  and  made 
the  Euphrates,  as  before,  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  the  Roman  empire (26)  Vologeses 

II.,  succeeded  his  father  Cbosroes,  aud  reign- 
ed from  about  a.d.  122  to  140.— (27)  Voi.oge- 
ses III.,  was  defeated  b}'  the  generals  of  the 
emperor  Verus,  and  purchased  peace  by  ceding 
Mesopotamia  to  the  Romans.  From  this  time 
to  the  downfall  of  the  Parthian  empire  there 
is  great  confusion  in  the  list,  of  kings.  The 
last  king  of  Parthia  was  Artabanus  IV.,  in 
whose  .reign  the  Persians  recovered  their 
long-lost,  independence.  They  were  led  by 
Artaxerzes,  the  sou  of  Sassan,  and  defeated 
the  Parthians  in  three  great  battles,  in  the 
last  of  which  Artabanus  was  taken  prisoner 
and  killed,  a.o.  226.  Thus  ended  the  Parthian 
empire  of  the  Arsacidae,  after  it  had  existed 
476  years.  The  Parthians  were  now  obliged 
to  submit  to  Artaxerxes,  the  founder  of  the 
dynasty  of  the  Sassanidae,  which  continued 
to  reign  till  a.h.  661. 
ARSAClA.     [Rhagae.  1 

ARSiClDAE  (-arum),  the  name  of  £,  dy- 
nasty of  Parthian  kings.    [Absaoeb.]    It  was 

also  the  name  of  a  dynasty  of  Armenian 
kings,  who  reigned  in  Armenia  from  o.O,  Ul> 


Cum  of  I'urtljiiu)  AraiKidile. 


ARSAMOSATA. 


G2 


ARTAXERXES. 


to  a.i>.  42--.  This  dynasty  was  founded  by 
Astasias  I.,  who  was  related  to  the  Parthian 
Arsacidae. 

ARSAMOsXTX,  a  town  and  strong  fortress 
in  Armenia  -Major,  between  the  Euphrates 
and  the  sources  of  the  Tigris. 

ARSANIAS    (-ae),  -lis    or   -US    (-i),  the 

name  of  two  rivers   of  Great  Armenia (1) 

The  s.  arm  of  the  Euphrates.  [Ei  phbateb.] 
— (2)  A  small  stream  flowing  W.  into  the  Eu- 
phrates near  Melitenc. 

ARSES,  NARSES,  or  OARSES,  youngest 
son  of  king  Artaxerxes  III.  Ochus,  was  raised 
to  the  Persian  throne  by  the  eunuch  Bagoas 
after  he  had  poisoned  Artaxerxes,  n.o.  3S0,  but 
he  was  murdered  by  Bagoas  in  the  3d  year  of 
his  reign.  After  the  death  of  Arses,  Bagoas 
made  Darius  III.  king. 

ARSIA  (-ae),  a  river  in  Istria,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Upper  Italy  and  Illyricum, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upou  it. 

ARSIA  SILVA,  a  wood  in  Etruria  cele- 
brated for  the  battle  between  the  Tarquins 
and  the  Romans. 

ARSINOI  (-es).  (1)  Mother  of  Ptolemy  I., 
was  a  concubine  of  Philip,  father  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  and  married  Lagus  while  she 
was  pregnant  with  Ptolemy. — (2)  Daughter 
of  Ptolemy  I.  and  Berenice;  married  first  Ly- 
simachus,  king  of  Thrace,  in  u.o.  300;  2dly, 
her  half-brother,  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  who  mur- 
dered her  children  by  Lysimachus  ;  and,  3dly, 
her  own  brother  Ptolemy  II. Philadelphns  in 
279.  Though  Arsinoe  bore  Ptolemy  no  chil- 
dren, she  was  exceedingly  beloved  by  him; 
he  gave  her  name  to  several  cities,  called  a 
district  of  Egypt,  Arsinoites,  after  her,  and 
honored  her  memory  in  various  ways.  —  (3) 
Daughter  of  Lysimachus,  married  Ptolemy  II. 
Philadelphns  "soon  after  his  accession,  n.c. 
2S5.  In  consequence  of  her  plotting  against 
her  namesake  [No.  2],  when  Ptolemy  fell  in 
love  with  her,  she  was  banished  to  Coptos,  in 
Upper  Egypt.  She  had  by  Ptolemy  three 
children,  Ptolemy  III.  Evergetes,  Lysimachus, 
and  Berenice.— (4)  Also  called  Eurydioe  and 
Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  III.  Everge- 
tes, wife  of  her  brother  Ptolemy  IV.  Philopa- 
tor,  and  mother  of  Ptolemy  V.  Epiphanes. 
She  was  killed  by  order  of  her  husband.— (5) 
Daughter  of  Ptolemy  XI.  Auletes,  was  carried 
to  Pome  i.y  ( laesar  after  the  capture  of  Alex- 
.  and  led  in  triumph  by  him  in  46.  She 
afterwards  returned  to  Alexandria;  but  her 
sister  Cleopatra  persuaded  Antony  to  have 

her  put  to  death  in  41. 

\.RSIN0B  (-es),  the  name  of  several  cities, 
each  called  after  one  or  other  of  the  persons 
mentioned  above.  Of  these  the  most  impor- 
tant were:— (1)  In  the  Nomos  Heroopolites  in 
Lower  Egypt,  near  or  upon  the  head  of  the 
Sinus  Heroopolites  or  W.  branch  of  the  Red 
■' -Hi/ 1 if  Suez)).  It  was  afterwards  called 
itra.— (21  The  chief  city  of  the  Nomos 
Arsinoites  in  Middle  Egypl  ;  formerly  called 
CrSerSdflopdlis,  from  its  being  the  chief  seat 
of  the  Egyptian  worship  of  the  crocodile. 

ARTABlNUS  (-i).     (1)  Son  of  Hyi 
and  brother  of  Darius,  is  frequently  mention- 
ed in  the  reign  of  his  nephew  Xerxes  as  a 


wise  and  frank  counselor. — (2)  An  Hyrcanian, 
commander  of  the  body-guard  of  Xerxes,  as- 
sassinated this  king  in  b.0.465,  but  was  short- 
ly afterwards  killed  by  Artaxerxes.— (3)  Kings 
of  Parthia.     [Absaoes.] 

ARTABAZUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Persian  general 
in  the  army  of  Xerxes,  served  under  Mardo- 
nins  in  B.o.  479,  and  after  the  defeat  of  the 
Persians  tit  Plalaea,  he  fled  with  40,000  men 
and  reached  Asia  in  safety.— (2)  A  Persian 
general,  fought  under  Artaxerxes  II.,  and  Ar- 
taxerxes III.,  and  Darius  III.  Codomannus. 
One  of  his  daughters,  Barsine,  became  by  Al- 
exander the  mother  of  Hercules. 

ARTABRI  (-drum),  a  Celtic  people  in  the 
N.W.  of  Spain,  near  the  Promontory  Nerium 
or  Celtieum,  also  called  Artabrum  after  them 
(C  Finiaterre). 

ARTACE  (-es),  a  sea-port  town  of  the  pen- 
insula of  Cyzicns,  in  the  Propontis;  also  a 
mountain  in  the  same  peninsula. 

AKTXClE  (-es),  a  fountain  iu  the  country 
of  the  Laestrygones. 

ARTAEI  (-drum),  was,  according  to  Herod- 
otus, the  old  native  name  of  the  Persians. 
It  signifies  noble,  and  appears,  in  the  form 
Arta,  as  the  first  part  of  a  large  number  of 
Persian  proper  names. 

AIITAPHERNES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Hystas- 
pes  and  brother  of  Darius.  He  was  satrap 
of  Sardis  at  the  time  of  the  Ionian  revolt, 
n.c.  500.  See  Aeistagoe as.  —  (2)  Son  of  the 
former,  commanded,  along  with  Datis,  the 
Persian  army  of  Darius,  which  was  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  n.c.  490.  He  com- 
manded the  Lydians  and  Mysians  in  the  in- 
vasion of  Greece  by  Xerxes  in  480. 

ARTAVASDES  or  ARTABAZES  (-is).  (1) 
King  of  the  Greater  Armenia,  succeeded  his 
father  Tigranes.  He  betrayed  Antony  in  hie 
campaign  against  the  Parthiaus  in  n.c.  36. 
.Antony  accordingly  invaded  Armenia  in  34, 
took  Artavasdes  prisoner,  and  carried  him  to 
Alexandria.  He  was  killed  after  the  battle 
of  Actium  by  order  of  Cleopatra.— (2)  King 
of  Armenia,  probably  a  grandson  of  No.  1, 
was  placed  upon  the  throne  by  Augustus,  but 
was  deposed  by  the  Armenians.— (3)  King  of 
Media  Atropatene,  and  an  enemy  of  Arta- 
vasdes I.,  king  of  Armenia.  He  died  shortly 
before  n.c.  20. 

ARTAXATA  (-5rum>,  or  -A  (-ae),  the  later 
capital  of  Great  Armenia,  built  by  Artaxias, 
under  the  advice  of  Hannibal,  on  a  peninsula, 
surrounded  by  the  river  Araxes.  After  being 
burned  by  the  Romans  under  Corbulo  (c.o. 
5S),  it  was  restored  by  Tiridates,  and  called 
Neroniana. 

ARTAXERXES  (-is),  the  name  of  4  Persian 
kings.— (1)  Snrnamed  Lonoujanbs,  from  his 
right  hand  being  longer  than  his  left,  succeed- 
ed his  fat  her  Xerxes  I.,  and  reigned  n.o.  404-425. 
He  carried  on  war  against  the  Egyptians,  who 
were  assisted  in  their  revolt  by  the  Athenians. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Xerxes  II.— (2) 
Surnamed  Mnbmon,  from  his  good  memory, 
succeeded  his  father,  Darius  II..  and  reigned 
is.c.  40!  359.  Respecting  the  war  between 
him  and  his  brother  Cyrus,  see  Cyris.  Tis- 
saphernes  was  appointed  satrap  of  W.  Asia  in 


ARTAXIAS. 


63 


ARTEMIS. 


the  place  of  Cyrus,  aud  was  actively  engaged 
in  wars  with  the  Greeks.  [Agesilaus.]  Ar- 
taxerxes had  to  carry  on  frequent  wars  with 
tributary  princes  aud  satraps,  who  eudeavor- 
ed  to  make  themselves  independent.  Thus 
he  maintained  a  long  struggle  against  Eva- 
goras  of  Cyprus,  from  385  to  370  ;  and  his  at- 
tempts to  "recover  Egypt  were  unsuccessful. 
Towards  the  end  of  his  reign  he  put  to  death 
his  eldest  son  Darius,  who  had  formed  a  pint 
to  assassinate  him.  His  last  days  were  still 
further  embittered  by  the  unnatural  conduct 
of  his  son  Ochus,  who  caused  the  destruction 
of  two  of  his  brothers,  in  order  to  secure  the 
succession  for  himself.  Artaxerxes  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Ochus,  who  ascended  the  throne 
under  the  name  of  Artaxerxes  III. — (3)  Also 
called  Ocnus,  reigned  is.c.  359-338.  By  the  aid 
of  his  Greek  generals  and  mercenaries,  he  re- 
conquered Phoenicia  and  Egypt.  The  reins 
of  government  were  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
the  eunuch  Bagoas,  and  of  Mentor  the  Rho- 
dian.  At  last  he  was  poisoned  by  Bagoas, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  youngest  son,  Ar- 
ses.— (4)  The  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Sabsanidaf. 

ARTAXIAS  (-ae),  or  ARTAXES  (-is),  the 
name  of:',  kings  of  Armenia. — (1)  The  founder 
of  the  Armenian  kingdom,  was  one  of  the 
generals  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  but  revolted 
from  him  about  it.o.  188,  and  became  an  in- 
dependent sovereign.  Hannibal  took  refuge 
at  the  court  of  Artaxias,  and  he  superintend- 
ed the  building  of  Artaxata,  the  capital  of 
Armenia.  Artaxias  was  conquered  and  taken 
prisoner  by  Antiochus  IV.  Kpiphanes,  about 
1G5. — (2)  Son  of  Artavasdes,  was  put  to  death 
by  his  own  subjects  in  b.o.  20,  and 
Augustus  placed  Tigranes  on  the 
throne.  — (3)  Son  of  Polemou,  king 
of  Pontus,  was  proclaimed  king  of 
Armenia  by  Germanicus,  in  a.i>. 
18.     He  died  about  35. 

ARTfiMlDORUS  (-i).  (1)  A  na- 
tive of  ESpbesns,  but  called  Daldi- 
ati us,  from  Daldis  in  Lydia,  his 
mother's  birthplace,  to  distinguish 
him  from  the  geographer  Artemi- 
dorua.  He  lived  at  Rome  in  the 
reigns  of  Antoninus  Pius  and  M. 
Anrelins  (\.i>.  138-180),  and  wrote 
a  work  'in  tint  interpretation  of 
dreams,  in  ■'>  books,  which  is  still 
extant.  _(2)  Also  of  Ephesus,  a 
Greek  geographer,  lived  about  b.o. 
inn.  An  abridgment  of  his  work 
was  made  by  Marcianus,  of  which 
part  is  still  extant 

ARTEMIS  (-is),  called  DliNA 
(-ae)  by  the  Romans,  one  of  the 
ur  r«- a  t  divinities  of  the  Greeks. 
According  to  the  most  ancient  ac- 
count, she  was  the  daughter  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  was  the  t  win-sister  of  Apollo, 
born  with  him  in  the  island  of 
Delos.  (l)  .1  rtemia  at '/"■  sister  of 
Apollo  is  a  kind  of  female  Apollo, 
that  is,  g)je  ;,.  q  female  divinity 
represented  the  san«  idea  that 
Apollo  did  as  a  male  divinity.  As 
E 


sister  of  Apollo,  Artemis  is,  like  her  brother, 
armed  with  a  bow,  quiver,  aud  arrows,  and 
sends  plagues  aud  death  among  men  and  an- 
imals. Sudden  deaths,  but  more  especially 
those  of  women,  are  described  as  the  effect  of 
her  arrows.  As  Apollo  was  not  only  a  de- 
structive god,  but  also  averted  evils,  so  Arte- 
mis likewise  cured  and  alleviated  the  suffer- 
ings of  mortals.  In  the  Trojan  war  she  sided, 
like  Apollo,  with  the  Trojans.  She  was  more 
especially  the  protectress  of  the  young;  and 
from  her  watching  over  the  young  of  females, 
she  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  goddess  of  the 
flocks  aud  the  chase.  In  this  manner  she  also 
became  the  huutress  among  the  immortals. 
Artemis,  like  Apollo,  is  unmarried;  she  is  a 
maiden-divinity  never  conquered  by  love.  She 
slew  Orion  with  her  arrows  because  he  made 
an  attempt  uponherchastity;  and  she  changed 
Aotaeon  into  a  stag,  simply  because  he  had 
seen  her  bathing.  With  her  brother  Apollo, 
she  slew  the  children  ofNioBE,  who  had  deem- 
ed herself  superior  to  Leto.  When  Apollo  was 
regarded  as  identical  with  the  Sun  or  Helios, 
his  sister  was  looked  upon  as  Selene  or  the 
Moon.  Hence  she  is  represented  as  in  love 
with  the  fair  young  Endymion,  whom  she 
kissed  in  his  sleep  ;  but  this  legend  properly 
relates  to  Selene  or  the  Moon,  and  is  foreign 
to  the  character  of  Artemis,  who,  as  we  have 
observed,  was  a  goddess  unmoved  by  love. — 
(2)  The  Arcadian  Artemis  is  a  goddess  of  the 
nymphs,  and  was  worshiped  as  such  in  Arca- 
dia in  very  early  times.  She  hunted  with  her 
nymphs  on  the  Arcadian  mountains,  and  her 
chariot  was  drawn  by  4  stags  with  golden 
antlers.    There  was  no  connection  between 


lrt«mli  (Dl»n»),  tba  Hu 

(Museum  C'aj.itolinum,  vol.4,  tav.  87.) 


ARTEMIS. 


G4 


AKUNS. 


the  Arcadian  Artemis 
and  Apollo.  — (3)  The 
Taurian  Arte  in  in.  There 
was  in  Tauria  a  goddess, 
whom  the  Greeks  identi- 
fied with  their  own  Ar- 
temis, and  to  whom  all 
strangers  thrown  on  the 
coast  of  Tauria  were  sac- 
rificed. Iphigeula  and 
Orestes  brought  her  im- 
age from  thence,  and 
landed  at  Brauron  in  At- 
tica, whence  the  goddess 
derived  the  name  of 
Branronia.  TheBrauro- 
nian  Artemis  was  wor- 
shiped at  Athens  and 
Sparta,  and  in  the  latter 
place  the  boys  were 
scourged  at  her  altar  till 
it  was  besprinkled  with 
their  blood. — (4)  The  Ephe&ian  Artemis  was  a 
divinity  totally  distinct  from  the  Greek  god- 
dess of  the  same  name.  She  was  an  ancient 
Asiatic  divinity  whose  worship  the  Greeks 
found  established  in  Ionia  when  they  settled 
there,  and  to  whom  they  gave  the  name  of  Ar- 
temis. Her  image  in  themagnificenttempleof 
Ephesus  was  represented  with  many  breasts. 


Ancient  representati 


of  the  Epbesians. 


— The  representations  of  the  Greek  Artemis  in 
works  of  art  are  different,  according  as  she  is 
represented  either  as  a  huntress  or  as  the  god- 
dess of  the  moon.    As  the  huntress,  her  breast 


Artemis  (Diana.) 

is  covered,  and  the  legs  up  to  the  knees  are 
naked,  the  rest  being  covered  by  the  chlamya. 
Her  attributes  are  the  bow,  quiver,  and  ar- 
rows, or  a  spear,  stags,  and  dogs.  As  the  god- 
dess of  the  moon,  she  wears  along  robe  which 
reaches  down  to  her  feet,  a  veil  covers  her 
head,  and  above  her  forehead  rises  the  cres- 
cent of  the  moon.  In  her  hand  she  often  ap- 
pears holding  a  torch. 

ARTEMISIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Lyg- 
damis,  and  queen  of  Halicarnassus  in  C'aria, 
accompanied  Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of  Greece, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Salamis  (».o.  480)  greatly 
distinguished  herself  by  her  prudence  and 
courage,  for  which  she  was  afterwards  highly 
honored  by  the  Persian  king.— (2)  Daughter 
of  Hecatomnus,  and  sister,  wife,  and  succes- 
sor of  the  Cariau  prince  Mausolus,  reigned 
b.o.  352-350.  She  is  renowned  in  history  for 
her  extraordinary  grief  at  the  death  of  her 
husband  Mausolus.  She  is  said  to  have  mix- 
ed his  ashes  in  her  daily  drink;  and  to  per- 
petuate his  memory  she  built  at  Halicarnas- 
sus the  celebrated  monument,  Mausoleum, 
which  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  7  wonders 
of  the  world,  and  whose  name  subsequently 
became  the  generic  term  for  any  splendid  se- 
pulchral monument. 

ARTEMlSlUM  (-i),  a  tract  of  country  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Euboea,  opposite  Magnesia,  so 
called  from  the  temple  of  Artemis  (Diana), 
belonging  to  the  town  of  Hestiaea:  off  this 
coast  the  Greeks  defeated  the  fleet  of  Xerxes, 
b.c.480. 

ARVERNI  (-Oram),  a  Gallic  people  in  Aqui- 
tania,  in  the  modern  A  uvergne.  In  early 
times  they  were  the  most  powerful  people  in 
the  S.  of  Gaul :  they  were  defeated  by  Domi- 
tius  Ahenobarbus  "and  Fabius  Maximns  in 
b.c.  121,  but  still  possessed  considerable  power 
in  the  time  of  Caesar  (5S).  Their  capital  was 
Nemossus,  also  named  Angustonemetum  or 
Arverni  on  the  Elaver  (A liter),  with  a  citadel, 
called  in  the  middle  ages  Claras  Mons,  whence 
the  name  of  the  modern  town,  Clermont. 

ARUXS  (-untie),  an  Etruscan  word,  was  re- 
garded by  the  Romans  as  a  proper  name,  but 
perhaps  signified  a  younger  son  in  general. 
—  (1)  Younger  brother  of  Lucumo,  i.  c.  L.  Tar- 
quiuius  Priscus.— (2)  Younger  brother  of  L. 


ARZANENE. 


65 


ASIA. 


Tarquinius  Snperbus,  was  murdered  by  his 

wife.— (3)  Younger  son  of  Tarquinius  Super- 
bus,  fell  iu  combat  with  Brutus. 

ARZANENE  (-€s),  a  district  of  Armenia 
Major,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Tigris,  form- 
ed part  of  Gobdtf-ne. 

ASANDER  (-dri).  (1)  Son  of  Philotas, 
brother  of  Parmenion,  and  one  of  the  gener- 
als of  Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  death 
of  Alexander  (b.o.  323)  he  obtained  Caria  for 
his  satrapy.— (2)  A  general  of  Pharnaces  II., 
king  of  Bosporus,  whom  he  put  to  death  in 
47,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  the  kingdom.  He 
was  con  firmed  iu  the  sovereignty  by  Augustus. 

ASBYSTAE  (-arum),  a  Libyan  people,  in  the 
N.  of  Cyreuaica. 

ASClLiPHUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Ares  (Mars) 
and  Astyoche,  led,  with  his  brother  Ialmenus, 
the  Minyans  of  Orchomenus  against  Troy, 
and  was  slain  by  Deiphobus.  —  (2)  Son  of 
Acheron  and  Gorgyra  or  Orphne.  When  Pluto 
gave  Persephone  (Proserpina)  permission  to 
return  to  the  upper  world,  provided  she  had 
eaten  nothing,  Ascalaphus  declared  that  she 
had  eaten  part  of  a  pomegranate.  Phese- 
phone,  in  revenge,  changed  him  into  an  owl, 
by  sprinkling  him  with  water  from  the  river 
Phlegethon. 

ASCALON  (-Onis),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
the  Philistines,  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  be- 
tween Azotus  and  Gaza. 

ASCANIA  (-ae).  (1)  In  Bithynia,  a  great 
fresh-water  lake,  at  the  E.  end  of  which  stood 
the  city  of  Nicaea. — (2)  A  salt-water  lake  on 
the  borders  ofPhrygia  and  I'isidia. 

ASCANIUS  (-i),  son  of  Aeneas  by  Creusa, 
accompanied  his  father  to  Italy.  Other  tra- 
ditions gave  the  name  of  Ascanius  to  the  son 
of  Aeneas  and  I.avinia.  He  founded  Alba 
Longa,  and  was  succeeded  on  the  throne  by 
his  son  Silvina.  Some  writers  relate  that  As- 
canius was  also  called  line  or  .lulus.  The 
gene  Julia  al  Rome  traced  its  origin  from  .lu- 
lus or  Ascanius. 

am llBURGfl "M  i  i:  4s&«r0,  near  .Mora),  an 
ancient  place  on  the  left  bank  of  I  he  Rhine. 

ASCLEPliDES  (-is),  the  name  of  several 
physicians,  which  they  derived  from  the  god 
Asciepius  |  a i .sei  i. ,\ lai is !.  The  most  celebra- 
ted was  a  native  of  Bithynia,  who  came  to 
Rome  in  the  middle  of  the  flrsl  century  n.c., 
where  he  acquired  a  great  reputation  by  his 
successful  cures. 

Ast -i.F.l'ir  s.    [At 

ASCONfrs  PfiDliNl  8  Q,  i  I),  a  Roman 
grammarian,  born  at  Patavium  I  Pndna  .  about 
u.o. 2,  and  died  in  his  85th  year  in  the  reign 
of  Domitlan.  He  wrote  a  valuable  Commen- 
tary on  the  speeches  of  Cicero,  of  which  we 
still  possess  considerable  fragmi  nl 

A8CRA  (  ae  .  a  town  in  Boeotin  on  Mt.  He- 
licon, where  Hesiod  resided,  who  had  re- 
moved thither  with  his  father  fri  m  Cyme  in 
Ai  oils,  and  who  is  therefore  <  a  Hi  d  Ascraene, 

A8(  i  l.r.M  i  i.  (l)  Pioi  m  m,  the  chief  town 
of  Picenum,  ami  a  Roman  muntcipinm,  was 
destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  Social  War 
(n.  o.89),  but  v.  i  afterwards  rebuilt.-  (2)  An- 
i.t'M,  a  town  of  Apulia  in  Uaiinia  on  the  con- 


fines of  Samnium,  near  which  the  Romans 
were  defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  b.o.  729. 

ASDRIJBAL.     [Hasdrubal.] 

ASELLIO  (-onis),  P.  SEMPRONIUS  (-i), 
tribune  of  the  soldiers  under  P.  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  at  Numantia,  u.o.  133,  wrote  a  Roman 
history  from  the  Punic  wars  inclusive  to  the 
times  of  the  Gracchi. 

ASIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Oceantis  andTethys, 
wife  of  Iapetus,  and  mother  of  Atlas,  Prome- 
theus, and  Epimetheus.  According  to  some 
traditions,  the  continent  of  Asia  derived  its 
name  from  her. 
1  ASIA  (-ae),  in  the  poets  ASIS  (-idis),  one  of 
j  the  3  great  divisions  which  the  ancients  made 
I  of  the  known  world.  It  was  first  used  by  the 
j  Greeks  for  the  western  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
especially  the  plains  watered  by  the  river 
Cay"ster,  where  the  Ionian  colonists  first  set- 
tled ;  and  thence,  as  their  geographical  knowl- 
edge advanced,  they  extended  it  to  the  whole 
country.  The  southern  part  of  the  continent 
was  supposed  to  extend  much  farther  to  the 
E.  than  it  really  does,  while  to  the  N.  and  N.E. 
parts,  which  were  quite  unknown,  much  too 
small  an  extent  was  assigned.  The  different 
opinions  about  the  boundaries  of  Asia  on  the 
side  of  Africa  are  mentioned  under  Africa.: 
on  the  side  of  Europe  the  boundary  was  form- 
ed by  the  river  Tanais  (Don),  the  Paulue  Maeo- 
tis  (Sea  "J Azof),  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea), 
Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora),  and  the  Aegean 
(Archipelago). — The  most  general  division  of 
Asia  was  into  2  parts,  which  were  different  at 
different  times,  and  known  by  different  names. 
To  the  earliest  Greek  colonists  the  river  11a- 
lys,  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Lydiau  king- 
dom, formed  a  natural  division  between  1'/,- 
j/er  and  Lower  Asia;  and  afterwards  the  Eu- 
phrates was  adopted  as  a  more  natural  bound- 
ary. Another  division  was  made  by  the  Tau- 
rus into  A.  intra  Taurum,i.e.  the  pari  of  Asia 
N.  and  N.W.  of  the  Taurus,  and  A. extra  Tau- 
nun,  all  the  rest  of  the  continent.  The  divi- 
sion  ultimately  adopted,  but   apparently   not 

till  the  4t  h  century  of  out  era,  was  thai  of  A. 
Major  and  A. Minor.  -(1)  Asia  Major  was  the 

part    of  the   continent    E.  of  the    Tanais,  the 

Kuxiue,  an  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the 
Euxine  to  Trapezns  (Trebizond),  to  the  Gulf 
oflssus  and  the  Mediterranean;  thus  it  in- 
cluded the  countries  of  Sarmaticn  Asiatica, 

with  all  the  Scythian  tribes  to  the  E.,  Colchis, 

Iberia,  Albania.  Armenia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Bab- 
ylonia, Mesopotamia,  Assyria,  Media,  Snsia- 

na,  I'ersis,  Ariana,  Jlurania,  M.it.iana,  liac- 

triana,  Sogdiana,  [ndia,  the  land  i  t  the  Binae 

and  Serica  :   respecting  which.  BCfi  the  several 

':>:   \> ii  \  \i  i  hob     i  natolia  •  n  at    I  he 

peninsula  on  the  extreme  W.  of  Asia,  bound 

ed  by  the  Euxine,  Aegean,  and  Mediterranean 

On    '  tie   V,  \V.,  and   S.  ■    and    on    the   E  bj    the 

mountains  on  the  W  of  the  upper  course  or 
the  Euphrates,     It  was  divided  into  Mysin, 

I  J  oia.  and  t  ':u  ia.  on  I  he  \\    ;    Lyi  ia,  Pamphl  I 

la,  and  Cilicia,  on  the  s.  :  Bithynia,  Paphla- 
gonia,  and  Pontus,  on  the  E. ;  and  Phrygia, 
i'isidia.  Galatla,  and  Cappadocia,  In  the  cen 
tre. — (3)  A  si  ,\  Propria,  or  simply  Asia,  the  Ro- 
man province  formed  out  of  the  klngd f 

Pergamue,  which  wa  ed  to  the  Ro- 


ASINARUS. 


(>(> 


ASSYRIA. 


mans  byATTAi.us  III.(«.o.  130),  and  the  Greek 
cities  on  the  W.  coast,  and  the  adjacent  i^l- 
nnds,  with  Rhodes.  It  included  the  districts 
of  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria,  and  Phrygia;  and  was 
governed  at  first  by  propraetors,  afterwards 
by  proconsuls. 

ASIN'AlIt'S  (-i),  a  river  on  the  E.  side  of 
Sicily,  on  which  the  Athenians  were  defeated 
by  the  Syracusaus,  u.o.413. 

AslNE  (-es).  (1)  A  town  in  Laconia  on  the 
coast  between  Taenarnm  and  Gythium.— (2) 
A  town  in  Argolis,  \V.  of  llennioue,  was  built 
by  the  Dryopes,  who  were  driven  out  of  the 
town  by  the  Argives,  after  the  lirst  Messeniau 
war.  and  built  No. 3.— (3)  An  important  town 
in  Messenia,  near  the  Promontory  Acritas,  on 
the  Messeniau  gulf,  which  was  hence  also 
called  the  Asinaean  gulf. 

ASINIUS  GALLUS.     [Gai.i.us.] 

ASIXIUS  POLLIO.     [Poi.i.io.] 

ASOPUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river  flowing  through 
the  Sicyonian  territory  into  the  Corinthian 
gulf.  The  god  of  this  river  was  son  of  Oce- 
ania and  Tethys,  and  father  of  Evadne,  Eu- 
boea,  and  Aegina,  each  of  whom  was  there- 
fore called  Asopis.  Aeacus,  the  son  of  Aegina, 
is  called  Asopiades.—(2)  A  river  in  Boeotia, 
flowing  near  Plataeae,  and  falling  into  the 
Enboeau  sea. — (3)  A  river  in  Thessalyrrising 
in  M.  Oeta,  and  flowing  into  the  Maliac  gulf 
near  Thermypolae. 

ASPARAGITJM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  territory 
of  Dyrrhachium  in  Illyria. 

ASPASIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  Elder,  of  Miletus, 
daughter  of  Axiochus,  the  most  celebrated  of 
tin-  Greek  Hetaerac.  She  came  to  Athens, 
where  she  gained  the  affections  of  Pericles, 
not  more  by  her  beauty  than  by  her  high 
mental  accomplishments.  Having  parted  with 
his  wile,  Pericles  lived  with  Aspasia  during 
the  rest  of  his  life.  His  enemies  accused  As- 
pasia of  impiety,  and  it  required  all  his  per- 
sonal influence  to  procure  her  acquittal.  The 
house  of  Aspasia  was  the  centre  of  the  best 
literary  and  philosophical  society  of  Athens, 


and  was  frequented  even  by  Socrates.  On 
the  death  of  Pericles  (b. 0.429),  Aspasia  is  said 
to  have  attached  herself  to  one  Ly sides,  a 
dealer  in  cattle,  and  to  have  made  him  by 
her  instructions  a  first-rate  orator. — (2)  The 
Younger,  a  Phocaean,  daughter  of  Hermoti- 
nuis,  the  favorite  concubine  of  Cyrus  the 
Younger,  and  subsequently  of  his  brother 
Artaxerxes.  Cyrus  called  her  Aspasia  after 
the  mistress  of  Pericles,  her  previous  name 
having  been  Mil  to.  Darius,  sou  of  Artaxerx- 
es,  having  fallen  in  love  with  her,  Artaxerxes 
made  her  priestess  of  a  temple  at  Ecbatana, 
where  strict  celibacy  was  requisite. 

ASPENDUS  (-i),  a  nourishing  city  of  Pam- 
phylia,  on  the  river  Eurymedou,  60  stadia 
from  its  mouth:  said  to  have  been  a  colony 
of  Argives. 

ASPHALTITES  LACTJS  or  MARE  MOR- 
TUUM,  the  great  salt  lake  in  the  S.E.  of  Pal- 
estine, which  receives  the  water  of  the  Jor- 
dan. 

ASPIS  (-idis),  or  Clypea  (-ae),  a  city  on  a 
promontory  of  the  same  name,  near  the  N.E. 
point  of  the  Carthaginian  territory,  founded 
by  Agathocles,  and  taken  in  the  lirst  Punic 
War  by  the  Romans. 

ASPLEDON  or  SPLEDON,  a  town  of  the 
Minyae  in  Boeotia,  on  the  river  Melas,  near 
Orchomenus. 

ASSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Chalcidlce  in  Mace- 
donia, on  the  Singitic  gulf. 

ASSACENI  (-6mm),  an  Indian  tribe,  in  the 
district  of  the  Paropamisadae,  between  the 
rivers  Cophen  (Cabool)  and  Indus. 

ASSARACUS  (-i),  king  of  Troy,  son  of  Tros, 
father  of  Capys,  grandfather  of  Anchises,  and 
great-grandfather  of  Aeneas.  Hence  the  Ro- 
mans, as  descendants  of  Aeneas,  are  called 
downs  Assarari. 

ASSESUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Ionia,  near  Miletus, 
with  a  temple  of  Athena  snrnamed  Atssesta. 

ASSORUS  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Sicily  be- 
tween Euna  and  Agyrium. 

ASSUS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  Troad,  on  the 
Adramyttian  Gulf,  opposite  to  Lesbos  ;  after- 
wards "called  Apollonia ;  the  birthplace  of 
Cleanthes  the  Stoic. 

ASSYRIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  country  properly 
so  called,  in  the  narrowest  sense,  was  a  dis- 
trict of  Asia,  extending  along  the  E.  side  of 
the  Tigris,  which  divided  it.  on  the  W.  and 
N.W.  from  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia,  and 
bounded  on  the  IS.  and  E.  by  M.  Niphates  and 
M.  Zagrns,  which  separated  it  from  Armenia 
and  Media,  and  on  the  S.E.  by  Susiana.  It 
was  watered  by  several  streams,  flowing  into 
the  Tigris  from  the  E. :  two  of  which,  the 
Lycus  or  Zabatus  (Great  Zab),  and  the  Caprns 
or  Zabas  or  Anzabas  {Little  /.ah),  divided  the 
country  into  three  parts:  that  between  the 
Upper  Tigris  and  the  Lycus,  called  Aturia 
(a  mere  dialectic  variety  <>f  Assyria),  was 
probably  the  most  ancient  seat  of  the  mon- 
archy, and  contained  the  capital,  Niueveh  or 
Xinuk;  that  between  the  Lyons  and  the  Ca- 
prns was  called  Adiahene  :  and  the  part  S.E. 
of  the  Caprus  contained  the  districts  ofApol- 
loniatis  and  Sittacene. — (2)  In  a  wider  sense 


AS1 


67 


ATARNEUS. 


the  name  was  applied  to  the  whole  counti,; 
watered  by  the  Euphrates  and  the  Tigris,  bo 
as  to  include  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia. — 
(3)  By  a  further  extension  the  word  is  used 
to  designate  the  Assyrian  Empire  in  its  widest 
sense.  It  was  one  of  the  first  great  states 
of  which  we  have  any  record.  Its  reputed 
founder  was  Ninus,  the  built  <t  ,f  the  cap- 
ital city  ;  and  in  its  widest  ex  f;i  it  included 
the  countries  just  mentioned  with  Media, 
Persis,  Armenia,  Syria,  Phoen  cia,  and  Pal- 
estine, except  the  kingdom  of  Judah.  The 
fruitless  expedition  of  Senuac  lerib  against 
Egypt,  and  the  miraculous  dest  uction  of  his 
army  before  Jerusalem  (b.g.  Ti4),  so  weak- 
ened the  empire,  that  the  Medes  revolted  and 
formed  a  separate  kingdom.  In  n.o.  000,  Nine- 
veh was  takeu,  and  ttie  Assyrian  empire  de- 
stroyed by  Cyaxares,  the  king  of  Media. 

ASTA  (-ae).  (1)  (Asti  in  Piedmont)  an  in- 
land town  of  Ligtiria  on  the  Tauarus,  a  Ro- 
man colony. — (2)  A  town  in  Hispania  Baetica, 
near  Gades,  a  Roman  colony. 

ASTABORAS  (-ae)  and  ASTAPUS  (-i),  two 
rivers  of  Aethiopia,  having  their  sources  in  the 
highlands  of  Abyssinia,  and  uniting  to  form 
the  Mile.  The  land  inclosed  by  theui  was  the 
island  of  Mkrok. 

ASTACUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  city  of  Bithy- 
nia,  on  the  Sinus  Astacenus,  a  bay  of  the  Pro- 
pontis,  was  a  colony  from  Megara,  but  after- 
wards received  fresh  colonists  from  Athens, 
who  called  the  place  Olbia.  It  was  destroyed 
by  Lysimachus,  but  was  rebuilt  on  a  neigh- 
boring site  by  Nlcoraedea  I.,  who  named  his 
new  city  Nioomedia. 

ASTAPA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Hispania  Baetica. 

ASTAPUS.     [Astahorab.] 

ASTARTE.     [APHXOniTE  and  Syria  1)i:a.] 

ASTEKlA  (-ae),  or  ASTERIE  (-es),  daugh- 
ter of  the  Titan  Coeua  and  Phoebe,  Bister  of 
Leto  (Latona),  wife  of  Perses,  and  mother  of 
Hecate.  In  order  to  escape  the  embraces  of 
Zene  she  i--  said  to  have  taken  the  form  of  a 
qnail  (ortj/X),  and  to  have  thrown  herself 
down  from  heaven  into  the  sea,  where  she 
was  metamorphosed  into  the  island  Asteria 
(tbe  island  which  had  fallen  from  heaven  like 
a  star),  or  Ortygia,  afterwards  called  Delos. 

A8TERIS  Mdis),orASTl';l,'IA  (-ae  .a  small 
island  between  Ithaca  and  Cephallenia. 

ASTRAEA  (-aej,  daughter  of  Zens  (Jupi- 
ur,  md  ThemiOj  and  goddess  of  jnsti  :  h-d 
during  the  golden  age  among  men  :  bul  when 
the  wickedness  of  men  increased  Bhe  with- 
drew to  heaven,  and  was  placed  among  the 
star-,  under  the  name  of  Virgo.  Her  sister 
Pudicitfa  lefl  the  earth  along  with  her. 

ASTRAEUS  (-i),  a  Titan,  husband  of  Bos 

(Aurora),  and    falher   of  the    wind-    and   the 

stars.    Ovid  calls  the   winds  Astraei  (adj.) 
fratren,  the  "  Astraeau  brothers." 
AST  QUA  (-ae),  a  river  in  Latium,  flowing 

between  Anlium  and  Circeii  into  Hie  Tyn  he- 
Jan  sea.  At  its  month  it  formed  a  small  isl- 
and, with  a  town  upon  it,  also  called  Aetnra, 
where  Cicero  had  an  estate. 

ASTffRES  (-urn),  a  warlike  people  in  the 
N.W.  rif  Spain,  bounded    <in    the    ES.  by    the 

Cantabri  and  vaccaei,  on  the  \V.  by  the  Gal- 


laeci,  on  the  N.  by  the  Ocean,  and  on  the  S. 
by  the  Vettones.  Their  chief  town  was  As- 
turica  Augusta  (Astonja). 

AST"? AGES  (-is),  son  of  Cyaxares,  last  king 
of  Media,  reigned  n. c.  594-559.  He  was  de- 
posed and  deprived  of  his  dominions  by  his 
grandson  Cyrus.    For  details,  see  Cyrus. 

ASTYANAX  (-actis),  son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache.  After  the  capture  of  Troy  the 
Greeks  hurled  him  down  from  the  walls,  that 
he  might  not  restore  the  kingdom  of  Troy. 

ASTtTALAEA  (-ae),  one  of  the  Sporades 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  Grecian  archipelago. 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  founded  oj 
the  Megariaus. 

ASTFRA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Mysia,  N.W.  of 
Adramyttium. 

ATABULUS  (-i),  the  name  in  Apulia  of  the 
parching  S.E.  wind,  the  Sirocco,  which  is  at 
present  called  Altino  in  Apulia. 

ATABl'RIS  or  ATABtRlUM  (-i),  the  high- 
est mountain  in  Rhodes  on  the  S.W.  of  that 
island,  on  which  was  a  celebrated  temple  of 
Zeus  Atabyrius. 

ATlGIS.     [Atiif.sis.] 

ATALANTA  (-ae),  or  ATALANTE  (-es). 
(1)  The  Arcadian  Atalanta,  was  a  daughter 
of  Iasns  (Iasiou  or  Iasius)  and  Clymenc.  She 
was  exposed  by  her  father  in  her  infancy,  and 
was  suckled  by  a  she-bear,  the  symbol  of  Ar- 
temis (Diana).  After  she  had  grown  up  she 
lived  in  pure  maidenhood,  slew  tbe  centaurs 
who  pursued  her,  and  took  part  in  the  Caly- 
donian  hunt.  Her  father  subsequently  rec- 
ognized her  as  his  daughter;  and  when  he 
desired  her  to  marry,  she  required  every  suit- 
or to  contend  with  her  in  the  foot-race,  be- 
cause she  was  the  most  swift-footed  of  mor- 
tals. If  lie  conquered  her,  he  was  to  he  re- 
warded with  her  hand  ;  if  he  was  conquered, 
he  was  to  be  put  to  death.  She  conquered 
many  suitors,  lint  was  at  length  overcome  by 
Milanion  with  the  assistance  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus).  The  goddess  had  given  him  :t  gold- 
en apples,  and  during  the  race  he  had  drop- 
ped them  one  after  the  other;  their  beauty 
Charmed  Atalanta  so  much  thai  she  could  not 
abstain  from  gathering  them,  and  Milanion 

thus  gained  tbe  goal  before  her.  She  accord- 
ingly became  his  wife.  They  were  subse- 
quently  both  metamorphosed  into  lions,  he- 
'iii  e  they  had  profaned  by  their  embraces 
He-   -acred  grove  of  Zens   (.fupiler).      (2)  The 

Boeotian  Atalanta.  The  same  stories  are  re- 
lated of  her  as  of  the  Arcadian  Atalanta,  ex- 
cept that  her  parentage  and  the  localities  air 
described  differently.  Thus  she  is  said  to 
have  been  a  daughter  of  Schoenns,  and  to 
have  been  married  to  Bfppomenes.    Her  foot 

race  is  transferred  lo  i  he  r. tlan  Oncbestus. 

and  the  sanctuary  profaned  was  a  temple  or 
•  lybele,  who  metamorphosed  them  into  lions, 
and  yoked  them  to  her  chariot. 

AT  \  I. A  NTS  (  es),  a  town  of  Macedonia  on 
the  'wins. 

ATAKANTI'.S  -  nm:>.  a  people  in  the  K.  of 

Libya,  between  the  Garamantes  and  Atlantes. 

ATARNKT'S,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Mysia, 
opposite  to  Lesbos;  a  colony  of  the  Chians; 


ATAX. 


C8 


ATIIEXA. 


the  residence  of  the  tyrant  Hermias,  with 
whom  Aristotle  resided  some  time. 

ATAX  (-acis:  A  tide),  originally  called  Nar- 
bo,  a  river  in  Gallia  Narboneusis,  rising  in 
the  Pyrenees,  and  flowing  by  Narbo  Manias 
Into  the  Lacus  Rubresus  or  Rubrensis,  which 
is  connected  with  the  sea. 

ATF;  (  5s),  daughter  of  Eris  or  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter), was  an  ancient  Greek  divinity,  who  led 
both  gods  and  men  into  rash  and  inconsider- 
ate actions. 

ATEIUS  CAPITO.     [Cavito.] 

ATELLA  (-ae:  Aversa),  a  town  in  Campa- 
nia between  Capua  and  Neapolis,  originally 
inhabited  by  the  Oscans,  afterwards  a  Roman 
municipium  and  a  colony.  Atella  owes  its 
celebrity  to  the  Atellaime  Fabulae,  or  Oscau 
f.,:  ces,  which  took  their  name  from  this  town. 

ATERNUM  (-i :  1'escara),  a  town  in  central 
Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Aternus,  was  the  common  harbor  of  the 
Vestiui,  Marrucini,  and  Peligni. 

ATERNUS.    [Ateuncm.] 

ATESTE  (-es :  Este),  a  Roman  colony  in  the 
country  of  the  Yeueti  in  Upper  Italy. 

ATHACTJS  (-i),  a  town  in  Lyncestis  in  Mac- 
edonia. 

ATHXMAXIA  (-ae),  a  mountainous  coun- 
try in  the  S.  of  Epirus,  on  the  \Y.  side  of  Pin- 
dus,  of  which  Argithea  was  the  chief  town. 
The  Athamanes  "were  a  Thessalian  people, 
who  had  been  driven  out  of  Thessaly  by  the 
Lapithae. 

ATHAMAS  (-antis),  son  of  Aeolus  and 
Enarete,  and  king  of  Orchomenus  iu  Boeotia. 
At  the  command  of  Hera  (Juno),  Athamas 
married  Nephclc,  by  whom  he  became  the  fa- 
ther of  Phrixns  and  Helle.  [Phmxob.]  But 
he  was  secretly  in  love  with  the  mortal  Ino, 
the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  by  whom  he  begot 
Learchus  and  Melicertes.  Having  thus  in- 
curred the  anger  both  of  Hera  and  of  Nephele, 
Athamas  was  seized  with  madness,  and  iu 
this  state  killed  his  own  son,  Learchus.  Ino 
threw  herself  with  Melicertes  into  the  sea, 
and  both  were  changed  into  marine  deities, 
Ino  becoming  Leucothea,  and  Melicertes  Pa- 
laemon.  Athamas,  as  the  inurderer  of  his 
son,  was  obliged  to  flee  from  Boeotia,  and  set- 
tled in  Thessaly. — Hence  we  have  Athaman- 
V><idex  (-ae),  son  of  Athamas,  ?'.  e.  Palaemou  ; 
and  Athamantis  {-'idis),  daughter  of  Athamas, 
i.e.  Ilelle. 

ATHANA<;r.\  (-ae).  the  chief  town  of  the 
Dergetes  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis. 

ATHENA  (-ae),  or  ATHENE  (-es),  called 
MINERVA  by  the  Romans,  was  one  of  the 
if  the  Greeks.  She  is  fre- 
quently called  I'allas  Athena,  or  simply  Pallas, 
She  was  the  danghter  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  and 
Metis.  Before  her  birth  Zeus  swallowed  her 
mother :  and  Athena  afterwards  sprung  forth 
from  the  head  of  Zeus  with  a  mighty  war- 
shuut  and  in  complete  armor.  As  her  father 
was  the  most  powerful  and  her  mother  the 
wisest  among  the  gods,  so  Athena  was  a  com- 
bination of  the  two,  a  goddess  in  whom  pow- 
er and  wisdom  were  harmoniously  blended. 
She  appears  as  the  preserver  of  the  state  and 
of  every  thing  which  gives  to  the  state  strength 


Athena  (Minerva). 
(From  n  Statue  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Hope.} 

and  prosperity. — As  the  protectress  of  agri- 
culture, Athena  is  represented  as  creating  the 
olive-tree  (see  below),  inventing  the  plow  and 
rake,  etc.  She  was  the  patroness  of  both  the 
useful  and  elegant  arts,  such  as  weaving.  [See 
Abaohnk.]  Later  writers  make  her  the  god- 
dess of  all  wisdom  and  knowledge.  As  the 
patron  divinity  of  the  state,  she  maintained 
the  authority  of  law  and  order  in  the  courts 
and  the  assembly  of  the  people.  She  was  be- 
lieved to  have  instituted  the  ancient  court  of 
the  Areopagus  at  Athens.  She  also  protect- 
ed the  state  from  outward  enemies,  and  thus 
assumes  the  character  of  a  warlike  divinity. 
In  the  war  of  Zeus  against  the  giants,  she 
buried  Enceladus  under  the  island  of  Sicily. 
and  slew  Pallas.  Iu  the  Trojan  war  she  sided 
with  the  Greeks.  As  a  goddess  of  war  she 
usually  appears  in  armor,  with  the  aegis  and 
a  golden  staff.  In  the  centre  of  her  breast- 
plate or  shield  appears  the  head  of  Medusa. 
the  Gorgon.  She  is  represented  as  a  virgin- 
divinity,  whose  heart  is  inaccessible  to  the 
passion  of  love.  Tiresias  was  deprived  of 
sight  for  having  seen  her  in  the  bath;  and 
Hephaestus  (Vulcan),  who  had  made  an  at- 
tempt upon  her  chastity,  was  obliged  to  take 
to  flight.  Athena  was  worshiped  in  all  parts 
of  Greece.  She  was  especially  the  protecting 
deity  of  Athens  and  Attica."  The  tale  ran 
that  in  the  reign  of  Cecrops  both  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  Athena  contended  for  the  pos- 


Athkna.    (Villa  Album.) 


ATEIENAE. 


00 


ATHENAE. 


Athena  (M 


).    (Bartoli,  Adii 


ida,  pi.  41.) 


session  of  Athens.  The  gods  resolved  that 
whichever  of  them  produced  a  gift  most  use- 
ful to  mortals  should  have  possession  of  the 
laud.  Poseidon  struck  the  ground  with  his 
trident,  and  straightway  a  horse  appeared. 
Athena  then  planted  the  olive.  The  gods 
thereupon  decreed  that  the  olive  was  more 
useful  to  man  than  the  horse,  and  gave  the 
cil y  to  the  goddess,  from  whom  it  was  called 
Athenae.  At  Athens  the  magnificent  festival 
of  the  Panathenaea  was  celebrated  in  honor 
of  the  goddess.  At  this  festival  took  place  the 
grand  procession  which  was  represented  on 
the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon.  Respecting  her 
worship  in  Italy,  see  Minerva.  The  owl,  ser- 
pent, cock,  and  olive-tree  were  sacred  to  her. 
ATI1EXAE  (-arum:  Athens),  the  capital  of 
Attica,  about  4  miles  from  the  sea,  between 
the  small  rivers  ( 'ephissus  on  the  W.  and  Ilis- 
sus  on  the  E.,  the  latter  of  which  flowed 
through  the  town.  The  most  ancient  part  of 
it,  the  Acropdlis,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by 
thu   mythical   Ceci'ops,  but  the   city   itself  is 


said  to  have  owed  its  origin  to  Theseus,  who 
united  ihe  12  independent  states  or  townships 
of  Attica  into  oue  state,  and  made  Athens 
its  capital.  The  city  was  burned  by  Xerxes 
iu  b.o.  4S(i,  but  was  soon  rebuilt  under  the 
administration  of  Themistocles,  and  was 
adorned  with  public  buildings  by  Cimon,  and 
especially  by  Pericles,  in  whose  time  (n.o.460- 
4-2'J)  it  reached  its  greatest  splendor.  Its 
beauty  was  chiefly  owing  to  its  public  build- 
ings, for  the  private  houses  werje  mostly  in- 
significant, and  ils  streets  badly  laid  out.  To- 
wards the  end  of  the  Pelopounesian  war,  it 
contained  10,000  houses,  which,  at  the  rate 
of  12  inhabitants  to  a  bouse,  would  give  a 
population  of  120,000,  though  some  writers 
make  the  inhabitants  as  many  as  180,000. 
Under  the  Romans,  Athens  continued  to  be  a 
great  and  flourishing  city,  and  retained  many 
privileges  and  immunities  when  the  south  of 
Greece  was  formed  into  the  Roman  province 
of  Achaia.  It  suffered  greatly  on  its  capture 
by  Sulla,  b.o. 86,  and  was  deprived  of  many 


ATHENAE. 


70 


ATHENAE. 


of  its  privileges.  It  was  at  that  time,  and  also 
during  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era,  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  learning;  and 
the  Romans  were  accustomed  to  send  their 
sous  to  Athens,  as  to  a  University,  for  the 


large  same  of  money  upon  beautifying  the  city 
in  the  reign  of  M.  Anrelius. — Athens  consist- 
ed of  two  distinct  parts :  I.  The  City,  properly 
so  called,  divided  into,  1.  The  Upper  City  or 
Acropolis,  and,  2.  The  Lower  City,  surrounded 


completion  of  their  education.  Hadrian,  who 
was  very  partial  to  Athens,  and  frequently 
resided  in  the  city  (a.t>.  122-128),  adorned  it 
with  many  new  buildings,  and  his  example 
was  followed  by  Herodes  Atticus,  who  spent 


with  walls  by  Themistocles.  II.  The  ?■,  har- 
bor towns  of  Piraeus,  Mnnychia,  and  Phale- 
rnm,  also  surrounded  with  walls  by  Themis- 
tocles, and  connected  with  the  city  by  means 
of  the  long  walls,  built  under  the  administra- 


ATHENAEUM. 


71 


ATLAS. 


turn  of  Pericles.  The  long  walls  consisted  of 
the  wall  to  Phalerum  on  the  E.,  35  stadia  long 
(about  4  miles),  and  of  the  wall  to  Pii'aeus  on 
the  VV.,  40  stadia  long  (about  4[  miles) ;  be- 
tween these  two,  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
latter  and  parallel  to  it,  another  wall  was 
erected,  thus  making  2  walls  leading  to  the 
Piraeus,  with  a  narrow  passage  between  them. 
The  entire  circuit  of  the  walls  was  174J  stadia 
(nearly  22  miles),  of  which  43  stadia  (nearly 
5J  miles)  belonged  to  the  city,  75  stadia  (9^ 
miles)  to  the  long  walls,  and56i  stadia  (Tmiles) 
to  Piraeus,  Mtmychia,  and  Phalerum. — The 
Acropolis,  also  called  Cccropia  from  its  re- 
puted founder,  was  a  steep  rock  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  city,  about  150  feet,  high,  1150  feet 
long,  anil  500  broad.  On  the  \V.  end  of  the 
Acropolis,  where  access  is  alone  practicable, 
were  the  magnificent  Propylaea,  or  "the  En- 
trances," built  by  Pericles.  The  summit  of 
the  Acropolis  was  covered  with  temples,  stat- 
ues of  bronze  and  marble,  and  various  other 
works  of  art.  Of  the  temples,  the  grandest 
was  the  Parth&non,  sacred  to  the  "  Virgin  " 
goddess  Athena;  and  N.  of  the  Parthenon 
was  the  magnificent  Erechtheum,  containing 
3  separate  temples,  one  of  Athena  Polias,  or 
the  "  Protectress  of  the  State,"  the  Erechthe- 
um proper,  or  sanctuary  of  Ercchtheus,  and 
the  f'androsium,  or  sanctuary  of  Pandrosos, 
the  daughter  of  Cecrops.  Between  the  Par- 
tli'iion  and  Erechtheum  was  the  colossal  stat- 
ue of  Athena  Promachos,  or  the  "Fighter  in 
the  Front,"  whose  helmet  and  spear  was  tin- 
first  object  on  the  Acropolis  visible  from  the 
sea.  The  lower  city  was  built  in  the  plain 
round  the  Acropolis, but  this  plain  also  con- 
tained several  hills,  especially  in  the  S.W. 
part. 

ATHENAEUM  (-i),  in  general  a  temple  or 
place  sacred  to  Athena  (Minerva).  The  name 
was  specially  given  to  a  school  founded  by 
the  emperor  Hadrian  at  Koine  about  a.h.  133, 
for  tln>  promotion  of  literary  and  scientific 
studies. 

XTHENAEUS  (-i),  a  learned  Greek  gram- 
marian, of  Naucratis  in  Egypt,  lived  about 
a.i>.23o,  first  at  Alexandria,  and  afterwards  at 
Rome.  His  extant,  work  is  entitled  the  Deip- 
nogophistae,  i.  e.  the  Banquet  of  '/"■  Learned, 
consisting  of  an  immense  mass  of  anecdotes, 
of  extracts  from  the  ancient  writers,  and  of 
discussions  on  almost  every  conceivable  sub- 
ject, especially  on  gastronomy.  Athenaeus 
represents  himself  as  describing  to  his  friend 

Tfmocratea  n  full  account,  of  the  conversation 
at  a  banqnel  in  Hume,  at.  which  Galen,  the 
[h  v-Jt.  i  in  and  (  ip!  in,  the  inr-st  were  among 
the  guests, 

/vTiikxoihIki  sf-i).  (l)OfTarsns,aStolc 
philosopher,  surnamed  Cobi>ymo,  was  keeper 
of  the  library  at  Pci  gamns,  ami  niter  wards  re- 
moved to  Rome,  where  he  lived  with  M.  ( latO, 

m  whose  house  he  died.  — (2)  or  Tarsus, 
■i  stoic  philosopher,  snrnamed  Caranitks, 
from  ('ana,  in  Cilicia,  the  birthplace  of  his 
father.  Me  taught  tit.  Apollonia  in  Spirits, 
where  the  young  Octavlus  (subsequently  the 
emperor  Augustus)  was  one  of  his  disciples. 
He  nccompanled  the  latter  to  Rome, and  be- 
came one  of  his  intimate  friend- 


ATHESIS  (-is:  Adige  or  Ktsch),  rises  in  the 
i  Rhaetiau  Alps,  receives  the  XTAGIS  (Kisach), 
flows  through  Upper  Italy  past  Verona,  and 
falls  into  the  Adriatic  by  many  mouths. 

I  ATHOS  (Dat.  Atho  ;  Ace.  Athon  and  Atho ; 
.-1 M.  Atho),  the  mountainous  peninsula,  also 

'.  called  Acte,  which  projects  from  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia.  At  its  extremity  it  rises  to  the 
height  of  6349  feet :  the  voyage  round  it  was 
so  dreaded  by  mariners  that  Xerxes  had  a 
canal  cut  through  the  isthmus  which  con- 

j  nects  the  peninsula  with  the  mainland,  to  af- 

i  ford  a  passage  to  his  fleet.  The  isthmus  is 
about  15  miles  across;  and  there  are  distinct 
traces  of  the  canal  to  be  seen  in  the  present 
day.     The  peninsula  contained  several  llour- 

|  isliing  cities  in  antiquity,  and  is  now  studded 
with  numerous  monasteries,  cloisters,  and 
chapels.  In  these  monasteries  some  valua- 
ble MSS.  of  ancient  authors  have  been  discov- 
ered. 

ATIA,  mother  of  Augustus. 

ATILIUS  REGtJLUS.    [Ruoci-fs.] 

ATINA  (-ae:  Atina),  a  town  of  the  Volsci 
ill  Liltium,  afterwards  a  Roman  colony. 

ATINTANES  (-urn),  an  Epirot  people  in 
Illyria,  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia. 

ATLANTICUM  MAKE.    [Ooeanus.] 
ATLANTIS  (-idis),  according  to  an  ancient 
tradition,  a  great  island  W.  of  the  pillars  of 
Hercules,  in  the  ocean,  opposite  Mount  Atlas  ; 

j  it  possessed  a  numerous  population,  and  was 
adorned   with    every   beauty;    its    powerful 

J  princes  invaded  Africa  and  Europe,  but  were 
defeated  by  the  Athenians  and  their  allies; 

i  its  Inhabitants  afterwards  became  wicked  and 
impious,  and  the  island  was  In  coneeqnence 
swallowed  Dp  in   the  ocean   in  a  day  .and  a 

'  night.  This  legend  is  given  by  Plato  in  the 
Tvmaeus,  and  is  said  to  have  been  related  to 
Solon  by  the  Egyptian  priests.  The  Canary 
Islands,  or  the  Azores,  which  perhaps  wen: 
visited  by  the  Phoenicians,  may  have  given 
rise  to  the  legend  ;  but  some  modern  writ- 
ers regard  it   as   indicative  of  a   vatrue  belief 

in  antiquity  in  the  existence  of  the  W.  hemi- 
sphere. 

ATLAS  (-antis),  son  of  lapetits  and  Clynie- 
lH',  .and  brother  of  Prometheus  and  Kpime- 
theiis.  lie  made  war  wilh  the  other  Titans 
upon  Zens  (Jupiter),  and,  being  conquered, 
was  condemned  to  bear  heaven  on  his  head 
and  hands.  The  myth  seems  to  have  arisen 
from  the  idea  that  lofty  mountains  supported 

the  heaven.  Another  tradition  relates  that 
Perseus  came  to  Mia-  and  asked  for  shelter, 

which    was     refhSed,    whereupon     Per-clis,  by 

means  of  the  head  of  Medusa,  changed  him 

Into  M.  Atlas,  OU  which  rested  heaven  with 
nil  its  -tars.  Atlas  was  the  father  of  thr 
Pleiades  by  Ph'i.'me  or  by  lle-pcris;  of  tin' 
Hyades  and  Hesperides  by  Aethra;  and  of 
Oenomau'  and  Main  by  Pter&pS.  Dionfi  and 
Calypso,  Byas  and  lie  perns,  are  likewise 
called  his  children. — AttanttddeH,  a  descend- 
ant of  Atlas,  especially  Mercury,  his  grandson 
by  Main,  and  I lermaphroditns,  son  of  Mer- 
cury.     Atlantias  and  Atlantis,  a  female  de 


ATLAS  MONS. 


72 


ATTALUS. 


acendaot  of  Atlas,  especially  one  of  the  Ple- 
iads aud  Hyads. 


Atlas.    (From  the  Farnese  collection  now  at  Naples.) 


ATLAS  MONS  was  the  general  name  of 
the  great  mountain  range  which  covers  the 
surface  of  N.  Africa  between  the  Mediterra- 
nean aud  the  Great  Desert  (Sahara)  on  the  N. 
aud  S.,  and  the  Atlantic  and  the  Lesser  Syrtis 
on  the  W.  and  E. 

ATOSSA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Cyrus,  and  wife 
successively  of  her  brother  Cambyses,  of 
Smerdis  theMagian,  and  of  Darius  Hystaspis, 
by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Xerxes. 

ATRAE  (-arum),  or  HATRA  (-ae),  a  strong- 
ly fortified  city  on  a  high  mountain  in  Meso- 
potamia, inhabited  by  people  of  the  Arab  race. 

ATKAX  (-acis),  a  town  in  Pelasgiotis  in 
Thessaly,  inhabited  by  the  Perrhaebi,  so  call- 
ed from  the  mythical  Atrax,  son  of  Peneus 
and  Bura,  and  father  of  Caeneus  and  Hippo- 
damala.  Hence  Caeneus  is  called  Atrdc'ides, 
and  Hippodamia  Atrdcis. 

ATKEBaTES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Gallia  Bel- 
gica,  in  the  modern  Artou,  which  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  their  name.  Their  capital  was  Ne- 
metocenna  orNemetacum,  subsequently  Atre- 
bati,  mow  Arras.  Part  of  them  crossed  over 
to  Britain,  where  they  dwelt  in  the  upper 
valley  of  the  Thames,  in  Oxfordshire  and 
Berkshire. 

ATREUS  (-cos,  Si,  or  el),  son  of  Pelops  and 
Hippodamia,  grandson  of  Tantalus,  and  broth- 
er of  Thyestes  and  Nicippe.  [Pet-ops.]  He 
was  first" married  to  Cleola,  by  whom  he  be- 
came the  father  of  Plisthenes;  then  to  Aero- 
pe,  the  widow  of  his  son  Plisthenes,  who  was 
the  mother  of  Agamemnon,  Menelaus,  and 
Anaxibia,  either  by  Plisthenes  or  by  Atreus 


[Agamemnon]  ;  and  lastly  to  Pclopia,  the 
daughter  of  his  brother  Thyestes.  The  tragic 
fate  of  the  house  of  Pelops  afforded  materials 
to  the  tragic  poets  of  Greece.  In  consequence 
of  the  murder  of  their  half-brother  Chrysip- 
pus,  Atreus  and  Thyestes  were  obliged  to 
take  to  flight;  they  were  hospitably  received 
at  Mycenae:  aud,  after  the  death  of  Eurys- 
theus,  Atreus  became  king  of  Mycenae.  Thy- 
estes seduced  Aerope,  the  wife  of  Atreus,  and 
was  in  consequence  banished  by  his  brother; 
from  his  place  of  exile  he  sent  Plisthenes,  the 
sou  of  Atreus,  whom  he  had  brought  up  as 
his  own  child,  in  order  to  slay  Atreus;  but 
Plisthenes  fell  by  the  hands  of  Atreus,  who 
did  not  know  that  he  was  his  own  sou.  In 
otdcr  to  take  revenge,  Atreus,  pretending  to 
be  reconciled  to  Thyestes,  recalled  him  to 
Mycenae,  killed  his  two  sons,  and  placed  their 
flesh  before  their  father  at  a  banquet,  who  un- 
wittingly partook  of  the  horrid  meal.  Thy- 
estes fled  with  horror,  and  the  gods  cursed 
Atreus  and  his  house.  The  kingdom  of  Atreus 
was  now  visited  by  famine,  and  the  oracle  ad- 
vised Atreus  to  call  back  Thyestes.  Atreus, 
who  went  out  in  search  of  him,  came  to  king 
Thesprotus,  where  he  married  his  third  wife, 
Pelopia,  the  daughter  of  Thyestes.  whom 
Atreus  believed  to  be  a  daughter  of  Thespro- 
tus. Pelopia  was  at  the  time  with  child  by 
her  own  fuher.  This  child,  Aegisthus,  after- 
wards slew  Atreus,  because  the  latter  had 
commanded  him  to  slay  his  own  father,  Thy- 
estes. [Aegisthus.] 
ATRIA.     [Ai.kia.] 

ATRIDES  or  ATRIDA  (-ae),  a  descendant 
of  Atreus,  especially  Agamemnon  and  Mene- 
laus. 

ATROPlTENE  (-es),  or  Media  Atropatia, 
the  N.W.  part  of  Media,  adjacent  to  Armenia, 
named  after  Atropates,  a  native  of  the  coun- 
try, who,  having  been  made  its  governor  by 
Alexander,  founded  there  a  kingdom,  which 
long  remained  independent. 

ATROPOS.    [Moirak.] 

ATTA  (-ae),  T.  QUINTIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
comic  poet,  died  n.o.  TS.  His  surname  Atta 
was  given  him  from  a  defect  in  his  feet.  His 
plays  were  acted  even  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus. 

ATTlLTA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  Lydia,  for- 
merly called  Agrolra. — (2)  A  city  on  the  coast 
of  Pamphylia,  founded  by  Attains  II.  Phila- 
delphus,  and  subdued  by'the  Romans  under 
P.  Servilius  Isauricus. 

ATTALUS  (-i),  king  of  Pergamus.  (1)  Son 
of  Attains,  a  brother  of  Philetaerus,  succeeded 
his  cousin  Eumenes  I.,  and  reigned  n.o.  241- 
197.  He  took  part  with  the  Romans  against 
Philip  and  the  Achaeaus.  He  was  a  wise  and 
just  prince,  and  was  distinguished  by  his  pat- 
ronage of  literature.  —  (2)  Snrnamed  Phila- 
ijei.v'iics,  2d  son  of  Attains,  succeeded  his 
brother  Eumenes  II.,  and  reigned  159-138. 
Like  his  father,  he  was  an  ally  of  the  Romans, 
and  he  also  encouraged  the  arts  and  sciences. 
— (3)  Snrnamed  Piiii.omf.tok,  son  of  Eumenes 
II.  and  Stratonice,  succeeded  his  uncle  At- 
tains II.,  and  reigned  13S-133.  In  his  will,  he 
made  the  Romans  his  heirs;  but  bis  king- 


ATT  HIS. 


7:: 


ATURUS. 


Coin  of  Attains  I. 


dom  was  claimed  by  Aristonicus.    [Aristom- 

CU8.] 

ATTHIS  or  ATTIS.  [Attica.] 
ATTICA  (-ae),  a  division  of  Greece,  has 
the  form  of  a  triangle,  two  sides  of  which  are 
washed  by  the  Aegaean  sea,  while  the  third 
is  separated  from  Boeotia  on  the  N.  by  the 
mountains  Cithaeron  and  Parues.  Megaris, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.W.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Attica.  In  ancient  times  it  was  called 
Acte  and  Actice,  or  the  "coastlaud"  [Aote], 
from  which  the  later  form  Attica  is  said  to 
have  been  derived.  According  to  tradition  it 
derived  its  name  from  Atthis,  the  daughter 
of  the  mythical  king  Cranaus;  and  it  is  not 
Impossible  that  Att-ica  may  con  tain  the  root 
Att  or  Ath  which  we  lind  in  Atthis  and  Athe- 
na. Attica  is  divided  by  many  ancient  writ- 
ers into  3  districts.  1.  The  Highlands,  the N.B. 
of  the  country.  2.  The  Plain,  the  N.W.  of 
the  country,  including  both  the  plain  round 
Athens  and  the  plain  round  Eleusis,  and  ex- 
tending S.  to  the  promontory  Zoster.  3.  The 
St;a-ri>axt  l>istiin,  the  S.  part  of  the  country, 
terminating  in  the  promontory  Snnium.  Be- 
sides these  3  divisions  we  also  read  of  a  4th, 
The  Midland  District,  still  called  Mesogia,  an 
undulating  plain  in  the  middle  of  the  coun- 
try. The  soil  of  Attica  is  not  very  fertile: 
the  greater  part  of  it  is  not  adapted  for  grow- 
ing corn;  but  it  produces  olives,  figs,  and 
grapes,  especially  the  -J  Cornier,  in  great  per- 
fection. The  country  is  dry :  the  chief  river 
is  the  Cephissus,  rising  In  Parnes  and  flow- 
ing through  the  Athenian  plain.  The  abun- 
dance of  wild  flowers  in  the  connl  ry  made  1  lie 
honey  of  M.  Hymettns  very  celebrated  In  an- 
tfqnlty.  Excellent  marble  was  obtained  from 
the  quarries  of  Pentelicns,  N.K.  of  Athens, 
and  a  considerable  supply  of  silver  from  the 
minet  of  Laurlnmnearounlum,    The  area  of 

Attica,  including  the  Island  of  Salamis,  which 

belonged  to  it,  < tained  between  run  and  sou 

square  miles  ;  and  its  population  iii  it-  flour- 
ishing period  was  probably  about  600,000, of 
which  nearly  four-fifths  were  slaves.  Attica  is 
said  to  have  been  originally  Inhabited  by  Pe- 
lasgians.  Its  most  ancient  political  division 
wat  Into  12  independent  states,  attributed  to 
Ceobopb,  who  according  to  some  legends  came 
from  Egypt.  Subsequently  Ion,  the  grand  on 
of  Bellen,  divided  the  people  into  4  tribes, 
Cfeleontes,  Hopletes,  Argades,  and    iegicores; 

and  TheseUB,  Who  united  the  12  independent 
states  of  Attica  into  one  political  body,  and 


made  Athens  the  capital, 
again  divided  the  nation 
into  3  classes,  the  Eupatri- 
dae,  Geomori,  and  Demi- 
nr;ji.  Clisthenes  (u.o.  510) 
abolished  the  old  tribes 
and  created  10  new  ones, 
according  to  a  geograph- 
ical division:  these  tribes 
were  subdivided  into  17'' 
demi  or  townships. 

ATTICUS  HERODE8, 
TIBERIUS  CLAUDIUS, 
a  celebrated  Greek  rheto- 
rician, born  about  a.d.  104, 
at  Marathon  in  Attica.  He 
taught  rhetoric  both  at  Athens  and  at  Rome. 
The  future  emperors  M.  Attrelius  and  L.Verns 
were  among  his  pupils,  and  Antoninus  Pius 
raised  him  to  the  consulship  in  143.  He  pos- 
sessed immense  wealth,  a  great  part  of  which 
he  spent,  in  embellishing  Athens.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  70,  in  1st). 

ATTICUS,  POMPONIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
eques,  born  at  Rome,  b.o.  109.  His  proper 
name  after  his  adoption  by  Q.  Caecilius,  the 
brother  of  his  mother,  was  C^.  Caecilius  Pom- 
ponianus  Atticus.  His  surname,  Atticus,  was 
given  him  on  account  of  his  long  residence  in 
Athens,  and  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  Greek  language  and  literature.  He  kept 
aloof  from  all  political  affairs,  and  thus  lived 
on  intimate  terms  with  the  most  distinguish- 
ed men  of  all  parties  His  child'  friend  was 
Cicero,  whose  correspondence  with  him,  be- 
ginning In  OS  and  continued  down  lo  Cicero's 
death,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  remains 
of  antiquity.  He  purchased  an  estate  at  Bn- 
throtum  in  Epirns,  in  which  place,  as  well  as 
at  Athens  and  Home,  he  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  time,  engaged  in  literary  pursuits 
and  commercial  Undertakings.  He  died  in 
B.O.  32,  at  the  age  of  77,  of  voluntary  starva- 
tion, when  he  found  thai  lie  was  attacked  by 
an  incurable  illness.  His  wife  ['ilia  bore  1 1 1 111 
only  one  child,  a  daughter,  Pouiponia  or  <  !ae- 
cilia,  who  was  married  to  M.  Vipsanlus  Agrip- 
pa.  The  sister  of  Atticus,  Pomponia,  was 
married  to  Q.  Cicero,  the  brother  of  the  ora- 
tor. In  philosophy  Atticus  belonged  to  the 
Epicurean  Mil. 

ATTlLA  (-ae),  a  king  of  the  Huns,  reigned 
A.D.  434-453.     Such  terror  did   he  inspire   in 

the   ancient    world   that    he    was    called  "the 

Scourge  of  God."  His  career  divides  Itself 
into  two  parts.  The  first  (a.i>. 446-460)  con- 
sists of  the  ravage  of  the  Eastern  empire  be- 
tween the  Kiixine  and  the  Adriatic,  and  the 
second  of  bis  invasion  of  tin'  Western  em- 
pire (460-452).  Il<'  took  Aqullein  in  462,  after 
a  siege  of;;  months,  but  he  did  not  attack 

Koine,  ill  consequence,  it  Is  said,  of  his  inter- 
view with  Pope  Leo  the  Great,  lie  died  in 
t:.:1.,  on  the  night  of  his  marriage  with  a  beau- 
tiful eirl,  by  the  bursting  of  a  blood-vessel. 

ATT  1 1   S.      I  loOIUS.] 

ATTICS  or  ATTI'S  XAVlI'S.     INaviis.] 

ATCKI  S  (-i  :  Ailniir),  a  river  in  Aipiilaina, 

rising  in  the  Pyrenees  and  Mowing  tbrougV 
the  territory  of  the  Tarbelll  into  the  ocean. 


ATVS. 


AUGUSTUS. 


ATYS  or  ATTYS  (-yds).  (1)  A  beautiful 
shepherd  ofPbrygia,  beloved  by  Cybele.  Hav- 
ing  proved  anfaitbfal  to  ihe  goddess,  he  was 
thrown  by  her  into  a  state  of  ruaduess,  and 
w  as  changed  into  a  fir-tree.— (2)  A  Latin  chief, 
from  whom  the  Atia  Gene  derived  its  origin, 
and  from  whom  Augustus  was  believed  to  be 
descended  on  his  mother's  side. 

AUFIDENA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Samnium  on 
the  river  Sagrns. 

AUFlDUS  (i-),  the  principal  river  of  Apulia, 
flowing  with  a  rapid  current  luto  the  Adriatic. 
Venusia,  the  birthplace  of  Horace,  was  on  the 
Autidus. 

AUGE  (-es),  or  AUGIA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Aleus  and  Nearea,  was  a  priestess  of  Athena, 
and  mother  by  Hercules  of  Telephns.  [Tei.e- 
phts.]  She  afterwards  married  Teuthras, 
king  of  the  Mysiaus. 
AUGEAS  or  AUGIAS.  [Heeoui.es.] 
AUGILA  (-"rum),  an  oasis  in  the  Great 
Desert  of  Africa,  lo  days'  journey  W.  of  the 
Oasis  of  Ammon,  abounding  in  date  palms. 

AUGUSTA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  towns 
founded  o:-  colonized  by  Augustus.    Of  these 
one  of  the  most  important  was  Augusta  Prae- 
tobia  (Aosta),  a  town  of  the  Salassi  in  Upper 
Italy,  at  the  foot  of  the  Graian  and  Pennine 
Alps.    The  modern  town  still  contains  many 
Roman  remains:  the  most  important  of  which 
are  the  town  gates  and  a  triumphal  arch. 
AUGUSTOBONA     [Teicasses.] 
AUGUSTODUNUM.     [Biijraote.] 
AUGUSTOXEMETUM.     [Aevjceni.] 
AUGUSTULUS,  ROMULUS   (-i),  last  Ro- 
man emperor  of  the  West,  was  deposed  by 
Odoacer.  a.t>.  476. 

AUGUSTUS  (i-),  the  first  Roman  emperor, 
was  born  on  the  23d  of  September,  n.o.  C3,  and 
was  the  son  of  C.  Octavius  by  Atia,  a  daughter 
of  Julia,  the  sister  of  c.  Julius  Caesar.  His 
original  name  was  C.  Octaiius,  aud,  after  his 
adoption  by  his  great-uncle,  C.  Julius  Caesar 
Octavianit*.  Augustus  was  only  a  title  given 
him  by  the  senate  and  the  people  in  u.o.  -'7, 
to  express  their  veneration  for  him.  He  was 
pursuing  his  studies  at  Apollonia,  when  the 
news  reached  him  of  his  uncle's  murder  at 
Rome,  in  March.  44.  He  forthwith  set  out  for 
Italy,  and  upon  landing  was  received  with 
enthusiasm  by  the  troops.  He  first  joined 
the  republican  party  in  order  to  crush  Antony, 
against  whom  he  fought  at  Mutina  in  con- 
junction with  the  2  consuls,  C.  Vibius  Pansa 
and  A.  Hirtius.  Antony  was  defeated,  aud 
obliged  to  fly  across  the  Alps;  and  the  death 
of  the  2  consuls  gave  Augustus  the  command 
of  all  their  troops.  He  now  re  turned  to  Rome, 
and  compelled  the  senate  to  elect  him  consul, 
and  shortly  afterwards  he  became  reconciled 
to  Antony.  It  was  agreed  that  the  Roman 
world  should  be  divided  between  Augustus. 
Antony,  and  Lepidns,  under  the  title  of  tri- 
umviri  ret  publicae  constituendae,  and  that  this 
arrangement  shonld  last  for  the  next  5  years. 
They  published  a  proscriptic  or  list  of  all  their 
enemies,  whose  lives  were  to  be  sacrificed 
and  their  property  confiscated:  upwards  of 
2000  equites  and  300  senators  were  pnt  to 
death,  among  whom  was  Cicero.     Soon  after- 


wards Augustus  and  Antony  crossed  over  to 
Greece,  and  defeated  Brutus  and  Cassins  at 
the  decisive  battle  of  Philippi  in  4?,  by  which 
the  hopes  of  the  republican  party  were  ruin- 
ed. Augustus  returned  to  Italy,  where  a  new 
war  awaited  him  (41),  excitedby  Fulvia,  the 
wife  of  Antony.  She  was  supported  by  L.  An- 
tonius,  the  consul  and  brother  of  the  triumvir, 
who  threw  himself  into  the  fortified  town  of 
Pernsia,  which  Augustus  succeeded  in  taking 
in  40.  Antony  now  made  preparations  for 
war,  but  the  death  of  Fulvia  led  to  a  reconcil- 
iation between  the  triumvirs,  who  concluded  a 
peace  at  Brundusiuro.  A  new  division  of  the 
provinces  was  again  made:  Augustus  obtain- 
ed all  the  parts  of  the  empire  \V.  of  the  town 
of  Scodra  in  Illyricum,  Antony  the  E.  prov- 
inces, and  Lepidns  Africa.  Antony  married 
Octavia,  the  sister  of  Augustus,  in  order  to 
cement  their  alliance.  In  36  Augustus  con- 
quered Sex.  Pompey,  who  had  held  possession 
of  Sicily  for  many  years  with  a  powerful  fleet. 
Lepidns,  who  had  landed  in  Sicily  to  support 
Augustus,  was  also  subdued  by  Augustus, 
stripped  of  his  power,  aud  sent  to  Rome, 
where  tie  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
being  allowed  to  retain  the  dignity  of  ponti- 
fex  maximus.  Meantime,  Antony  had  repu- 
diated Octavia,  on  account  of  his  love  for 
Cleopatra,  and  had  alienated  the  minds  of 
the  Roman  people  by  his  arbitrary  conduct. 


Augustus. 

The  serate  declared  war  against  Cleopatra ; 
and  in  September,  b.c.  31,  the  fleet  of  Augustus 
gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  Antony's  near 
Actium  iu  Acaruania.  In  the  following  year 
(30)  Augustus  sailed  to  Egypt.  Antony  aud 
Cleopatra,  who  had  escaped  in  safety  from 
Actium,  put  an  end  to  their  lives.  Augustus 
thus  became  the  undisputed  master  of  the 
Roman  world,  hut  he  declined  all  hono 
distinctions  which  were  calculated  to  remind 
the  Romans  of  kingly  power.  On  the  death 
of  Lepidus  in  12  he  became  pontifex  maxi- 
mus. On  state  matters,  which  he  did  not 
choose  to  be  discussed  in  public,  he  consulted 
his    ]  ersonal   friends.  Maecenas.  M.  Aurippa, 


AULERCI. 


75      AURELIUS  ANTONINUS,  M. 


M.  Valerius  Messalla  Corvinns,  and  Asinius 
Pollio.  The  wars  of  Augustus  were  chiefly 
undertaken  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  the  Ro- 
man dominions.  Most  of  them  were  carried 
on  by  his  relations  and  friends,  but  he  con- 
ducted a  few  of  them  in  person.  Thus,  in  27, 
he  attacked  the  warlike  Cantabri  and  Astures 
iu  Spain.  In  20  he  went  to  Syria,  where  he 
received  from  Phraiites,  the  Parthian  mon- 
arch, the  standards  and  prisoners  which  had 
been  taken  from  Crassus  and  Antony.  He 
died  at  Nolo,  on  the  2'Jth  of  August,  a.d.  14, 
at  the  age  of  76.  His  last  wife  was  Livia, 
who  had  been  previously  the  wife  of  Tiberius 
Nero.  He  had  no  children  by  Livia,  and  only 
a  daughter  Julia  by  his  former  wife  Scribonia. 
Julia  was  married  to  Agrippa,  and  her  2  sons, 
Cains  and  Lucius  Caesar,  were  destined  by 
Augustus  as  his  successors.  On  the  death  of 
these  two  youths,  Augustus  was  persuaded  to 
adopt  Tiberius,  the  son  of  Livia  by  her  former 
husband,  and  to  make  him  his  colleague  and 
successor.     [Tibeeiub.] 

AULEKCT  (-oram),  a  powerful  Gallic  people 
dwelling  between  the  Sequana  {Seine)  and  the 
Liger  (Loire),  and  divided  into  3  tribes. — (1) 
A.  Ebdrovioes,  near  the  coast  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Seine  in  the  modern  Normandy  ;  their 
capital  was  Mediolanum,  afterwards  called 
Ebnrovices  (Evreux). — (2)  A.  Cknomani,  S.W. 
of  the  preceding,  near  the  Liger;  their  capital 
was  Sabdinnnm  (le  Mann).  At  an  early  pe- 
riod some  of  the  Cenomani  crossed  the  Alps 
and  settled  in  Upper  Italy.— (3)  A.  Bbanno- 
vToks,  E.  of  the  Cenomani,  near  the  Aedui, 
whose  clients  they  were. 

AULIS  (-is  or  idis),  a  harbor  in  Boeotia  on 
the  Kuripus,  where  the  Greek  fleet  assembled 
before  sailing  against  Troy. 

AI'LON  (-onis).  (1)  A  district  and  town  on 
the  borders  of  Kl is  and  Meseenia,  with  a  tem- 
ple  of  Aesculapius. — (2)  A  town  in  Chalcidlce' 
m  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymonic  gulf.— (3)  A 
fertile  valley  near  Tarentnm,  celebrated  for 
its  wine. 

AUR&L15.NL     [Genaihw.] 

AUREL JAM'S  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  a. t>. 
270-275,  born  at  Sinninm  in  Pannonia,  and 
successor  of  Clandina  n.  lie  defeated  the 
Goths  and  Vandals,  who  bad  crossed  tin-  Dan- 
ube, and  the  Qermans,  who  bad  invaded  Italy. 
He  next  turned  his  arms  against  Zenobla, 
queen  of  Palmyra,  whom  be  defeated,  took 
prisoner,  and  carried  with  him  to  Rome.  |/k- 
noiiia.]  lb-  then  recovered  Gaul,  Britain,  and 
Spain,  which  were  in  the  hands  of  the  usurper 
Tetricus.  On  his  return  to  Rome,  he  Bur 
rounded  tin?  city  with  a  new  line  of  walls. 
He  abandoned  Dacia,  which  bad  been  first 
conquered  by  Trajan,  and  made  tin-  8. bank 

or  the  Danube,  i-  in  the  tii if  Augustus, 

the  boundary  of  the  empire,  lb-  was  killed 
by  some  of  hi*  officers  while  preparing  to 
march  agalnsi  the  Persians. 

MKKi.Trs  ANTONINUS,  &L,  usually  call- 
ed M.  AURfiLlUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  -." 
nil  180,  com m old v  called  "the  philosopher," 
was  bora  at  Home  ,\.n.  121.    lb-  was  adopted 

by  Antoninus  I'ius,  when  the  latter  was  adopt- 
ed by  Hadrian,  and  married  Panstina,  the 
daughter  of  Pius  (188).     On  the  death  of  An- 


AMI 


The  Autuiiine  Col 


AURELIUS  VICTOR. 


7(J 


AXIA. 


toninos  in  161,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  but 
he  admitted  to  an  equal  share  of  the  sov- 
ereign power  L.  Aurelius  Vei  us,  who  had  been 
adopted  by  Pius  at  the  same  time  as  Marcue 
himself,  boon  after  their  accession  Veins  was 
dispatched  to  the  East,  and  for  4  years  (a.d. 
162-165)  carried  on  war  with  great  success 
against  Vblogeses  III.,  king  of  Parthia,  over 
whom  his  lieutenants,  especially  Avidius  i  ia- 
sius,  gained  many  victories.  He  subsequent- 
ly prosecuted  a  war  for  many  years  with  the 
Marcomanni,  Quadi,  and  the  other  barbarians 
dwelling  along  the  northern  limits  of  the  em- 
pire, from  the  sources  of  the  Danube  to  the 
Illyrian  border.  Verus  died  in  169.  In  174 
Aurelius  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Quadi,  mainly  through  a  violent  storm,  which 
threw  the  barbarians  into  confusion.  This 
storm  is  said  to  have  been  owing  to  the  pray- 
ers of  a  legion  chiefly  composed  of  Christians. 
It  has  given  rise  to  a  famous  controversy 
among  the  historians  of  Christianity  upon 
what  is  commonly  termed  the  Miracle  of  the 
Thundering  Legion.  In  17o  Aurelius  set  out 
for  the  East,  where  Avidius  Cassias,  urged  on 
by  Faustina,  the  unworthy  wife  of  Aurelius, 
had  risen  in  lebelliou  and  proclaimed  him- 
self emperor.  But  before  Aurelius  reached 
the  East,  Cassias  had  been  slain  by  his  own 
officers.  During  this  expedition  Faustina 
died,  according  to  some,  by  her  own  hands. 
Aurelius  died  in  ISO,  in  Pannonia,  while  pros- 
ecuting the  war  against  the  Marcomanni. — 
The  leading  feature  in  the  character  of  M. 
Aurelius  was  his  devotion  to  the  Stoic  philos- 
ophy. We  still  possess  a  work  by  him  writ- 
ten in  the  Greek  language,  and  entitled  Medi- 
tations. No  remains  of  antiquity  present  a 
nobler  view  of  philosophical  heathenism. 
The  chief  and  perhaps  the  only  stain  upon 
the  memory  of  Aurelius  is  his  persecution  of 
the  Christians. — Aurelius  was  succeeded  by 
his  sou  Commodus. 

AURELIUS  VICTOR.     [Victob.] 

AURORA.     [Eos.] 

AURUNCI.     [Italia.] 

AUSCI  or  AUSCII  (-Ornm),  a  powerful  peo- 
ple in  Aquitania.  whose  capital  was  Climber- 
rum  or  Elimberrum,  also  Augusta  and  Ausci 
(Aueh)._ 

AUSETANI  (-dram),  a  Spanish  people  in 
the  modern  Catalonia;  their  capital  was  Ansa 
( Vique). 

AUSONES.  ATJSONIA.     [Italia.] 

AUSONlUS,  DECIMUS  MAGNUS  (-i),  a 
Roman  poet,  born  at  Burdigala  (Bordeaux), 
about  a-d.  310,  taught  grammar  and  rhetoric 
with  such  reputation  at  his  native  town  that 
he  was  appointed  tutor  of  Gratian,  son  of 
the  emperor  Valentinian,  and  was  afterwards 
raised  to  the  highest  honors  of  the  state. 
Manv  of  his  poems  are  extant. 

AL'STER  (-tri),  called  Notcs  by  the  Greeks, 
the  S.  wind,  or  strictly  the  S.W.  wind.  It  fre- 
quently brought  with  it  fogs  a"d  rain  :  but  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year  it  w«^J  a  dry,  sul- 
try wind,  injurious  both  to  man  and  to  vege- 
tation, the  Sirocco  of  the  modern  Italians. 

AUTARIATAE  (-arum),  an  Illyrian  people 
in  the  Dalmatian  mountains. 

AUTOCHTHONES.     [Abokioihks  ] 


AUT0LOLES  (-urn)  or  -AE  (-arum),  a  Gae- 
tuliau  tribe  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  S.  of 
the  Atlas  mountains. 

ACTOLYCl'S  (-i),  son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  Chione,  and  father  of  Anticlea,  who  was 
the  mother  of  Ulysses.  He  lived  on  mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  renowned  for  his  cunning 
and  robberies. 

AUT0MEDON  (-outis),  son  of  Diores,  the 
charioteer  and  companion  of  Achilles,  and, 
after  the  death  of  the  latter,  the  companion 
of  his  son  Pyrrhus.  Hence  Automedou  is 
used  as  the  name  of  any  skillful  charioteer. 

AUTON'OE  (-es),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia,  wife  of  Aristaeus,  and  mother  of 
I  Actaeon,  who  is  therefore  called  Autonoeiiu 
heros.  With  her  sister  Agave,  she  tore  Pen. 
theus  to  pieces.  [Pentiif.cjb.] 
I  AUTRIGONES  (-um),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconeusis  between  the  ocean  and  the 
Iberus. 

AUXlMUM(-i:  Osiino),  an  important  town 
of  Picenum  in  Italy,  and  a  Roman  colony. 

AUXtJME  (-Gs)  or  AX-  (Axum),  the  capi- 

i  tal  of  a   powerful  kingdom  in   Ethiopia,  to 

the  S.E.  of  Meroe,  which  became  known  to 

the  Greeks  and  Romans  in  the  early  part  of 

the  2d  century  of  our  era. 

AVARICUM.     [Bitukiges.] 

AVELLA.     [Aulli.a.] 

AVENIO  (-onis:  Avignon),  a  town  of  the 
Cavares  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhone. 

AVENTICUM  (-i:  Avencftes),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Helvetii,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colonj',  of  which  ruins  are  still  to  be  seen. 

XVENTINUS  MONS.     [Roma.] 

AVERNUS  LACUS  (-i),  a  lake  close  to  the 
promontory  between  Comae  and  Puteoli,  fill- 
ing the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  It  is 
surronnded  by  high  banks,  which  in  antiquity 
I  were  covered  by  a  gloomy  forest  sacred  to 
i  Hecate.  From  its  waters  mephitic  vapors 
arose,  which  are  said  to  have  killed  the  birds 
that  attempted  to  fly  over  it,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance its  Greek  name  was  supposed  to 
be  derived.  (A  ortws,  from  u  priv.  and  6pnr, 
a  bird.)  The  lake  was  celebrated  in  mythol- 
ogy r ,n  acconnt  of  its  connection  with  the 
lower  world.  Near  it  was  the  cave  of  the 
Cumaean  Sibyl,  through  which  Aeneas  de- 
scended to  the  lower  world.  Agrippa,  in  the 
time  of  Augustus,  connected  this  lake  with 
the  Lncrine  lake;  he  also  caused  a  tunnel  to 
be  made  from  the  lake  to  Cumae,  of  which  a 
considerable  part  remains,  and  is  known  un- 
der the  name  of  Grotto  di  Sibylla.  The  Ln- 
crine lake  was  filled  up  by  an  eruption  in  1=530. 
so  that  Avernns  is  atraiu  a  separate  lake. 

AVIANUS,  FLAVIUS  (-i),  the  author  of  42 
fables  in  Latin  elegiac  verse,  probably  lived 
in  the  3d  or  4th  century  of  the  Christian  era. 

AViENl'S.  RUFUS'FESTUS  1,-1),  a  Latin 
poet  towards  the  end  of  the  4th  century  of 
the  Christian  era.  His  poems  are  chiefly  de- 
scriptive. 

AXEXUS.     [Ft -xiNrs  Pontcs.] 

AXIA  (-ae\  a  fortress  in  the  territory  of 
Tarquinii  in  Etruria. 


AXIUS. 


77 


BACTKIA. 


AXIUS  (-i),  the  chief  river  in  Macedonia, 
rising  in  Mt.  Scardus,and  flowingS.E.  through 
Macedonia  into  the  Thermaic  gulf. 


AZOTUS  (-i:  Ashdod  or  Ashdoud),  a  city 
of  Palestine,  near  the  sea-coast. 


B. 


BABRIUS  (-i),  a  Greek  poet,  probably  in 
the  time  of  Augustus,  turned  the  fables  of 
Aesop  into_ verse. 

BABYLON  (r.nis).  (1)  (Babel  in  O.T. :  Ru. 
at  and  around  Hillah),  one  of  the  oldest  cities 
of  the  ancient  world,  built  on  both  banks  of 
the  river  Euphrates.  In  Scripture  its  found- 
ation is  ascribed  to  Nimrod.  Secular  history 
ascribes  its  origin  to  Belus  (i.e.  the  god  Baal), 
and  its  enlargement  and  decoration  to  Ninus 
or  his  wife  Semiramis,  the  Assyrian  monarchs 
of  Nineveh.  Babylon  was  for  a  long  time 
subject  to  the  Assyrian  empire.  Its  great- 
ness as  an  independent  empire  begins  with 
Nabopolassar,  the  father  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
who,  with  the  aid  of  the  Mediau  king  Cyaxa- 
res,  overthrew  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  and 
destroyed  Nineveh  (u.c.  606).  Under  his  son 
and  successor,  Nebuchadnezzar  (u.c.  604-562), 
the  Babylonian  empire  reached  its  height, 
and  extended  from  the  Euphrates  to  Egypt, 
and  from  the  mountains  of  Armenia  i  >  the 
deserts  of  Arabia.  After  his  death  it  again 
declined,  until  it  was  overthrown  by  the  capt- 
ure of  Babylon  by  the  Medes  and  Persians 
under  Cyras  (b.0.538),  who  made  the  city  one 
of  the  capitals  of  the  Persian  empire,  the 
others  being  Susa  and  Ecbatana.  Under  his 
successors  the  city  rapidly  sank.  Darius  I. 
dismantled  its  fortifications,  in  consequence 
of  a  revolt  of  its  inhabitants.  After  the  death 
of  Alexander,  Babylon  became  a  part  of  the 
Syrian  kingdom  oi'SeleucnsNicator,  who  con- 
tributed to  its  decline  by  the  foundation  of 
Su.i EUOIA  on  the  Tigris,  which  soon  eclipsed 
it.  At  the  present  day  all  its  visible  remains 
consist  of  mounds  of  earth,  ruined  masses  of 
brick  walls,  and  a  few  scattered  fragments. 
The  city  of  Babylon  formed  a  square,  each 
side  of  which  was  120  stadia  (12  geog.  miles) 
in  length.  The  walls,  of  burnt,  brick,  were 
200  cubits  high  and  50  thick;  and  tbev  were 
surrounded  by  a  deep  ditch.  The  Euphrates, 
which  divided!  the  city  Into  2  equal  part-,  was 
embanked  with  walls  of  brick,  the  openings 
of  which  at  the  ends  of  the  transverse  si  reels 
were  closed  by  gates  of  bronze.  Of  the  two 
public  buildings  of  Hie  greatest  celebrity,  the 
one  was  the  temple  of  Belus,  rising  to  a  great 
height,  nnd  consisting  of  8  stories,  gradually 
diminishing  in  width,  and  ascended  by  a  flight 
oi  Bteps,  which  wound  ronnd  the  whole  build- 
ing on  tne  outside.  The  other  was  the  "bang- 
ing gardens"  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  laid  out 
upon  terrace  which  were  raised  above  one 
another  on  arches.  The  streets  of  the  city 
were    straight,   intersecting    one    another    at 

right  angle-.  The  buildings  were  almost  uni- 
versally constructed  of  bricks,  some  bnrnl  and 
some  only  sun-dried,  cemented  together  with 

hot  bitumen,  and  in  some  cases  With  mortar. 
The  ruling  class  at  Babylon,  to  which  the 
kings,  and  priests,  and  men  of  learning  be- 
longed, were  the  Chaldaeaus,  who  probably 


descended  at  an  ancient  period  from  the 
mountains  on  the  borders  of  Armenia,  and 
conquered  the  Babylonians.  The  religion  of 
the  Chaldaeans  was  Sabaeism,  or  the  worship 
of  the  heavenly  bodies.  The  priests  formed 
a  caste,  and  cultivated  science,  especially  as- 
tronomy. They  were  the  authors  of  the  sys- 
tems of  weights  and  measures  used  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  The  district  around  the 
city,  bounded  by  the  Tigris  on  the  E.,  Meso- 
potamia on  the  N.,  the  Arabian  Desert  on  the 
W.,  and  extending  to  the  head  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  on  the  S.,  was  known  in  later  times  by 
the  name  of  Bauvlonia,  sometimes  also  call- 
ed Chaldaea.  [Chai.paea.]  This  district  was 
a  plain,  subject  to  continual  inundations 
from  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  which  were 
regulated  by  canals.  The  country  was  fertile, 
but  deficient  in  trees. — (2)  A  fortress  in  Lower 
Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  exactly 
opposite  to  the  pyramids.  Its  origin  was  as 
cribed  by  tradition  to  a  body  of  Babylonian 
deserters. 

BABYLONIA.     [Babylon.] 

BACCHAE  (arum),  also  called  Maenades 
and  Thyiades.  (1)  The  female  companions 
of  Dionysus  or  Bacchus  in  his  wanderings 
through  the  East,  are  represented  as  crowned 
with  vine-leaves,  clothed  with  fawn-skins, 
and  carrying  in  their  bands  the  thymus.  — (2) 
Priestess  of  Dionysus,  who  by  wine  and  other 
exciting  causes  "worked  themselves  up  to 
frenzy  at  the  Dionysiac  festivals.  For  de- 
tails, see  Dionysus. 

BACCiirs.    [Dionysus.] 

BACC'IIf'IjDKS,  one  of  the  great  lyric  po- 
ets of  Greece,  born  at  Iulis  In  <  leos,  and  neph- 
ew of  Siinonides,  flourished  about  B.0.4TO,  and 
lived  a  long  time  at  the  court  of  llieron  in 
Syracuse,  together  with  Simonides  and  Pin- 
dar. 

BACKNIS  SILVA.  a  forest  which  separated 
the  Suevi  from  the  Cherusci,  probably  the  W. 
part  of  the  ThuringiaU  forest. 

BACTRA  or  ZAE1  ASI'A  (-ae:  Balkh),  the 
capital  of  BAOTRIA,  StOOd  at  I  lie  N.  foot  of  I  lie 

M.  Paropamisus  (the  Hindoo  Koosh)  on  the 

river  liaetriis,  about  26  miles  S.  of  its  junction 
with  the  <>xus. 

BACTRlA  or-lANA  '-ae:   link  l,,tni<,  a  prov- 

[nce  of  the  Persian  empire,  bouuded  on  theS, 
by  M.  Paropamisus,  which  separated  II  fn  n 
Arlana,  on  the  B.  by  the  N.  branch  of  the 
same  range,  which  divided  it  from  the  Sacae, 
on  the  NTE.by  the  Oxus,  which  separated  It 
from  Sogdiana,  and  on  the  W.  by  Warglaua. 

It.  was  Included  lU  the  conquests  of  Alexan- 
der, anil  formed  a  pari  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Sei'iniTiae  until  D.o.  26S,  when  Theodotus,  its 
governor,  revolted  from  Autiochus  II.,  and 
founded  the  Greek  kingdom  oi  Btictria,  which 
lasted  till  n.ix  Kit  or  126,  when  it  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Parthians. 


BAECULA. 


BATTIADAE. 


BAECULA  (-ne),  a  town  in  Hispania  Tarra- 
conensis,  W.  of  Castulo,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  silver  mines. 

BAETERRAE  (-arnm  :  Beziers),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Narboueusis  on  the  Obris,  not  far  from 
Narbo. 

BAETICA.     [Hispania.] 

BAET1S  (-is:  Guadalquirer),  a  river  in  S. 
Spain,  formerly  called  Tartkssus,  rising  in 
the  territory  "of  the  Oretani,  flowing  S.W. 
through  Baetica,  to  which  it  gave  its  name, 
and  falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  2 
months. 

BlGOAS  (-ae)  or  BAGOUS  (-i),  an  eunuch, 
highly  trusted  and  favored  by  Artaxerxes  III. 
(Ochus),  whom  he  poisoned,  b.c.  33S.  He  was 
pnt  to  death  by  Darius  III.  Codomannus, 
whom  he  had  attempted  likewise  to  poison, 
336.  The  name  Bagoas  frequently  occurs  in 
Persian  history,  and  is  sometimes  used  by 
Latin  writers  as  synonymous  with  eunuch. 

BAGRlDA  (-ae),  a  river  of  N.Africa,  fall- 
ing iuto  the  Gulf  of  Carthage  near  Utica. 

BAIAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Campania,  on  a 
small  bay  W.  of  Naples,  and  opposite  Puteoli, 
was  situated  in  a  beautiful  country,  which 
abounded  in  warm  mineral  springs.  The 
baths  of  Baiae  were  the  most  celebrated  in 
Italy,  and  the  town  itself  was  the  favorite 
watering-place  of  the  Romans.  The  whole 
country  was  studded  with  the  palaces  of  the 
Roman  nobles  and  emperors,  which  covered 
the  coast  from  Baiae  to  Puteoli.  The  site  of 
ancient  Baiae  is  now  for  the  most  part  cover- 
ed by  the  sea. 

BALBUS,  L.  CORNELIUS,  ofGades,  served 
under  Pompey  against  Sertorius  in  Spain,  and 
received  from  Pompey  the  Roman  citizenship. 
He  returned  with  Pompey  to  Rome,  where  he 
lived  on  intimate  terms  with  Caesar  as  well 
as  Pompey.  In  b.c.  56  he  was  accused  of 
having  illegally  assumed  the  Roman  citizen- 
ship; he  was  defended  by  Cicero,  whose 
speech  has  come  down  to  ns,  and  was  acquit- 
ted. In  the  civil  war,  Balbus  had  the  man- 
agement of  Caesar's  affairs  at  Rome.  After 
the  death  of  Caesar  he  gained  the  favor  of 
Octavian,  who  raised  him  to  the  consulship 
in  40. 

BALEARES  (-ium),  also  called  GYMNE- 
SIAE,  by  the  Greeks,  2  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  coast  of  Spain,  distinguish- 
ed by  the  epithets  Major  and  Minor,  whence 
their  modern  names  Majorca  and  Minorca. 
Their  inhabitants,  also  called  Balcare.it,  were 
celebrated  as  slingers.  They  were  subdued 
b.o.  123,  by  Q.  Metellus,  who  assumed  accord- 
ingly the  surname  Balearieus. 

BANDUSIAE  PONS  (Sambuco),  a  fountain 
in  Apulia,  6  miles  from  Vennsia. 

BANTIA  (-ae:  Banzi  or  Vanzi),a.  town  in 
Apulia,  near  Venusia,  in  a  woody  district. 

BARBXRI,  the  name  given  by  the  Greeks 
to  all  foreigners,  whose  language  was  not 
Greek,  and  who  were  therefore  regarded  by 
the  Greeks  as  an  inferior  race.  The  Romans 
applied  the  name  to  all  people  who  spoke 
neither  Greek  nor  Latin. 

BARCA.       rllAMII.OAE.] 

BARCA  fne)  or-E  (-es:  Meijch),  the  second 


city  of  Cyrenaica,  in  N.  Africa,  100  stadia  from 
the  sea,  appears  to  have  been  at  first  a  settle- 
ment of  a  Libyan  tribe,  the  Barraci,  but  about 
b.c.  560  was  colonized  by  the  Greek  seceders 
from  Cyrene,  and  became  so  powerful  as  to 
make  the  W.  part  of  Cyrenaica  virtually  inde- 
pendent of  the  mother  city.  In  b.c.  510  it  was 
taken  by  the  Persians,  who  removed  most  of 
its  inhabitants  to  Bactria,  and  under  the  Ptol- 
emies its  ruin  was  completed  by  the  erection 
of  its  port  into  a  new  city,  which  was  named 
Ptolemais. 

BARCINO  {Barcelona),  a  town  of  theLaeS. 
tani  in  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor. 

BARGtfSlI  (-6mm),  a  people  in  the  N.E.  of 
Spain,  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Iberns. 

BARIUM  (Bart),  a  town  in  Apulia,  on  the 
Adriatic,  a  muuicipium,  and  celebrated  for  its 
fisheries. 

BARSINE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Artaba- 
zus,  and  wife  of  Memuon  the  Rhodian,  sub- 
sequently married  Alexander  the  Great,  to 
whom  she  bore  a  son,  Hercules.  She  and  her 
son  were  put  to  death  by  Polvsperchou  in  309. 
—(2)  Also  called  STATIRA",  elder  daughter 
of  Darius  III.,  whom  Alexander  married  at 
Susa,B.c.  324.  Shortly  after  Alexander's  death 
she  was  murdered  by  Roxana. 

BASSAREUS  (-eos  or  el),  a  surname  of  Dio- 
nysus, probably  derived  from  ba.ssaris,  a  fox- 
skin,  worn  by  the  god  himself  and  the  Mae- 
nads in  Thrace.  Hence  Bassaris  (-idis),  was 
the  name  of  a  female  Bacchante. 

BASTARNAE  or  BASTERNAE  (-arum),  a 
warlike  German  people,  partly  settled  be- 
tween the  Tyras  (Dniester)  and  Borysthenes 
(Dnieper),  and  partly  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dan- 
ube, under  the  name  of  Peucini,  from  their 
inhabiting  the  island  of  Pence,  at  the  mouth 
of  this  river. 

BATAVI  or  BXTlVI  (-orum),  a  Celtic  peo- 
ple, inhabiting  the  island  formed  by  the  Rhine, 
the  Waal,  and  the  Maas,  called  after  them  In- 
sula Batavorum.  They  were  for  a  long  time 
allies  of  the  Romans,  but  they  revolted  under 
Claudius  Civilis  in  a.i>.  69,  and  were  with 
great  difficulty  subdued.  Their  chief  town 
was  Lugdnnnm  (Leyden),  between  the  Maas 
and  the  Waal.  The  Canine/ates  or  Cannine- 
fates  were  a  branch  of  the  Batavi,  and  dwelt 
in  the  W.  of  the  island. 

BlTHYLLUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Samos,  a  beautiful 
youth  beloved  by  Anacreon. — (2)  Of  Alexan- 
dria, the  freedman  and  favorite  of  Maecenas, 
brousrht  to  perfection,  together  with  Pylades 
of  Cilicia,  the  imitative  dance  or  ballet  "called 
Pantomimus.  Bathyllus  excelled  in  comic, 
and  Pylades  in  tragic  personifications. 

BATNAE  (-arum).  (1)  (Saruj),  a  city  of 
Osroene  in  Mesopotamia,  founded  by  the  Mac- 
edonians.— (2)  (Dahab),  a  city  of  Cyrrhestice, 
in  Syria. 

BaTO  (-onis).  the  name  of  2  leaders  of  tha 
Paunonians  and  Dalmatians  in  their  insurrec- 
tion in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  a.d.6. 

BATTiXDAE  (-arnm),  kings  of  Cyrene  dur- 
ing 8  generations,  (l)  Battus  I.,  of  Thera, 
led  a  colony  to  Africa  at  the  command  of  the 
Delphic  oracle,  and  founded  Cyreue  about  is.  o. 


BATTUS. 


79 


BELLEROrilON. 


631. — (2)  Akckbilaus  I.,  son  of  No.  1,  reigned 
n.o.  599-5S3. — (3)  Battcs  II.,  suruamed  "the 
Happy,"  sou  of  No.  •>,  reigned  583-560?— (4) 
Akcesilaus  II.,  son  of  No.  3,  suruamed  "  the 
Oppressive, "reigned  about 560-550.  His  broth- 
ers withdrew  from  Cyrene,  and  founded  Barca. 
— (5)  Battds  III,  or  "  the  Lame,"  son  of  No. 4, 
reigned  about  550-530;  gave  a  new  constitu- 
tion to  the  city,  whereby  the  royal  power  was 
reduced  within  very  narrow  limits. — (o)  Ak- 
oebilaus  III.,  son  of  No.  5.  reigned  about 
530-514.  — (7)  Battus  IV.,  of  whose  life  we 
have  no  accounts.  —  (8)  Akcesilaus  IV.,  at 
whose  death,  about  450,  a  popular  govern- 
ment was  established. 

BATTUS  (-i),  a  shepherd  whom  Hermes 
turned  into  a  stone,  because  he  broke  a  prom- 
ise which  he  made  to  the  god. 

BAUCIS.     [Piiilemon.] 

BAULI  (-drum),  a  collection  of  villas  rather 
than  a  town  between  Misenum  and  Baiae  in 
Campania. 

BlVlUS  (-i)  and  MAEVlUS  (-i),  2  malevo- 
lent poetasters  who  attacked  the  poetry  of 
Virgil  and  Horace. 

BEBRYCES  and  BEBRYCES  (-um).  (1)  A 
mythical  people  in  Bithynia,  said  to  be  of 
Thracian  origin,  whose  "king,  Amycus,  slew 
Pollux.  —  (2)  An  ancient  Iberian  people  on 
me  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  N.  and  S.  of 
the  Pyrenees. 

BEDRIACUM  (-i),  a  small  place  iu  Cisal- 
pine Caul,  between  Cremona  and  Verona,  cel- 
ebrated for  the  defeat  both  of  Otho  and  of 
the  Vitellian  troops,  a.d.  69. 

BELESIS  or  BfiLfiSYS,  a 
Chaldaean  priest  at  Babylon, 
who  is  said,  in  conjunction 
with  Arbaces,  the  Mede,  to 
have  overthrown  the  old  As- 
syrian empire.  Belesis  after- 
wards received  the  satrapy  of 
Babylon  from  Arbaces. 

BELG  IE  (-arum),  a  people 
Of  dfi  man  origin,  inhabiting 
the  N.E.  ofQaul,  were  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Rhine,  on 
the  W.  by  the  ocean,  on  the  8. 
by  the  Sequana  (Seine)  and 
Matrona  (Marne),  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  territory  of  the  Trc- 
viri.  They  were  the  bravest 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul,  and 
were  subdued  by  Caesar  after 
a  courageous  resistance. 

BELGlCA.     [Gallia.] 

BELGIUM    (-1),    the    name 

generally  applied  to  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Bellovaoi, and  <>r 
the  tribes  dependent  npon  the 

latter,  namely,  the  Atrehatrs, 

Ambiani,  Velliocasses,  Anler- 
ci,  and  Caleti.  Belgium  did 
not  include  the  whole  country 
inhabited  by  the  Belgae,  for 
we  tind  the  Nervii.  Remi,  etc, 
expressly  excluded  from  it. 

BELIDES.     UJi.i.is.j 

BELTSlKlUS.  the  greatest 
general  of  Justinian, overthrew 


the  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa,  and  the  Gothic 
kingdom  iu  Italy.  In  a.d.  503  he  was  accused 
of  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Justinian; 
according  to  a  popular  tradition  he  was  de- 
prived of  his  property,  his  eyes  were  put  out, 
and  he  wandered  as  a  beggar  through  Con- 
stantinople; but  according  to  the  more  au- 
thentic accouut  he  was  merely  imprisoned  for 
a  year  in  his  own  palace,  and  then  restored  to 
his  honors.    He  died  iu  565. 

BELLEROPHON  (-ontis)  or  BELLERO- 
PIIONTES  (-ae),  son  of  the  Corinthian  king 
Glaucus  and  Eurymede,  and  grandson  of  Sis- 
yphus, was  originally  called  Hipponous,  and 
received  the  name  Bellerophon  from  slaying 
the  Corinthian  Belerus.  To  be  purified  from 
the  murder  he  fled  to  Proetus,  king  of  Argos, 
whose  wife  An  tea  fell  in  love  with  the  young 
hero ;  but  as  her  offers  were  rejected  by  him, 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  having 
made  improper  proposals  to  her.  Proetus, 
unwilling  to  kill  him  with  his  own  hands, 
sent  him  to  his  father-in-law,  Iobates,  king 
of  Lycia,  with  a  letter,  in  which  the  latter  was 
requested  to  put  the  young  man  to  death. 
Iobates  accordingly  sent  him  to  kill  the  mon- 
ster Chimaera,  thinking  that  he  was  sure  to 
perish  iu  the  contest.  [Ciiimaeka.]  After 
obtaining  possession  of  the  winged  horse 
Pegasus,  Bellerophon  rose  with  him  into  the 
air,  and  slew  the  Chimarea  with  his  arrows. 
[Pkgasus.]  Iobates,  thus  disappointed,  sent 
Bellerophon  against  the  Solymi,  and  next 
against  the  Amazons.  In  these  contests  he 
was   also  victorious;   and  on   his   return    to 


Bellerophon,  Pegu  ut,  and  '  I   .. 
(TUcbbeln,  Hamilton  vi 


pl.t.) 


BELLONA. 


80 


BERENICE. 


Be)lerophon  and  the 

(F, 


n^ed  horse  Pegasus, 
lief.) 


Lyca,  beiui,  attacked  by  the  bravest  Lycians, 
whom  Iobates  had  placed  in  ambush  for  the 
>urpose.  Bellerophou  slew  them  all.  Iobates, 
low  seeing  that  it  was  hopeless  to  kill  the 


BlLUS.  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and 
Libya  or  Euryuome,  twin-brother  of  A<renor, 
and  father  of  Aegyptus  and  Danaus.  He  was 
believed  to  be  the  founder  of  Babylon.  The 
patronymic  Belldes  is  given  to  Aegyptus  and 
Danaus,  to  Lynceus,  son  of  Aegyptus,  and  to 
Palamedea.  The  Danaides,  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus, were  also  called  Bolides.  —  (2)  (Sahr 
Naman),  a  river  of  Phoenicia,  falling  into 
the  sea  close  to  the  S.  of  Ptolemais  (Acre) 
celebrated  for  the  tradition  that  its  fine  sand 
first  led  the  Phoenicians  to  the  invention  of 
glass. 

BENACUS  (-i)  LACTS  (Lano  di  Garda),  a 
lake  in  the  X.  of  Italy,  out  of  which  the  Min- 
cius  flows. 

BENEYENTUM  (-i :  Benevento),  a  town  in 
Samnium  on  the  Appia  Via.  formerly  called 
Maleventum,  on  account,  it  is  said,  of  its  bad 
I  air.  It  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in 
Italy,  having  been  founded,  according  to  tra- 
dition, by  Diomedes.  In  the  Samnite  wars  it 
was  subdued  by  the  Romans,  who  sent  a  col- 
ony thither  in  u.c.268,  and  changed  its  name 
Maleventum  into  Beueveutum.    The  modern 


hero,  gave  him  his  daughter  (Philouoe,  Anti- 
clOa,  or  Cassandra)  in  marriage,  and  made 
him  his  successor  on  the  throne.  At  last  Bel- 
lerophon  drew  upon  himself  the  hatred  of 
the  gods,  and,  consumed  by  grief,  wandered 
lonely  through  the  Aleian  field,  avoiding  the 
paths  of  men.  This  is  all  that  Homer  says 
respectins  P>ellerophon's  later  fate  ;  some  tra- 
ditions related  that  he  attempted  to  fly  to 
beaven  upon  Pegasus,  but  that  Zens  sent  a 
gad-fly  to  sting  the  horse,  which  threw  off 
the  rider  npon  the  earth,  who  became  lame 
or  blind  in  consequence. 

BELLONA  (-a),  the  Roman  goddess  of  wan 
represented  as  the  sister  or  wife  of  Mars- 
Her  priests,  called  Bellonarii,  wounded  their 
own  arms  or  legs  when  they  offered  sacrifices 
to  her. 

BELLOVaCI  (-ornm),  the  most  powerful 
of  the  Belgae,  dwelt  in  the  modern  Beauvais, 
between  the  Seine,  Oise,  Somme,  and  Bresle.  j 


town  has  several  Roman  remains,  among 
others  a  triumphal  arch  of  Trajan. 

BERECYNTlA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Cybele, 
which  she  derived  from  Mt.  Berecyntus  in 
Phrygia,  where  she  was  worshiped. 

BERENICE  (-es),  a Macedonic  form  ofPher- 
enice,i.e.  "Bringing  Yictory."  —  (1)  Wife  of 
Ptolemv  I.  Soter,  and  the  mother  of  Ptolemy 
II.  Philadelphus.  — (2)  Daughter  of  Ptolemy 
II.  Philadelphia,  and  wifeofAntiocbu.-  Theos, 
king  of  Syria,  who  divorced  Laodice  in  order 
to  marry  her,  n.o.  249.  On  the  death  of  Ptole- 
my, 247,  Antiochus  recalled  Laodice,  who,  not- 
withstanding, caused  him  to  be  poisoned,  and 
murdered  Berenice  and  her  son. — (3)  Daugh- 
ter of  Masras,  king  of  Cyrene,  and  wife  of 
Ptolemy  III.  Euergetes.  She  was  put  to  death 
by  her  son,  Ptolemy  IV.  Philopator  on  his  ac- 
cession to  the  throne,  221  The  famous  hair 
of  Berenice,  which  she  dedicated  for  her  hus- 
band's safe  return  from  his  Syrian  expedition, 


BERENICE. 


61 


BIGERRA. 


was  said  to  have  become  a  constellation. — (4) 
Otherwise  called  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Ptol- 
emy VIII.  Lathyrus,  succeeded  her  father  on 
the  throne,  b.c.  81,  and  married  Ptolemy  X. 
(Alexander  II.),  but  was  murdered  by  her  hus- 
band 19  days  after  her  marriage (5)  Daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  XI.  Auletes,  and  eldest  sister 
of  the  famous  Cleopatra,  was  placed  on  the 
throue  by  the  Alexandrines  when  they  drove 
out  her  father,  59.  She  next  married  Arche- 
lans,  but  was  put  to  death  with  her  husband 
when  Gabinius  restored  Auletes,  55. — (6)  Sis- 
ter of  Herod  the  Great,  married  Aristobulus, 
who  was  put  to  death  n.o.  6.  She  was  the 
mother  of  Agrippa I. — (7)  Daughter  of  Agrippa 
I.,  married  her  uncle  Herod,  king  of  Chalets, 
by  whom  she  had  two  sons.  After  the  death 
of  Herod,  a.h.  4S,  Berenice,  then  20  years  old, 
lived  with  her  brother,  Agrippa  II.,  not  with- 
out suspicion  of  an  incestuous  commerce  with 
him.  She  gained  the  love  of  Titus,  who  was 
only  withheld  from  making  her  his  wife  by 
fear  of  offending  the  Romans  by  such  a  step. 

BERENICE  (-es),  the  name  of  several  cities 
of  the  period  of  the  Ptolemies.  Of  these  the 
most  important  were:— (1)  Formerly  Ezion- 
geber  (Ru.  nr.  Akabah),  in  Arabia,  at  "the  head 
of  the  Sinus  Aelanites,  or  E.  branch  of  the 
Red  Sea.— (2)  In  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea,  mi  a  gulf  called  Sinus  Im- 
tnundus  (now  Foul  Bail,  where  its  ruins  are 
still  visible).  It  was  named  after  the  mother 
of  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphia,  who  built  it,  and 
made  a  road  hence  to  CoptOS,  so  that  it  be- 
came  a  chief  emporium  for  the  commerce  of 
Egypt  with  Arabia  and  India.  (3)  {Ben  Qhazi, 
Ru.),  in  Cyrenaica,  formerly  Hespebis,  the  fa- 
bled site  of  the  Gardens  of  the  Hesperides. 
It  took  its  latter  name  from  the  wife  of  Ptol- 
emy III.  Euergetes. 

BERGOMUM  <-i:  Bergamo),  a  town  of  the 
Orobii  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  between  Comnm 
and  Hrixia,  afterwards  a  municipium. 

BEROKA  (-ae).  (1)  {Verria),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  towns  of  Macedonia,  s.w.  of 
Pella,  anil  abuiii  -JO  mile-  from  the  sea.— (2) 
{Aleppo  or  Hdleb),  a  town  in  Syria,  near  Anti- 
och,  enlarged  by  Selencns  Nicator,  who  gave 
It  the  Macedonian  name  of  Beroea.    It  is  call- 


BERYTUS  and  BERtTUS  (-i :  Beirut},  one 
of  the  oldest  sea-ports  of  Phoenicia,  stood 
halfway  between  Byblus  and  Sidon.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  Syrian  king  Tryphon  (b.c. 


Coin  of  ft.-roi-n,  In  Syrln,  with  U„-  Hud  ..f  Tr„j, 

sd  Helbon  or  Chelbon  in  Ezekiel  (xxvii.  I8),a 

name   s- 1  til   retained   in   llie   modem   Ihthl,,  fur 

which  Europeans  have  substituted  Aleppo. 

HKUusi's  (-i),a  priesl  of  Belns  at  Baby- 
lon, lived  in  Hie  reign  of  Antiochns  11.  (b.o. 
261  246),  and  wn>ie  in  Greek  a  history  of 
Babylonia.  Some  fragments  of  this  work  are 
preserved  by  Josepbus,  Er.seblas,  and  I  he 
< Ihristian  fathers. 


of  Berytus. 

140),  and  restored  by  Agrippa  under  Augus- 
tus, who  made  it  a  colony.  It  afterwards  be- 
came a  celebrated  seat  of  learning. 

BESSI  (ortim),  a  fierce  and  powerful  Thra- 
cian  people,  who  dwelt  along  the  whole  of 
Mt.Haemus  as  far  as  the  Euxine. 

BESSUS  (-i),  satrap  of  Bactria  under  Da- 
rius III.,  seized  Darius  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Arbela,  n.o.  331.  Pursued  by  Alexander  in 
the  following  year,  Bessus  murdered  Darius, 
and  fled  to  Bactria,  where  he  assumed  the 
title  of  king.  He  was  betrayed  by  two  of  his 
followers  to  Alexander,  who  put  him  to  death. 

BETASII  (-Oram),  a  people  in  Gallia  Belgica, 
between  the  Tungri  and  TsTervii,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Iieetz  in  Brabant. 

BIANOR  (-oris),  also  called  Ocnus  or  Auc- 
nus.  son  of  Tiberis  and  Manto,  i*  said  to  have 
built  the  town  of  Mantua,  and  to  have  called 
it  after  his  mother. 

BIAS  (-ant is).  (1)  Brother  of  the  sect  Me- 
lampue.  —  (2)  of  Priene  in  Ionia,  one  of  the 
Seven  Sages  of  Greece,  flourished  about  n.o. 

5511. 

BlBiCtJLTJS,  M.  KTRiCS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  at  Cremona,  wrote  a  poem  on  Cae- 
sar's Gallic  wars,  ami  another  entitled  Athio- 
pis.     They  are  both  ridiculed  by  Horace. 

BIBRACTE  (-es:  AutUTl),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Aedui  in  Gallia  I.ugdunensis,  after- 
wards .1  uf/u&todunum. 

Ill  BRA  X  '  :iel  is:   Bit  rrr),  a  town  of  the  Keini 

in  Gallia  Belgica,  nol  far  from  Aisne. 

BIBtfLUS,  M.CALPTJRNlUS(-i), 

curulc  aedile  i;.e.  05,  praetor  02,  anil 

consul  69,  in  each  of  which  years  he 
bad  C.Julius*  laesarae  hiscolleagne. 

lie  was  a  staunch   adherent   of  the 

aristocratical  party,  but  was  unable 
in  his  consulship  to  resist  the  pow- 
erful combination  of  Caesar,  Pom- 
pey,  ami  <  Irassus.  A  Her  an  Ineffect- 
ual ai  tempi  to  oppose ( 'aesai '  ngi  < 

rian  law,  he  wil  hilrew  from  I  he  pop- 

nlor  assemblies  altogether;  whence 

it  was  said  in  joke  that  it.  wa-  the 
consulship  of  Julius  and  of  Caesar.  In  the 
civil  war  he  commanded  Pompey's  fleel  in  the 
Adriatic,  and  died  (48)  while  holding  the  com 
miiiiiiI  off  for  via.  lie  married  Porcia,  the 
daughter  oft  lato  i  Iticensis. 

BIDI8  (-is),  a  small  town  in  Sicily,  W.  of 
Syracuse. 

BIGERR  \  ae),  n  tov  a  of  the  Cretan!  in 
Ilispania  Tarracouensis. 


BIGERRIONES. 


82 


boeotia. 


BIGERRIONES  (-um)  or  BIGERRI 
(-oruiu),  a  people  in  Aq'uitania, near  the  Pyr- 
enees. 

BILBILIS  (-is :  Baubola),  a  town  of  the  Cel- 
tiberi  in  Hispauia  Tarraconensis,  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Martial. 

BINGIUM  (-i :  Bingen),  a  town  on  the  Rhine 
in  Gallica  Belgica. 

BION  (-6nis).  (1)  Of  Smyrna,  a  bucolic  poet, 
flourished  about  is.c.  280,  and  spent  the  last 
years  of  his  life  in  Sicily,  where  he  was  poi- 
soned. The  style  of  Bioii  is  refined,  and  his 
versification  fluent  and  elegant. — (2)  Of  Bo- 
rysthenes,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Dnieper, 
flourished  about  is.c.  250.  He  was  sold  as  a 
slave,  when  young,  and  received  his  liberty 
from  his  master,  n  rhetorician.  He  studied 
at  Athens,  and  afterwards  lived  a  considerable 
time  at  the  court  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,  king 
of  Macedonia.  Bion  was  noted  for  his  sharp 
sayings,  whence  Horace  speaks  of  persons 
delighting  Bioneis  scrmonibus  ct  sale  irirjro. 

BJSALTIA  (-ae),  a  district  in  Macedonia, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Strymou,  inhabited  by 
a  Thracian  people. 

BISANTHE  (-es:  Rodosto),  subsequently 
Rhaedestum  or  Iihaedestus,  a  town  in  Thrace 
on  the  Propoutis,  with  a  good  harbor. 

BISTONES  (-um),  a  Thracian  people  be- 
tween Mt.  lthodope  and  the  Aegean  Sea,  on 
the  lake  Bistonis,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Abdera.  From  the  worship  of  Dionysus  in 
Thrace  the  Bacchic  women  are  called  Bis- 
tonides. 

BITHYNIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Mysia,  on  the  K.  by 
the  Ponttis  Euxinus,  on  the  E.  by  Paphla- 
gonia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Phrygia  Epictetus, 


Persian  empire  under  Cyrus,  and  was  govern- 
ed by  the  satraps  of  Phrygia.  During  the  de- 
cline of  the  Persian  empire,  the  N.  part  of  the 
country  became  independent,  under  native 
princes,  who  resisted  Alexander  and  his  suc- 
cessors, and  established  a  kingdom,  which 
lasted  till  the  death  of  Xicomedes  III.  (n.c.  74), 
who  bequeathed  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans. 
Under  Augustus  it  was  made  a  proconsulai 
province.  It  was  a  fertile  country,  intersected 
with  wooded  mountains,  the  highest  of  which 
was  the  Mysian  Olympus,  on  its  S.  border. 

BITON  (-onis)  and  CLEOBIS  (-is),  sons  of 
Cydippe,  a  priestess  of  Hera  at  Argos.  They 
were  celebrated  for  their  affection  to  their 
mother,  whose  chariot  they  once  dragged  dur- 
ing a  festival  to  the  temple  of  Hera,  a  distance 
of  45  stadia.  The  priestess  prayed  to  the  god- 
dess to  grant  them  what  was  best  for  mortals ; 
and  during  the  night  they  both  died  while 
asleep  in  the  temple. 

BITURIGES  (-um),  a  numerous  and  power- 
ful Celtic  people  in  Gallia  Aquitania,  had  in 
early  times  the  supremacy  over  the  other 
Celts  in  Gaul.  They  were  divided  into  two 
tribes  :  1.  Bit.  Ctibi,  with  Avaricnm  as  their 
capital  (Bourges).  2.  Bit.  Vivisei  or  Urisci: 
their  capital  was  Burdigala  {Bordeaux},  on  the 
lsft  bank  of  the  Gaiumna. 

BLEMYES  (-um),  an  Aethiopian  people,  on 
the  borders  of  Upper  Egypt. 

BLOSIUS  or  BLOSSIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a 
noble  family  in  Campania.  One  of  this  fam- 
ily, C.  Blosius,  of  Ctimae,  was  a  philosopher,  a 
disciple  of  Antipater,  of  Tarsus,  and  a  friend 
of  Tib.  Gracchus. 

BOADICEA  (-ae),  queen  of  the  Iceni  in 
Britain,  having  been  shamefully  treated  by 


was  possessed  at  an  early  period  by  Thracian    the   Romans,  who    even    ravished  her   two 


tribes  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Strymon, 
called  Thyni  and  Bithyui,  of  whom  the  for- 
mer dwelt  on  the  coast,  the  latter  in  the  in- 
terior. The  country  was  subdued  by  the  Lyd- 
ians,  and  afterwards  became  a  part  of  the 


Coins  of  Bithynia,  with  the  Heads  of  Roman  Einp 


daughters,  excited  an  insurrection  of  the 
Britons  against  their  oppressors  during  the 
absence  of  Suetonius  Paulinus,  the  Roman 
governor,  on  an  expedition  to  the  island  of 
Moua.  She  took  the  Roman  colonies  of  f'a- 
malodunum,  Londinium,  and  other 
places,  and  slew  nearly  70,000  Ro- 
mans and  their  allies.  "She  was  at 
length  defeated  with  great  loss  by 
Suetonius  Paulinus,  and  put  an  end 
to  her  own  life,  a.i>.  61. 

BOCCHUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Mau- 
retania,  and  father-in-law  of-Jugur- 
tha,  with  whom  at  first  he  made  war 
against  the  Romans,  but  whom  he 
afterwards  delivered  up  to  Sulla,  the 
quaestor  of  Marius,  is.c.  106. — (2)  Son 
of  the  preceding,  who  took  part  in 
the  civil  wars.  He  was  confirmed  in 
his  kingdom  by  Augustus. 

BODOTRIA  (-ae)  or  BODERIA 
(-ae),  AESTI'ARIUM  (-i),  (Firth  of 
Forth),  an  estuary  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Scotland. 

BOEBE  (-es),a  town  in  Pelasgiotia 
in  Thessaly,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
lake  Boebeis. 

BOEOTIA  (-ae),  a  district  of 
Greece,  bounded  N.  by  Opuntian 
Locris,  E.  by  the  Enboean  Sea.  S.  by 


BOETHIUS. 


83 


BORYSTHENES. 


Attica,  Megaris,  and  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  and 
W.  by  Phocis.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
mountains,  namely,  Helicon  and  Parnassus  on 
the  W.,  Cithaeron  and  Parnes  on  the  S.,  the 
Opuntian  mountains  on  the  N.,  and  a  range 
of  mountains  along  the  sea-coast  on  the  E. 
The  country  contains  several  fertile  plains, 
of  which  the  most  important  were  the  valleys 
of  the  Asopus  and  of  the  Cephissus.  The 
Boeotians  were  an  Aeolian  people,  who  orig- 
inally occupied  Arne  in  Tbessaly,  from  which 
they  were  expelled  by  the  Thessalians  sixty 
years  after  the  Trojan  war.  They  then  mi- 
grated into  the  country  called  after  them  Boe- 
otia,  partly  expelling  and  partly  incorpora- 
ting with  themselves  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  land.  Boeotia  was  then  divided  into 
14  independent  states,  which  formed  a  league, 
with  Thebes  at  its  head.  The  chief  magis- 
trates of  the  confederacy  were  the  Boeotarchs, 
elected  annually.  The  government  in  moat 
states  was  an  aristocracy. 

B5ETHIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  statesman  and 
author,  born  about  a.d.  470,  was  famous  for 
his  general  .earning,  and  especially  for  his 
knowledge  of  Greek  philosophy.  He  was  first 
highly  favored  by  Theodosius  the  Great;  but 
having  awakened  his  suspicion,  he  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  him,  and  afterwards  put  to 
death.  It  was  during  his  imprisonment  that 
he  wrote  his  celebrated  work,  De  Cmmolatione 
Philtjxuj/hiae,  which  has  come  down  to  us. 

BOEUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Dorian 
Tetrapolis. 

Boll  (-ornm),  one  of  the  most  powerful  of 
the  Celtic  people,  said  to  have  dwelt  origin- 
ally in  Gaul  (Transalpina),  but  in  what  part 
of  the  country  Is  uncertain,  At  an  early  time 
they  migrated  in  two  great  swarms,  one  of 
which  crossed  the  Alps  and  settled  in  the 
country  between  the  Po  and  the  Apennines; 
i  In-  other  crossed  the  Rhine  and  settled  in  the 
pari  of  Germany  called  Boihemum  {Bohemia) 
after  them,  and  between  the  Danube  and  the 

l  yrol.     i  hit  I.   ii  1 1 v  i  n  ;  carried  en  a 

fierce  struggle  with  the  Romans,  but  they 
were  at  length  subdued  by  the  consul  P.  Scipio 
in  b.o.  191,  :nid  were  subsequently  incorpo- 
rated in  the  province  ofGallia  <  lisnlpina.  The 
Boii  in  Germany  maintained  their  power 
longer,  bin  were  at  length  subdued  by  the 
Marcomanni,  and  expelled  from  the  country. 

I'.'. I. a  ae),  P.ui.AK.or Vui.AK  (-arum), an 
ancient  town  of  the  Aequi,  belonging  to  the 
Latin  league. 

liOUiF;  f-esi,  a  lake  in  Macedonia,  empti 
ing  itself  by  a  short  river  into  the  Strymonie 
Gulf,  near  Bromiscus  and  Anion. 

BOLBlTlNE  (-es:  Rosetta),  a  city  of  Lower 

Egypt,  near  the  month  of  a  branch  of  the 
Nile  (ih,.  W.-most  but  one),  which  was  called 
the  Bolbil ine  month. 

BOMILCAR  (-arts),  a Nnmidian, deep  in  the 
confidence  of  Jtigurtba.    When  Jugnrtha  was 

at    Home,   109,  Com  ilea-  effected   lor   him   the 

Ination  of  Massiva.  in  107  he  plotted 
against  Jugnrtha 

BOMIUS  '  ii  Won*,  the  W.  pari  of  Mt.Oeta 
In  Aetolia,  inhabited  by  the  Bomierj  I 

BONA  DEA  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  is  de- 


scribed as  the  sister,  wife,  or  daughter  of 
Faunas,  and  was  herself  railed  Fauna,  Fatua, 
or  Oma.  She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  a 
chaste  and  prophetic  divinity;  she  revealed 
her  oracles  only  to  females,  as  Faunus  did 
only  to  males.  Her  festival  was  celebrated 
every  year  on  the  1st  of  May,  in  the  house  of 
the  consul  or  praetor,  as  tLie"  sacrifices  on  that 
occasion  were  offered  on  behalf  of  the  whole 
Roman  people.  The  solemnities  were  con- 
ducted by  the  Vestals,  and  no  male  person 
was  allowed  to  be  in  the  house  at  one  of  the 
festivals.  P.Clodius  profaned  the  sacred  cer- 
emonies, by  entering  the  house  of  Caesar  in 
the  disguise  of  a  woman,  11.0.6'/. 

BONNA  (-ae:  Bonn),  a  town  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  in  Lower  Germany,  and  in 
the  territory  of  the  Ubii,  was  a  strong  fortress 
of  the  Romans  and  the  regular  quarters  of  a 
Roman  legion. 

BoNONlA  (-ae).  (1)  (Bologna),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Cispadana,  originally  called  Fei.sina, 
was  in  ancient  times  an  Etruscan  city,  and 
the  capital  of  N.  Etruria.  It  afterwards  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Boii,  but  it  was  colo- 
nized by  the  Romans  011  the  conquest  of  the 
Boii,  is.c.  191,  and  its  name  of  Felsina  was 
then  changed  into  Bonouia.  (2)  (Boulogne), 
a  town  in  the  N.  of  Gaul.    See  Gksoriaoum. 

BOOTES.     [Arctcrus.] 

BOUBETOMlGUS  (-i :  Worms),  also  called 
Vangiones,  at  a  later  time  Wokmatia,  a  town 
of  the  Vangiones  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine 
in  Upper  Germany. 

BOREAS  (-ae),  the  N.  wind,  or  more  strictly 
the  wind  from  the  N.N.E.,  was,  in  mythology, 
a  son  of  Astraeus  and  Bos,  and  brother  (if 
Besperns,  Zephyrns,  and  Notus,  He  dwelt  in 
a  cave  of  .Mount  Haemus  in  Thrace.  He  car- 
ried off  Oiilhyia,  a  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
king  of  Attica,  by  whom  he  begot  Zetes,  Ca- 
lais, and  ( lleopal  ra,  wife  of  I'hineus,  who  are 
therefore  called  Boreades.  In  the  Persian  war 
Boreas  showed  his  friendly  disposition  to- 
wards the  Athenians  by  destroying  the  ships 

Of  the  barbarians.      Boreas  was  worshiped  at 

Athens,  where  n  festival,  Boreaemi,  was  cele- 
brated in  his  honor. 


ft  reie,    (Rellel  to  m  rempli  ol  the  Wind*  at  Athene.) 
BORYSTHflNES  '-is :  Dnieper),  afterwardn 
DANApnis,n  river  of  European  Sarmatla,  flowa 
into  the  Euxine.    Near  Its  mouth  and  al  It* 


BOSPORUS. 


84 


BRENNUS. 


juuction  with  the  Hypanis  lay  tlie  town  of 
BORY6THKXES  or  BOBY8THENI6  (iCwtak),  also 
called  Omiia,  Or.mopoias,  and  Miletopoi.ib,  a 
colony  of  Miletus,  and  the  most  important 
Greek  city  on  the  N.  of  the  Euxine. 

BOSPORUS  (-i:  Oxford),  the  name  of  any 
straits  among  the  Greeks,  but  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  two  following : — (1)  The  Tiira- 
cian  Bosporus  (Channel  of  Constantinople), 
unites  r  he  Propontis  or  Sea  of  Marmora  with 
the  Euxine  or  Black  Sea.  According  to  the 
legend,  it  was  called  Bosporus  from  Io,  who 
crossed  it  in  the  form  of  a  heifer.  At  the  en- 
trance of  the  Bosporus  was  the  celebrated 
Stmpi.f.i;aih  s.  Darius  constructed  a  bridge 
across  the  Bosporus  when  he  invaded  Scythia. 
—  (2)  Tm:  Cimmerian  Bosporus  (Straits  of 
Kaffa),  unites  the  Pains  Maeotis  or  Sea  of 
Azof  with  the  Euxine  or  Black  Sea.  It  form- 
ed, with  the  Tauais  (Dou),  the  boundary  be- 
tween Asia  and  Europe,  and  it  derived  its 
name  from  the  Cimmerii,  who  were  supposed 
to  have  dwelt  in  the  neighborhood.  On  the 
European  side  of  the  Bosporus,  the  modern 
Crimea,  the  Milesians  founded  the  town  of 
Panticapaeum,  also  called  Bosporus,  and  the 
inhabitants  of  Panticapaeum  subsequently 
founded  the  town  of  Phanagoria  on  the  Asi- 
atic side  of  the  straits.  Panticapaeum  be- 
came the  residence  of  a  race  of  kings,  who  are 
frequently  mentioned  in  history  under 
the  name*  of  kings  of  Bosporus. 

BOSTRA  (-ortim :  O.  T.  Bozrah  ;  Bus- 
rah,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Arabia,  in  an  oasis  of 
the  Syrian  Desert,  S.  of  Damascus. 

BOTTIA  or  BOTTIAEA  (-ae),  a  dis- 
trict in  Macedonia,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  river  Axius,  extended  in  the  time 
of  Thucydides  to  Pieria  on  the  W.  The 
Bottiaei  were  a  Thracian  people,  who, 
being  driven  out  of  the  country  by  the 
Macedonians,  settled  in  that  part  of  the 
Macedonian  Chalcidice  N.  of  Olynthns 
which  was  called  Bottiee. 

BOTTICE.     rBoTTiA.] 

KOViANUM  (Bojano),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Pentri  in  Samuitim. 

BOVILLAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
in  Latinm  at  the  foot  of  the  Alban 
mountain,  on  the  Appian  Way,  about  10 
miles  from  Rome.  Near  it  Clodius  was 
killed  by  Milo  (u.o.  52). 

BRACHMAHAB  (-arum)  or  BRACII- 
MA.NES  (-ium),  a  name  used  by  the  an- 
cient geographers,  sometimes  for  a  caste 
of  priests  in  India  (the  Brahmins), 
sometimes,  apparently,  for  all  the  peo- 
ple whose  religion  was  Brahminism,  and  some- 
times for  a  particular  tribe. 

BRANCHIDAE  (-arum:  Jeronda,  Ru.),  aft- 
erward  Disyma,  or  -1,  a  place  on  the  sea-coast 
of  Ionia,  a  little  S.  of  Miletus,  celebrated  for 
its  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  surnamed 
Didymeus.  This  oracle,  which  the  Ioniaus 
held  in  the  highest  esteem,  was  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Branchus,  son  of  Apollo,  and 
a  Milesian  woman.  The  reputed  descendants 
of  this  Branchus,  the  Brauchidae,  were  the 
hereditary  ministers  of  this  oracle.  The  tem- 
ple, called  Didymacutn,  which  was  destroyed 


by  Xerxes,  was  rebuilt,  and  its  ruins  contain 
some  beautiful  specimens  of  the  Iouic  order 
of  architecture. 

BRASIDAS  (-ae),  the  most  distinguished 
Spartan  in  the  first  part  of  the  Peloponnesian 
war.  In  n.o.  4'24,  at  the  head  of  a  small  force, 
having  effected  a  dexterous  march  through 
the  hostile  country  of  Thessaly,  he  gained 
possession  of  many  of  the  cities  in  Macedonia 
subject  to  Athens  ;  his  greatest  acquisition 
was  Amphipolis.  In  422  he  gained  a  brilliant 
victory  over  Cleon,  who  had  been  sent  with 
au  Athenian  force  to  recover  Amphipolis,  but 
he  was  slain  in  the  battle.  He  was  buried 
within  the  city,  and  the  inhabitants  honored 
him  as  a  hero  by  yearly  sacrifices  and  by 
games. 

BRATUSPANTIUM  (-i),  the  chief  town  of 
the  Bellovaci  in  Gallia  Belgica. 

BRAURON  (-onis).  a  demus  in  Attica,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  the  river  Erasmus,  with  a  cel- 
ebrated temple  of  Artemis  (Diana),  who  was 
hence  called  Branronia. 

BRENNUS  (-i).  (1)  The  leader  of  the  Se- 
nouian  Gauls,  who  in  b.o.  390  crossed  the 
Apennines,  defeated  the  Romans  at  the  Allia, 
and  took  Rome.  Alter  besieging  the  Capitol 
for  C  months,  he  quitted  the  city  upon  re- 
ceiving 1000  pouuds  of  gold  as  a  ransom  for 


the  Capitol,  and  returned  home  safe  with  his 
booty.  But  it  was  subsequently  related  in 
the  popular  legends  that  Camillas  and  a  Ro- 
man army  appeared  at  the  moment  that  the 
gold  was  being  weighed,  that  Brennus  was 
defeated  by  Camillas,  and  that  he  himself  and 
bis  whole  army  were  slain  to  a  man. — (2)  The 
chief  leader  of  the  Gauls  who  invaded  Mace- 
donia and  Greece,  n.o.  2S0,  279.  In  th«  year 
279  he  penetrated  into  the  S.  of  Greece," but 
was  defeated  near  Delphi,  most  of  his  men 
were  >laiu,  and  he  himself  put  au  end  to  his 
owu  life. 


BREUNI. 


85 


EHITANNIA. 


BREUNI  (-orum),  a  Rhaetian  people,  dwelt 
In  the  Tyrol  near  the  Brenner. 

BRIAREUS.     [Af.gaeon.] 

BRIGANTES  (-um),  the  most  powerful  of 
the  British  tribes,  inhabited  the  whole  of  the 
N.  of  the  island  from  the  Abas  ([lumber)  to 
the  Roman  wall,  with  the  exception  of  the 
S.E.  corner  of  Yorkshire,  which  was  inhabited 
by  the  Parisii.  The  Brigantes  consequently 
inhabited  the  greater  part  of  Yorkshire,  and 
the  whole  of  Lancashire,  Durham, Westmore- 
land, and  Cumberland.  Their  capital  was 
EiioRAOC.M.  They  were  conquered  by  Petilius 
Cerealis  in  the  reign  of  Vespasian.  There 
was  also  a  tribe  of  Origan  tee  in  the  S.  of  Ire- 
land, between  the  rivers  Birgus  (Barrow)  and 
Dabrona  (Blackwatcr),  iu  the  counties  of  Wa- 
terford  and  Tipperary. 

BRIGANTINFS  (-i)  LACUS  (Bodensee  or 
Lake  of  Constance),  also  called  Venetus  and 
Acron-ics,  through  which  the  Rhine  flows,  in- 
habited by  the  llelvetii  on  the  S.,  by  theRhaetii 
on  the  S.E.,  and  by  the  Vindelici  on  the  N. 

BRISEIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  Briseus,  of 
Lyrnessus,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Achilles,  but 
was  seized  by  Agamemnon.  Hence  arose  ihe 
dire  feud  between  the  2  heroes.  [Aoiiillf.s.] 
Her  proper  name  was  Hippodamia. 

BRITANNIA  (-ae),  the  island  of  England 
and  Scotland,  which  was  also  called  ALBION. 
HiiiKUNiA,  or  Ireland,  is  usually  spoken  of  as 
a  separate  island,  but  is  sometimes  included 
under  the  general  name  of  the  Insui.af.  Bri- 
tannioae,  which  also  comprehended  the 
smaller  islands  around  the  coast  of  Great 
Britain.  The  Britons  were  (.'ells,  belonging 
to  that  branch  of  the  race;  called  Cymry. 
Their  manners  and  customs  were  in  general 
the  same  as  the  Ganls;  but,  separated  more 
than  the  Gauls  from  intercourse  with  civilized 
nations, they  preserved  the  Celtic  religion  in 
u  purer  slate  titan  iu  Gaul;  and  hence  Druid- 
ism,  according  to  Caesar,  was  transplanted 
from  Caul  to  Britain.  The  Britons  also  re- 
tained many  of  the  barbarous  Celtic  customs, 
which  the  more  civilized  Gauls  had  laid  aside. 
They  painted  their  bodies  with  a  blue  color, 
extracted  from  woad,  in  order  to  appear  more 
terrible  in  battle  ;  and  they  had  wives  iu  com- 
mon.   At  a  later  time  the  Belgae  crossed  over 

from  Qanl,  and  settled  on  the  S.  and  E.  c . 

driving  the  Unions   into  the   interior  of  the 

Islaud.  It  was  Dot  till  a  late  period  thai  the 
Greeks  ami  Romans  obtained  any  knowledge 

of  Britain.  In  early  time-  the  Phoenicians 
visited  the  Scilly  Islands  and  the  coast  of 
Cornwall  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  tin; 

tint  what  ever  knowledge  they  acquired  Of  the 

country  they  jealously  kepi   Becretj  and  it 

only  transpired  that  there  were  CaBSITERIDEB, 

or  'I'm   TslandSj   in    the  N\  parts   of  the   OCeOH. 

The  first,  certain  knowledge  which  the  Greeks 
obtained  of  Britain  was  from  the  merchants 

Of  MaSSllia  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the 

Great,  and  especially  from  tie  i  i     oi 

Pytueas,  who  Bailed!  round  a  great  pari,  of 
Britain,  from  this  time  it,  was  genei 
lieved  thai  the  island  was  in  the  form  of  a 
triangle,  an  error  which  continued  to  prevail 
even  at  a  later  period.  Another  important 
mistake,  which  likewise  prevailed  for  a  long 


time,  was  the  position  of  Britain  in  relation  to 
Gaul  and  Spain.  As  the  N.VV.  coast  of  Spain 
was  supposed  to  extend  too  far  to  the  N.,  and 
the  W.  coast  of  Gaul  to  run  N.E.,  the  lower 
part  of  Britain  was  believed  to  lie  between 
Spain  and  Gaul.  The  Romans  first  became 
personally  acquainted  with  the  island  by  Cae- 
sar's invasion.  He  twice  landed  in  Britain 
(b.o.  55,  54) ;  and  though  on  the  second  occa- 
sion he  conquered  the  greater  part  of  the  S.E. 
of  the  islaud,  yet  he  did  not  take  permanent 
possession  of  any  portion  of  the  country,  and 
after  his  departure  the  Britons  continued  as 
independent  as  before.  The  Romans  made 
no  further  attempts  to  conquer  the  island  for 
nearly  100  years.  Iu  the  reign  of  Claudius 
(A.i).  43),  they  again  landed  in  Britain,  and 
permanently  subdued  the  country  S.  of  the 
Thames.  They  now  began  to  extend  their 
conquests  over  the  other  parts  of  the  island  ; 
aud  the  great  victory  (61)  of  Suetonius  Pauli- 
nus  over  the  Britons,  who  had  revolted  under 
Boaihoea,  still  further  consolidated  the  Ro- 
man dominions.  Iu  the  reign  of  Vespasian, 
the  Romans  made  several  successful  expedi- 
tions against  the  Silitrks  and  the  Brigani  KB  ; 
and  the  conquest  of  S.  Britain  was  at  length 
finally  completed  by  Agricola,  who  in  7  cam- 
paigns (TS-S4)  subdued  the  whole  of  the  isl- 
and as  far  N.  as  the  Frith  of  Forth  and  the 
Clyde,  between  which  he  erected  a  series  of 
forts  to  protect  the  Roman  dominions  from 
the  incursions  id'  the  barbarians  in  the  N.  of 
Scotland.  The  Roman  part  of  Britain  was 
now  called  Britannia  Romano,  and  the  N. 
part,  inhabited  by  the  Caledonians,  Britannia 
Barbara,  or  Caledonia.  The  Romans,  how- 
ever, gave  up  the  N.  conquests  of  Agricola  in 
the  reign  of  Hadrian,  and  made  a  rampart  of 
turf  from  the  Aestuarium  [tuna  [Solway  Frith) 
to  ihe  German  Ocean,  which  formed  the  N. 
boundary  of  their  dominions.  In  the  reign 
of  Antoninus  Pins  the  Romans  again  extend- 
ed their  boundary  as  far  as  the  conquests  of 
AgriCOlR,  and  erected  a  rampart  connecting 
I  In-  I'm  th  and  the  ( Hyde,  the  remains  of  which 
are  now  called  Grimes  Dike  Crime  in  the 
Celtic,  language  signifying  great  or  powerful. 
The  Caledonians  afterwards  broke  through 
this  wall;  and  in  consequence  of  their  re- 
peated devastations  of  the  Roman  dominions, 
the  emperor  Severus  wenl  to  Britain  in  208, 
in  order  to  conduct  the  war  again8l  them  in 
person,  lie  died  in  the  island  at  Kboracum 
(  York)  in  2]  1,  alter  electing  a  solid  slone  wall 

from  the  Solway  to  ihe  mouth  of  ihe  Tyne,  a 
little  n.  of  ihe  ramparl  of  Hadrian.  After  the 
deaih  of  Severus,  the  Romnns   relinquished 

forever    all    their    ConqnestS    N.  of  this    wall. 

upon  ihe  resignation  of  the  empire  by  Diocle- 
tian atid  Maxim  I  ait  (805),  Britain  fell  to  thu 
share  of  Const  ant  ills,  who  died  at  Khoracuui 
io  BOO,  and  his  son  Constant  ine  assumed  in 
the  Island  the  title  of  Caesar.  Shortly  a  Tier- 
wards  Ihe  Caledonians,  who  now  appear  un- 
der   the    names    of    Picts    and    Scots,    broke 

through  the  wall  of  Severus,  ami  ihe  Saxons 
ravaged  the  coasts  <>1  Britain;  and  the  declin- 
ing power  oitiie  Roman  empire  was  unable 
to  afford  tin1  province  any  effects 

In  the  reign  ol  Ho as,  Constantine,  who 

had  been  proclaimed  emperor  in  Britain  (407), 


BRITANNICUS. 


8G 


BRUTUS. 


withdrew  all  the  Roman  troops  from  the  isl- 
and, iu  order  to  make  himself  master  of  Gaul. 
The  Britons  were  thus  left  exposed  to  the  rav- 
ages of  the  Picts  and  Scots,  and  at  length,  in 
447,  they  called  in  the  assistance  of  the  Sax- 
ons, who  became  the  masters  of  Britain.  The 
Roman  dominions  of  Britain  formed  a  single 
province  till  the  time  of  Severus,  and  were 
governed  by  a  legatus  of  the  emperor.  Seve- 
rus divided  the  country  into  2  provinces,  and 
Diocletian  into  4. 

BRITANNICUS  (-i),  son  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  and  Messaliua,  was  born  a.j>.  42. 
Agrippina,  the  second  wife  of  Claudius,  in- 
duced the  emperor  to  adopt  her  own  son,  and 
give  him  precedence  over  Britannicus.  This 
eon,  the  emperor  Nero,  ascended  the  throne 
•n  54,  and  caused  Britannicus  to  be  poisoned 
.a  the  following  year. 

BRITOMARTIS  (-is),  a  Cretan  nymph, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Carme,  and 
beloved  by  Minos,  who  pursued  her  9  months, 
till  at  length  she  leaped  into  the  sea,  and  was 
changed  by  Artemis  (Diana)  into  a  goddess. 

BRIXELLUM  (-i:  Bregella  or  Brescella),  a 
town  mii  the  right  bank  of  the  Po  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  where  the  emperor  Otho  put  him- 
self to  death,  a.d.  G9. 

BRIXIA  (-ae:  Brescia),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina  on  the  road  from  Comum  to  Aqui- 
leia.  through  which  the  river  Mella  flowed. 

BR5MI17S,  a  surname  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus), that  is,  the  noisy  god,  from  the  noise 
of  the  Bacchic  revelries  (from  ppefio). 

BRONTES.     [Cyclopes.] 

BRUCTERI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Germany, 
dwelt  on  each  side  of  the  Amisia  (Ems),  and 
extended  S.  as  far  as  the  Luppia  (Lippe).  The 
Bructeri  joined  the  Batavi  in  their  revolt 
against  the  Romans  in  a.d.  69. 


BRrNDUSlOI  or  BRUNDISIUM  (-i : 
Brindisi),  a  town  in  Calabria,  on  a  small  bay 
of  the  Adriatic,  forming  an  excellent  harbor, 
to  which  the  place  owed  its  importance.  The 
Appia  Via  terminated  at  Brundusium,  and  it 
was  the  usual  place  of  embarkation  for  Greece 
and  the  East.  It  was  conquered  and  colo- 
nized by  the  Romanr,  n.o.  245.  The  poet  Pa- 
cuvius  was  bom  at  this  town,  and  Virgil  died 
here  on  his  return  from  Greece,  b.c.  19. 

BRUTTIUM  (-i),  BRUTTIUS,  and  BRUT- 
TIORUM  AGER,  more  usually  called  BRUT- 
TII after  the  inhabitants,  the  S.  extremity  of 
Italy,  separated  from  Lucauiaby  a  line  drawn 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Laus  to  Thurii,  and 
surrounded  on  the  other  three  sides  by  the 
sea.  It  was  the  country  called  in  ancient 
times  Oenotria  and  Italia.  The  country  is 
mountainous,  as  the  Apennines  run  through 
it  down  to  the  Sicilian  Straits ;  it  contained 
excellent  pasturage  for  cattle,  and  the  valleys 
produced  good  corn,  olives,  and  fruit.— The 
earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country  were  Oeuo- 
trians.  Subsequently  some  Lucanians,  who 
had  revolted  from  their  countrymen  in  Luca- 
nia,  took  possession  of  the  country,  and  were 
hence  called  Bruttii  or  Brcttii,  which  word  is 
said  to  mean  "rebels"  in  the  language  of  the 
Lucanians.  This  people,  however,  inhabited 
only  the  interior  of  the  land:  the  coast  was 
almost  entirely  in  the  possession  of  the  Greek 
colonies.  At  the  close  of  the  2d  Punic  war,  in 
which  the  Bruttii  had  been  the  allies  of  Han- 
nibal, they  lost  their  independence,  and  were 
treated  by  the  Romans  with  great  severity. 
They  were  declared  to  be  public  >!aves,  and 
were  employed  as  lictors  and  servants  of  the 
magistrates. 

BRUTUS  (-i),  a  family  of  the  Jhnia  gens.— 
(1)  L.  Junius  Bri  rue,  son  of  M.  Junius  and  of 
Tarquinia,  the  sister  of  Tnrquiuius  Superbus. 


BRUTUS. 


87 


BUCEPHALA. 


His  elder  brother  was  murdered  by  Tarquin- 
ius,  and  Lucius  escaped  his  brother's  fate  only 
by  feigning  idiocy,  whence  he  received  the 
surname  of  Brutus.  After  Lucretia  had  stab- 
bed herself,  Brutus  roused  the  Romans  to  ex- 
pel the  Tarquins;  and  upon  the  banishment 
of  the  latter,  he  was  elected  first  consul  with 
Tarquinins  Collatings.  He  loved  his  country 
better  than  his  children,  and  put  to  death  his 
2  sons,  who  had  attempted  to  restore  the  Tar- 


quins. He  fell  in  battle  the  same  year,  fight- 
ing against  Aruns,  the  son  of  Tarquinins. 
Brutus  was  the  great  hero  in  the  legends 
about  the  expulsion  of  the  Tarquins.— (2) 
D.  .Tunics  Bkijtls,  surnamed  Gai.i.af.cus 
or  Caxlaioos,  consul  13S,  conquered  a 
great  part  of  Lusitania,  From  his  victo- 
ry over  the  Gallaeci  he  obtained  his  sur- 
name. He  was  a  patron  of  the  poet  L. 
Accins,  and  well  versed  in  Greek  and  Ro- 
man literature. —  (3)  D.  Junius  Bbutcs, 
consul  77,  and  husband  of  Sempronia, 
mi  ■  irn.  (1  on  in  :iiti  i.;uc  \,  ith  (  iiilmj  * 
— (4)  U.  .It  mis  Hut  us,  adopted  by  A. 
Postumius  Albinus.  consul  99,  ami  bence 
called  Brutus  Albinus.  He  served  under 
Caesar  in  Gaul  and  in  the  civil  war;  but 
he  nevertheless  .joined  the  conspiracy 
against  Caesar's  life.  After  the  death  of 
the  latter  (44)  he  went  into  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  which  had  been  promised  him  by 
<  laesar,  and  which  he  refused  tosui  render 

to  Antony,  who  had  obtained  tin-  prov- 
ince from  the  people.  Antony  made  war 
against  him,  and  kept,  him  besieged  in 
Mntina,  till  tin-  Bie&e  was  raised  in  April, 
4:i,  by  the  consuls  iiirtitts  and  Pansa,  and 
by  Octavianns.  But  Brutus  only  obtained 
a  short  respite.  Antony  was  preparing  to 
march  against  him  from  the  N.  with  a  large 
army,  and  Octavianns,  who  had  deserted  the 
senate,  was  inarching  against  him  from  the 
S.      II  i ^   only  resource   Wa«  flight,  bUI   he  u;e 

betrayed  by  Camillas,  a  Gaulish  chii  i.  ami 
was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  43.— (4)  M.  Ji 
■  II  Bei  ii  ■-,  married  Ben  ilia,  the  half-sister 
"i  i  atoof  rjtlca.  In  77  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  Lepidtia,  and  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  fori  -  .i'i  ilpine  Gaul,  where  he  was 
slain  by  command  of  Pompey.— (6)  M.  Ji  .  n 
Hi-.i-i  t-s,  tin-  so-called  tyrannicide,  son  of  No. 

D  and  Setvilia.      lie   lost   his   lather  when  he 

was  only  9  yean  old,  ami  was  trained  by  hie 

uncle  Cato  in  the  principles  of  the  an 

leal  pariy.    i  on  the  breaking  out 

of  the   civil   war,  49,  he  joined   I'om: 
though    he   was    the   murderer   of  his    lather. 
After  the  battle  of  Phar-alia,   K  he  V 

only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  received  from 
him  the  greatest  marks  of  confidence  ami  fa 


vor.  Caesar  made  him  governor  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul  in  46,  and  praetor  in  44,  and  also  prom- 
ised him  the  government  of  Macedonia.  But 
notwithstanding  all  the  obligations  he  was 
under  to  Caesar,  he  was  persuaded  by  Cassius 
to  murder  his  benefactor  under  the  delusive 
idea  of  again  establishing  the  republic.  [Cae- 
sar.] After  the  murder  of  Caesar,  Brutus 
spent  a  short  time  in  Italy,  and  then  took 
possession  of  the  province  of  Macedonia.  He 
was  joined  by  Cassius,  who  commanded  in 
Syria,  and  their  united  forces  were  opposed 
to  those  of  Octavian  and  Antony.  Two  bat- 
tles were  fought  in  the  neighborhood  of  Phi- 
lippi  (42),  in  the  former  of  which  Brutus  was 
victorious,  though  Cassius  was  defeated  ;  but 
in  the  latter  Brutus  also  was  defeated,  and 
put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  Brutus's  wife  was 
Poroia,  the  daughter  of  Cato.  Brutus  was  an 
ardent  student  of  literature  and  philosophy, 
bn*  he  appears  to  have  been  deficient  in  judg- 
ment and  original  power.  He  wrote  several 
works,  all  of  which  have  perished.  He  was 
a  literary  friend  of  Cicero,  who  dedicated  to 


him  several  of  his  works,  and  who  has  given 
the  name  of  BrutUS  to  his  dialogue  on  illns- 
trion    orators. 

BRYG1  (-orutn)  or  BRTGES  (-um),  a  bar- 
barous people  in  i he  n.  of  Macedonia.  The 
Phrygians  were  believed  by  the  ancients  i" 

have  been  a  porti f  this  people,  who  eml 

grated  to  Asia  in  early  times.    [Phbyoha,] 

i:i  i;  1881  8  (  I),  an  ancient  city  of  Caria, 
E.  of  Cnidus,  which  gave  name  to  the  bnj 
fBubassius  Sinus)  and  the  peninsula  on  which 

BfjBASTIS  Ms)  or  BtTBASTUS  (-it,  the 
capital  of  the  Nbmoe  BnbastTtee  in   Lower 

lv"  |il,  BtOOd    on  the  lv   bank    of  the    I'elil-iac 

branch  "f  the  Nile,  and  was  the  chief  seal  ol 

Hie   worship  of  Die  EOdde        Buba    tl   .  whom 

the  Greeks  identified  with  Artemis  (Diana). 

JircKi'ii  u.a  or   i  \  I  ae:  ./ 
on  the  Hydaspe  .  in  \.  India,  bnill  by  Alex- 
—    le  with  Poru 


BUCEPHALUS. 


CADMUS. 


of  his  favorite  charger  Bucephalus,  who  died 
there,  after  carrying  him  through  all  his  cam- 
paigns.   This  horse  was  purchased  by  Philip 

for  13  talents,  and  no  one  was  able  to  break 
it  in  except  the  youthful  Alexauder. 

BUCEPHALUS.     [BnoueuALA.] 

BUDINI  (-orurn),  a  Scythian  people,  who 
dwelt  IS.  of  the  Sauromatae  iu  the  steppes  of 
S.  Russia. 

BULLIS  (-idie),  a  town  of  Illyria  on  the 
coast,  S.  of  Apollonia. 

BtPRASlUM  (-i),  au  aucieut  town  in  Elis, 
mentioned  iu  the  Iliad. 

BUR  A  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia, 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  together  with 
Helice,  but  subsequently  rebuilt. 

BURDIGALA.     [Bituuiges.] 

BURGUNDIOXES  (-urn)  or  BURGUNDII 
(-orum),  a  powerful  nation  of  Germany,  dwelt 
originally  between  the  Viadus  (Oder)  and  the 
Vistula,  and  were  of  the  same  race  as  the 
Vandals  or  Goths.  They  were  driven  out  of 
their  original  abodes  by  the  Gepidae,  and  the 
greater  part  of  them  settled  in  the  country  on 
the  Maine.  In  the  5th  century  they  settled  in 
Gaul,  where  they  founded  the  powerful  king- 
dom of  Burgundy.  Their  chief  towns  were 
Geneva  and  Lyons. 

BURSA.     [Plancus.] 

BUSIRIS  (-idie).  (1)  A  king  of  Egypt,  who 
sacrificed  strangers  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  but  was 
slain  by  Hercules.  — (2)  A  city  in  Lower  Egypt, 
6tood  in  the  middle  of  the  Delta,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  and  had  a  great  temple 
of  Isis,  the  remains  of  which  are  still  stand- 
ing^ 

BUTHROTUM  (-5 :  Bntrinto),  a  town  of 
Epirus,  a  nourishing  sea-port  on  a  small  pen- 
insula, opposite  Corcyra. 

BUTO.  (1)  An  Egyptian  divinity,  was  the 
nurse  of  Horns  and  Bubaetis,  the  children  of 


Osiris  and  Lis,  whom  she  saved  from  the  per- 
secutions of  Typhon  by  concealing  them  in 
the  floating  island  of  Chemnis.  The  Greeks 
identified  her  with  Leto  (Latoua),  and  repre- 
sented her  as  the  goddess  of  night.  —  (2)  A 
city  in  Lower  Egypt,  stood  near  the  Seben- 
nytic  branch  of  the  Nile,  on  the  lake  of  Buto. 
It  was  celebrated  for  its  oracle  of  the  goddess 
Buto,  in  honor  of  whom  a  festival  was  held 
at  the  city  every  year. 

BUXENTUM  (-i:  Policastro),  originally 
Pvxrs,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  Lueania 
and  on  the  river  Buxentics,  was  founded  by 
Micythus,  tyrant  of  Messana,  n.o.  471,  and  was 
afterwards  a  Roman  colony. 

BYBLIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  Miletus  and 
Idothea,  was  in  love  with  her  brother  Caunus, 
whom  she  pursued  through  various  lands,  till 
at  length,  worn  out  with  sorrow,  she  was 
changed  into  a  fountain. 

BYBLUS  (-i:  Jebeil),  a  very  ancient  city  on 
the  coast  of  Phoenicia,  between  Berytus  and 
Tripolis,  a  little  N.  of  the  river  Adonis.  It 
was  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Adonis. 

BYRSA  (-ae),  the  citadel  of  Carthago. 

BYZACIUM  (-i)  or  BYZACENA  REGIO 
(S.  part  of  Tunis),  the  S.  portion  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Africa. 

BYZANTIUM  (-i:  Constantinople),  a  town 
on  the  Thracian  Bosporus,  founded  by  the 
Megariaus,  js.c.  65S,  is  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Byzas,  the  leader  of  the  colony 
and  the  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  It  was 
situated  on  2  hills,  was  40  stadia  in  circum- 
ference, and  its  acropolis  stood  on  the  site  of 
the  present  seraglio.  Its  favorable  position, 
commanding  as  it  did  the  entrance  to  the 
Euxine,  rendered  it  a  place  of  great  commer- 
cial importance.  A  new  city  was  built  on  its 
site  (330)  by  Constantine,  who  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  empire,  and  changed  its  name 

into  C'ONSTANTINOrOLIS. 


c. 


OABALIA  (-ae),  a  small  district  of  Asia 
Minor,  between  Lycia  and  Pamphylia,  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name. 

CABILLONUM  (-i :  Ch&lons-sur-Safrne),  a 
town  of  the  Aedui  on  the  Arar  (Sa/me)  in  Gal- 
lia Lugdnnensis. 

CABIRA  (-orum),  a  place  in  Pontus,  on  the 
borders  of  Armenia;  a  frequent  residence  of 
Mithridates,  who  was  defeated  here  by  Ln- 
cullus,  B.O.  71. 

CABIRI  (-orum),  mystic  divinities  wor- 
shiped iu  various  parts  of  the  ancient  world. 
The  meaning  of  their  name,  their  character, 
and  nature,  are  quite  uncertain.  Divine  hon- 
ors were  paid  to  them  at  Samothrace,  Lem- 
nos,  and  Imbros,  and  their  mysteries  at  Sam- 
othrace were  solemnized  with  sreat  splendor. 
They  were  also  worshiped  at  Thebes,  Anthe- 
don.  Pergamus,  and  elsewhere. 

CACUS  (-i),  sou  of  Vulcan,  was  a  hnge  gi- 
ant, who  inhabited  a  cave  on  Mount  Aven- 
tine,  and  plundered  the  surrounding  country. 
When  Hercules  came  to  Italy  with  the  oxen 


which  he  had  taken  from  Geryon  in  Spain, 
(Jacus  stole  part  of  the  cattle  while  the  hero 
slept,  and,  as  he  dragged  the  animals  into  his 
cave  by  their  tails,  it  was  impossible  to  dis- 
cover their  traces.  But  when  the  remaining 
oxen  passed  by  the  cave,  those  within  began 
to  bellow,  and  were  thus  discovered,  where- 
upon Cacns  was  slain  by  Hercules.  In  honor 
of  his  victory,  Hercules  dedicated  the  ara 
maxima,  which  continued  to  exist  ages  after- 
wards in  Rome. 

CADI  (-orum),  a  city  of  Phrygia  Epictetus, 
on  the  borders  of  Lydia. 

CADMEA.     [Thehae.] 

CADMUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Agenor,  king  of 
Phoenicia,  and  of  Telephassa,  and  brother  of 
Europa.  Another  legend  makes  him  a  native 
of  Thebes  in  Egypt.  When  Europa  was  car- 
ried off  by  Zens  (Jupiter)  to  Crete,  Agenor 
sent  Cadmus  in  search  of  his  sister,  enjoining 
him  not  to  return  without  her.  Unable  to 
lind  her,  Cadmus  settled  in  Thrace:  but  hav- 
ing consulted  the  oracle  at  Delphi,  he  was 


CADURCI. 


89 


CAEFIO. 


commanded  by  the  god  to  follow  a  cow  of  a 
certain  kind,  and  to  build  a  town  on  the  spot 
where  the  cow  should  sink  down  with  fatigue. 
Cadmus  found  the  cow  in  Phocis,  and  followed 
her  into  Boeotia,  where  she  sank  down  on  the 
spot  on  which  Cadmus  built  Cadmea,  after- 
wards the  citadel  of  Thebes.  Intending  to 
sacrifice  the  cow  to  Athena  (Minerva),  he  sent 
some  persons  to  the  neighboring  well  of  Ares 
to  fetch  water.  This  well  was  guarded  by  a 
dragon,  a  sou  of  Ares  (Mars),  who  killed  the 
men  sent  by  Cadmus.  Thereupon  Cadmus 
slew  the  dragon,  and,  on  the  advice  of  Athe- 
na, sowed  the  teeth  of  the  monster,  out  of 
which  armed  men  grew  up,  called  Sparti,  or 
the  Sown,  who  killed  each  other,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  5,  who  were  the  ancestors  of  the 
Thelians.  Athena  assigned  to  Cadmus  the 
government  of  Thebes,  and  Zeus  gave  him 
Harmouia  for  his  wife.  The  marriage  so- 
lemnity was  honored  by  the  presence  of  all 
the  Olympian  gods  in  the  Cadmea.  Cadmus 
gave  to  Harmouia  the  famous  peplus  and 
necklace  which  he  had  received  from  He- 
phaestus (Vulcan)  or  from  Europa,  and  he 
became  by  her  the  father  of  Autonoe,  I  no, 
Semele,  Agave,  Polydorns,  and,  at  a  subse- 
quent period,  Illyrius.  In  the  end,  Cadmus 
and  Harmonia  were  changed  into  serpents, 
and  were  removed  by  Zeus  to  Elysium.  Cad- 
mus is  said  to  have  inf  winced*  into  Greece 
from  Phoenicia  or  Egypt  an  alphabet  of  16 
letters. —  (2)  Of  Miletus,  the  earliest  Greek 
historian  or  logographer,  lived  about  h.o.  540. 

CADUKCI  (-oram),  a  people  in  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  in  the  country  now  called  Querci  (a 
corruption  of  Cadurci).  Their  capital  was 
Divona,  afterwards  Civitas  Cadcboohum, 
now  Cahorx,  where  are  the  remains  of  a  Ro- 
man amphitheatre  and  of  an  aqueduct. 

CADUSlI  (-6rnm)  or  GELAE  (-arum),  a 
powerful  Scythian  tribe  in  I  he  mountains 
S.W.  of  the  Caspian,  ou  the  borders  of  Media 
Atropatene. 

CADVT1S,  according  to  Herodotus,  a  great 
city  of  the  Syrians  of  Palestine,  not  much 
smaller  than  Sardis,  was  taken  by  Necho, 
king  of  Egypt,  after  his  defeat  of  the  "Syr- 
ians" at  Miigdolns.  it  Is  now  pretty  well  es- 
tablished that  by  Cadytis  is  meant  Jerusalem, 
and  thai  the  battle  mentioned  by  Herodotus 
is  that  in  which  Necho  defeated  and  slew 
king  Josiah  at  Megiddo,  u.o.  603. 

CAEClLIA  (  ne).  (1)  Cai  \,  the  Roman 
name  of  T\-.  w.o  n.,  wife  of  Tarqninins  Pris- 
ons.—  i2j  M i;i  i  i.i.a,  daughter  of  L  Metellus 
Dalmaticns,  consul  b.o.  119,  was  flrsl  married 
to  M.  Aemiliue  Scaurns,  consul  in  n.r>,  and 
afterwards  lo  the  dictator  Sulla.  (?)  Daugh 
ter  of  T.  Pomponiits  Atticns,  called  Caecilin 

because  her  father  took  the  name  of  his  un- 
cle, Q.  Caecilins,  by  whom  he  was  adopted. 
she  was  married  to  M.  Vipsaniua  Agrippa. 

LA  irn  i 

<  !AE<  ii. us  (  i).  (1)  Q.,  a  wealthy  Roman 
eques,  who  adopted  his  nephew  Aniens  In 

his  will,  and   left   the   latter   a   fori if    10 

millions  of  sesterces.    (2)  Caboiuus  I '  it  \c 

•ii-.i   ),   a  Greek    rhetorician    al    Koine    in    Hie 

time  of  Augustus.    (3)  c  ixoimus  s,  ixros,  a 

Roman  comic  poet,  the  immediate  predeces- 


sor of  Terence,  was  by  birth  an  Insubriau 
Gaul,  and  a  native  of  Milan.  Beiug  a  slave, 
he  bore  the  servile  appellation  of  Statins, 
which  was  afterwards,  probably  when  he  re- 
ceived his  freedom,  converted  into  a  sort  of 
cognomen,  and  he  became  known  as  Caecil- 
ius  Statins.    He  died  n.o.  1CS. 

CAECILIUS  METELLUS.     [Metei.lcs.] 

CAECINA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  family  of 
the  Etruscan  city  of  Volaterrae,  probably  de- 
rived from  the  river  Caecina,  which  flows  by 
the  town.  (1)  A.  Caeoina,  whom  Cicero  de- 
fended in  a  law-suit,  n.o.  69. — (2)  A.  Caeoina, 
sou  of  the  preceding,  published  a  libelous 
work  against  Caesar,  and  was  in  consequence 
sent  into  exile  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia, 
b.o.  48.— (3)  A.  Caeoina  Ai.ienus  was  quaes- 
tor in  Baetica,  in  Spain,  at  Nero's  death,  and 
was  one  of  the  foremost  in  joining  the  party 
of  Galba.  He  served  first  under  Galba,  and 
afterwards  joined  Vitellins :  but,  proving  a 
traitor  to  the  latter,  he  joined  Vespasian, 
iigainst  whom  also  he  conspired,  and  was 
slain  by  order  of  Titus. 

CAECTJBUS  (-i)  ACER,  a  marshy  district 
in  Latium,  bordering  on  the  gulf  of  Amyclae, 
close  to  Fundi,  celebrated  for  its  wine  (Catctt- 
bum)  in  the  age  of  Horace.  In  the  time  of 
Pliny  the  reputation  of  this  wine  was  entirely 
gone. 

CAECULUS  (-i),  an  ancient  Italian  hero, 
sou  of  Vulcan,  is  said  to  have  founded  Prac- 
neste. 

CABLES  or  CAELIUS  (-i)  VIBENNA  (-ae), 
the  leader  of  an  Etruscan  army,  is  said  to 
have  come  to  Rome  in  the  reign  either  of 
Romulus  or  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  and  to 
have  settled  with  his  troops  on  the  hill  called 
after  him  the  Caelian. 

CAKI.TPS  or  (OKI. IIS  MONS.     [Roma.] 

CAENETJS  (-66s  or  Si),  one  of  the  Lapi- 
thae,  son  of  Elatns  or  Coronas,  was  originally 
a  maiden  named  Cahnib  (-"die),  who  was  be- 
loved by  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and  was  by 
this  god'  changed  into  a  maii,  and  rendered 
Invulnerable.  In  the  battle  between  the  La- 
pithae  and  the  Centaurs  at  the  marriage  of 
1'irithous,  he  was  buried  by  the  Centaurs  un- 
der a  maSS  of  trees,  as  they  were  unable  to 
kill  him;  but  In' was  changed  into  a  bird.  In 
the  lower  world  ( 'adieus  recovered  his  female 

form. 

c  \E\'i  or  CAENiCl  (-orum),  a  Thracian 
people,  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Pauy- 
sns. 

CAENIN  \  '  ae),  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  in 
Latium,  whose  king,  Acron,  Is  said  to  have 
carried  on  the  iii-t  war  against  Home.  After 
i  heir  defeat,  most  of  the  Inhabitants  removed 
i..  Rome. 

CAENI8.    [Caenkus.] 

CAEPlO,  Cn.  SERVTLll  nl  a... 

100,  »:is  sent  into  Qallifl  Narlioneiisis  to  op- 
pose the  Ciinbl'i.      In    LOB  he  waa  defeated   by 

the  Cimbri,  along  with  the  consul  Cn.  Maf- 
lius  or  ManlillB.     60,000  soldiers  and  40,000 
camp-followers  are  said  lo  have  perl  bed. 
i  laepio  survived  the  battle,  inn  10  ye  i 
erwarde  (9B)  he  was  brought  lo  trial  by  the 

tribune  < '.  Noibanus,  on   account  of  his  mis 


CAERE. 


90 


CAESAR. 


conduct  in  this  war.  He  was  condemned, 
and  cast  into  prison,  where,  according  to  one 

account,  he  died;  but  it  was  more  generally 
stated  that  he  escaped  from  prison,  and  lived 
in  exile  at  Smyrna. 

CAERE  (Cervetri),  called  by  the  Greeks 
Agyixa.  {Agyllina  urbs,  Virg.),  a  city  in  Etru- 
ria.  situated  on  a  small  river  W.  of  Veii,  and 
50  stadia  from  the  coast.  It  was  an  ancient 
Pelasgic  city,  the  capital  of  the  cruel  Mezeu- 
tius,  and  was  afterwards  one  of  the  12  Etrus- 
can cities,  with  a  territory  extending  appar- 
ently as  far  as  the  Tiber.  In  early  times  Caere 
was  closely  allied  with  Rome  ;  and  when  the 
latter  city  was  taken  by  the  Gauls,  n.o.  390, 
Caere  gave  refuge  to  the  Vestal  virgins.  The 
Romans,  out  of  gratitude,  are  said  to  have 
conferred  upon  the  Caerites  the  Roman  fran- 
chise without  the  suffragium,  though  it  is  not 
improbable  that  the  Caerites  enjoyed  this 
honor  previously.  The  Caerites  appear  to 
have  been  the  first  body  of  Roman  citizeus 
who  did  not  enjoy  the  suffrage.  Thus,  when 
a  Romau  citizen  was  struck  out  of  his  tribe 
by  the  censors,  and  made  an  aerarian,  he  was 
said  to  become  one  of  the  Caerites,  since  he 
had  lost  the  suffrage :  hence  we  find  the  ex- 
pressions in  tabula-?  Caeritum  referre  and 
aerarium  facere  used  as  synonymous. 

CAESAR  (-aris),  the  name  of  a  patrician 
family,  of  the  Julia  gens,  which  traced  its  or- 
igin to  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas.  Various 
etymologies  of  the  name  are  given  by  the  an- 
cient writers,  but  it  is  probably  connected 
with  the  Latin  word  caes-ar-ies,  and  the  San- 
skrit k'm,  "hair;"  for  it  is  in  accordance  with 
the  Roman  custom  for  a  surname  to  be  given 
to  an  individual  from  some  peculiarity  in  his 
personal  appearance.  The  name  was  as- 
sumed by  Augustus  as  the  adopted  son  of  the 
dictator  C.  Julius  Caesar,  and  was  bv  Augus- 
tus handed  dowu  to  his  adopted  son  Tiberius. 
It  continued  to  be  used  by  Caligula,  Claudius, 
and  Nero,  as  members  either  by  adoption  or 
female  descent  of  Caesar's  family;  but  though 
the  family  became  extinct  with  Nero,  suc- 
ceeding emperors  still  retained  the  name  as 
part  of  their  titles,  and  it  was  the  practice  to 
prefix  it  to  their  own  name — as,  for  instance, 
ImperatorCaesar  Domitian  its  A  wmstus.  When 
Hadrian  adopted  Aelius  Verus,  he  allowed  the 
latter  to  take  the  title  of  Caesar;  and  from 
this  time,  thongh  the  title  oi  Augustus  con- 
tinued to  be  confined  to  the  reigning  prince, 
that  of  Car  sit, ■  was  also  granted  to  the  second 
person  in  the  state,  and  the  heir  presumptive 
to  the  throne.  (1)  L.  Julius  Caesar,  consul. 
b.<  .  90,  fonght  against  the  Socii,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  same  year  proposed  the  Lex  Ju- 
lia de  Civitate,  which  granted  the  citizenship 
to  the  Latins  and  the  Socii  who  had  remained 
faithful  to  Rome.  Caesar  was  censor  in  89; 
he  belonged  to  the  aristocratical  partv,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  Marine  in  S7.— (2)  C.  Ju- 
nes Caesar  Stxabo  Vopisous,  brother  of  No. 
1.  was  cumle  aedile  in  00,  was  a  candidate  for 
the  consulship  in  88,  and  was  slain  along  with 
his  brother  by  Marius  in  ST.  He  was  one  of 
the  chief  orators  and  poets  of  his  age,  and  is 
one  of  the  speakers  in  Cicero's  dialogue  De 
OraU/re.—{Z)  L.  Julius  Caesar,  son  of  No.  2, 


and  uncle  by  his  sister  Julia  of  M.  Antony  the 
triumvir,  lie  was  consul  in  G4,  and  belonged, 
like  his  father,  to  the  aristocratical  party.  He 
appears  to  have  deserted  this  party  after- 
wards ;  we  find  him  in  Gaul  in  52  as  one  of 
the  legates  of  C.  Caesar,  and  he  continued  in 
Italy  during  the  civil  war.  After  Caesar's 
death  (14)  he  sided  with  the  senate  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  uncle  Antony,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence proscribed  by  the  latter  iu  43,  but 
obtained  his  pardon  through  the  influence  of 
his  sister  Julia. — (4)  L.  Julius  Caesar,  son  of 
No.  3,  usually  distiuguished  from  his  fathei 
by  the  addition  to  his  name  of  films  or  ado- 
lescens.  He  joined  Pompey  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  in  40,  and  was  sent  by 
Pompey  to  Caesar  with  proposals  of  peace. — 
(5)  C.  Julius  Caesar,  the  dictator,  was  born 
on  the  12th  of  July,  100,  in  the  consulship  of 


Julius  Caesar. 


C.  Marius  (VI.)  and  L.Valerius  flaccns,  and 
was  consequently  G  years  younger  than  Pom- 
pey and  Cicero.  Caesar  was  closely  connect- 
ed with  the  popular  party  by  the  marriage  of 
his  aunt  Julia  with  the  great  Marius  ;  and  in 
83,  though  only  17  years  of  age,  he  married 
Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  L.  China,  the  chief 
leader  of  the  Marian  party.  Sulla  commanded 
him  to  put  away  his  wife,  but  he  refused  to 
obey  him,  and  was  consequently  proscribed. 
He  concealed  himself  for  some  time  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabiues,  till  his  friends  ob- 
tained his  pardon  from  Sulla,  who  is  said  to 
have  observed,  when  they  pleaded  his  youth, 
that  "that  boy  would  some  day  or  another 
be  the  ruin  of  the  aristocracy,  for  that  there 
were  many  Mariuses  iu  him."  Seeing  that 
he  was  not  safe  at  Rome,  he  went  to  Asia., 
where  he  served  his  first  campaign  under  M. 
Minncius  Thermus,  and,  at  the  capture  of 
Mytilene  (SO),  was  rewarded  with  a  civic 
crown  for  saving  the  life  of  a  fellow-soldier. 
On  the  death  of  Sulla,  iu  78,  he  returned  to 
Rome,  and  in  the  following  year  gained  great 
renown  as  an  orator,  though  he  was  only  22 
years  of  age,  by  his  prosecution  of  Cn.  Dola- 
bella  on  account  of  extortion  in  his  province 
of  Macedonia,    To  perfect  himself  in  oratory. 


CAESAR. 


9] 


CAESAR. 


he  resolved  to  study  in  Rhodes  under  Apol- 
lonius  Molo,  hut  ou  his  voyage  thither  he  was 
captured  by  pirates,  aud  only  obtained  his 
liberty  by  a  ransom  of  50  talents.  At  Miletus 
he  manned  some  vessels,  overpowered  the 
pirates,  and  conducted  them  as  prisoners  to 
Pergamus,  where  he  crucified  them — a  pun- 
ishment with  which  he  had  frequently  threat- 
ened them  in  sport  when  he  was  their  pris- 
oner. On  his  return  to  Rome  he  devoted  all 
his  energies  to  acquire  the  favor  of  the  peo- 
ple- His  liberality  was  unbounded  ;  and,  as 
his  private  fortune  was  not  large,  be  soon 
contracted  enormous  debts.  But  he  gained 
his  object,  and  became  the  favorite  of  the 
people,  and  was  raised  by  them  in  succession 
to  the  high  offices  of  the  state.  He  was 
quaestor  in  08,  aedile  in  05,  when  he  spent 
enormous  sums  upon  the  public  games  and 
buildings,  and  was  elected  Pontlfex  Maxi- 
mum in  <;::.  In  the  debate  in  the  senate  on 
the  punishment  of  the  Catilinarian  conspira- 
tors, he  opposed  their  execution  in  a  very 
able  speech,  which  made  such  an  impression 
that  their  lives  would  have  been  spared  but 

j  for  the  speech  of  Cato  in  reply.  In  62  he  was 
praetor,  and  in  the  following  year  he  went 
as  propraetor  into  Farther  Spain,  where  he 

_gained  great  victories  over  the  Lusitanians. 
On  hi.-  return  to  Rome  he  was  elected  consul 
along  with  Bibnlns,  a  warm  supporter  of  ttie 
aristocracy.  After  his  election,  but  before  he 
entered  upon  the  consulship,  he  formed  that 
coalition  with  Pompey  and  M.  Crassus  usu- 
ally known  by  the  name  of  the  first  triumvi- 
rate. Pompey  had  become  estranged  from 
the  aristocracy,  since  the  senate  had  opposed 
the  ratification  of  his  acts  In  Asia,  and  of  an 
menl  of  lands  which  he  had  promised 
to  hi-  veterans.  Craesus,  in  consequence  of 
wealth,  was  one  of  the  most 
powerful  men  at  Rome,  but  was  a  personal 
,iiem\  of  1  n i j  •  \ .  Ill  i  u:i,  reconciled  by 
desar,  ami  the  three  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment to  support  one  another,  and  to  divide 
(lie  power  in  the  Btate  between  them.  In  59 
Caesar  was  consul,  and,  being  supported  by 

Pompey  and  CraSBIIS,  he  was  able  to  carry  ail 

his  measures.  Bibnlns,  from  whom  the  sen- 
ate had  expected  so  much,  could  offer  no  ef- 
fectual opposition,  and,  after  making  a  vain 

attempt  to  resist  Caesar,  -hut  himself  up  in 
his  own  hoir-e,  ami  did  net  appear  again  in 
public  iill  tin'  expiration  ol  bis  consulship. 
lit  forward  such  measures  QB  se- 
cured for  bim  the  affections  of  tin-  pom e  I 

Citizens,  of  the   Qquites,  ami  of  the  powerful 

Pompey :  having  done  t hi-,  he  was  easily  able 
to  obtain  foi  himself  the  provinces  which  he 
/.i- bed.  By  a  vote  of  tic  people,  propo  ed 
by  the  tribune  Vatinius,  the  province-  of  Cis- 
ilpine  Gaul  and  [llyrlcum  were  granted  to 
Caesar,  with  ::  legions,  for  6  years;  and  the 
'hied  to  big  government  the  province 

ol'  Trail' alpine  Gaul,  With  another  legion,  lor 
6  years  al»0,  as  they  saw  that  a  hill  would  he 

pi oposed  to  tie-  pecple  tor  that  purpose  if 
they  Hid  not  grant  the  province  t  hem 
Caesar  foresaw  thai  the  struggle  between  the 
different  parties  at  Koine  must  eventually  be 
terminated  by  the  sword,  and  he  had  there- 
fore resolved  to  obtain  an  army,  which  he 


might  attach  to  himself  by  victories  aud  re- 
wards. In  the  course  of  the  same  year  he 
united  himself  more  closely  to  Pompey  by 
giving  him  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage. 
During  the  next  9  years  Caesar  was  occupied 
with  the  subjugation  of  Gaul.  He  conquered 
the  whole  of  Transalpine  Gaul,  which  had 
hitherto  been  independent  of  the  Romans, 
with  the  exception  of  the  S.E.  part  called 
Provincia;  he  twice  crossed  the  Rhine,  and 
twice  lauded  in  Britain,  which  had  been  pre- 
viously unknown  to  the  Romans.  His  first 
invasion  of  Britain  was  made  late  in  the  sum- 
mer of  55,  but  more  witli  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing some  knowledge  of  the  island  from  per- 
sonal observation  than  with  the  iuteution  of 
permanent  conquest  at  present.  He  sailed 
from  the  port  of  Itius  (probably  Witsand,  be- 
tween Calais  and  Boulogne),  and  effected  a 
landing  somewhere  near  the  south  Foreland, 
after  a  severe  struggle  with  the  natives.  The 
late  period  of  the  year  compelled  him  to  re- 
turn to  Gaul  after  remaining  only  a  short 
time  iu  the  island.  In  this  year,  according  to 
his  arrangement  with  Pompey  and  Crassus, 
who  were  now  consuls,  his  government  of 
the  Gauls  and  Illyricum  was  prolonged  for  5 
years,  namely,  from  the  1st  of  January,  53,  to 
the  end  of  December,  49.  During  the' follow 
ing  year  (54)  he  invaded  Britain  a  second 
time.  He  landed  in  Britain  at  the  same  place 
as  in  the  former  year,  defeated  the  Britons 
in  a  series  of  engagements,  and  crossed  the 
Tameeis  (.TkameS).  "  The  Britons  submitted, 
and  promised  to  pay  an  annual  tribute;  but 
their  subjection  was  only  nominal.  Caesar's 
success  in  Gaul  excited  Pompey's  jealousy ; 
and  the  death  of  Julia  in  childbirth,  in  .'si, 
broke  one  of  the  lew  links  which  kept  them 
er.  Pompey  was  thus  led  to  join  again 
tic  aristocratical  party,  by  whose  assistance 
he  hoped  to  retain  his  position  as  the  chief 
man  iu  the  Roman  state.  The  great  Object 
of  this  party  was  to  deprive  Caesar  of  his 
Command,  and  to  compel  him  to  come  to 
Rome  as  a  private  man  to  sue  for  the  consul- 
ship.   Caesar  offered  to  resign  his  command 

if  Pompey  would  do  the  same;  but,  the  sen- 
ate woni<i  listen  to  no  compromise.  Accord- 
ingly, on  the  1st  of  January,  49,  the  senate 
i  i  i  a  resolution  that  Caesar  should  dis- 
band hi-  army  by  a  certain  day,  and  that  if 

he  ditl  not  do  so  fie  should  be  regarded  ae  .an 
enemy  of  the  state.    Two  of  the  tribunes,  M. 

Antoniiis  and  (v>.  CaSSlllB,  put  their  veto  npoi; 

this  resolution,  but  their  opposition  wai  Bel 
at  naught,  ami  they  fled  for  refuge  to<  > 
camp.    Under  the  plea  of  protecting  the  trib- 

lini  I  ae-ar  crossed  the  Rubicon,  which  sep- 
arated his  province  from  Italy,  and  man  bed 
toward^  Koine.  Pompey,  who  had  been  in 
n  ii  led  by  tie'  senate  \\  Ith  the  conduct  of  the 
war,  soon  discovered  how  greatly  he  had 
overrated  hi-  own  popularity  and  Influence, 
II  is  own  troops  deserted  to  his  rival  iu  crowds; 
town  after  town  in  Italy  opened  Its  jate  to 
.  u  bose  march  was  like  a  i  ruimphal 
i"  grew.  Meantime,  Pompey,  with  the  mag- 
it  I  rale-    acd      eiiatOI  I  .  had  tl.-i  I    from   I.' tO 

the  S.  of  Italy,  and  on  the  17th  of  Mar-  h  em- 
bat  fed   lor  ( Jieeee.      (  Iflef  ar  pur   tied   I'oinpey 

lo  Brundnsiura,  hut  he  was  unable  to  follow 


CAESAR. 


92 


CAESARAUGUSTA. 


him  to  Greece  for  want  of  ships.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  set  out  for  Spain,  where  Pom- 
pey's  legates,  Afranius,  Petreius,  and  Varro, 
commanded  powerful  armies.  After  defeat- 
ing Afranius  and  Petreius,  and  receiving  the 
submission  of  Varro,  Caesar  returned  to 
Rome,  where  he  had  in  the  mean  time  been 
appointed  dictator  by  the  praetor  M.  Lepidus. 
He  resigned  the  dictatorship  at  the  end  of  11 
days,  after  holding  the  consular  comitia,  in 
which  lie  himself  and  P.  Servilius  Vatia  Isau- 
ricos  were  elected  consuls  for  the  next  year. 
—At  the  beginning  of  January,  48,  Caesar 
crossed  over  to  Greece,  where  Pompey  had 
collected  a  formidable  army.  At  first  the 
campaign  was  in  Pompey'e  favor:  Caesar  was 
repulsed  before  Dyrrhachium  with  consider- 
able loss,  and  was  obliged  to  retreat  towards 
Thessaly.  In  this  country,  on  the  plains  of 
Pharsalus,  or  Pharsalia,  a  "decisive  battle  was 
fought  between  the  two  armies  on  Aug.  9th, 
48,  iii  which  Pompey  was  completely  defeated. 
Pompey  fled  to  Egypt,  pursued  by  Caesar,  but 
he  was  murdered  before  Caesar  arrived  in 
the  country.  [Pompeii's.]  On  his  arrival  in 
Egypt,  Caesar  became  involved  in  a  war,  usu- 
ally called  the  Alexandrine  war.  It  arose 
from  the  determination  of  Caesar  that  Cleo- 
patra, whose  fascinations  had  won  his  heart, 
should  reigu  in  common  with  her  brother 
Ptolemy;  but  this  decision  was  opposed  by 
the  guardians  of  the  young  king,  and  the  war 
which  thus  broke  out  was  not  brought  to  a 
close  till  the  latter  end  of  March,  47.  It  was 
soon  after  this  that  Cleopatra  had  a  son  by 
Caesar.  [Caksaiuon.]  Caesar  returned  to 
Rome  through  Syria  aud  Asia  Minor,  and  on 
his  march  through  Poutus  attacked  Pharna- 
ces,  the  son  of  Mithridates  the  Great,  who 
had  assisted  Pompey.  He  defeated  Pharna- 
ccs  near  Zela  with  such  ease  that  he  informed 
the  senate  of  his  victory  by  the  words,  ['<«>', 
Vidi,  vici.  He  reached  Rome  in  September 
(47),  and  before  the  end  of  the  month  set  sail 
for  Africa,  where  Scipio  and  Cato  had  collect- 
ed a  large  army.  The  war  was  terminated  by 
the  defeat  of  the  Pompeiau  army  at  the  battle 
of  Thapsus,  on  the  Oth  of  April,  46.  Cato,  un- 
able to  defend  Utica,  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life. — Caesar  returned  to  Rome  in  the  latter 
end  of  July.  He  was  now  the  undisputed 
master  of  the  Roman  world,  but  he  used  his 
victory  with  the  greatest  moderation.  Unlike 
other  conquerors  in  civil  wars,  he  freely  for- 
gave all  who  had  borne  arms  against  him, 
and  declared  that  he  would  make  no  differ- 
ence between  PompeiansandCaesarians.  His 
clemency  was  one  of  the  brightest  features  of 
his  character.  One  of  the  most  important  of 
his  measures  this  year  (46)  was  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  calendar.  As  the  Roman  year  was 
now  3  months  in  advance  of  the  real  time, 
Caesar  added  90  days  to  this  year,  and  thus 
made  the  whole  year  consist  of  445  days  ;  and 
he  guarded  against  a  repetition  of  similar  er- 
rors for  the  future  by  adapting  the  year  to 
the  sun's  course. — Meantime  the  two  sons  of 
Pompey,  Sextus  and  Cneius,  had  collected  a 
new  army  in  Spain.  Caesar  set  out  for  Spain 
towards  the  eud  of  the  year,  and  brought  the 
war  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Munda,  on  the 
17th  of  March,  45,  in  which  the  enemy  were 


only  defeated  after  a  most  obstinate  resist- 
ance. Cn.  Pompey  was  killed  shortly  after- 
wards, but  Sextus  made  good  his  escape. 
Caesar  reached  Rome  in  September,  and  en- 
tered the  city  in  triumph.  Possessing  royal 
power,  he  now  wished  to  obtain  the  title  of 
king,  aud  Antony  accordingly  offered  him  the 
diadem  iu  public  on  the  festival  of  the  Luper- 
calia  (the  15th  of  February) ;  but,  seeing  that 
the  proposition  was  not  favorably  received 
by  the  people,  he  declined  it  for  the  present. 
— But  Caesar's  power  was  not  witnessed  with 
out  envy.  The  Roman  aristocracy  resolved 
to  remove  him  by  assassination.  "The  con- 
spiracy against  Caesar's  life  had  been  set  afoot 
by  Cassius,  a  personal  enemy  of  Caesar's,  and 
there  were  more  than  60  persons  privy  to  it. 
Many  of  these  persons  had  been  raised  by 
Caesar  to  wealth  and  honor;  aud  some  of 
them,  such  as  M.  Brutus,  lived  with  him  ou 
terms  of  the  most  intimate  friendship.  It  has 
been  the  practice  of  rhetoricians  to  speak  of 
the  murder  of  Caesar  as  a  glorious  deed,  and 
to  represent  Brutus  aud  Cassius  as  patriots; 
but  the  mask  ought  to  be  stripped  off  these 
false  patriots ;  they  cared  not  for  the  repub- 
lic, but  only  for  themselves;  and  their  object 
iu  murdering  Caesar  was  to  gain  power  for 
themselves  aud  their  party.  Caesar  had  many 
warnings  of  his  approaching  fate,  but  he  dis- 
regarded them  all,  and  fell  by  the  daggers  of 
his  assassins  on  the  Ides  or  15th  of  March,  44. 
At  an  appointed  signal  the  conspirators  sur- 
rounded him;  Casca  dealt  the  first  blow,  and 
the  others  quickly  drew  their  swords  and  at- 
tacked him  ;  Caesar  at  first  defended  himself, 
but  when  he  saw  that  Brutus,  his  friend  and 
favorite,  had  also  drawn  his  sword,  he  ex- 
claimed, Tu  quoque  Brute!  pulled  his  toga 
over  his  face,  and  sunk  pierced  with  wounds 
at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue. — Julius  Caesar 
was  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  antiquity.  He 
was  gifted  by  nature  with  the  most  varied 
talents,  and  was  distinguished  by  extraordi- 
nary attainments  in  the  most  diversified  pur- 
suits. During  the  whole  of  his  busy  life  he 
found  time  for  the  prosecution  of  literature, 
and  was  the  author  of  many  works,  the  ma- 
jority of  which  have  been  lost.  The  purity  of 
his  Latin  and  the  clearness  of  his  style  were 
celebrated  by  the  ancients  themselves,  and 
are  conspicuous  iu  his  Commentarii,  which 
are  his  only  works  that  have  come  down  to 
us.  They  relate  the  history  of  the  first  7 
years  of  the  Gallic  war  in  7  books,  and  the 
history  of  the  Civil  war,  down  to  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Alexandrine,  in  3  books. 
Neither  of  these  works  completed  the  history 
of  the  Gallic  and  Civil  wars.  The  history  of 
the  former  was  completed  in  an  8th  book, 
which  is  usually  ascribed  to  Hirtius,  and  the 
history  of  the  Afexandrine,  African,  and  Span- 
ish wars  was  written  in  three  separate  books, 
which  are  also  ascribed  to  Hirtius,  but  their 
authorship  is  uncertain. 

C.  CAESAR  and  L.  CAESAR,  the  sons  of 
M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  Julia,  and  the 
grandsons  of  Augustus.  L.  Caesar  died  at 
Massilia  on  his  Way  to  Spain,  a.h.  2.  and  C. 
Caesar  in  Lycia,  a.b.  4,  of  a  wouud  which  he 
had  received  in  Armenia. 

CAESARAUGUSTA  (-ae :  Zaragoza  or  Sar 


CAESAREA. 


93 


CALIGULA. 


agossa),  more  anciently  Salduisa,  a  town  of 
the  Edetaui  on  the  Iberns,  in  Hispania  Tar- 
racoueusis,  colonized  by  Augustus  n.o.  '27. 

CAESAREA  (-ae),  a  name  given  to  several 
cities  of  the  Roman  empire  in  honor  of  one 
or  other  of  the  Caesars.— (1)  C.  ad  Akgaeum, 
formerly  Mazaca,  also  Eusehia  (Kesarieh, 
Ru.),  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Asia  Minor, 
stood  upon  Mount  Argaeus,  about  the  centre 
of  Cappadocia.  When  that  country  was  made 
a  Roman  province  by  Tiberius  (A.i>.  IS),  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Caesarea.  It  was  ulti- 
mately destroyed  by  an  earthquake.— (2)  C. 
Pmi.tr-ei  or  Paneas  (Manias),  a  city  of  Pales- 
tine, at  the  S.  foot  of  Mount  Ilermon,  on  the 
Jordan,  just  below  its  source,  built  by  Philip 
the  tetriirch,  B.o.  3 ;  King  Agrippa  called  it, 
Neronias,  but  it  soon  lost  this  name.— (3)  C. 
Pai.akstimak,  formerly  Stratonih  Tctekis,  an 
important  city  of  Palestine,  on  the  sea-coast, 
just  above  the  boundary-line  between  Sama- 
ria and  Galilee.  It  was  surrounded  with  a 
wall,  and  decorated  with  splendid  buildings 
by  Herod  the  Great  (n.o.  13),  who  called  it 
Caesarea,  in  honor  of  Augustus.  He  also 
made  a  splendid  harbor  for  the  city.  Under 
the  Romaus  it  was  the  capital  of  Palestine 
and  the  residence  of  the  procurator.— (4)  »'. 
Maureta.niae,  formerly  lot  (Zershell,  Ku.),  a 
Phoenician  city  on  the  N.  coast,  of  Africa, 
with  a  harbor,  the  residence  of  King  Julia, 
who  named  it  Caesarea,  in  honor  of  Augus- 
tas. There  are  several  other  cities,  which  are 
better  known  by  other  names. 

CAESAKION  (-fmis),  son  of  C.Julius  Cae- 
sar  and  of  Cleopatra,  originally  called  Ptole- 
maeus  as  an  Egyptian  prince,  was  born  b.o. 
47.  After  tin-  death  of  his  mother  in  30,  be 
was  executed  by  order  of  Augustus. 

CAE8lRODttNUM  (-1 :  Tours),  chief  town 
of  the  Turdnea  or  TurSni,  subsequently  called 
Tukoni,  on  the  Liger  {Loire),  in  Gallia  Lug- 
dunensis. 

CAEsia  (-ae),  .a  forest,  in  Germany  be- 
tween the  Lippe  and  the  Yssel. 

CilCUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Mysia,  rising  in 
Mount  Temnus  and  flowing  past  Pergamus 
into  the  i lumaean  Gulf. 

CAlK'i'A  (-ae;  Qaeta),  a  town  in  Latinm  on 
the  borders  oi'i  lampania,  situated  on  a  prom- 
ontory of  the  same  name,  and  on  a  bay  of  the 
Ma  called  after  it  Sintjs  Cairi  wis.  it  pos- 
sessed an  excellent,  harbor,  and  was  said  to 
have  derived  its  name  from  Caieta,  the  nurse 
of  Aeneas. 

CAM'S,  the  jurist.     [GA108.] 

CilUS  CAE8AK,    [Cai  lgoxa.] 
ClLiBER.    [Qotntpb  Smybnaeus.] 

i  \  i.Ai'.i.'tA  (-ae),  the  peninsula  in  the  S.K. 

,f    Italy,   extending    from    Tareutum    to    the 

Prom.  i. 'lie,  .-in  ui,  formed  part  of  A  en  ma. 

CiLA<  "I'R  (-es),  originally  the  name  of  part 
of  the  coast, and  afterwards  a  town  on  the  n. 
coast  of  siciiy,  founded  by  Ducetius,  a  chief 

of  the  SicelS,  about  u.i  .11, 

CX.LA<;URKIS  (-is:  Calahorra),B  town  of 
the  Vasconea  in  Blspaniii  Tarraconensl  i  e  it 
the  [berne.  It.  wan  the  birthplace  of  Quln- 
tilian. 

1''  a 


CALAIS,  brother  of  Zetes.    [Zktes.] 

CALANUS  (-i),  an  Indian  gymnosophist, 
who  burned  himself  alive  in  the  presence  of 
the  Macedonians,  3  months  before  the  death 
of  Alexander  (n.o.  323),  to  whom  he  had  pre- 
dicted his  approaching  end. 

CALATIA  (-ae:  Cajazzo),  a  town  in  Sam- 
nium  on  the  Appia  Via  between  Capua  and 
Beneventum. 

CALATINUS,  A.  ATILIUS,  consul  n.o. 
258,  aud  dictator  in  249,  when  he  carried  on 
the  war  in  Sicily.  He  was  the  first  dictator 
that  commanded  au  army  out  of  Italy. 

CALAUREA  or  -IA  (-ae:  Poro),  a  small 
island  in  the  Saronie  gulf  off  the  coast  of  Ar- 
golis  and  opposite  Troezen,  possessed  a  cele- 
brated temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  which 
was  regarded  as  an  inviolable  asylum.  Hith- 
er Demosthenes  fled  to  escape  Antipater,  and 
here  he  took  poison,  u.o.  322. 

CALCHAS  (-antis),  son  of  Thestor,  was  the 
wisest  soothsayer  among  the  Greeks  at  Troy, 
and  advised  them  in  their  various  difficulties. 
An  oracle  had  declared  that  he  should  die  if 
he  met  with  a  soothsayer  superior  to  himself; 
and  this  came  to  pass  at  Claros,  near  Colo- 
phon, for  here  he  met  the  soothsayer  Moesrs, 
who  predicted  things  which  Calchas  could 
not.  Thereupon  Calchas  died  of  grief.  After 
his  death  he  had  an  oracle  in  Daunia. 

CALE  (-es:  Oporto),  a  port-town  of  the  Cal- 
laeci  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Uurius.  Prom  Porto  Cale  the  name 
of  the  country  Portugal  is  supposed  to  have 
come. 

CALEDONIA.     [Britannia.] 

CALKNUS,  Q.  FTTFlUS,  a  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  n.o.  61,  when  he  succeeded  in  saving  P. 
Cloditts  from  condemnation  for  his  violation 
of  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea.  In  51)  he 
was  praetor,  and  from  this  time  appears  as  an 
active  partisan  of  Caesar,  in  whose  service  he 
remained  until  <  'acsar's  death  (44).  After  this 
event  Calentis  joined  M.  Antony,  and  subse- 
quently had  the  command  of  Antony's  legioua 
in  the  N.  of  Italy. 

CALES  (-is,  nsually  PI.  Ciiles,  -ium :  Calvi), 
chiil  town  of  the  Caleni,  an  Ausonian  people 
in  Campania,  on  the  Via  Latina.said  Lo  have 
been  founded  by  Calais,  son  of  Boreas,  and 
therefore  called   Threlcia  by  tin-  poets.     It 

was  celebrated  for  its  excellent  wine. 

CALSTES  (-urn)  or  CALfiTl   (-oram),  c 

people  in    Belgic  Gaul  near  the  mouth  ofthl 

Seine. 
CALlGI  LA    I  ;ii'  .   Roman   emperor,   a.i>. 

:!7  II,  sou  of  (Jet  in  aniens  .mil  Agl  ippina,  WB8 
born   A.P.  I'.',  and  was  brought   lip  B '   tfa 

legions  in  Germany.  Mi-  real  name 
i 'a  i  a.,  Caesar,  and  he  wan  always  called  Caiu 
by  his  contemporaries;  Caligula  was  a  sur 
name  given  bim  by  the  soldiers  from  bis 
Wearing  in  his  boyhood  small  caligat,  or  soi- 
cois.    He  gained  the  favor  of  Tib 

us,  who    raised    him    to  offlcee    of  honor,  ami 

held  out  to  him  hopes  nf  the  succession.  On 
tin-  death  of  Tiberius  (87),  which  was  either 
i  in  ,,i  or  accelerated  by  '  !aligiiln,  the  latter 
micceeded  to  the  throne.     He  w  i    nalnted  bj 


CALIGULA. 


94 


CALLIRRHOE. 


Caligula. 


the  people  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm  as 
the  sou  of  Germanicus.  His  first  acts  gave 
promise  of  a  just  and  beneficent  reign;  but 
at  the  end  of  8  months  his  conduct  became 
suddenly  changed.  After  a  serious  illness, 
which  probably  weakened  his  mental  powers, 
be  appears  as  a  sanguinary  and  licentious 
madman.  In  his  madness  he  built  a  temple 
to  himself  as  Jupiter  Latiaris,  and  appointed 
priests  to  attend  to  his  worship.  His  extrav- 
agance was  monstrous.  One  instance  will 
show  at  once  his  wastefulness  and  cruelty. 
He  constructed  a  bridge  of  boats  between 
Baiae  and  Pnteoli,  a  distance  of  about  3  miles, 
and,  after  covering  it  with  earth,  he  built 
houses  upon  it.  When  it  was  finished,  he 
gave  a  splendid  banquet  in  the  middle  of  the 
bridge,  and  concluded  the  entertainment  by 
throwing  numbers  of  the  guests  into  the 
sea.  To  replenish  the  treasury  he  exhausted 
Italy  and  Home  by  liis  extortions,  and  then 
marched  into  Gaul  in  40,  which  he  plundered 
in  all  directions.  With  his  troops  he  ad- 
vanced to  the  ocean,  as  if  intending  to  cross 
over  into  Britain  ;  he  drew  them  up  in  battle 
array,  and  then  gave  them  the  signal— to  col- 
sct  shells,  which  lie  called  the  spoils  of  con- 


Coin  of  Caligula, 


ith  his  head  and  that  of  Augustus  (the 
Litter  crowned). 


quered  Ocean.  The  Roman  world  at  length 
grew  tired  of  such  a  mad  tyrant.  Four 
months  after  his  return  to  the  city,  on  the 
24th  of  January,  41,  he  was  murdered  by  Cas- 
sius  Chaerea,  tribune  of  a  praetorian  cohort. 
Cornelius  Sabiuus,  and  others.  His  wife  Cae- 
sonia  and  his  daughter  were  likewise  put  to 
death. 

CALLAJCI,  CALLAECI.     [Gat.lakci.] 

CALLATIS  (-is),  a  town  of  Moesia,  on  the 
Black  Sea,  originally  a  colony  of  Miletus,  and 
afterwards  of  Haraclea. 

CALLIAS  (-ae)  and  HIPPONICUS  (-i),  a 
noble  Athenian  family,  celebrated  for  their 
wealth.  They  enjoyed  the  hereditary  dignity 
of  torch-bearer  at  the  Eleusiuian  mysteries, 
and  claimed  descent  from  Triptolemus.  The 
first  member  of  this  family  of  any  note  was 
Calliae,  who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Marathon, 
490.  He  was  afterwards  embassador  from 
Athens  to  Artaxerxes,  and,  according  to 
some  accounts,  negotiated  a  peace  with  Per- 
sia, 449,  on  terms  most  humiliating  to  the  lat- 
ter. On  his  return  to  Athens  he  was  accused 
of  having  taken  bribes,  and  was  condemned 
to  a  fine  of  50  talents.  His  son  Hipponicus 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Delium  in  424.  It 
was  his  divorced  wife,  and  not  his  widow, 
whom  Pericles  married.  His  daughter  Hip- 
parete  was  married  to  Alcibiades.  Oallias, 
sou  of  this  Hipponicus  by  the  lady  who  mar- 
ried Pericles,  dissipated  all  his  ancestral 
wealth  on  sophists,  flatterers,  and  women. 
The  scene  of  Xenophon's  Banquet,  and  also 
that  of  Plato's  Protagoras,  is  laid  at  his  house. 

CALLIAS,  a  wealthy  Athenian,  who,  on 
condition  of  marrying  Cimon's  sister,  Elpi- 
nice,  liberated  Cimon  from  prison  by  paying 
for  him  the  fine  of  50  talents  which  had  been 
imposed  on  Miltiades. 

CALLIDR5MUS  or  -TJM  (i),  part  of  the 
range  of  Mount  Oeta,  near  Thermopylae. 

CALLIFAE,  a  town  in  Samuium  of  uncer- 
tain site. 

CALLIMlCHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Alexan- 
drine grammarian  and  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Cyrene  in  Africa,  lived  at  Alexandria  in  the 
reigns  of  Ptolemy  I'hiladelphus  and  Everge- 
tes,  and  was  chief  librarian  of  the  famous  li- 
brary of  Alexandria,  from  about  b.o.  200  until 
his  death,  about  240.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Eratosthenes,  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium,  and 
Apollonius  Rhodins,  with  the  latter  of  whom 
he  subsequently  quarreled.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous works  on  an  infinite  variety  of  subjects, 
but  of  these  we  possess  only  some  of  his  po- 
ems, whicli  are  characterized  rather  by  labor 
and  learning  than  by  real  poetical  genius. 

CALLIXUS  (-i),  of  Ephesus,  the  earliest 
Greek  elegiac  poet,  probably  flourished  about 
n.c.  700. 

CALLIOPE.     [Musae.] 

CALLIPQLIS  (-is).  (1)  A  town  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Sicily  not  far  from  Aetna.  — (2)  (GaL 
lipoli),  a  town  in  the  Thracian  Chersonese 
opposite  Lampsacus.— (3)  A  town  in  Actolia. 
[(.'allium.] 

CALLIRRH5E  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Ache- 
lous  and  wife  of  Alcmaeon,  induced  her  hus- 


CALLIRRHOE. 


9* 


CAMBYSES. 


baud  to  procure  her  the  peplus  and  necklace 
of  Harmonia,  by  which  she  caused  his  death. 
[Ai.omaeon.]  —  (2)  Daughter  of  Scamander, 
wife  of  Tros,  ami  mother  of  Ilus  and  Gany- 
medes. 

CALLIRRHOE  (-es),  afterwards  called  En- 
kkaorunub,  or  the  "Nine  Springs,"  because 
its  water  was  distributed  by  i)  pipes,  was  the 
most  celebrated  well  in  Athens,  situated  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  city,  and  still  retains  its 
ancient  name  Callirrhoe. 

OALLISTHENES  (-it),  of  Olynthus,  a  rela- 
tion and  a  pupil  of  Aristotle,  accompanied 
Alexander  the  Great  to  Asia.  He  rendered 
himself  so  obnoxious  to  Alexander  by  the 
boldness  aud  independence  with  which  he 
expressed  his  opinions  on  several  occasions, 
that  he  was  accused  of  being  privy  to  the  plot 
of.Hermolaus  to  assassinate  Alexander;  and 
after  being  kept  in  chains  for  7  months,  was 
either  put  to  death  or  died  of  disease.  He 
wrote  several  works,  all  of  which  have  per- 
ished. 

CALLISTO  (-us ;  ace  -6),  an  Arcadian 
nymph,  hence  called  Xonacrlna  virgo,  from 
Nonacris,  a  mountain  in  Arcadia,  was  a  com- 
panion of  Artemis  (Diana)  in  the  chase.  She 
was  beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  meta- 
morphosed her  into  a  she-bear,  that  Hera 
(Juno)  might  not  become  acquainted  with 
the  amour.  But  Hera  learned  the  truth,  and 
caused  Artemis  to  slay  Callisto  during  the 
chase.  Zeus  placed  Callisto  among  the  stars 
uniler  the  name  of  Arctos,  or  the  Hear.  Ae- 
cas  was  her  son  by  Zens.     [A kotos.] 

CALLISTRAtIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Paphla- 
gonia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxine. 

CALLIUM  (-i),  called  CALLiPOLIS  (-is)  by 
Livy,  a  town  in  Aetolia  in  the  valley  of  the 
Sperchens. 

CXLOR  (-oris),  a  river  in  Samnium  (lowing 
past  iieneventum  and  falling  into  the  Vultur- 
ous. 

CALPE  (-es :  Gibraltar).  (1)  A  mountain 
in  the  S.  of  Spain  on  the  straits  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Mediterranean.  This  and  Mount 
Abyla,  opposite  to  it  on  the  African  coast, 
were  called  the  Columns  of  Hercules.  [Abvj.a.  i 
— (2)  A  river,  promontory,  and  town  on  the 
coast  of  Bfthynin. 

OALPURNlA  (-ae),  daughter  ofL.  Calpur- 
nius  Piso,  consul  n.o.  68,  and  last  wife  of  the 
dictator  Caesar,  to  whom  she  was  married  in 

60.     She  survived  her  husband. 

CALPURNiA  QENS,  plebeian,  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  CalpUP,  a  son  of  Niunu. 
It  was  divided  into  the  families  of  Brut  I  06 
ind  Piso. 

('AI.VTNTS.  CN.  DOMITIU8  (-1),  tribune 
of  the  plehe,  b.o.  69,  when  he  supported  Blbu- 
|n  ngainst  ( 'aesar,  |>raetor  in  mi.  ami  consul 
in  63,  through  the  Influence  ofPompey.  lb- 
took  an  active  part  in  the  civil  war  as  one  of 
i  ;ie  nr'e  generals. 

('A  I. vi  'A  DNUS  (-1),  a  considerable  river  of 
1  hi  ia,  navigable  as  fm-  us  Seleucia, 

<  iLYDNAB  (-arum).  (1)  Two  small  isl- 
ands off  the  eoast  ofTroaS.-  (2i  A  group  of 
islands  off  the  coast  of  Caria,  belonging  to 


the  Sporades.  The  largest  of  them  was  called 
Calydna,  and  afterwards  Oalymna. 

CALl'DON  (-onis),  an  ancient  town  of  Aeto- 
lia W.  of  the  Evenus  in  the  land  of  the  Cure- 
tes,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Aetolus  or 
his  sou  Calydon.  The  town  was  celebrated 
in  the  heroic,  ages,  but  is  rarely  mentioned 
in  historical  times.  In  the  mountains  in  the 
neighborhood  took  place  the  celebrated  hunt 
of  the  Calydonian  boar.  The  inhabitants 
were  removed  by  Augustus  to  Kioopoi.is.  In 
the  Roman  poets  we  find  Calydonis,  a  woman 
of  Aetolia,  ?'.  e.  Deianira,  daughter  of  Oenens, 
king  of  Calydon ;  Calydonius  heros,  i.  e.  Me- 
leager:  Calydonius  amnis,  i.e.  the  Achelous 
separating  Acarnania  and  Aetolia,  because 
Calydon  was  the  chief  town  of  Aetolia;  Caly- 
donia  regno,,  i.e.  Apulia,  because  Diomedes, 
grandson  of  Oenens,  king  of  Calydon,  after- 
wards obtained  Apulia  as  his  kingdom. 

CALYPSO  (-us;  acc-6),  a  nymph  inhabit- 
ing the  island  of  Ogygia,  on  which  Ulysses 
was  shipwrecked.  Calypso  loved  the  unfor- 
tunate hero,  and  promised  him  immortality 
if  he  would  remain  with  her.  Ulysses  re- 
fused, and  after  she  had  detained  him  7  years, 
the  gods  compelled  her  to  allow  him  to  con- 
tinue his  journey  homewards. 


CAMALODtfNUM  {Colchester),  the  capital 
of  the  Triuobantes  in  Britain,  and  the  flrst 
Roman  colony  in  the  island,  founded  by  the 
emperor  CInudins,  A.n.  48. 

CAM  Al,'l\  A    (  ae),  a   town   OH   Hie  S.  coast 

of  Sicily,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hipparls,  found- 
ed by  83  recuse,  i«.o.  699.  It  wa  several  timeB 
destroyed  by  Syracuse ;  and  in  1  he  firsl  Punic 
war  it  was  taken  by  the  Romans,  and  most 
of  the  inhabitants  sold  as  Blaves. 

CAMBtfN]  (-Brum)  MONTHS,  the  mount- 
ains which  Mjpni  ate  Macedonia  and  Thessaly. 

caMI'.vm.s  1  1  -.,.     (l)  Father  ofCi  1  1 
Great.— (2)  Second  king  of  Persia,  succeeded 
his   father  Cyrns,  and   reigned  >•  n.  621 
In  626  he  couquereel  Egypt;  bn'  was  nnsnc 


CAMENAE. 


!»G 


CANDACE. 


cessful  in  expeditions  agaiust  the  Ammonians 
.- 1 1 1 •  1  agaiust  the  Aethiopians.  On  his  return 
l<i  Memphis  lie  treated  the  Egyptians  with 
great  cruelty;  lie  insulted  their  religion, and 

-lew  their  god  Apis  with  his  own  hands.  He 
also  acted  tyrannically  towards  his  own  fam- 
ily and  the  Persians  in  general.  He  caused 
his  own  brother  Smerdis  to  be  murdered; 
i'ii!  a  Magian  personated  the  deceased  prince, 
and  set  up  a  claim  to  the  throne.  [Smerdis.] 
Cambyses  forthwith  set  out  from  Egypt 
against  this  pretender,  but  died  in  Syria,  at 
a  place  named  Ecbatana,  of  au  accidental 
wonnd  in  the  thigh,  522. 

CAMEXAE  (-arum),  prophetic  nymphs,  be- 
ionging  to  the  religion  of  ancient  Italy,  al- 
though later  traditions  represent  their  wor- 
ship as  introduced  into  Italy  from  Arcadia, 
and  some  accounts  identify  them  with  the 
Mu^es.  The  most  important  of  these  god- 
desses was  Carmenta  or  Carmentis,  who  had 
a  temple  at  the  foot  of  the  Capitoline  hill, 
and  altars  near  the  Porta  Carmentalis.  The 
traditions  which  assigned  a  Greek  origin  to 
her  worship  state  that  her  original  name  was 
Nicostrate,  and  that  she  was  the  mother  of 
Evander,  with  whom  she  came  to  Italy. 

CAMERIA  (-ae),  au  ancient  town  of  La- 
tium.  conquered  by  Tarquinins  Priscus. 

CiMERXNTJM  <ir  CAMARIXUM  (-i),  more 
ancieutly  CAMERS  (-tis:  Camerino),  a  town 
in  Umbria,  on  the  borders  of  Piccuum,  and 
subsequently  a  Roman  colony. 

CA.UERINUS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet,  contem- 
porary with  Ovid,  wrote  a  poem  on  the  capt- 
ure of  Troy  by  Hercules. 

CAMICTJS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Si- 
ea-ii  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sicily,  and  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  occupied  the  site  of  the 
citadel  of  Agkioentum. 

CAMILLA  (-ae),  daughter  of  king  Metabus, 
of  the  Volscian  town  of  Privernum,  was  one 
of  the  swift-footed  servants  of  Diana,  accus- 
tomed to  the  chase  and  to  war.  She  assisted 
Tuinus  against  Aeneas,  and  after  slaying 
numbers  of  the  Trojans  was  at  length  killed 
by  Arnns. 

CAMILLUS,  M.  FCRIUS  (-i),  one  of  the 
great  heroes  of  the  Roman  republic.  He  was 
censor  n.c.  403,  in  which  year  Livy  errone- 
ously places  hi-  first  consular  tribunate.  He 
was  consular  tribune  six  different  years,  and 
dictator  rive  times  during  his  life.  In  his 
first  dictatorship  (.'i'.i6)  he  gained  a  glorious 
victory  over  the  Faliscans  and  Fidenates,  took 
Veii,  and  entered  Rome  in  triumph.  Five 
years  afterwards  (391)  he  was  accused  of  bav- 
in:: made  an  unfair  distribution  of  the  booty 
of  V'eii,  and  went  voluntarily  into  exile  at  Ar- 
dea.  Next  year  (390)  the  Gauls  took  Rome, 
and  laid  siejje  to  Ardea.  The  Romans  in  the 
Capitol  recalled  Camillas,  and  appointed  him 
dictator  in  his  absence.  Camillas  hastily 
collected  an  army,  attacked  the  Gauls,  and 
defeated  them  completely.  [Brennus.1  His 
fellow-citizens  saluted  him  as  the  Second 
Romulus.  In  367  he  was  dictator  a  fifth  time, 
and  though  SO  year-  of  age,  he  completely  de- 
feated the  Gauls.  He  died  of  the  pestilence, 
865.    Camillas  was  the  great  general  of  his 


age,  and  the  resolute  champion  of  the  patri- 
cian order. 

CAMIRUS  (-i),  a  Dorian  town  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  and  the  princi- 
pal town  in  the  island  before  the  foundation 
of  Rhodes. 

CAMPANIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Italy,  the 
name  of  which  is  probably  derived  from  cam- 
pus, "a  plain,"  separated  from  Latium  by 
the  river  Liris,  and  from  Lucania  at  a  later 
time  by  the  river  Silarns.  though  in  the  time 
of  Augustus  it  did  not  extend  farther  S.  than 
the  promontory  of  Minerva.  In  still  earlier 
times  the  Ager  Gampanux  included  only  the 
country  round  Capua  Campania  is  a  vol- 
canic country,  to  which  circumstance  it  was 
mainly  indebted  for  its  extraordinary  fertil- 
ity, for  which  it  was  celebrated  in  antiquity 
above  all  other  lands.  The  fertility  of  the 
soil,  allowing  iu  parts  3  crops  in  a  year,  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery,  and  the  softness  of  the 
climate,  the  heat  of'which  was  tempered  by 
the  delicious  breezes  of  the  sea,  procured  for 
Campania  the  epithet  Felix,  a  name  which  it 
justly  deserved.  It  was  the  favorite  retreat 
in  summer  of  the  Roman  nobles,  whose  villas 
studded  a  considerable  part  of  its  coast,  espe- 
cially in  the  neighborhood  of  Batae.  The 
earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country  were  the 
Ausones  and  Osci  or  Opici.  They  were  sub- 
sequently conquered  by  the  Etruscans,  who 
became  the  masters  of  almost  all  the  country. 
In  the  time  of  the  Romans  we  find  3  distinct 
peoples,  besides  the  Greek  population  of  Cu- 
mae:  1.  The  Campani,  properly  so  called,  a 
mixed  race,  consisting  of  Etruscans  and  the 
original  inhabitants  of  the  country,  dwelling 
along  the  coast  from  Sinuessa  to  Paestuni. 
They  were  the  ruling  race.  [Capua.1—  2.  Si- 
nioiNi,  an  Ausonian  people,  in  the  N.W.  of 
the  couutry  on  the  borders  of  Samuium.—  3. 
Pioentin-t,  in  the  S.E.  of  the  country. 

CAMPI  RAUDII  (-orum),  a  plain  in  the  N. 
of  Italy,  near  Vercellae,  where  Marias  and 
Catulns  defeated  the  Cimbri,  n.o.  101. 

CAMPUS  MARTIUS  (-i),  the  "Plain  of 
Mars,"  frequently  called  Campcs  simply,  was 
the  N.W.  portion  of  the  plain  lying  in  the 
bend  of  the  Tiber,  outside  the  walls  of  Rome. 
The  Circus  Flaminius  in  the  S.  gave  its  name 
to  a  portion  of  the  plain.  The  Campus  Mar- 
tins is  said  to  have  belonged  originally  to  the 
Tarquins,  and  to  have  been  consecrated  to 
Mars  upon  the  expulsion  of  the  kings.  Here 
the  Roman  youths  were  accustomed  to  per- 
form their  gymnastic  and  warlike  exercises, 
and  here  the  comitia  of  the  centuries  were 
held.  At  a  later  time  it  was  surronnded  by 
porticoes,  temples,  and  other  public  build- 
ings. It  was  included  within  the  city  walls 
by  Aurelian. 

C'AxACE  (-es)  entertained  an  unnatural 
love  for  her  brother  Macareus,  and  on  this 
account  was  compelled  by  her  father  to  kill 
herself. 

CANDACE  (-es).  a  queeu  of  the  Aethiopi- 
ans of  Meroe,  invaded  Egypt  b.o.  22,  but  was 
driven  back  and  defeated  by  Petronius,  the 
Roman  governor  of  Egypt.  Her  name  seems 
to  have  been  common"  to  all  the  queens  of 
Aethiopia. 


CANDAULES. 


CAPITOLIUM. 


CANDAULES,  also  called  Myrsilns,  last 
Heraclid  king  of  Lydia.  He  exposed  his  wife 
to  Gyges/whereupoii  slie  compelled  Gyges  to 
jut  him  to  death.     [Gyges.] 

CANDAVIA  (-ae),  CANDAVII  (-Orum) 
MONIES,  the  mountains  separating  Illyri- 
eum  from  Macedonia,  across  which  the  Via 
Egnatia  ran. 

CANIDIA  (-ae),  whose  real  name  was  Gra- 
tidia,  was  a  Neapolitan  courtesan,  beloved  by 
Horace ;  but  when  she  deserted  him,  he  re- 
renired  himself  by  holding  her  up  to  con- 
tempt as  an  old  sorceress. 

CAN  IS  (-is),  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Dog.  The  most  important  star  in  this  con- 
stellation was  specially  named  Canis  or  Cd- 
nicula,  and  also  Sinn*.  The  Dies  Canicula- 
res  were  as  proverbial  for  the  heat  of  the 
weather  among  the  Romans  as  are  the  dog 
lays  among  ourselves.  The  constellation  of 
:he  Little  Don  was  called  Prociion,  literally 
translated  Ante  canem,  Antecanis,  because  in 
Greece  this  constellation  rises  heliacally  be- 
!bre  the  Great  Dog.  When  Bootes  was  re- 
garded as  Icarius  [Ahotos],  Procyou  became 
Vlaera,  the  dog  of  Icarius. 

CANNAE  (-arum),  a  village  in  Apulia,  situ- 
Ited  in  an  extensive  plain,  memorable  for  the 
If  feat  of  the  Romans  by  Hannibal,  B.C.  216. 


CXNUSIUM  (-i:  Canosa),  an  important 
town  in  Apulia,  on  the  Auridus,  founded,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  by  Diomedes.  It  was  at 
all  events  a  Greek  colony,  and  both  Greek  and 
Oscan  were  spoken  there  in  the  time  of  Hor- 
ace. It  was  celebrated  for  its  mules  and  its 
woolen  manufactures,  but  it  had  a  deficient 
supply  of  water. 

CAPANEUS  (-eos  or  el),  son  of  Hippono- 
us,  and  one  of  the  7  heroes  who  marched 
against  Thebes.  He  was  struck  by  Zens  (Ju- 
piter) with  lightning  as  he  was  scaling  the 
walls  of  Thebes,  because  he  had  dared  to  defy 
the  god.  While  his  body  was  burning,  his 
wife  Evadne  leaped  into  the  flames  and  de- 
stroyed herself. 

CXPELLA,  the  star.    [Capba.] 

CATENA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Etruscan  town 
founded  by  Veii,  and  subsequently  became  a 
Roman  municipium.  In  its  territory  was  the 
celebrated  grove  and  temple  of  Feronia  on 
the  small  river  Capenas.     [Feronia.] 

CAPETUS  SILVIUS.     [Sn.virs.] 

CAPHAREUS  (Capo  d'Ora),  a  rocky  and 
dangerous  promontory  on  the  S.E.  of  Euboea, 
where  the  Greek  fleet  is  said  to  have  been 
wrecked  on  its  return  from  Troy. 

CAPITO,  C.  ATEIUS,  an  eminent  Roman 
jurist,  who  gained  the  favor  of  both  Augus- 


Plaln  "i  Cannae 
CAN5BUS  or  CiN5PU8  (-i),  m  important 


:-itv  on  the  coast  of  Lower  Egypt,  2  L'e< 
miles  E.  of  Alexandria.  It  was  near  the  W- 
tnost  month  "f  the  Nile,  which  was  hence 
sailed  the  Canopic  Month,  ii  was  celebrated 
'ir  a  great  temple  of  Serapis,  for  its  coi rce 

md  it-  luxury. 

CANTAB  III  (-orum),  n  fierce  and  war!  ke 
people  in  the  N.  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  E. 
t>y  the  Astnres,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Autrl- 
gones.  They  were  subdued  by  Augustus  after 
ii  Btruggle  of  several  years  (b.o.  26-19). 

CANTlUM  M),  a  district  of  Britain,  nearly 
the  Bame  as  the  modern  Kant,  bat  Included 

[.ON  Id  NUM. 


tus  and  Tiberius  by  flattery  and  obsequious 
net  -.  <  lapito  and  his  contemporary  Labi  1 1 
were  reckoned  the  highesl  legal  authorities 
of  their  day,  nnd  were  the  founders  of  2 
schools,  to  which  most  of  the  great  jurists  be- 
longed. 

CAPlTO,  C.   PONTEIUS,  b  friend  of  M. 

Antony,  accompanied  Maecenas  to  Brandt- 

stum,  h.o.  87,  when  the  latter  was  sent  to  efr 

■  conciliation  b(  tweea  Oi  tavianus  and 

AlltoliV. 

CXPITOLINXJS,  MANLIU8.    [Manmds.] 
i  hunts  MONS.   [Cafitomum:  Ro- 
ma.] 
CAPITOT.lltM  t  I),  the  temple  of  Jupiter 


CAPPADOCIA. 


98 


CAPRICORN  US. 


Optimue  Maximus  at  Hume,  was  situated  on 
the  S.  summit  of  the  Mona  Capitolinns,  bo 
called  on  account  of  the  temple.  The  Bite  of 
the  temple  is  now  covered  in  part  by  the  Pa- 
lazzo Caffarelli,  while  the  N.  summit,  v  hicli 
was  formerly  the  arx,  is  occupied  by  me 
church  of  Ara  Celt.  The  temple  is  said  to 
have  been  called  the  Capitolium  because  a 
human  head  {caput)  was  discovered  in  dig- 
ging the  fou in! a!  ions.  The  building  of  it  was 
commenced  by  Tarquinius  Prisons,  and  it  was 
finished  by  Tarquinius  Superbus,  but  was  not 
ited  till  the  3d  year  of  the  republic,  n.o. 
507,  by  the  consul  M.  Horatius.  It  was  burned 
down  in  the  civil  wars.  83,  and  twice  after- 
wards  in  the  time  of  the  emperors.  After  its 
3d  destruction,  in  the  reign  of  Titas,  it  was 
again  rebuilt  by  Domitian  with  greater  splen- 
dor than  before.  The  Capitol  contained  3 
cells  under  the  same  roof:  the  middle  cell 
was  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  hence  described  as 
"  media  qui  sedet  aede  Deus,"  and  on  either 
siiie  were  the  cells  of  his  attendant  deities. 
Juno  and  Minerva.  The  Capitol  was  one  of 
the  most  imposing  buildings  at  Home,  and 
was  adorned  as  befitted  the  majesty  of  the 
king  of  th?  gods.  It  was  in  the  form  of  a 
square,  namely,  200  feet  on  each  side,  and  was 
approached  by  a  flight  of  100  steps.  The 
gates  were  of  bronze,  and  the  ceilings  and 
tiles  gilt  The  gilding  alone  of  the  building 
cost  Domitian  i2,000  talents.  In  the  Capitol 
were  kept  the  Sibylline  books.  Here  the  con- 
suls, upon  entering  on  their  office,  offered  sac- 
rifices and  took  their  vows;  and  hither  the 
victorious  general,  who  entered  the  city  in 
triumph,  was  carried  in  his  triumphal  car  to 
return  thanks  to  the  Father  of  the  gods.  The 
whole  hill  was  sometimes  called  Arx,  and 
sometimes  Capitolium,  but  most  completely 
and  correctly  Arx  Capitaliumque. 

CAPPADOCIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, to  which  different  boundaries  were  as- 
signed at  different  times.  Under  the  Persian 
empire  it  included  the  whole  country  inhab- 
ited by  a  people  of  Syrian  origin,  who  were 


called  (from  their  complexion)  White  Syrians 
(Leucotujri),  and  also  Cappadoces.  Their  coun- 
try  embraced  the  whole  N'.E.  part  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, E.  of  the  river  Halys,  and  N.  of  Mount 
Taurus,  which  was  afterwards  divided  into 
Pontus  and  Cappadocia  Proper.  [Pontes.] 
VVheu  this  division  took  place  is  uncertain; 
but  we  find  that  under  the  Persian  empire 
the  whole  country  was  governed  by  a  line  of 
hereditary  satraps,  who  eventually  became 
independent  kings.  At  a  later  period  Cappa- 
docia  Proper  was  governed  by  a  line  of  inde- 
pendent monarchs.  In  a.b.  17,  Archelaiis,  the 
last  king,  died  at  Kome,  and  Tiberius  made 
Cappadocia  a  Roman  province.  Cappadocia 
was  a  rough  and  mountainous  region.  Its 
fine  pastures  supported  abundance  of  good 
horses  and  mules. 


Coin  of  Cappadocia. 

CAPRA,  CAPRA,  or  CAPELLA  (ae),  the 
brightest  star  in  the  constellation  of  the  Au- 
ri<ja,  or  Charioteer,  is  said  to  have  been  orig- 
iuallv  the  nymph  or  goat  who  nursed  the  in- 
fant Zens  (Jupiter)  in  Crete.    [Amalthea.] 

CAPRAKIA  (-ae),  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Etrnria,  inhabited  only  by  wild  goats, 
whence  its  name. 

CAPREAE  (-arum  :  Capri),  a  small  island, 
9  miles  iu  circumference,  off  Campania,  at  the 
s.  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Puteoli.  The  scen- 
ery  is  beautiful,  and  the  climate  soft  and  ge- 
nial. Here  Tiberius  lived  the  last  10  years 
of  his  reign,  indulging  in  secret  debauchery, 
and  accessible  only  to  his  creatures. 

CAPRICOHNUS  (-i),  the  Goat,  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  between  the  Archer  and  the  Water- 


CAPSA. 


99 


('ARIA. 


man,  is  said  to  have  fought  with  Jupiter 
against  the  Titans. 

CAPSA  (-ae),  a  strong  and  ancient  city  in 
the  S.W.  of  Byzaceua,  in  N.  Africa,  in  a  fertile 
oasis  surrounded  by  a  sandy  desert,  abound- 
ing in  serpents.  In  the  war  with  Jugurtha  it 
was  destroyed  by  Marine;  but  it  was  after- 
wards rebuilt,  and  erected  into  a  colony. 

CAPUA  (-ae :  Capua),  the  chief  city  of 
Campania,  cither  founded  or  colonized  by  the 
Etruscans.  It  became  at  an  early  period  the 
most  prosperous,  wealthy,  and  luxurious  city 
in  the  S.  of  Italy.  Its  warlike  neighbors,  the 
Samnites,  made  frequent  attempts  upon  it, 
sometimes  with  success.  In  order  to  be  a 
match  for  them,  Capua,  in  b.o.  343,  placed  it- 
self under  the  protection  of  Rome.  It  revolt- 
ed to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of  Cannae, 
216,  but  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  211,  was 
fearfully  punished,  and  never  recovered  its 
former  prosperity.  It  was  subsequently  made 
a  Roman  colony. 

cAl'YS  (-yds  and  ys).  (1)  Son  of  Assara- 
cus,  and  father  of  Anehiscs.—  (2)  A  compan- 
ion of  Aeneas,  from  whom  Capua  was  said  to 
have  derived  its  name. 

CAPtS  SILVlUS.    [Sn.vius.] 

CAltACALLA  (-ae),  emperor  of  Rome,  a.  i>. 
211-217,  was  son  of  Septimius  Severus,  and 


was  born  at  Lyons,  a.d.  188.  His  proper  name 
was  M.  A  wreluu  .i  ntonimis.  Caracalla  was  o 
nickname  derived  from  a  long  tunic  worn  by 
the  Gauls,  which  he  adopted  as  his  favorite 
fter  be  bet  ame  emperor.  He  accom- 
panied bis  father  to  Britain  in  208 ;  and  on 
the  death  of  Severus,  at  York,  211,  Caracalk 
and  hi-  brothei  Qeta  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
accord  ngtotheii  father's  arrangements.    A 

'  II  a    Sion    Of  Cruelties    now   marked   hi     ii 

ieer.  lie  assassinated  his  brother  Geta,  ami, 
with  him.  many  of  the  mosl  di  tingtiished 
men  in  the  tate,  Win-  securing  himself  in 
the  sole  government    The  celebrated  jurist 

I    ipinrm  V.  IS  one  of  his  vr  .mi         l\      : ■!.■!   il 

extravagance  to  cruelty;  and,  after  wasting 
thi  i  m  of  [taly,  he  visited  the  Eastern 
and  Western  provinces  Of  the  empire,  for  the 


purposes  of  extortion  and  plunder,  and  some- 
times  of  wanton  cruelty.  He  was  about  to 
set  out  on  further  expeditions  across  the  Ti- 
gris, but  was  murdered  at  Edessa  by  Macri- 
uus,  the  praetorian  prefect.  Caracalla  gave 
to  all  free  inhabitants  of  the  empire  the  name 
and  privileges  of  Roman  citizens. 

CARACTACTJS  (-i),  king  of  the  Silures  in 
Britain,  bravely  defended  his  country  against 
the  Romans  in  the  time  of  Claudius.  He  was 
at  length  defeated,  and  fled  for  protection  to 
Cartismaudua,  queen  of  the  Brigantes;  but 
she  betrayed  him  to  the  Romans,  who  carried 
him  to  Rome,  a.d.  51.  When  brought  before 
Claudius,  he  addressed  the  emperor  in  so  no- 
ble a  manner  that  the  latter  pardoned  him 
and  his  friends. 

cARALIS  (-is)  or  CARAI.es  (-ium:  Cagli- 
an),  the  chief  town  of  Sardinia,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor. 

CARAMBIS  (-idis),  a  promontory,  with  a 
city  of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Paph- 
lagonia. 

cARANUS  (-i),  a  descendant  of  Hercules, 
is  said  to  have  settled  at  Edessa,  in  Macedo- 
nia, with  an  Argive  colony,  about  n.o.  750,  and 
to  have  become  the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of 
Macedonian  kings. 

( 'A  1JBO  (-onis),  the  name  of  a  family  of  the 
Papiria  gens.— (1)  C.  Paviruis  Cakho,  a  dis- 
tinguished orator,  and  a  man  of  great  talents, 
but  of  no  principle.  He  was  one  of  the  3 
commissioners  or  triumvirs  for  carrying  into 
effect  the  agrarian  law  of  Tib.  Gracchus.  His 
tribuneship  of  the  plebs,  n.o.  131,  was  charac- 
terized by  the  most  vehement  opposition  to 
the  aristocracy.  But  after  the  death  of  C. 
Gracchus  (121),  he  suddenly  deserted  the  pop- 
ular party,  and  in  his  consulship  (120)  under- 
took the  defense  of  Opimius,  who  had  mur- 
dered < '.  Gracchus.  In  119  Carbo  was  accused 
by  L.  Licinius  CrassUS;  anil,  as  he  foresaw 
his  condemnation,  he  put  an  end  to  his  life.— 

(2)  t'N.  I'Ai'iltll'H  Cm: no.  one  Of  the  leaders  of 

the  .Marian  party.  He  was  thrice  consul, 
namely,  in  85,  84,  and  82.  In  82  he  carried 
on  war  against  Sulla,  bill  he  was  at  length 
obliged  to  By  to  Sicily,  where  he  was  put  to 

deal  h  by  Poinpey  at  Lilybaeum. 

CARCiSO  (-onis:  Ca/rcaBsone),  a  town  of 
the  Tectosages,  in  Gallia  Narbonensis. 

CARD  vm  vi.i:  (-68),  a  town  In  Messenlfl. 

CARDfi  A  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  presiding 
over  the  1 1 i 1 1 ■_; e -  of  doors — that  is,  over  family 

life. 

CARDlA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  Thracian 
i  bei  onese,  on  the  gulf  of  Mel  as,  wae  the 
birthplace  of  BSumenes.  Ii  waj  destroyed  by 
Lyslmachns,  who  built  the  town  of  Lyi  im\- 
eniA  iii  Its  Immediate  neighboi  hood. 

CARDtJCHl  (-iirnm),  a  powerful  and  wan 
like  people,  probably  the  Kurds  of  modern 
times,  dwell  iii  the  mountain-  which  divided 
.  from  Armenia  (Mts.  of  Kurdistan  . 

( 'A  i:i  \  (  ae),  a  district  of  \  la  Minor,  in  Its 
S.W.corner.  ii  i  lutersei  ted  by  low  mount- 
ain chains,  rnnnln  ;  i  thi  ea  in 
long  promontories,  forming  gnlft  along  th? 
coast  and  Inland  valleys  thai  were  fertile  and 


CAKINUS. 


100 


CARTHAGO. 


well  watered.  The  chief  products  of  the  coun- 
try were  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  figs.  The  const 
was  inhabited  chiefly  by  Greek  colonists.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  rest  of  the  country  were 
Carians,  a  people  nearly  allied  to  the  Lydians 
and  Mysians.  The  Greeks  considered  the 
people  mean  and  stupid,  even  for  slaves.  The 
country  was  governed  by  a  race  of  native 
princes,  who  fixed  their  abode  at  Halicarnas- 
sus.  These  princes  were  subject  allies  of 
Lydia  and  Persia,  and  some  of  them  rose  to 
great  distinction  in  war  and  peace.  [See  Ar- 
t>  mima,  Mat—ouk.]  Under  the  Romans,  Ca- 
ria  formed  a  part  of  the  proviuce  of  Asia. 

CIRINUS.  M.  AT'HELirs  (-i),  Roman  em- 
peror, a.i>.  2S4-2S5,  ihe  elder  of  the  2  sons  of 
Cams,  was  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
government,  a.i>.  2^3.  He  was  slain  in  a  bat- 
tle against  Diocletian  by  some  of  his  c  wn  of- 
ficers. 


CARMAXIA  (-ae),  a  proviuce  of  the  an- 
cient Persian  empire,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Persia,  on  the  N.  by  Parthia,  on  the  E.  by  Ge- 
drosia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean. 

CARMELUS,  and  -TJM  (-i),  a  range  of 
mountains  in  Palestine,  commencing  on  the 
N.  border  of  Samaria,  and  running  through  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Galilee,  till  it  terminates  in  the 
promontory  of  the  same  name  {Cape  Carmel). 

CARMENTA,  CARMENTIS.     [Camf.naf..] 

CARNA  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  whose 
name  is  probably  connected  with  Caro,  flesh, 
for  she  was  regarded  as  the  protector  of  the 
physical  well-being  of  man.  Her  festival  was 
celebrated  June  1st,  and  was  believed  to  have 
been  instituted  by  Brutus  in  the  first  year  of 
the  republic.  Ovid  confounds  this  goddess 
with  Caki'F.a. 

CARN SIDES  '-is),  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Cyrene  about  n.o.  213,  was  the 
founder  of  the'  third  or  new  Academy  at 
Athens,  and  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the  Sto- 


ics. In  155  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  with  Diog- 
enes and  Critolaus,  by  the  Athenians,  to  dep. 
recate  the  fine  of  500  talents  which  had  been 
imposed  on  the  Athenians  for  the  destruction 
of  Oropus.  At  Rome  he  attracted  great  no- 
tice from  his  eloquent  declamations  on  philo- 
sophical subjects.  Lie  died  in  129,  at  the  age 
of  35. 

CARNI  (-6mm),  a  Celtic  people,  dwelling  N. 
of  the  Veneti,  in  the  Alpes  Carnicae.  [Alves.] 

CARNUNTUM  (-i),  an  ancient  Celtic  town 
in  Upper  Pannonia,  on  the  Danube,  E.  of  Vin- 
dobona  {Vienna),  and  subsequently  a  Romau 
muuicipium  or  a  colony. 

CARNU'i'ES  (-um)  or  -I  (-orum),  a  powerful 
people  in  the  centre  of  Gaul,  between  the  Li- 
fter and  Sequaua;  their  capital  was  Gcnadum 
{Orleans). 

CARPlTES  (-um),  also  called  ALPES 
BASTARNICAE  {Carpathian  Mountains),  the 
mountains  separating  Dacia  from  Sarmatia. 

CARPATHUS  (-i  :  Scarpanto),  an  island 
between  Crete  and  Rhodes,  in  the  sea  named 
after  it. 

CARPETAXI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
Hispania  Tarraconensis,  with  a  fertile  terri- 
tory on  the  rivers  Anas  and  Tagus.  Their 
capital  was  Toletu.m. 

CARPI  or  CARPIAXI  (-orum),  a  German 
people  between  the  Carpathian  mountains 
and  the  Danube. 

CARRAE  or  CARRHAE  (-arum),  the  Ha- 
rau  or  Charran  of  the  Scriptures,  a  city  of 
Osroune,  in  Mesopotamia,  where  Crassus  met 
his  death  after  his  defeat  by  the  Parthians, 
is.  c.  53. 

CARSEQT.I  (-Orum:  Carsoli),  a  town  of  the 
Aequi,  in  Latium,  colonized  by  the  Romans. 

CARTEIA  (-ae:  also  called  Cnrthaea,  Car- 
pia.  CarpesRtis),  more  anciently  TARTESSUS, 
a  celebrated  town  and  harbor  in  the  S.  of 
Spain,  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  which  Mount 
Calpe  forms  one  .side,  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, and  colonized  c.o.  170  by  4000  Roman 
soldiers. 

CARTHAEA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  island  of  Oeos. 

CARTHAGO  (-inis),  MAGNA  CARTHA- 
GO (Ru.  near  El-Marsa,  N.E.  of  Tunis),  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  cities  of  the  ancient 
world,  stood  in  the  recess  of  a  large  bay,  in 
the  middle  of  the  N.-most  part  of  the  N.  coast 
of  Africa.  The  coast  of  this  part  of  Africa 
has  been  much  altered  by  the  deposits  of  the 
river  Bagradas,  and  the  sand  which  is  driven 
seawards  by  the  N.W.  winds.  The  old  pen- 
insula upon  which  Cartilage  stood  was  about 
30  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  city  itself, 
in  the  height  of  its  glory,  measured  about  15 
miles  round.  But,  owing  to  the  influences 
just  referred  to,  the  locality  presents  a  very 
different  appearance  at  present.  Carthage 
was  founded  by  the  Phoenicians  of  Tyre,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  about  100  years  before 
the  building  of  Rome— that  is,  about  b.o.  853. 
The  mythical  account  of  its  foundation  is 
given  under  Divo.  The  part  of  the  city  first 
built  was  called,  in  the  Phoenician  language, 
Betzura  or  Bosra,  i.  <".  <(  castle,  which  was  cor 


CARTHAGO. 


101 


CAKYSTUS. 


Coin  of  Cartl 

rupted  by  the  Greeks  into  Byrsa,  i.  e.  a  hide, 
and  hence  probably  arose  the  story  of  the 
way  in  which  the  natives  were  cheated  out 
of  the  ground.  As  the  city  grew,  the  Byrsa 
formed  the  citadel.  Cothon  was  the  inner 
harbor,  and  was  used  for  ships  of  war ;  the 
outer  harbor,  divided  from  it,  by  a  tongue  of 
land  300  feet  wide,  was  the  station  for  the 
merchant  strips.  Beyond  the  fortifications 
was  a  large  suburb,  called  Magara  or  M ala- 
lia. The  population  of  Carthage  at  the  time 
of  the  3d  Punic  war  is  stated  at  700,000.— The 
constitution  of  Carthage  was  an  oligarchy. 
The  two  chief  magistrates,  called  Suffetes,  ap- 
pear to  have  been  elected  for  life:  the  (.  eek 
and  Roman  writers  call  them  kings.  The 
generals  and  foreign  governors  were  usually 
quite  distinct  from  the  suffetes;  but  the  two 
offices  were  sometimes  united  in  the  same  per- 
son. The  governing  body  was  a  senate,  [tart- 
ly hereditary  and  partly  elective,  within  which 
there  was  a  select  body  of  100  or  104,  called 
(. i'i  u -in,  whose  chief  office  was  to  control  the 
magistrates,  and  especially  the  generals  re- 
turning from  foreign  service,  who  might  be 
snspected  of  attempts  to  establish  a  tyran- 
ny. Important  questions,  especially  those  on 
which  the  senate  and  the  suffetes  disagreed, 
were  referred  to  a  general  assembly  of  the 
citizens  ;  but.  concerning  the  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding in  this  assembly,  and  the  extent 

lowers,  we  know  very  little.  Their 
punishments  were  very  severe,  and  the 
Dsnal  mode  of  inflicting  death  was  by  cru- 
cifixion.    The  chief  occupations  of  the 

I pie    were   commerce  and   agriculture, 

in  both  of  which  they  reached  a  pre-emi- 
nent position  among  the  nations  of  the 
ancient  world.  The  Carthaginians  be- 
came the  rivals  of  the  Romans,  with  whom 
they  carried  on  3  wars,  usually  known 
as  the  three  Punic  wars.  The  fit 
from  b.o. 265-242. and  resulted  in  the  Iofs 
to  Carthage  of  Sicily  and  the  Lipari  isl- 
ands.   The  i  econd,  which  was  the  decisive 

,  began  with  the  siege  of  Saguntum  ' — 
! ',  with  the  pe  t<  e 
oy  which  Carthage  was  stripped  of  all  her 
power.  [Hanniu  u..  i  The  third  began  and 
terminated  In  i  M$,  by  the  captnre  and  destruc- 
tion of  I  larl  bnge.  it  i  emained  in  ruins  for  80 
years.  At  the  end  of  thai  linn'  a  colony  was 
established  on  the  old  site  by  the  Gracchi, 
which  continued  In  n  feeble  condition  till  the 
times  of  Julius  and  Augustus,  under  whom  a 
new  city  was  built,  with   the   name  of  Cot.O- 

nia  Cabtuaoo.    It  became  the  first  city  of 


Africa,  and  occupied  an  important  piace 
in  ecclesiastical  as  well  as  in  civil  history. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Vandals  in  a.d.  439, 
retaken  by  Belisarius  in  a.i>.  533,  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  Arab  conquerors  in  A.n. 
COS.  The  Carthaginians  are  frequently 
called  Poeni  by  the  Latin  writers  on  ac- 
count of  their  Phoenician  origin. 

CARTHAGO  (-inis)  NOVA  (Carthage- 
na),  an  important  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  founded  by 
the  Carthaginians  under  Hasdrubal,  n.o. 
243,  and  subsequently  conquered  and  col 
onized  by  the  Romans.  It  is  situated  on 
a  promontory  running  out  into  the  sea, 
and  possesses  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the 
world. 

CARUS,  M.  AURELIUS,  Roman  emperor, 
a.i>.  282-233,  succeeded  Probus.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  a  successful  military  expedition  in 
Persia,  when  he  was  struck  dead  by  lightning, 
towards  the  close  of  2S3.  He  was  succeeded 
by  bis  sons  Carinus  and  Mumkkiancs.  Ca- 
ms was  a  victorious  general  and  able  ruler. 

CARVENTUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  to 
which  the  Carvf.ntana  Aes  mentioned  by 
Livy  belonged,  between  Signia  and  the  sources 
of  the  Trerus. 

CARVILIUS  MAXlMTJS.  (1)  Si\,  twice 
consul,  ii.o.  203  ami  273,  both  times  with  L. 
Papirius  Cursor.  In  the  first  consulship  they 
gained  brilliant  victories  over  the  Sanmites, 
and  in  their  second  they  brought  the  Samnite 
war  to  a  close.— (2)  Sp.,  son  id' the  preceding, 
twice  consul,  234  and  228,  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  pcison  at  Rome  who  divorced  his 
wife. 

(  Ai.'VAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Laconia  near 

the  borders  of  Arcadia,  originally  belonged 

to  the  territory  of  Tegen  in  Arcadia,    female 

in  at chitei  tnre  that  supporl  burdens 

were  called  Caryatides  in  token  of  the  abject 


<  itryatldei. 

Blavery  t  I  which  the  women   of  Caryae   were 

i  by  '  be  ( Ireeks,  as  r  punit  hmeni  foi 
joining  the  Persians  al  the  1m  at  li  in  ol 
Greece. 

i  a  i:  t  an  I) a  '-.I  ii mj,  a  city  of  Coria.  on  a 
little  Island,  once  probably  united  w  it h  tin 
nl  md,  was  the  birthplace  of  the  geogra- 
pher Scylax. 

U  IRTATIDES.     [<'\c.  u:  | 

CiRYSTUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  B. coast  of 


CASCA. 


102 


CASSIODORUS. 


Euboea,  founded  by  Dryopes,  celebrated  for 
its  marble  quarries. 

CASCA,  P.  SERVILICS,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  B.O.  44,  and  one  of  Caesar's  assassins. 

ClSILTXUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Campania  on 
the  Yultumus,  and  on  the  same  site  as  the 
modern  Capua,  celebrated  for  its  heroic  de- 
fense against  Hannibal,  no.  21G. 

CXSlNTJM  (-i :  S.  Germano),  a  town  in  La- 
tium  on  the  river  Casinus.  Its  citadel  occu- 
pied the  same  site  as  the  celebrated  convent 
Monte  Cassino. 

CASIOTIS.    [Casius.] 

CASIUS  (-i).  (1)  (Ras  Kasaroun),  a  mount- 
ain on  the  coast  of  Egypt,  E.  of  Pelnsiura, 
with  a  temple  of  Jupiter  on  its  summit.  Here 
also  was  the  grave  of  Pompey. — (2)  (Jebel 
Ohrah),  a  mountain  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  S. 
of  Antioch  and  the  Orontes. 

CASMENA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Sicily,  founded 
by  Syracuse  about  u.o.  043. 

CASPERIA  or  CASPERCLA  (-ae),  a  town 
of  the  Sabines  on  the  river  Himella. 

CASPIAE  PORTAE  or  PYLAE,  the  Cas- 
pian Gates,  the  name  given  to  several  passes 
through  the  mountains  round  the  Caspian. 
The  principal  of  these  were  near  the  ancient 
Rhagae  or  Arsacia.  Being  a  noted  and  cen- 
tral point,  distances  were  reckoned  from  it. 

CASPII  (-dram),  the  name  of  certain  Scyth- 
ian tribes  around  the  Caspian  Sea. 

CASPII  MOXTES  (Elburz  Mountains),  a 
name  applied  generally  to  the  whole  range  of 
mountains  which  surround  the  Caspian  Sea, 
on  the  S.  and  8.W.,  at  the  distance  of  from 
15  to  30  miles  from  its  shore,  and  more  es- 
pecially to  that  part  of  this  range  S.  of  the 
Caspian,  in  which  was  the  pass  called  Cab- 
piae  Pvi.ae. 

CASPIRI  or  CASPIRAEI  (-ornm),  a  people 
of  India,  whose  exact  position  is  doubtful: 
they  are  generally  placed  in  Cashmere  and 
Xepaul. 

CASPIUM  MARE  (the  Caspian  Sea),  also 
called  Htboawiom,  Alhancm,  and  Sovtiuoum, 
all  names  derived  from  the  people  who  lived 
on  its  shores,  a  great  salt-water  lake  in  Asia. 
Probably  at  some  remote  period  the  Caspian 
was  united  both  with  the  sea  of  Aral  and 
with  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Both  lakes  have  their 
surface  considerably  below  that  of  the  Euxine 
or  Black  Sea,  the  Caspian  nearly  350  feet,  and 
the  Aral  about  200  feet,  and  both  are  still 
sinking  by  evaporation.  The  whole  of  the 
neighboring  country  indicates  that  this  pine- 
ess  has  been  going  on  for  centuries  past.  Be- 
sides a  number  orsmaller  streams,  two  great 
rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  ;  the  Rha  (Volga) 
on  the  N.,  and  the  united  Cyrus  and  Araxes 
(Kour)  on  the  YV. ;  but  it  loses  more  by  evap- 
oration than  it  receives  from  these  rivers. 

CASSANDER  (-dri)i  son  of  Antipater.  His 
father,  on  his  death-bed  (u.o.  319),  appointed 
Polysperchon  regent,  and  conferred  upon  Cas- 
sauder  only  the  secondary  dignity  of  chili- 
arch.  Being  dissatisfied  with  this  arrange- 
ment, Cassander  strengthened  himself  in  va- 
rious ways  that  he  might  carry  on  war  with 
Polysperchon.    First,  he  formed  an  alliance 


with  Ptolemy  and  Antigouus,  and  next  de- 
feated Olympias  and  put  her  to  death.  After- 
wards he  joined  Seleucus,  Ptolemy,  and  Ly- 
simachus  in  their  war  against  Antigonus. 
This  war  was,  on  the  whole,  unfavorable  to 
Cassander.  In  306  Cassander  took  the  title 
of  king,  when  it  was  assumed  by  Antigonus, 
Lysimachus,  and  Ptolemy.  But  it  was  not 
until  the  year  301  that  the  decisive  battle  of 
Ipsns  secured  Cassander  the  possession  of 
Macedonia  and  Greece.  Cassander  died  of 
dropsy  in  297,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Philip. 

CASSANDRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  and  twin-sister  of  Helenus.    In  hat 


youth  she  was  the  object  of  Apollo's  regard, 
and  when  she  grew  up  her  beauty  won  upon 
him  so  much  that  he  conferred  upon  her  the 
gift  of  prophecy,  upon  her  promising  to  com- 
ply with  his  desires  ;  but  when  she  had  be- 
come possessed  of  the  prophetic  art,  she  re- 
fused to  fulfill  her  promise.  Thereupon  the 
god,  in  anger,  ordained  that  no  one  should 
believe  her  prophecies.  On  the  capture  of 
Troy  she  fled  into  the  sanctuary  of  Athena 
(Minerva),  but  was  torn  away  from  the  statue 
of  the  goddess  by  Ajax,  soil  of  Oileus.  On 
the  division  of  the  booty,  Cassandra  fell  to 
the  lot  of  Agamemnon,  who  took  her  with 
him  to  Mycenae.  Here  she  was  killed  by 
Clytaemuestra. 

CASSANDREA.     [Potipa.ha.] 

CASSIEPEA,  CASSlOPEA  (-ae),  or  CAS- 
SI5PE  (-es),  wife  of  Cepheus,  in  Aethiopia. 
and  mother  of  Andromeda,  whose  beauty  she 
extolled  above  that  of  the  Nereids.  '[An- 
di'.omeda.]  She  was  afterwards  placed  among 
the  stars. 

CASsiODonrs.   magnus   afrElii's 

(-i),  a  distinguished  statesman,  and  one  of  the 
few  men  of  learning  at  the  downfall  of  the 
Western  Empire,  was  born  about  a.i>.  468. 
He  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  Theodnrir  llio 
Great  and  his  successors,  and  conducted  far 


CASSIOPEA. 


103 


f'ATANA. 


a  long  series  of  years  the  government  of  the 
Ostrogothic  kingdom.  Several  of  his  works 
are  still  extant. 
CASSIOPEA.  [Cassiepea.] 
CASSITERIDES.  [Britannia.] 
CASSIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  Roman  gentes,  originally 
patrician,  afterwards  plebeian. — (1)  Si-.  Cas- 
wrs  Viscellinfs,  who  was  thrice  consul,  in 
the  years  is.c.  502,  493,  4S6  :  and  is  distin- 
guished as  having  carried  the  first  agrarian 
law  at  Rome.  This  law  brought  upon  him 
the  enmity  of  his  fellow-patricians  ;  they  ac- 
cused him  of  aiming  at  regal  power,  and  put 
him  to  death.  lie  left  3  sons  ;  but,  as  all  the 
subsequent  Cassii  are  plebeians,  his  sons  were 
perhaps  expelled  from  the  patrician  order,  or 
may  have  voluntarily  passed  over  to  the  ple- 
beians on  account  of  the  murder  of  their  fa- 
ther.—(2)  C.  Cass.  Longencs,  the  murderer  of 
Julius  Caesar.  In  n.c.  53  he  was  quaestor  of 
Crassus,  in  his  campaign  against  the  Partis- 
ans, in  which,  both  during  his  quaestorship 
and  during  the  two  subsequent  years,  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself,  gaining  an  im- 
portant victory  over  them  in  52,  and  again  in 
31.  In  4'J  he  was  tribune  of  the  plebs,  joined 
the  aristocrat  hal  party  in  the  civil  war,  fled 
with  Poropey  from  Rome,  and  after  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  surrendered  to  Caesar.  He  was 
not  only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  in  44  was 
made  praetor,  and  the  province  of  Syria  was 
promised  him  for  the  next  year.  But  Cassias 
had  never  ceased  to  be  Caesar's  enemy;  it 
was  he  who  formed  the  conspiracy  against 
the  dictator's  life,  and  gained  over  M.Brutus 
to  the  plot.  After  the  death  of  Caesar,  on  the 
15th  of  March,  44  [Caesab],  Cassias  went  to 
Syria,  which  he  claimed  as  his  province,  al- 
though the  senate  had  given  it  to  Dolabella, 
and  had  conferred  Cyrene  upon  Cassias  in  its 
stead.  He  defeated  Dolabella,  who  pat  an 
end  to  his  own  life;  and,  after  plundering 
Syria  and  Asia  most  unmercifully,  he  crossed 
over  to  Greece  with  Brutus  in  42,  in  order  to 
oppose  Octavia  and  Antony.  At  the  battle 
of  Philippl,  Cassias  was  defeated  by  Antony, 
while  Brutus,  who  commanded  the  other 
wing  of  the  army,  drove  Octavia  n  off  the  field  ; 
but  Cassius,  ignorant  of  the  success  of  I'ni- 
tus,  commanded  hie  freedman  to  put  an  end 
to  his  life.  Brutus  mourned  over  bis  com- 
panion, calling  lii in  the  last  of  the  Romans. 
Cassias  was  married  to  Junia  Tertia  orTer- 
tnlla,  half-sister  of  SI.  Brntas.  Cassias  was 
well  acquainted  withGreeh  and  I  Ionian  liter- 
atarej  be  was  a  follower  of  the  Epicurean 
philosophy:  his  abi  ■      considerable, 

but  he  was  vain,  proud,  and  revengeful. —(3) 

I  be  celebrated  jurist,  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  A.U.  50,  in  the  reign  of  Clau- 
dius,   lie  was  banished  by  Nero  In  ».n.  86, 

-••  he  bad  among  hi-  ancestral 
a  statue  of  ( 'as-in-,  the  murderer  of  i 
He  was  recalled  from  banishment  bj  Vespa- 
sian.    ' 'assius  wi ote  10  book-  on  the 
law,  and  some  other  works;  was  :i  follower 
of  the  school  of  Ateius  Caplto;  and,  at  be  re 
dnced  the  principles  of  Capito  to  a  more  sci- 
entific form,  the  adherents  of  this  school  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Cassiani,    \4»  Cass.  Pab- 


mensis,  so  called  from  Parma,  his  birthplace, 
was  one  of  the  murderers  of  Caesar,  n.c.  44; 
took  an  active  part  in  the  civil  wars  that  fol- 
lowed his  death;  and,  after  the  battle  of  Ac- 
tium,  was  put  to  death  by  the  command  of 
Octavian,  n.c.  30.  Cassius  was  a  poet,  and 
his  productions  were  prized  by  Horace. — (5) 
Cass.  Eteusocb,  a  poet  censured  by  Horace 
(Sot.  i.  10,  61),  must  not  be  confounded  with 
No.  4.— (6)  Cass.  Atidius,  an  able  general  of 
M.  Amelias,  was  a  native  of  Syria.  In  the 
Parthian  war  (a.d.  162-165),  he"  commanded 
the  Roman  army  as  the  general  of  Veins  ; 
was  afterwards  appointed  governor  of  all  the 
Eastern  provinces,  and  discharged  his  trust 
for  several  years  with  fidelity  ;  but  in  a.d.  175 
he  proclaimed  himself  emperor.  He  reigned 
only  a  few  months,  and  was  slain  by  his  own 
officers,  before  M.  Aurelius  arrived  in  the  East. 
[Aurelius.]— (7)  Cass.  Dion.    [Dion  Cassius.] 

CASSIVELAUNUS  (-i),  a  British  chief, 
ruled  over  the  country  N.  of  the  Tamesis 
{Thames),  and  was  intrusted  by  the  Britons 
with  the  supreme  command  on  Caesar's  2d 
invasion  of  Britain,  u.o.  54.  He  was  defeated 
by  Caesar,  and  was  obliged  to  sue  for  peace. 

CASTALIA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  fountain  on 
Mount  Parnassus,  in  which  the  Pythia  used 
to  bathe;  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses, 
who  were  hence  called  Castaliui  s. 

CASTOR  (-Oris),  brother  of  Pollux.    [Dios- 

ODET.] 

CASTRUM  (-i).  (l)  Infi,  a  town  of  the 
Rtitnli,  on  the  coast  of  Latium,  confounded 
by  some  writers  with  No.  2. — (2)  Novum  {Tor- 
re di  Chiaruccia),  a  town  in  Etruria,  and  a 
Roman  colony  on  the  coast.— (3)  NOVUM  ('>'/- 
a! if  tfova  i,  a  town  in  Picennm,  probably  at 
the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Batinum  {Sali- 
nello). 

CASTtftiO  (-dnis:  Cazlona),  a  town  of  the 
Oretani  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  on  the 
Baetis,  and  under  the  Romans  an  important 
place.  In  the  mountains  in  the  neighbor- 
hood were  silver  and  lead  mines.  The  wife 
of  Hannibal  was  a  native  of  Castnlo. 

ClTABATHMUS  MAGNUS  (t  •-.  great  de- 
scent), a  mountain  and  sea-port,  at  the  bottom 
of  a  deep  bay  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  con- 
sidered the  boundary  between  Egypt  and  Cy- 
renaica. 

CATADtTPA  (-orum)  or  -I  (-Oram),  a  nami 

given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  and  a  No  to 

the  parts  of  Aethiopia  in  their  neighborhood. 

C&TfiLATTNI  (-orum:  Ch&tons  but  Warne), 

a  town  in  Caul,  near  which  Attila  was  de- 
feated by  Aetlus  and  Theodoric,  a.i>.  LSI. 
M  ins.  [G  un  mi  ci  . 
CATANA  or  CATlNA  (-ae:  Catania),  an 
important  town  In  Sicily,  at  the  fool  of  .Mount 
Aetna,  founded  b.O.  T::o  by  Naxos.  In  n.o. 
478  it  was  taken  by  llieio  [..who  removed  ils 
Inhabitant  to  Leontini,  and  settled  6000  Syr- 
aensans  and  6000  Pelnponnesians  in  the  town, 

.  'in-  of  which   he   '  hanged    illtO   Aetna. 

The  former  inhabitants  again  obtained  pos- 
session of  the  town  soon  after  the  death  of 
Hieio,  and  restored  the  old  name     < 
was  afterwards  subject  to  various  r<  • 


CATAOXIA. 


104 


CATO. 


and  finally,  in  the  1st  Punic  war,  fell  under 
the  dominion  of  Rome. 

OlTloNIA  (-ae),  a  fertile  district  in  the 
S.E.  par:  of  Cappadocia,  to  which  it  was  first 
added  under  the  Romans,  with  Melitene, 
which  lies  E.  of  it. 

CATARRHACTES  (-ae).  (1)  A  river  of 
Pamphylia,  which  descends  from  the  mount- 
ains of  Tanrns  in  a  great,  broken  waterfall 
(whence  its  name).— (2)  The  term  is  also  ap- 
plied, first  by  Strabo,  to  the  cataracts  of  the 
Nile,  which  "are  distinguished  as  C.  Major 
and  C.  Minor.     [Xilus.] 

CATHAEI  (-0mm),  a  great  and  warlike 
people  of  India  intra  Gaugem,  upon  whom 
Alexander  made  war. 

CATILIXA  (-ae),  L.  SERGITJS  (-i),  the  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  patrician  family  which 
had  sunk  into  poverty.  His  youth  and  early 
mauhood  were  stained  by  every  vice  and 
crime.  He  first  appears  in  history  as  a  zeal- 
ous partisan  of  Sulla,  taking  an  active  part  in 
the  horrors  of  the  proscription.  His  private 
life  presents  a  compound  of  cruelty  and  in- 
trigue ;  but,  notwithstanding  these  things,  he 
obtained  the  dignity  of  praetor  in  i».o.  6S,  and 
sued  for  the  consulship  in  66.  For  this  office, 
however,  he  had  been  disqualified  for  becom- 
ing a  candidate,  in  consequence  of  an  im- 
peachment for  oppression  in  his  province, 
preferred  by  P.  Clodius  Pulcher,  afterwards 
so  celebrated  as  the  enemy  of  Cicero.  His 
first  plot  was  to  murder  the  two  consuls  that 
had  been  elected,  a  design  which  was  frustra- 
ted only  by  his  own  impatience.  He  now  or- 
ganized a  more  extensive  conspiracy.  Hav- 
ing been  acqnitted  in  65  upon  his  trial  for 
extortion,  he  was  left  unfettered  to  mature 
his  plans.  The  time  was  propitious  to  his 
schemes.  The  younger  nobility  and  the  vet- 
erans of  Sulla  were  desirous  of  some  change 
to  relieve  them  from  their  wants:  while  the 
populace  were  restless  and  discontented, 
ready  to  follow  the  bidding  of  any  dema- 
gogue. The  conspiracy  came  to  a  head  in 
the  consulship  of  Cicero,  B.C.  C3.  But  the 
vigilance  of  Cicero  baffled  all  the  plans  of 
Catiline.  He  compelled  Catiline  to  leave 
Rome  (Nov.  S-9) ;  and  shortly  afterwards,  by 
the  interception  of  correspondence  between 
the  other  leaders  of  the  conspiracy  and  the 
embassadors  of  the  Allobroges,  he  obtained 
legal  evidence  against  Catiline's  compan- 
ions. This  done,  Cicero  instantly  summoned 
the  leaders,  conducted  them  to  the  senate, 
where  they  were  condemned  to  death,  and 
executed  them  the  same  night  in  prison 
5,  Or,).  The  consul  Antonius  was  then 
sent  against  Catiline,  and  the  decisive  battle 
was  fc (iisrht  early  in  6J.  Antonius,  however, 
unwilling  to  light  against  his  former  associ- 
ate, gave  the  command  on  the  day  of  battle 
to  his  legate.  M.  Petreius.  Catiline  fell  in  the 
encagement.  after  fighting  with  the  most  dar- 
ing valor.— The  history  of  Catiline's  conspir- 
acy has  been  written  by  Sallust. 

CATO  (-onis),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Porcia  gens.— (1)  M.  Poeoios 
Cato,  frequently  surnamed  Censorius  or  Cen- 
sor, also  Cato  Major,  to  distinguish  him 
from  his  great-grandson  Cato  Uticensis  [Xo. 


2].  Cato  was  born  at  Tnsculnm,  n.c.  234,  and 
was  brought  up  at  his  father's  farm,  situated 
in  the  Sabine  territory.  In  217  he  served  his 
first  campaign  in  his  17th  year.  During  the 
first  20  years  of  his  public  life  (217-191)  he 
gave  his  energies  to  military  pursuits;  and 
distinguished  himself  on  many  occasions— in 
the  2d  Puuic  war,  in  Spain,  and  in  the  cam- 
paign against  Antiochus  in  Greece.  With  the 
victory  over  Antiochus  at  Thermopylae  in 
191  his  military  career  came  to  a  close.  He 
now  took  an  active  part  in  civil  affairs,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  vehement  op- 
position to  the  Roman  nobles,  who  were  in- 
troducing Greek  luxury  and  refinement  into 
Rome.  It  was  especially  against  the  Scipios 
that  his  most  violent  attacks  were  directed, 
and  whom  he  pursued  with  the  bitterest  ani- 
mosity. [Scino.]  In  1S4  he  was  elected  cen- 
sor with  L.  Valerius  Flaccus.  His  censorship 
was  a  great  epoch  in  his  life.  He  applied 
himself  strenuously  to  the  duties  of  his  office, 
regardless  of  the  enemies  he  was  making; 
but  all  his  efforts  to  stem  the  tide  of  luxury 
which  was  now  setting  in  proved  unavailing. 
His  strong  national  prejudices  appear  to  have 
diminished  in  force  as  he  grew  older  and 
wiser.  He  applied  himself  in  old  age  to  the 
study  of  Greek  literature,  with  which  in  youth 
he  had  no  acquaintance,  although  he  was  not 
ignorant  of  the  Greek  language.  He  retaiued 
his  bodily  and  mental  vigor  in  his  old  age. 
Iu  the  year  before  his  death  he  was  one  of 
the  chief  instigators  of  the  3d  Punic  war.  He 
had  been  one  of  the  Roman  deputies  sent  to 
Africa  to  arbitrate  between  Masiuissa  and  the 
Carthaginians,  and  he  was  so  struck  with  the 
flourishing  condition  of  Carthage  that  on  his 
■  return  home  he  maintained  that  Rome  would 
never  be  safe  as  long  as  Carthage  was  in  ex- 
istence. From  this  lime  forth,  whenever  he 
was  called  upon  for  his  vote  in  the  senate, 
though  the  subject  of  debate  bore  no  relation 
to  Carthage,  his  words  were  Delenda  est  Car- 
'  tfiaqo.  He  died  in  149,  at  the  age  of  85.  Cato 
wrote  several  works,  of  which  only  the  De  Re 
Ritstica  has  come  down  to  us. — (2)  M.  Por- 
i  oics  Cato,  great-grandson  of  Cato  the  Cen- 
sor, and  surnamed  Utioensis  from  Utica,  the 
place  of  his  death,  was  born  in  '.'5.  In  early 
childhood  he  lost  both  hi-;  parents,  and  was 
brought  up  in  the  house  of  his  mother's 
brother,  M.  Livius  Drusus,  along  with  his  sis- 
ter Porcia  and  the  children  of  his  mother  by 
her  second  husband,  Q.  Servilius  Caepio.  Iu 
early  years  he  discovered  a  stein  and  un- 
yielding character;  he  applied  himself  with 
great  zeal  to  the  study  of  oratory  and  philos- 
ophv,  and  became  a  devoted  adherent  of  the 
Stoic  school ;  and  among  the  profligate  nobles 
of  the  aire  he  soon  became  conspicuous  for  his 
rigid  morality.  In  63  he  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs.  and  supported  Cicero  in  proposing  that 
the  Catilinarian  conspirators  should  suffer 
death.  He  uow  became  one  of  the  chief  lead- 
ers of  the  aristocratical  party,  and  opposed 
with  the  utmost  vehemence  the  measures  of 
Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus.  He  joined 
Pompev  on  the'breakini;  out  of  the  civil  war 
(49).  After  the  battle  of  Puarsalia  he  went 
ti:.-t  to  Corcyra,  and  thence  to  Africa,  where 
he  joined  lletellus  Scipio.    When  Scipio  was 


CATTI. 


LOc 


CEBES. 


defeated  at  Thapsus,  and  all  Africa,  with  the 
exception  of  Utica,  submitted  to  Caesar,  he 
resolved  to  die  rather  than  fall  into  his  hands. 
He  therefore  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  after 
spending  the  greater  part  of  the  night  in  pe- 
rusing Plato's  Phaedo  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  Cato  soon  became  the  subject  of 
biography  and  panegyric.  Shortly  after  his 
death  appeared  Cicero's  Cato,  which  provoked 
Caesar's  Anticato.  In  Lucau  the  character  of 
Cato  is  a  personification  of  godlike  virtue.  In 
modern  times  the  closing  events  of  his  life 
have  been  often  dramatized  ;  and  few  dramas 
have  gained  more  celebrity  than  the  C'ato  of 
Addison. 

CATTI  or  CHATTI  (-orum),  one  of  the 
most  important  nations  of  German}',  hounded 
by  the  Visurgis  {Wetter)  on  the  E.,  the  Agri 
Decumates  on  the  S.,  and  the  Rhine  on  the 
W.,  in  the  modern  House  and  the  adjacent 
countries.  They  were  a  branch  of  the  Her- 
miones,  and  are  first  mentioned  by  Caesar 
under  the  erroneous  name  of  Suevi.  They 
were  never  completely  subjugated  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  and  their  power  was  greatly  augment- 
ed on  the  decline  of  the  Cherusci.  Their 
capital  was  Mattium. 

CATULLUS,  VALERIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  at  Verona  or  in  its  immediate  vi- 
cinity, b.o.  87.  Catullus  inherited  considera- 
ble property  from  his  father,  who  was  the 
friend  of  Julius  Caesar;  but  he  squandered  a 
great  part  of  it  by  indulging  freely  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  metropolis.  In  order  to  bet- 
ter his  fortunes,  he  went  to  Bithynia  in  the 
train  of  the  praetor  Memmins,  hut  it  appears 
that  the  Speculation  was  attended  with  little 
success.  He  probably  died  about  b.o.  47.  The 
extant  works  of  Catullus  consist  of  116  po- 
ems, on  a  variety  of  topics,  anil  composed  in 
different  styles  and  metres.  <  !atnllue  adorned 
all  he  touched,  and  his  shorter  poems  are 
characterized  by  original  invention  and  felic- 
ity of  expression. 

('A'l'l'I.I'S,  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  I.utatia  gens,  '1.  C.  LUTATIUS 
<  aiii.is,  consul  iii  b.o.  242,  defeated  as  pro- 
consul in  tin'  fallowing  year  the  Carthaginian 
fleet  oflf  the  Aegates  tslands,-and  thus  bronghl 
the  tit's  t  PuniC  war  to  a  Close,  '-'I  I.— (2)  <).  I.i  - 
i  \  1 1 1  ■.  Cati  i.i  s,  i  on -ti|  in  102  with  C.  Marina 
IV.,  and  as  proconsul  next  year  gained,  along 
with  Matins,  a  decisive  victory  over  the  Clm- 
bri  near  Vercellae  <  Vercellfy.  in  the  N.  of  Italy. 
Catttlue  belonged  to  the  aristocralical  party; 
he  espon  ed  the  cause  of  Sulla  ;  was  Included 
by  Marias  in  the  proscription  of  ST j  and,  as 
escape  was  Impossible,  put  an  end  to  his  life 
by  the  vapors  of  a  charcoal  lire.    Catulue  was 

well   acquainted    with    Greek    literature,   ami 

the  authot  of  several  work-,  all  of  which  are 
lost.  (3)  <■/  I.i  i  a  i  rue  Cai  iii  s,  Bon  of  No.  2, 
;i  distinguished  leader  of  the  aristocracy,  also 
won  the  respeel  and  confidence  of  the  people 
by  his  upright  character  and  c Inct.  lb- 
was  consul  in  7  )  and  ren-or  in  65.  lie  op- 
posed the  Qabinian  and  Manilian  laws  which 
conferred  extraordinary  powers  upon  Pom- 
■;.'  and  66). 
CATURlG.ES  '-urn),  a  Ligurlan  people  In 
Gallia  Narbonun-is,  near  the  Cottian  Alps. 


CAUCXSIAE  PYLAE.     , 

CAUCASUS  (-i),  CAUCASIl  MONTHS 
(Ca/ucastut),  a  great  chain  of  mountains  in 
Asia,  extending  from  the  E.  shore  of  the  Pon- 
tus  Euxinus  (.Black  Sea)  to  the  W.  shore  of 
the  Caspian.  There  are  two  chief  passes  over 
the  chain,  both  of  which  were  known  to  the 
ancients  :  one,  near  Derbent,  was  called  Alba- 
niae,  and  sometimes  Caspiae  Pylae;  the 
other,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  range,  was 
called  Caucasiae  Pylae  (Pass  ofDariel).  That 
the  Greeks  had  some  vague  knowledge  of  the 
Caucasus  in  very  early  times  is  proved  by  tha 
myths  respecting  Prometheus  and  the  Argo- 
nauts, from  which  it  seems  that  the  Caucasus 
was  regarded  as  at  the  extremity  of  the  earth, 
on  the  border  of  the  river  Oceanus. — When 
the  soldiers  of  Alexander  advanced  to  that 
great  range  of  mountains  which  formed  the 
N.  boundary  of  Ariana,  the  Paropamisus,  they 
applied  to  it  the  name  of  Caucasus;  after- 
wards, for  the  sake  of  distinction,  it  was  called 
Caucasus  Indicus.     [Pakopamisis.] 

CAUCI.     [Chaooi.] 

CAUCONES  (-urn),  the  name  of  peoples 
both  in  Greece  and  Asia,  who  had  disappeared 
at  later  times.  The  Caucones  in  Asia  Minor 
are  mentioned  by  Homer  as  allies  of  the  Tro- 
jans, and  are  placed  in  Bithynia  and  Paphla- 
gonia  by  the  geographers. 

CAUDII'M  (-i),  a  town  in  Samnium  on  the 
road  from  Capua  to  Beneventum.  In  the 
neighborhood  were  the  celebrated  Kiuoui.ae 
Caudinak,  or  Caudine  Forks,  narrow  passes  in 
the  mountains,  where  the  Roman  army  sur- 
rendered to  the  Samnites,  and  was  sent  under 
the  yoke.  b.0.  321  ;  it  is  now  called  the  valley 
i  if  t  rpaia. 

CAULON  (-onis)  or  CAULONiA  (-ae),  a 
town  in  Bruttium,  N.B.  of  Locri.  originally 
called  Anion  or  Aulonta,  founded  by  the  in- 
habit ants  of  Croton,  or  by  the  Achaeans. 

CAUNU8  (-i),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Ca- 
ria,  on  its  S.  coast,  in  a  very  fertile  but  un- 
healthy situation.  It,  was  founded  by  the 
Cretans.  Its  dried  figs  (Cuuneae  nCUB)  were 
highly  celebrated.  The  painter  ProtOj 
was  born  here. 

CAURUS  (-i),  the  Argestes  of  the  Greeks, 
the  N.W.  wind,  is  in  Italy  a  stormy  wind. 

CAYSTKR  (-tri)  and  ClYSTRUS  (-i>,  .1 
Celebrated  river  of  Lydia  and  Ionia,  flowing 

between  the  ranges  ofTmolus  and  Messogia 
into  the  Aegaean,  a  little  N.W.  of  Epbesus. 

To  this  day  it  abounds  in  swan-,  as  it  did  in 

Homer's  time.    The  valley  of  the  Cayetrui  Is 

called  by  Homer  "  the   Asian   meadow,"  and 

i-  probably  the  district  to  which  the  name  of 

Asia  was  lirsl  applied. 

CBA.      ' 

CfiBENNA,  GfiBENNA  (-ae;  Cevennea),  a 
range  ol  mountains  In  the  8.  of  Gaul,  extend- 
ing V  I  i  •diiiiuui,  and  separating 
the  i rvernl  from  i be  Helvii. 

i  8BE8  {-6ti    -  oi  Thebes,  a  disciple  and 

friend  of  Socrate-,  wa-    present   al   the  death 
oT   his    teacher.      lie    wrote    11     philosophical 

■  milled  Pinax,  or  Tal  in  alle- 

gorical  picture  of  human   life.      It   U  extant, 

and  has  been  exceedingly  popular. 


CEBRENIS. 


10G 


CENCHREAE. 


CEBRENIS  (-idos;  ace.  -Ida),  daughter  of 
Cebreu,  a  river  god  in  the  Troad. 

t  Ec'ROPlA.     [Atiienak.] 

CECROPS  (-dpis),  a  hero  of  the  Pelasgic 
race,  said  to  have  been  the  first  king  of  Attica. 
He  was  married  to  Agraulos,  daughter  of  Ac- 
taeus,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Erysichthon, 
who  succeeded  him  as  king  of  Athens,  and  3 
daughters,  Agraulos,  Herse,  and  Taudrosos. 
In  his  reign  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Athena 
;Minerva)  contended  for  the  possession  of 
Attica,  but  Cecrops  decided  in  favor  of  the 
goddess.  [Athena.]  Cecrops  is  said  to  have 
founded  Athens,  the  citadel  of  which  was 
called  Cecropia  after  him,  to  have  divided  At- 
tica into  12  communities,  and  to  have  intro- 
duced the  first  elements  of  civilized  life  ;  he 
instituted  marriage,  abolished  bloody  sacri- 
fices, and  taught  his  subjects  how  to  worship 
the  gods.  The  later  Greek  writers  describe 
Cecrops  as  a  native  of  Sais  in  Egypt,  who  led 
a  colony  of  Egyptians  into  Attica,  and  thus 
introduced  from  Egypt  the  arts  of  civilized 
life ;  but  this  account  is  rejected  by  some  of 
the  ancients  themselves,  and  by  the  ablest 
modern  critics. 

CELAENAE  (-arum),  a  great  city  in  S. 
Phrygia,  situated  at  the  sources  of  the  rivers 
Maeaiider  and  Marsyas.  In  the  midst  of  it 
was  a  citadel  built  by  Xerxes,  on  a  precipitous 
rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  the  Marsyas  took 
its  rise,  and  near  the  river's  source  was  a 
grotto  celebrated  by  tradition  as  the  scene  of 
the  punishment  of  Marsyas  by  Apollo.  The 
Maeander  took  its  rise  in  the  very  palace,  and 
flowed  through  the  park  and  the  city,  below 
which  it  received  the  Marsyas. 

t  ELAENO  (-us),  one  of  the  Harpies.    [Har- 

PYIAE.] 

CELETRUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  on 
a  peninsula  of  the  Lacus  Castoris. 

CELEUS  (-i).  king  of  Elensis,  husband  of 
Metanlra,  and  father  of  Demophon  and  Trip- 
tolemus.  He  received  Demeter  (Cere>;  with 
hospitality  at  Elensis,  when  she  was  wander- 
ing in  search  of  her  daughter.  The  goddess, 
in  return,  wished  to  make  his  son  Demophon 
immortal,  and  placed  him  in  the  fire  in  order 
to  destroy  his  mortal  parts  ;  but  Metanira 
screamed  aloud  at  the  sight,  and  Demophon 
was  destroyed  by  the  flames.  Demeter  then 
bestowed  great  favors  upon  Triptolemus. 
[Ti'.iPTOLEMr/s.]  Celeus  is  described  as  the 
first  priest  and  his  daughters  as  the  first 
priestesses  of  Demeter  at  Eleusis. 

CELSUS,  A.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
writer  on  medicine,  probably  lived  under  the 
"reigns  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius.  His  treat- 
ise De  Medicina,  in  3  books,  has  come  down  to 
us,  and  has  been  much  valued  from  the  earli- 
est times  to  the  present  day. 

CELTAE  (-arum),  a  mighty  race,  which  oc- 
cupied the  trreater  part  of  Western  Europe  in 
ancient  times.  The  Greek  and  Roman  writ- 
ers call  them  by  3  names,  which  are  probably 
only  variations  of  one  name,  namely,  Cet.tae, 
Galatab,  and  Galli.  The  most  powerful 
part  of  the  nation  appears  to  have  taken  up 
its  abode  in  the  centre  of  the  country  called 
after  them  Gallia,  between  the  Gartimna  in 


the  S.  and  the  Sequana  and  Matrona  in  the 
N.  From  this  country  they  spread  over  va- 
rious parts  of  Europe.  Besides  the  Celts  in 
Gallia,  there  were  8  other  different  settle- 
ments of  the  nation:  1.  Iberian  Celts,  who 
crossed  the  Pyrenees  and  settled  in  Spain. 
[Celtiheri.]  2.  British  Celts,  the  most  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Britain.  [Britannia.] 
3.  Belgic  Celts,  the  earliest  inhabitants  of 
Gallia  Belgica,  at  a  later  time  much  mingled 
with  Germans.  4.  Italian  Celts,  who  crossed 
the  Alps  at  different  periods,  and  eventual!  - 
occupied  the  greater  part  of  the  N.  of  Ital  > 
which  was  called  after  them  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina.  5.  Celts  in  the  Alps  and  on  the  Dan- 
ube, namely,  the  Helvetii,  Gothini,  Osi,Vinde- 
lici,  Rhaeti,  Norici,  and  Carni.  6.  Illyrian 
Celts,  who,  under  the  name  of  Scordisei,  set- 
tled on  Mount  Scordus.  1.  Macedonian  and 
Thracian  Celts,  who  had  remained  behind  in 
Macedonia  when  the  Celts  invaded  Greece, 
and  who  are  rarely  mentioned.  8.  Asiatic 
Celts,  the  Tolistobogi,  Trocmi,  and  Tectosa- 
ges,  who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Galatia. — 
Some  ancient  writers  divided  the  Celts  into 
two  great  races,  one  consisting  of  the  Celts  iu 
the  S.  and  centre  of  Gaul,  iu  Spain,  and  in  the 
N.  of  Italy,  who  were  the  proper  Celts,  and 
the  other  consisting  of  the  Celtic  tribes  cu 
the  shores  of  the  ocean  and  in  the  E.  as  far  as 
Scythia,  who  were  called  Gauls;  to  the  latter 
race  the  Cimbri  belonged,  and  they  are  con- 
sidered by  some  to  be  identical  with  the  Cim- 
merii  of  the  Greeks.  This  twofold  division 
of  the  Celts  appears  to  correspond  to  the  two 
races  into  which  the  Celts  are  at  present  di- 
vided in  Great  Britain,  namely,  the  Gael  and 
the  Cymry,  who  differ  in  language  and  cus- 
toms, theGacl  being  the  inhabitants  of  Ire- 
land and  the  N.  of  Scotland,  and  the  Cymry 
of  Wales.— The  Celts  are  described  by  the 
ancient  writers  as  men  of  large  stature,  of 
fair  complexion,  and  with  flaxen  or  red  hair. 
They  were  long  the  terror  of  the  Romans: 
once  they  took  Rome,  and  laid  it  in  ashes 
(is.o.  390).     [Gallia.] 

CELTlBERI  (-ornm),  a  powerful  people  in 
Spain,  consisting  of  Celts,  who  crossed  the 
Pyrenees  at  an  early  period,  and  became  min- 
gled with  the  Iberians,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  the  country.  They  dwelt,  chiefly  in 
the  central  part  of  Spain.  Their  country, 
called  Celtiueria,  was  mountainous  and  un- 
productive. They  were  a  brave  and  warlike 
people,  and  proved  formidable  enemies  to  the 
Romans.  They  submitted  to  Scipio  Africa- 
mis  in  the  2d  Pnuic  war,  but  the  oppressions 
of  the  Roman  governors  led  them  to  rebel, 
and  for  many  years  they  successfully  defied 
the  power  of  Rome.  They  were  reduced  to 
submission  on  the  capture  of  Numantia  by 
Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  (u.c.  134),  but 
they  again  took  up  arms  under  Sertorius,  and 
it  was  not  till  his  death  (72)  that  they  began 
to  adopt  the  Romau  customs  and  language. 

CENAEUM  (-i),  the  N.W.  promontory  of 
Euboea,  opposite  Thermopylae,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  Cenaeus. 

CENCHREAE  (-arum),  the  E.  harbor  of 
Corinth  on  the  Saronic  gulf,  important  for 
the  trade  and  commerce  with  the  East. 


Cemale  Teaching  a  Boy  to  Play  on  the  Fltjtk. 


CENOMANI. 


1<>7 


CEPHEUS. 


CENOMANI  (-ornm),  a  powerful  Gailic  '  CENTKITES,  a  small  river  of  Armenia, 
people,  crossed  the  Alps  at  an  early  period,  [  which  it  divided  from  the  land  of  the  CarQU- 
and  settled  in  the  N.W.  of  Italy,  in  the  conn-    chi,  N.  of  Assyria. 


try  of  Brixia,  Verona,  and  Mantua,  and  ex- 
tended N.  as  far  as  the  confines  of  Khaetia. 

CENSORINUS  (-i),  author  of  an  extant 
treatise  entitled  De  Die  S'atali,  which  treats  of 
the  generation  of  man,  of  his  natal  hour,  of 
the  influence  of  the  stars  and  genii  upon  his 
career, and  discusses  the  various  methods  em- 
ployed for  the  division  and  calculation  of  time. 

CENTAURI  (-drum),  that  is,  the  bull-kill- 
ers, were  an  ancient  race,  inhabiting  Mount 
Pelion  in  Thessaly.  They  led  a  wild  and 
savage  life,  and  are  hence  called  ipnpes  or  ih- 
savage  beasts,  in  Homer.    In  later 


OENTT  M  CELLAE(-fnum:  CirritaVecchia), 
a  sea-port  town  in  Etruria,  first  became  a 

place  <if  importance  uuder  Trajan,  who  built 
a  villa  here,  and  constructed  an  excellent 
harbor. 

CENTURIPAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Siculi,  iu  Sicily,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Aetna,  and  not  far  from  the  river  Symaethus. 
Under  the  Romans  it  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  cities  on  the  island. 

CEOS  (-i)  or  CEA  (-ae),  au  island  in  the 
Aegean  Sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  between 
the  Attic  promontory  Sunium  and  the  island 
Cythnus,  celebrated  "for  its  fertile  soil  and  its 


K»,  *.  «.  .«..»_,  ^    ^u.^,  ...   ^^....v...     ....  „.vw  i  <jvtnlUis  celebrated  tor  its  lertlle  soil  and  us 

accounts  they  were  represented  as  half  horses  i  ial  climate.  Its  chief  lowl,  was  Iulis  ,he 
and  half  men,  and  are  said  to  have  been  the  [  birthplace  of  Simonides,  whence  we  read  of 
offspring  of  Ixion  and  a  cloud.     I  he  Centaurs  t  ,ho  rw  „,„„„,.„  *-.*** 


are  celebrated  in  ancient  story  for  their  tight 
with  the  Lapithae,  which  arose  at  the  mar- 
riage feast  of  Pirithous.  This  tight  is  some- 
times placed  in  connection  with  a  combat  of 
Hercules  with  the  Centaurs.  [Hkkoui.es.]  It 
ended  by  the  Centaurs  being  expelled  from 
their  country,  and  taking  refuge  on  Mount 
PindOS,  on  the  frontiers  of  Epirus.  Chiron 
ts  the  most  celebrated  among  the  Centaurs. 
[Chiron.]  We  know  that  hunting  the  bull 
on  horseback  was  a  national  custom  in  Thes- 
saly, and  that  the  Thessalians  were  celebrated 


the  Ceae  munera  neniae. 

CEPHALLENIA  (-ae :  Cephalonia),  called 
by  Homer  Samk  or  Samos,  the  largest  island 
in  the  Ionian  sea,  separated  from  Ithaca  by  a 
narrow  channel.  The  island  is  very  mount- 
ainous ;  its  chief  towns  were  Same,  Pule, 
Cranii,  and  Proni.  It  never  obtained  politic- 
al importance.  It  is  now  one  of  the  7  Ionian 
islands  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

CEPHALOEDIUM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Sicily  iu  the  territory  of  Himera. 

CEPHALUS  (-i),  eon  of  Deion  and  Diome- 
rideis.     Hence  may  have  arisen  the  fable  that     de,  and  husband  of  Procris  or  Procne.     He 


the  Centaurs  were  half  men  and  half  horses 
jusl  a-  the  American  Indians,  when  they  first 
saw  a  Spaniard  on  horseback,  believed  horse 
and  man  to  be  one  being.  The  Centaurs  are 
frequently  represented  in  ancient  works  of 
art,  and  generally  as  men  from  the  head  to 


was  beloved  by  Eos  (Aurora),  but,  as  he  re- 
jected her  advances  from  love  to  his  wife, 
she  advised  him  to  try  the  fidelity  of  Procris. 
The  goddess  then  metamorphosed  him  into  a 
stranger,  and  sent  him  with  rich  presents  to 
his  house.    Procris  was  tempted  by  the  brill- 


the  loins,  while  the  remainder  of  the  body  is    lant  presents  to  yield  to  the  stranger,  who 

that  of  a  horse,  with  its  four  feet  and  tail.         |  then  discovered  himself  to  be  her  husband, 

whereupon  she  fled  in  shame  to 
( Irete.  Artemis  (Diana)  made 
her  a  present  of  a  dog  and  a 
spear,  which  were  never  to  miss 
their  object,  and  sent  her  back 
to  Cephalus  in  the  disguise  of 
S  youth.  In  order  to  obtain 
this  dog  and  spear,  Cephalus 
promised  to  love  the  yontb,who 
thereupon  made  herself  known 

to  him  as  his  wife  Prodis.    This 

led  to  a  reconciliation  between 
them.  Procris,  however,  still 
feared  the  love  of  Eos,  and 
therefore  jealously  watched 
Cephalus  when   he   went  out 

bunting,  but  on  ( occasion 

he  Killed  her  by  accident  wll b 
the  never-erring  spear.  a 
what  different   version  of  the 
same  story  is  given  by  Ovid. 

CKI'llKTs  ( , ,,-  or  61).  i' 
King  of  El  hiopla.  "on  of  Belns, 
!in  Band  of  Casi  iopea,  aiid  fa- 
ther of  Audi  otneda,  wm  placed 

anion"  I  lie  -tar-  allei   hi-  deal  li. 

(2;  Son  of  Alens,  one  of  the 

Argonauts,  was  kins   ol    I  i   tea 

in  Arcadia,  and  pet  (shed  with 

most  of  his  s,,Mv  in  an  expedfr 

(Metope  from  Iba  PkrUwoon.)  tion  against  lien  ules. 

a 


CEPHISUS. 


108 


CHABRIAS. 


CEPHISUS  or  CEPHISSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  riv- 
si'  Qowiug  through  a  fertile  valley,  in  Phocis 
and  Boeotia,  and  falling  into  the  lake  Copais. 
which  is  hence  called  Cephisia  in  the  Iliad. 
[Copaib.]  —  (2)  The  largest  river  in  Attica, 
rising  in  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Pentelicus, 
and  flowing  past  Athens  ou  the  W.  into  the 
Harouic  gulf  near  Phalernm. 

CERAMUS  (-i),  a  Dorian  sea-port  town  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Cnidian  Chersonesus  on  the 
coast  of  Curia,  from  which  the  Ceramic  gulf 
took  its  name. 

CERASUS  (-i),  a  flourishing  colony  of  Sino- 
pe,  on  the  coast  of  Poutus,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name  j  chiefly  celebrated  as 
the  place  from  which  Europe  obtained  both 
the  cherry  and  its  name.  Lucullus  is  said  to 
have  brought  back  plants  of  the  cherry  with 
him  to  Rome,  but  this  refers  probably  only 
to  some  particular  sorts,  as  the  Romans  seem 
to  hr.ve  had  the  tree  much  earlier.  Cerasus 
fell  into  decay  after  the  foundation  of  Phar- 
nacia. 

CERATJNII  MONTES  (Khimara),  a  range 
of  mountains  extending  from  the  frontier  of 
lllvricum  along  the  coast  of  Epirus,  derived 
their  name  from  the  frequent  thunder-storms 
which  occurred  among  them  (Kcpawos).  These 
mountains  made  the  coast  of  Epirus  dauger- 
ous  to  ships.  They  were  also  called  Acroce- 
rannia,  though  this  name  was  properly  ap- 
plied to  the  promontory  separating  the  Adri- 
atic and  Ionian  seas.  The  inhabitants  of 
these  mountains  were  called  Ceraunii. 

CERBERUS  (-i),  the  dog  that  guarded  the 
entrance  of  Hades,  is  called  a  son  ofTypha- 
on  and  Echidna.  Some  poets  represent  him 
with  ">0  or  100  heads:  but  later  writers  de- 
scribe him  as  a  monster  with  only  3  heads, 
TFith  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  and  with  serpents 
ound  his  neck.    His  den  is  usually  placed  on 


Ceroerus.    (From  a  Bronze  Stat 


the  farther  side  of  the  Styx,  at  the  spot  where 
Charon  landed  the  shades  of  the  departed. 

CERCASORUM  (-i),  a  city  of  Lower  Egypt, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile,  at  the  point 
where  the  river  divided  into  its  3  principal 
branches. 

CERClXA  (-ae)  and  CERCINITIS,  two 
low  islands  oft*  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  in  th« 
mouth  of  the  Lesser  Syrlis, united  by  a  bridge, 
and  possessing  a  flue  harbor. 

CERCOPES  (-urn),  droll  and  thievish 
gnomes,  who  robbed  Hercules  in  his  sleep. 
Some  place  them  at  Thermopylae;  others  at 
Oechalia  in  Euboea,  or  in  Lydia. 

CERCYON  (-onis),  sou  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) or  Hephaestus  (Vulcan),  a  cruel  tyrant 
at  Eleusis,  put  to  death  his  daughter  At.or-E, 
and  killed  all  strangers  whom  he  overcame 
in  wrestling:  he  was  in  the  end  conquered 
and  slain  by  Theseus. 

CERES.     [De.meteu.] 

CERES,  the  personified  necessity  of  death, 
are  described  by  Homer  as  formidable,  dark, 
and  hateful  beings,  because  they  carry  oft" 
men  to  the  joyless  house  of  Hades.  Accord- 
ing to  Hesiod,  they  are  the  daughters  of 
Night,  and  sisters  of  the  Moerae,  and  punish 
men  for  their  crimes. 

CERINTHUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Euboea,  on  the  river  Budorus. 

CERRETANI  (-orum),  an  Iberian  people  in 
Hispania  Tanaconensis,  inhabited  the  mod- 
ern Cerdagne  in  the  Pyrenees  ;  they  were  cel- 
ebrated for  their  hams. 

CERTONIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Mysia. 

CETEI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Mysia,  the  oid 
inhabitants  of  the  country  about  Pergamus, 
and  upon  the  Cetius,  mentioned  by  Homer. 

CETHEGUS  (-i),  the  name  of  an  ancient 
patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens.  They 
seem  to  have  kept  up  an  old  fashion  of  wear- 
ing their  arms  bare,  to  which  Horace  alludes 
in  the  words  cinetiiti  Cethr<!i.—{\)  M.  Coicnb- 
i.ius  Ci'thegcs,  censor  n.c.  209,  and  consul  in 
204,  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  and  his 
correct  use  of  Latin  words,  is  quoted  by  En- 
nius  and  Horace  with  approbation  :  died  196 
— (2)  C.  Cornelius  Cktiiegis,  one  of  Cati- 
line's  crew,  was  a  profligate  from  his  early 
youth.  When  Catiline  left  Rome,  after  Cice- 
ro's first  speech,  Cethegus  stayed  behind  un- 
der the  orders  of  Lentulus.  His  charge  was 
to  murder  the  leading  senators  ;  but  the  tar- 
diness of  Lentulus  prevented  any  thing  being 
done.  Cethegus  was  arrested  and  condemned 
to  death  with  the  other  conspirators. 

CETIUS  (-i),  a  small  river  of  Mysia,  fallicg 
into  the  Cai'cus  close  to  Pergamus. 

CEYX.     [Ai.otose.] 

CHABORAS,  the  same  as  the  Ahokrhas. 

CHABRIAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  Athenian 
general.  In  n.c.  378  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
manders of  the  forces  sent  to  the  aid  of 
Thebes  against  Agesilaus,  when  he  adopted 
for  the  first  time  that  manoeuvre  for  which  he 
became  so  celebrated — ordering  his  men  to 
await  the  attack  with  their  spears  pointed 
against  the  enemy  and  their  shields  resting 
on  one  kuee.    A  status  was  afterwards  erect- 


CHAEKEA. 


109 


CIIALYBES. 


ed  at  Athens  to  Chabrias  in  this  posture.  At 
the  siege  of  Chios  (357)  he  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
his  excessive  valor. 

CHAEF.EA  (-ae),  C.  CASSIUS  (-i),  tribune 
of  the  praetorian  cohorts,  formed  the  con- 
spiracy by  which  the  emperor  Caligula  was 
slain,  a.i>.  41.  Chaerea  was  put  to  death  by 
Claudius  upon  his  accession. 

CHAERONEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia  on 
the  Cephisus  near  the  frontier  of  Phocis, 
memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians 
and  the  Boeotians  by  Philip,  which  crushed 
the  liberties  of  Greece,  n.c.  biiS,  and  for  Sulla's 
victory  over  the  army  of  Mithridates,  SG. 
Chaeronea  was  the  birthplace  of  Plutarch. 
Several  remains  of  the  ancient  city  are  to  be 
seen  at  Cajnvrna,  more  particularly  a  theatre 
excavated  in  the  rock,  an  aqueduct,  and  the 
marble  lion  (broken  in  pieces)  which  adorned 
the  sepulchre  of  the  Boeotians  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Chaeronea. 


CHALCIS  (-Mis).  (1)  (Kpripo  or  Negro- 
ponte),  the  principal  town  of  Euboea,  situated 
on  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Euripus,  and 
united  with  the  mainland  by  a  bridge.  It 
was  a  very  ancient  town,  originally  inhabited 
by  Abantes  or  Curetes,  and  colonized  by  At- 
tic Ionians.  Its  flourishing  condition  at  an 
early  period  is  attested  by  the  numerous  col- 
onies which  it  planted  in  various  parts  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  founded  so  many  cities  in 
the  peninsula  in  Macedonia,  between  the  Stry- 
monic  and  Thermaic  gulfs,  that  the  whole 
peninsula  was  called  Chalcidice.  In  Italy  it 
founded  Cuma,  and  in  Sicily  Naxos.  Chalcis 
was  usually  subject  to  Athens  during  the 
greatness  of  the  latter  city.  The  orator  Isaeus 
and  the  poet  Lycophron  were  born  at  Chal- 
cis, and  Aristotle  died  there.— (2)  A  town  in 
Aetolia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Evenus,  situated 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Chalcis,  and  hence 
also  called  Hi/pochaleis. — (3)  A  city  of  Syria, 
in  a  fruitful  plain,  near  the  termination  of  the 


CHALAEUM  (-i),  a  port  town  of  the  Locri 
Ozolae  on  t  be  <  rissaean  gulf,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Phocis. 

CHALASTRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Mygdonia 
in  Macedonia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Alius. 

CHAIX  F;  (-es)orCHALClA  (-ae),  an  island 
of  ih''  ( larpathiau  sea,  near  Rhodes. 

CHALCED5N  (-dnis),  ■<  Greek  city  or  Bl- 
thynia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Propontls,  nl  the 

en  I  rani  e  ol  i  be  Bospoi  a  ,  aeai  I  -  op] to 

Byzantlnm,  was  founded  by  a  colony  from 
Hegara  in  b»o.  685.  After  a  ion/  period  of 
Independence,  it  became  subject  to  the  kings 
of  Bithynin,  and  most  of  its  inhabitants  were 
transferred  to  the   new  city  of  Nlcomedia 

(B.O.  1  I" 

<ii  \i.(  llDlCE  '  es),  a  peninsula  in  Mao 
donla,  between  tin-  Thermaic  and  Btrymonic 
gulfs,  runs  out  Into  the  sea  like  a  B-pronged 
fnk.  terminating  in  :;  smaller  penin 
Pai.i.kni:,  Bithosia,  and  Aots  or  Anion.  It 
derived  its  name  from  Chulcidian  colonists. 
[C'DAI.niH,  No.  1.] 


river  Chains  ;  the  chief  city  of  the  district  'if 
( Ihalcidice,  which  lay  to  the  E.  of  the  Orontes. 

CHALDAEA  (-ae),  in  the  narrower  Dense, 
was  n  province  of  Babylonia,  about  the  lowi  r 
course  of  the  Euphrates,  the  border  of  the 
Arabian  Desert,  and  the  head  of  tin-  Pi 
Gulf,  it  «rac  Intersected  by  numerous  canals, 
and  u  .i-  extri  'in  !■,  R  1 1  ile.  In  a  wldei 
thr  term  is  applied  to  i be  whole  of  Bab]  h 

Ilia,  and   even    to   the    liabvloni; mpiic.  on 

account  of  the  supremacy  which  the  Chaldae- 
aired  at  Babj  ion     i  Bam  ion.  ]    n  euo 
phon  mentions  Cnaldaeane  in  the  mountains 
N.  of  Mesopotamia.    Their  original  Beat  ■■•  i 

most  probably  in  tin'  mountatni  ot   \ ■"  i 

and  Kurdistan,  whence  they  descended  Into 
the  plains  of  Me  on  itamia   and  B  ibj  lonfa. 

lug  Hi"  i  lhaldacane  a   I  he  rulln 
in  the  Babylonian  monarchy,  see  Babylon. 

CHALTBE8  (-urn),  a  remarkable  Asiatic 
people,  dwelling  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Black 
Sea,  ami  occupyln  •  themselves  In  the  Hoik- 
ing of  iron.    Xenophon  mentions  Chalybts 


CHALYRON. 


no 


CHARONDAS. 


in  the  mountains  on  the  borders  of  Armenia 
and  Mesopotamia,  who  seem  to  he  the  same 
people  that  he  elsewhere  calls  Chaldaeans; 
and  several  of  the  ancient  geographers  re- 
garded the  Chalyhes  and  Chaldaei  as  origin- 
ally the  same  people. 

CHALYBON  (O.  T.,  Helbon),  a  considera- 
ble city  of  N.Syria,  probably  the  same  as  Be- 
roi:a. 

<  I1AMAVI  (-Gram),  a  people  in  Germany, 
who  first  appear  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Rhine,  but  afterwards  migrated  K,  defeated 
the  Brncteri,  and  settled  between  the  Weser 
md  the  Ilarz. 

CHAONES,  a  Pelasgian  people,  one  of  the 
3  peoples  which  inhabited  Epibus,  were  at  an 
earlier  period  in  possession  of  the  whole  of 
the  country,  but  subsequently  dwelt  along 
i he  coast  from  the  river  Thyamis  to  the  Acro- 
ceraunian  promontory,  which  district  was 
therefore  called  Cuaonia.  By  the  poets,  Cha- 
onius  is  used  as  equivalent  to  Epirot. 

CHAOS  (abl.  Chad),  the  vacant  and  infinite 
space  which  existed  according  to  the  ancient 
cosmogonies  previous  to  the  creation  of  the 
world,  and  out  of  which  the  gods,  men,  and 
all  things  arose.  Chaos  was  called  the  mother 
of  Erebos,  and  Night. 

CHARADRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Phocis,  on 
the  river  Charadrus,  situated  on  an  eminence 
not  far  from  Lilaea. 

CHARAX  (i.e.  a  palisaded  camp),  the  name 
of  several  cities,  which  took  their  origin  from 
military  stations.  The  most  remarkable  of 
them  stood  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris.  [Al- 
exandria, No.  4.] 

CHARES  (-Gtis).  (1)  An  Athenian  general, 
who  for  many  years  contrived,  by  profuse 
corruption,  to  maintain  his  influence  with  the 
people,  in  spite  of  his  very  disreputable  char- 
acter. In  the  Social  war,  u.c.  ~5G,  he  accused 
his  colleagues,  Iphicrates  and  Timotheus,  to 
the  people,  and  obtained  the  sole  command. 
After  which  he  entered  into  the  service  of 
Artaha/.us,  the  revolted  satrap  of  western 
Asia,  but  was  recalled  by  the  Athenians  on 
the  complaint  of  Artaxerxes  III.  He  was 
one  of  the  Athenian  commanders  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Chaeronea,  338. —  (2)  Of  Lindus,  in 
Rhodes,  a  statuary  in  bronze,  the  favorite  pu- 
pil of  Lysippus,  flourished  n.c.  290.  His  chief 
work  was  the  statue  of  the  Sun,  which,  under 
the  name  of  "The  Colossus  of  Rhodes,"  was 
celebrated  as  one  of  the  7  wonders  of  the 
world. 

<  IIARILAUS  or  CHARILLTJS  (-i),  king  of 
Sparta,  son  of  Polvdectes,  is  said  to  have  re- 
vived his  name  from  the  general  joy  excited 
by  the  justice  of  his  uncle  Lycurgns,  when  he 
placed  him,  yet  a  new-born  infant,  on  the 
•oyal  seat,  and  hade  the  Spartans  acknowl- 
edge him  for  their  king. 

CHlRlTES  (-urn),  called  GRATIAE  by  the 
Romans,  and  by  us  the  GRACES,  were  the 
personification  of  Grace  and  Beauty.  In  the 
Iliad,  Charts  is  described  as  the  wife  of  He- 
phaestus (Vulcan);  but  in  the  Odyssey  Aph- 
rodite (Venus)  appears  as  the  wife  of  He- 
phaestus;  from  which  we  may  infer,  if  not 
the  identity  of  Aphrodite  and  Charis,  at  least 


a  close  connection  in  the  notions  entertained 
about  the  2  divinities.  The  idea  of  personi- 
fied grace  and  beauty  was  at  an  early  period 
divided  into  a  plurality  of  beings;  and  even 
in  the  Homeric  poems  the  plural  Charites  oc- 
curs several  times.  The  Charites  are  usually 
described  as  the  daughters  of  Zeus  (Jupiter), 
and  as  3  in  number,  namely,  Euphrosyne,  Ag- 
laia,  and  Thalia.  The  names  of  the  Charites 
sufficiently  express  their  character.  They 
were  the  goddesses  who  enhanced  the  enjoy- 
ments of  life  by  refinement  and  gentleness. 
They  are  mostly  described  as  in  the  service 
of  other  divinities,  and  they  lend  their  grace 
and  beauty  to  every  thing  that  delights  and 
elevates  gods  and  men.  Poetry,  however,  is 
the  art  which  is  especially  favored  by  them  ; 
and  hence  they  are  the  friends  of  the  Muses, 
with  whom  they  live  together  in  Olympus. 
In  early  times  the  Charites  were  represented 
dressed,  but  afterwards  their  figures  were 
without  clothing:  specimens  <  f  both  repre- 
sentations of  the  Char.tes  are  -till  extant. 
They  appear  unsuspicious  maidens,  in  the 
full  bloom  of  life;  and  they  usually  embrace 
each  other. 

CHARMANDE  (-es:  nr.  Hit),  a  great  city 
of  Mesopotamia,  on  the  Euphrates. 

CHARON  (-ontis),  son  of  Erebos,  conveyed 
in  his  boat  the  shades  of  the  dead  across  the 
rivers  of  the  lower  world.  For  this  service 
he  was  paid  with  an  obolus  or  danace,  which 
coin  was  placed  in  the  mouth  of  every  corpse 
previous  to  its  burial.  He  is  represented  as 
an  aged  man,  with  a  dirty  beard  and  a  meau 
dress. 


Charon,  Hermes  or  Mercnrv,  ami  Soul.    (From  a  Roman 
Lamp.) 

CHARONDAS  (-ae),  a  lawgiver  of  Catana, 
who  legislated  for  his  own  and  the  other 
cities  of  Chalcidian  origin  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 
His  date  is  uncertain,  but  he  lived  about  n.o. 
500.  A  tradition  relates  that  Charondas  one 
day  forgot  to  lay  aside  his  sword  before  In- 
appeared  in  the  assembly,  thereby  violating 
one  of  his  own  laws;  and  that,  on  bcin l:  re- 
minded of  this  by  a  citizen,  he  exclaimed, 
"By  Zens  (Jupiter),  I  will  establish  it,"  and 


CHARYBDIS. 


Ill 


CHIRISOPHUS. 


immediately  stabbed  himself.    The  laws  of 
Charondas  were  probably  in  verse. 

CHlRYBDIS.     [Soylt.a.] 

CHASfTlKI,  or  CHASUARII,  or  CHAT- 
TUARII  (-uruin),  a  people  of  Germany,  allies 
or  dependents  of  the  Cherusci.  They  dwelt 
N.  of  the  Chatti ;  and  in  later  times  they  ap- 
pear between  the  Rhine  and  the  Maas,  as  a 
part  of  the  Pranks. 

CHATTI.     [Catti.] 

CHAUGT  or  CAUCI  (-drum),  a  powerful 
people  in  the  N.E.  of  Germany,  between  the 
Amisia  (£,'«!.s)  and  the  Albis  (Elbe),  divided  by 
the  Visnrgis  (Weaer),  which  flowed  through 
their  territory,  into  Majores  and  Minores,  the 
former  \V.,  and  the  latter  E.  of  the  river. 
They  are  described  by  Tacitus  as  the  noblest 
and  the  most  just  of  the  German  tribes.  They 
are  mentioned  for  the  last  time  in  t he  3d  cent- 
ury, when  they  devastated  Gaul ;  but  their 
name  subsequently  became  merged  in  the 
general  name  of  Saxons. 

CIIELIDONIAK  INSULAE  (i.e.Swallow Isl- 
ands), a  group  of  small  islands,  surrounded  by 
dangerous  shallows,  off  the  promontory  called 
Hiera  or  Chelidonia,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Lvcia. 

CHELONATAS  (C.  Tornese),  a  promontory 
in  Elis,  opposite  Zacynthus,  the  most  wester- 
ly point,  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

CHEMMIS,  aft.  PANOPOUS,  a  great  city 
of  the  Thebais,  or  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  celebrated  for  its  manufact- 
ure of  linen,  its  stone-quarries,  and  its  tem- 
ples of  Pan  and  Perseus. 

CHEOPS  (-jiis),  an  early  king  of  Egypt, 
godless  and  tyrannical,  reigned  •>*>  years,  and 
built  the  first  and  largest  pyramid  by  the 
compulsory  labor  of  his  subjects. 

CHE  PUKE  N'  (-enos),kingof  Egypt,  brother 
and  successor  of  Cheops,  whose  example  of 
tyranny  he  followed,  reigned  56  years,  and 
built  the  second  pyramid. 

CHERS0NESU8  (-i),  "a  laud-island,"  that 
is,  "a  peninsula"  (from  x'V""'.  "laud,"  and 
►Jjcro?,  "island"). — (1)  Chkusonksus  Tiibaoioa 
(Peninsula  of  the  Dardanelles  or  of  Gallipoli), 
usually  called  at  Athens  "The  <  Ihersonesus," 
without  any  distinguishing  epithet,  the  nar- 
row slip  of  land,  420  stadia  in  length,  running 
between  the  Hellespont  and  the  gulf  of  Me- 
las,  and  connected  with  the  Thraciau  main- 
land by  an  isthmus, which  was  fortified  by  a 
wall,  :;ii  stadia  across,  near  c  lardia.  The  <  !her- 
sonese  was  colonized  by  the  Athenians  under 
Miltiades,  the  contemporary  of  Pisistratns.— 
(2)  <  !iikbsoni  susTaubioa  oi'Sovthioa  (Cri- 
mea), the  peninsula  between  the  Pontus 
Eoxiuus,  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus,  and  the 
Pains  Maeotis,  united  to  the  mainland  bv 
i  40  stadia  in  width.  It  pro- 
d  ii  ed  a  great  quantity  of  corn,  which  ■■  ai 

exported    to    Athens    and    Other    pails    of 

Qreei  e,    i  Bo  pobi  b.]     (3;  Cimbeioa  {Jut- 
land).   8ee  •  iiMnat. 

CHERUSCI  '-..ruin,,  the  most  celebrated 
of  all  the  ti  i he-  of  ancient  Germany.  The 
ancients  extended  this  name  also  to  the  na- 
tions belonging  to  the  league  "i  u hich  the 
Cherusci  were  at  the  head.  The  Cherusci 
proper  dwelt  on  both  sides  of  the  Visnrgis  ( If 


ser),  and  their  territories  extended  to  the  Hara 
and  the  Elbe.  Under  their  chief  Arminius 
they  destroyed  the  army  of  Varus,  and  drove 
the  Romans  beyond  the  Rhine,  a.t>.  9.  In 
consequence  of  internal  dissensions  among 
the  German  tribes,  the  Cherusci  soon  lost 
their  influence.  Their  neighbors,  the  Catti, 
succeeded  to  their  power. 

CHILON  (-onis),  of  Lacedaemon,  sou  of 
Damagetus,  and  one  of  the  Seven  Sages,  flour- 
ished b.o.  590. 

CHIMAERA  (-ae),  a  fire-breathing  mon- 
ster, the  fore  part  of  whose  body  was  that  of 
a  lion,  the  hind  part  that  of  a  dragon,  and  the 
middle  that  of  a  goat.  She  made  great  havoc 
in  Lycia  and  the  surrounding  countries,  and 
was  at  length  killed  by  Bellerophon.  [Bel- 
T.ERoriioN.]  The  origin  of  this  fire-breathing 
monster  must  probably  be  sought  for  in  the 
volcano  of  the  name  of  Chimaera,  near  Pha- 
selis,  in  Lycia.  In  the  works  of  art  recently 
discovered  in  Lycia  we  find  several  repre- 
sentations of  the  Chimaera  in  the  simple 
form  of  a  species  of  lion  still  occurring  in 
that,  country.     (See  illustration  on  p.  112.) 

CHIONE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Boreas 
and  Orithyia.  and  mother  of  Eumolpus,  who 
is  hence  called  Chionules.—(2)  Daughter  of 
Daedalion,  mother  of  Autolycus,  by  Hermes 
(Mercury),  and  of  Philammon,  by  Apollo. 
She  was  killed  by  Artemis  (Diana),  for  having 
compared  her  beauty  to  that  of  the  goddess. 

CHIOS  and  CUIUS  (-i:  Sew),  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  famous  islands  of  the  Aege- 
an, lay  opposite  to  the  peninsula  of  Clazome- 
nae,  on  the  coast  of  Ionia.  It  was  colonized 
by  the  Ionians  at  the  time  of  their  great  mi- 
gration, and  remained  an  independent  and 
powerful  maritime  state  till  the  defeat  of  the 
Ionian  Greeks  by  the  Persians,  n. 0.474,  after 
which  the  Chians  were  subjected  to  the  Per- 
sians. Tin;  battle  of  Mycale,  479,  freed  Chins 
from  the  Persian  yoke,  and  it  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Athenian  League,  in  which  it  was 
for  a  long  time  the  closest  and  nn>st  favored 
ally  of  Athens;  but  an  unsuccessful  at  tempi 
1..  revolt,  in  412,  led  to  its  conquest  and  dev- 
astation, ('bios  was  celebrated  for  its  wine 
and  marble.  Of  all  the  states  which  aspired 
to  the  honor  of  being  the  birthplace  of  Ho- 
mer, Chios  was  generally  considered  by  the 
ancients  to  have  Hie  best  claim;  and  it  num- 
bered aiming  its  natives  the  historian  Then 
pom  pus,  the  poet  Theocritus,  and  other  emi- 
nent men.     [ts  chief  city,  Chios  (Khio),    

on  the  lv  side  of  Hie  island. 


Colo  ..i  .' 

CHIHISOPIIUS  (i),  a  Lacedaemonian,  was 


CHIRON. 


112 


CHRYSEIS. 


Belleroplion  and  the  Chimaera.    (From  the  Terra-cotia  in  tlie  British  M 


sent  by  the  Spartaus  to  aid  Cyrus  in  his  ex- 
pedition against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  b.c. 
401.  After  the  battle  of Cunaxa  and  the  sub- 
sequent arrest  of  the  Greek  generals,  Chiriso- 
phus  \va£  appointed  one  of  the  new  generals, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Xenophon]  had  the 
chief  conduct  of  the  retreat. 

CHIRON  (-onis),  the  wisest  and  most  just 
of  all  the  Centaurs,  son  of  Cronos  (Saturn)  and 
Philyra  (hence  called  Philyrides),  lived  on 
Mount  Pelion.  He  was  instructed  by  Apollo 
and  Artemis  (Diana),  and  was  renowned  for 
his  skill  in  hunting,  medicine,  music,  gym- 
nastics, and  the  art  of  prophecy.  All  the 
most  distinguished  heroes  of  Grecian  story, 
as  Peleus,  Achilles,  Diomedes,  etc.,  are  de- 
scribed as  the  pupils  of  Chiron  in  these  arts. 
He  saved  Peleus  from  the  other  Centaurs, 
who  were  on  the  point  of  killing  him,  and  he 
also  restored  to  him  the  sword  which  Acastus 
had  concealed.  [Aoastus.]  Hercules,  too, 
was  his  friend;  but  while  lighting  with  the 
other  Centaurs,  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows 
of  Hercules  struck  Chiron,  who,  although  im- 
mortal, would  not  live  any  longer,  and  gave 
his  immortality  to  Prometheus.  Zeus  placed 
Chiron  among  the  stars  as  Sagittarius. 

CHLORIS  (-Idds).  (1)  Daughter  of  the 
Theban  Amphion  and  Niobe  ;  she  and  her 
brother  Amyclas  were  the  only  children  of 
Niobe  not,  killed  by  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Di- 
ana). She  is  often  confounded  with  No.  '1. — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Amphion  of  Orchomenos, 
wife  of  Neleus,  king  of  Pylos,  and  mother  of 
Nestor.— (3)  Wife  of  Zephyrus,  aud  goddess 
of  flowers,  identical  with  the  Roman  Flora. 


CHCASPES  (-is).  (1)  (Kerah  or  Kara-Su), 
a  river  of  Susiana,  falling  into  the  Tigris.  Its 
water  was  so  pure  that  the  Persian  kings 
used  to  carry  it  with  them  in  silver  vessels 
when  on  foreign  expeditions. — (2)  (Attack),  a 
river  in  the  Paropamisus,  iu  Iudia,  falling  Into 
the  Cophes  (Cabal). 

CHOERILUS  (-i),  of  Iasos,  a  worthless  epic 
poet  in  the  train  of  Alexander  the  Great,  is 
said  to  have  received  from  Alexander  a  gold 
stater  for  every  verse  of  his  poem. 

CHONIA  (-ae),  the  name  in  early  times  of 
a  district  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  inhabited  by  the 
Chones,  an  Oenotrian  people.  Chonia  ap- 
pears to  have  included  the  8.E.  of  Lucania 
and  the  whole  of  the  E.  of  Bruttium  as  far  as 
the  promontory  of  Zephyrium. 

CHORASMII  (-onim),  a  people  of  Sogdiana, 
who  inhabited  the  banks  and  islands  of  the 
lower  coifse  of  the  Oxus.  They  were  a  branch 
of  the  Sacae  or  Massagetae. 

CHRYSA  (-ae)  or  -E  (-es),  a  city  on  the  coast 
of  the  Troad,  near  Thebes,  with  a  temple  of 
Apollo  Smintheus  ;  celebrated  by  Homer. 

CHRYSEIS  (-idis  or  idos),  daughter  ott 
Chryses,  priest  of  Apollo  at  Chryse,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Achilles  at  the  capture  of  Lyr- 
nessus  or  the  Hypoplacian  Thebes.  In  the 
distribution  of  the  booty  she  was  given  to 
Agamemnon.  Her  father  C'lnvses  came  to 
the  camp  of  the  Greeks  to  solicit  her  ransom, 
but  was  repulsed  by  Agamemnon  with  harsh 
words.  Thereupon  Apollo  sent  a  plague  into 
the  camp  of  the  Greeks,  and  Agamemnon  was 
obliged  to  restore  her  to  her  father  to  appeas* 


CHRYSES. 


113 


CICERO. 


the  anger  of  the  god.  Her  proper  name  was 
Astynome. 

CHRYSES.     [Cheyseis.] 

CHKYS1PPUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Soli  in  Cilicia,  B.O.  280,  and 
studied  at  Athens  under  the  Stoic  Cleunthes. 
Disliking  the  Academic  skepticism,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  strenuous  supporters 
of  the  principle  that  knowledge  is  attainable 
and  may  be  established  on  certain  founda- 
tions.    He  died  in  207,  aged  73. 

CHRYSQGONUS,  L.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a 
favorite  freedman  of  Sulla,  and  a  man  of  prof- 
ligate character,  was  the  false  accuser  of  Sex. 
Roscins,  whom  Cicero  defended,  n.o.  80. 

CHRYSOPOLIS  (-is),  a  fortiried  place  ou 
the  Bosporus,  opposite  to  Byzantium,  at  the 
spot  where  the  Bosporus  was  generally 
crossed.  It  was  originally  the  port  of  Chal- 
cedon. 

CIBYRA  (-ae).  (1)  Magna,  a  great  city  of 
Phrygia  Magna,  on  the  borders  of  Caria,  said 
to  have  been  founded  by  the  Lydians,  but  aft- 
erwards peopled  by  the  Pisidiaus.  Under  its 
native  princes,  the  city  ruled  over  a  large  dis- 
trict called  Cibyratis.  In  n.o.  S3  it  was  added 
to  the  Roman  empire.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  manufactures,  especially  in  iron. — (2)  Pab- 
va,  a  city  of  Pamphylia,  on  the  borders  of  Ci- 
licia. 

CICERO  (-finis),  a  family  name  of  the  Tul- 
lia  gens. — (1)  M.  Tti.i.n  s.  Cioebo,  the  orator, 


oi  i i  he  3d  of  January,  d  i  ,  108,  at  the 

family  residence,  in  the  vicinity  of  Arplnum. 
He  was  educated  along  with  bis  brother 
Qurntus,  and  the  two  brothers  displayed  such 
aptitude  for  learning  that  their  father  removed 

With  them  tO  Rome,  where  they  received  In- 
uiruction  from  the  best  teacher's  in  the  capi- 


tal. One  of  their  most  celebrated  teachers 
was  the  poet  Archias,  of  Autioch.  After  re- 
ceiving the  manly  gown  (91),  the  young  Mar- 
cus studied  under  Q.  Mucins  Scaevola,  and  in 
later  years,  during  the  Civil  war,  under  Phae- 
drus  the  Epicurean,  Philo,  chief  of  the  new 
Academy,  Diodotus  the  Stoic,  and  Molo  the 
Rhodian.  Having  carefully  cultivated  his 
powers,  Cicero  came  forward  as  a  pleader  in 
the  forum,  as  soon  as  tranquillity  was  restored 
by  the  final  overthrow  of  the  Marian  party. 
His  first  extant  speech  was  delivered  in  81, 
when  he  was  26  years  of  age,  on  behalf  of  P. 
Quintius.  Next  year,  80,  he  defended  Sex. 
Roscius  of  Amelia,  charged  with  parricide  by 
Chrysogonus,  a  favorite  freedman  of  Sulla. 
In  79  he  went  to  Greece,  partly  that  he  might 
avoid  Sulla,  whom  he  had  offended,  but  part- 
ly also  that  he  might  improve  his  health  and 
complete  his  course  of  study.  At  Athens  he 
formed  the  friendship  with  Pomponius  Atti- 
cus  which  lasted  to  his  death,  and  at  Rhodes 
he  once  more  placed  himself  under  the  care 
of  Molo.  After  an  absence  of  2  years,  Cicero 
returned  to  Rome  (77),  with  his  health  firmly 
established  and  his  oratorical  powers  greatly 
improved,  lie  again  came  forward  as  an  or- 
ator in  the  forum,  and  soon  obtained  the 
greatest  distinction.  His  success  in  the  forum 
paved  for  him  the  way  to  the  high  offices  of 
state.  In  75  he  was  quaestor  in  Sicily,  re- 
turned to  Rome  in  14,  and  for  the  next  4  years 
was  engaged  in  pleading  causes.  Iii  7o  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  impeachment  of 
Vekbes,  and  in  09  lie  was  curtile  aedile.  In 
06  he  was  praetor,  and  while  holding  this  of- 
fice he  defended  Clueutius  in  the  speech  still 
extant,  and  delivered  his  oratorical  oration 
in  favor  of  the  Manilian  law,  which  appointed 
Pompey  to  the  command  of  the  Mitnridatic 
war.  TWO  years  afterwards  he  gained  the 
great  object  of  his  ambition,  and,  although  a 
minis  homo,  was  elected  consul,  with  t!.  Anto- 
nius  as  a  colleague,  lie  entered  upon  the 
odlce  ou  the  1st  of  January,  63.  Not.  having 
any  real  sympathy  with  the  popular  party,  lie 
now  deserted  his  former  friends,  and  con- 
nected himself  closely  with  the  ai'iStOI i  til  \  . 
Tin'  consulship  of  Cicero  was  distinguished 
by  the  outbreak  Of  the  conspiracy  of  <  aliline, 
which  was  Suppressed  and  finally  crushed  by 

Cicero's  prudence  ami  energy.    [Catii.ina.] 

For  this  service  Cicero  received  the  highest 
honors:  he  was  addressed  as  "father  of  his 
country,"  and  thanksgivings  in  his  name 
Were  voted  |,,  the  god  -•  Hut  as  so,, n  a--  Ic 
had  laid  down  the  Consulship  he  had  to  con- 
tend with  ihe  popular  party,  ami  especially 
with  ihe  friends  of  the  conspirators,  lie  dJbo 
mortally  offended  Clodius,  who,  in  order  to 

have  his  revenge,  brought  forward  a  bill  hau- 

Ishing  any  one  who  should  he  found  to  have 
put  a  Roman  citizen  t,,  death  unti led.  i< ito- 
nrus.]    The  triumvirs,  Caesar,  Pompey,  and 

i    ,  left  Cicero  to  his  fal«'  •.  Cicero's  COUr- 

a  [e  failed  him ;  he  volnntat  Hi   ret  Ired  from 

Rome  bef I  be  measure  of  1 1 Iodine  wa    pin 

to  the  vote,  and  crossed  over  I  >  Greece.    Here 
be  :pa\  ,■  way  to  unmanly  de-pair  and  exci 
sorrow.    Menu  while  hlf  friend    ,'  Rom<  were 
exerting  themselves  ou  his  behalf,  and  ob- 
tained   his    recall    from    banishment    in    the 


CICERO. 


114 


CILICIA. 


course  of  uext  year  (55).  Taught  by  expe-  I 
rieuce,  Cicero  would  no  loDger  join  the  seu-  ' 
ate  iu  opposition  to  the  triumvirs,  aud  retired 
to  a  great  extent  from  public  life.  In  52  he 
was  compelled,  much  against  his  will,  to  go 
to  the  East  as  governor  of  Cilicia.  He  re- 
turned to  Italy  towards  the  end  of  50,  and  ar- 
rived in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  on  the 
4th  of  January,  49,  just  as  the  civil  war  be- 
tween Caesar  and  Pompey  broke  out.  After 
long  hesitating  which  side  to  join,  he  finally 
determined  to  throw  in  his  lot  with  Pompey, 
aud  crossed  over  to  Greece  in  June.  After 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48),  Cicero  was  not 
only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  when  the  latter 
landed  at  Brundusinm  in  September,  47,  he 
greeted  Cicero  with  the  greatest  kindness  and 
respect,  and  allowed  him  to  return  to  Rome. 
Cicero  now  retired  into  privacy,  and  daring 
the  next  3  or  4  years  composed  the  greater 
part  of  his  philosophical  and  rhetorical  works. 
The  murder  of  Caesar  on  the  15th  of  March, 
44,  again  brought  Cicero  into  public  life.  He 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  republican 
party,  and  in  his  Philippic  orations  attacked  ! 
M.  Antony  with  unmeasured  vehemence.  But 
this  proved  his  ruin.  On  the  formation  of  I 
the  triumvirate  between  Octavian,  Antony, 
and  Lepidus  (-27th  of  November,  43),  Cicero's  I 
name  was  in  the  list  of  the  proscribed.  He 
endeavored  to  escape,  but  was  overtaken  by 
the  soldiers  near  Formiae.  His  slaves  were 
ready  to  defend  their  master  with  their  lives, 
but  Cicero  commanded  them  to  desist,  aud  of- 
fered his  neck  to  the  executioners.  They  in- 
stantly cut  off  his  head  and  hands,  which 
were  conveyed  to  Rome,  aud  by  the  orders  I 
of  Antony  nailed  to  the  Rostra.  Cicero  per- 
ished on  the  7th  of  December,  43,  when  he  ' 
had  nearly  completed  his  04th  year. — By  his 
first  wife,  Terentia,  Cicero  had  2  children,  a 
daughter,  Tcli.ia,  whose  death  in  45  caused  j 
him  the  greatest  sorrow,  aud  a  son,  Marcus 
(No.  3  .  His  wife  Terentia,  to  whom  he  had 
been  united  for  30  years,  he  divorced  in  46,  ; 
and  soon  afterwards  he  married  a  young  and  | 
wealthy  maiden,  Puisilia,  his  ward,  but  this  I 
uew  alliance  was  speedily  dissolved.  As  a  I 
statesman  and  a  citizen,  Cicero  was  weak, 
changeful,  and  excessively  vain.  His  only 
great  work  was  the  suppression  of  Catiline's 
conspiracy.  It  is  as  an  author  that  he  de- 
serves the  highest  praise.  In  his  works  the 
Latin  language  appears  in  the  greatest  per- 
fection. They  may  be  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing  subjects : — I.  Rhetorical  Works.  Of 
these  there  were  seven,  which  have  come 
down  to  us  more  or  less  complete.  The  best 
known  of  these  is  the  "De  Oratore,"  written 
at  the  request  of  his  brother  Quintns  ;  it  is 
the  most  perfect  of  his  rhetorical  works.— II. 
Philosophical  Works.  1.  Political  Philoso- 
phy. Under  this  head  we  have  the  "  De  Re- 
publica"  and  "De  Legions,"  both  of  which 
are  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue.  A  large 
portion  of  both  works  is  preserved. — 2.  Phi- 
losophy of  Morals.  In  his  work  "De  Offlciis," 
which  was  written  for  the  use  of  his  son  Mar- 
cus, at  that  time  residing  at  Athens,  the  tone 
of  his  teaching  is  pure  and  elevated.  He  also 
wrote  "De  Senecfute"  and  "De  Amicitia," 
which  are  preserved.— 3.  Speculative  Philoso- 


phy. Under  this  head  the  most  noted  of  his 
works  are  the  "De  Finibus,"  or  inquiry  into 
"the  chief  good,"  and  the  "Tusculau  Dispu- 
tations."— 4.  Theology.  Iu  the  "De  Natnra 
Deorum"  he  gives  an  account  of  the  specula- 
tions of  the  ancients  concerning  a  divine  Be- 
ing, which  is  continued  in  the  "De  Divinati- 
oue." — III.  Orations.  Of  these  56  have  come 
down  to  us.  —  IV.  Epistles.  Cicero,  during 
the  most  important  period  of  his  life,  main- 
tained a  close  correspondence  with  Atticus. 
and  with  a  wide  circle  of  literary  and  polit- 
ical friends  and  connections.  We  now  hare 
upwards  of  SO0  letters,  undoubtedly  genuine, 
extending  over  a  space  of  26  yearsj  and  com- 
monly arranged  under  "  Epistolae  ad  Fami- 
liares  s.  ad  Diversos,"  "Ad  Atticum,"  and 
"Ad  Quintum  Fratrem."— (2)  Q. Tillies Cio- 
ero,  brother  of  the  orator,  was  born  about  102, 
and  was  educated  along  with  his  brother.  In 
67  he  was  aedile,  in  02  praetor,  aud  for  the 
next  3  years  governed  Asia  as  propraetor.  In 
55  he  went  to  Gaul  as  legatus  to  Caesar,  whose 
approbation  he  gained  by  his  military  abili- 
ties and  gallantry;  in  51  he  accompanied  his 
brother  as  legate  to  Cilicia :  and  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  40  he  joined  Pom- 
pey. After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  was 
pardoned  by  Caesar.  He  was  proscribed  by 
the  triumvirs,  and  was  put  to  death  in  43. — 
(3)  M.  Tri-Lius  Cicero,  only  son  of  the  orator 
aud  his  wife  Terentia,  was  born  iu  65.  On 
the  death  of  Caesar  (44)  he  joined  the  repub- 
lican party,  served  as  military  tribune  under 
Brutus  in  Macedonia,  and  after  the  battle  of 
Philippi  (42)  fled  to  Sex.  Pompey  in  Sicily. 
When  peace  was  concluded  between  the  tri- 
umvirs and  Sex.  Pompey  in  39,  Cicero  re- 
turned to  Rome,  and  was  favorably  received 
by  Octavian,  who  at  length  assumed  him  as 
his  colleague  in  the  consulship  (u.c.  30,  from 
13th  Sept.).  By  a  singular  coincidence,  the 
dispatch  announcing  the  capture  of  the  fleet 
of  Antony,  which  was  immediately  followed 
by  his  death,  was  addressed  to  the  new  consul 
iu  his  official  capacity.  —  (4)  Q.  Tillics  L'ic- 
f.eo,  son  of  No.  2,  and  of  Pomponia,  sister  of 
Atticus,  was  born  in  67  or  66,  and  perished 
with  his  father  in  the  proscription,  43. 

CICONES  (-rnn),  a  Thraciau  people  on  the 
Hebrns,  aud  near  the  coast. 

CILICIA  (-ae).  a  district  in  the  S.E.  of  Asia 
Minor,  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
S.,  Mount  Amamis  on  the  E.,  and  Mount  Tau- 
rus on  the  N.  The  W.  part  of  Cilicia  is  inter- 
sected by  the  offshoots  of  the  Taurus,  while 
in  its  E.  part  the  mountain  chains  iuclose 
much  larger  tracts  of  level  country:  aud 
hence  arose  the  division  of  the  country  into 
C.  Aspera  or  Trachea,  and  C.  Campestris ;  the 
latter  was  also  called  Cilicia  Propria.  The 
tirst  inhabitants  of  the  country  are  supposed 
to  have  beeu  of  the  Syrian  race.  The  myth- 
ical story  derived  their  name  from  Cilix.  the 
son  of  Ageuor,  who  started  with  his  broth- 
ers, Cadmus  and  Phoenix,  for  Europe,  but 
stopped  short  on  the  coa>t  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  peopled  with  his  followers  the  plain  of 
Cilicia.  The  country  remained  independent 
till  the  time  of  the  Persian  empire,  under 
which  it  formed  a  satrapy,  but  it  app.-irs  to 


CIL1CIAE. 


L15 


CIMON. 


have  been  still  governed  by  its  native  princes. 
Alexander  subdued  it  on  his  march  into  Up- 
per Asia;  and,  after  the  division  of  ids  em- 
pire, it  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Seleucidae  ;  iis  plains  were  settled  by  Greeks, 
and  the  old  inhabitants  were  for  the  most 
part  driven  back  into  the  mouutains  of  C. 
Aspera,  where  they  remained  virtually  inde- 
pendent, practicing  robbery  by  land  and  pi- 
racy by  sea,  till  Pompey  drove  them  from  the 
sea" in  his  war  against  the  pirates;  and,  hav- 
ing rescued  the  level  country  from  the  power 
of  Tigraues,  who  had  overrun  it,  he  erected 
it  into  a  Roman  province,  b.o.  07-60.  The 
mountain  country  was  not  made  a  province 
till  the  reign  of  Vespasian.  The  Cilicians 
bore  a  low  character  among  the  Greeks  and 
Romans.  The  Carians,  Cappadocians,  and 
Cilicians  were  called  the  three  bad  K's. 

CTLICIAE  PYLAE  or  PORTAE,  the  chief 
pass  between  Cappadocia  and  Cilicia,  through 
the  Taurus,  on  the  road  from  Tyana  to  Tar- 
ens. 

CTLICIUM  MARE,  the  N.E.  portion  of  the 
Mediterranean,  between  Cilicia  and  Cyprus, 
as  far  as  the  gulf  of  Issus. 

CILIX.     [Cilioia.] 

CILLA  (-ae)j  a  small  town  in  the  Troad, 
celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Apollo,  surnamed 
Cillaens. 

CIUNII  (-Orum),  a  powerful  Etruscan  fam- 
ily in  Arretium,  driven  out  of  their  native 
town  in  u.o.  301,  but  restored  by  the  Romans. 
The  Cilnii  were  nobles  or  Lncnmones  in  their 
state,  and  some  of  them  in  ancient  times  may 
have  held  even  t tie  kingly  dignity.  The  name 
has  been  rendered  chiefly  memorable  by  C. 
Cilnins  Maecenas.    [Makoknab.] 

i  IMI'.ki;  (-ri),  L.  TILLlUS  (-i)  (not  Tul- 
litis),  a  friend  of  Caesar,  who  gave  him  the 
province  of  Bithynia,  but  (subsequently  one 
of  Caesar's  murderers,  u.o.  44. 

CIMBR]  (-orum),  a  Celtic  people,  probably 

of  the   same   race   as   t  lie  < 'yiui'.v.     [CEI.TAE.] 

They  appear  to  have  inhabited  the  peninsula, 
Which  was  called  after  them  Curbsonksus 
Cimbbioa  (Jutland),  in  conjunction  with  the 
Ten toid  and  Ambroues,  they  migrated  8., 
With  their  wives  and  children,  towards  the 
close  of  the  2d  century  n.<\ ;  and  the  whole 

host  is  said  to  have  contained  800,000  fight- 
ing men.  They  defeated  several  Roman  ar- 
mies, and  caused  the  greatest  alarm  at  Rome. 
In  e. e.  118  they  defeated  the  consul  Pupirins 

CarbO    near   Koreia,   and    then    crossed    over 

into  (iaul,  which  they  ravaged  in  all  direc- 
tions. In  109  they  defeated  the  consul  Julius 
Silanns;  and  in  107, the  consul  Caseins  Lon- 
ginus,  who  fell  In  the  battle;  and  In  toe  they 
gained  their  most  brilliant  victory,  near  the 
Rhone,  over  the  united  armies  of  the  consnl 
I  ii.  M.iiiiu-  and  the  proconsul  Servilius Cac- 

DiO.      Instead   of  crossing   the  Alp-,  the  (iui- 

bri,  fortunately  for  Rome,  marched  Into  Spain, 
where  they  remained  two  or  three  years.  The 
Romans,  meantime,  had  been  making  prepa- 
rations to  resist  their  formidable  foes,  and 
had  placed  their  troops  under  the  command 

Of  .Marius.     The  barbarians  returned  to  Qaul 
in  102.    In  that  year  the  Teuton!  were  de- 
O'i 


feated  and  cut  to  pieces  by  Marius  near  Aquae 
Sextiae  (Aix)  in  Gaul:  and  next  year  (101) 
the  Cimbri  and  their  allies  were  likewise  de- 
stroyed by  Marius  and  Catulus,  in  the  deci- 
sive  battle  of  the  Campi  Raudii,  near  Verona, 
in  the  N.  of  Italy. 

CIMINUS  or  CIMINIUS  MONS,  a  range 
of  mountains  in  Etruria,  thickly  covered  with 
wood  (SaltUS  Cimiuius,  Silva  Ciminia),  near  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  N.W.  of  Tarquinii, 
between  the  Lacus  Vulsiniensis  and  Soracte. 

CIMMERII  (-orum),  the  name  of  a  myth- 
ical and  of  a  historical  people.  The  mythical 
Cimmerii,  mentioned  by  Homer,  dwelt  in  the 
farthest  W.  on  the  ocean,  enveloped  in  con- 
stant mists  and  darkness.  Later  writers 
sought  to  localize  them,  and  accordingly 
placed  them  either  in  Italy,  near  the  lake 
Avernus,  or  in  Spain,  or  in  the  Tauric  Cher- 
sonestis. — The  historical  Cimmerii  dwelt  on 
the  l'alus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azov),  in  the  Tau- 
ric Chersonesus,  and  in  Asiatic  Sarmatia. 
Driven  from  their  abodes  by  the  Scythians, 
they  passed  into  Asia  Minor  on  the  N.E.,  and 
penetrated  W.  as  far  as  Aeolis  and  Ionia. 
They  took  Sardis,  b.o.  035,  in  the  reign  of  Ar- 
dy8,  king  of  Lydia  ;  but  they  were  expelled 
from  Asia  by  Alyattes,  the  grandson  of  Ardys. 

CIMMERIU8  BOSPORUS.    |Bosroucs.J 

CIMoLUS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Aegean  sea, 

one   of  the  Cyclades,  between   Siphnos  and 

Melos,  celebrated  for  its  fine  white  earth,  used 

by  fullers  for  cleaning  cloths. 

CIMON  (-fmis).  (1)  Father  of  the  celebra- 
ted .Miltiades,  was  secretly  murdered  by  order 

of  the  sons  of  Pisistrattis (2)  Grandson  of 

the  preceding,  and  son  of  Miltiades.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  (u.o.  480),  he  was  impris- 
oned because  he  was  unable  to  pay  bis  tine 
of  (50  talents,  which  was  eventually  paid  by 
Callias  on  his  marriage  with  Elpinice,  Cf- 
tnon'e  sister.  Cimon  frequently  commanded 
the  Athenian  fleet  in  their  aggressive  war 
against  the  Persians.  His  most  brilliant  suc- 
cess was  in  -ioo,  when  he  defeated  a  large  Per- 
sian fleet,  and  on  the  same  day  landed  and 
routed  their  land  forces  also  on  the  river 
Eurymedou  in  Pamphylia.  The  death  of 
Aristldes  and  the  banishment  of  Themisto- 
cles  left  Cimon  without  a  rival  at  Athens  for 
nome  years.  But  hie  Influence  gradually  de- 
clined as  that  id'  peril  ie-  Increased,  in  nil 
he  was  ostracized  through  the  influence  of 
the  popular  party  in  Athens,  who  were  en- 
raged with  him  and  with  the  Spartans.  He 
was  subsequently  recalled,  and  through  his 
intervention  a  5-years'  iruce  was  made  be- 
tween Athens  and  Sparta,  460,  In  449  the  war 
was  renewed  with  Persia,  Cimon  received  the 
command,  and  with  200  ships  sailed  to  Cy- 
prus ;  here,  while  besieging  Citium,  Illness  or 
i  he  effects  of  a  wound  carried  him  oflT.  <  Si- 
mon was  of  a  cheerful,  convivial  temper; 
frank  and  affable  in  his  manners.  Having 
obtained  a  preal    fortune  l)V  hi-    share   of  the 

Persian  spoils,  he  display  e  i  unbounded  liber- 
ality. His  orchards  ami  gardens  were  thrown 
open;  hi-  fellow-demesmen  were  free  dally 

to  hi-  table,  and  his  public  bounty  verged  o'l 

ostentation. 


CINAEA. 


116 


CIRCEII. 


(  'IX  A  RA  (-ae),  a  email  island  in  the  Aegean 
pea,  E.  of  Naxos,  celebrated  for  its  artichokes 
(fuvapa), 

CINCINNiTUS,  L.  QUINTIUS  (-i),  a  fa- 
vorite hero  of  the  old  Roman  republic,  and  a 
model  of  old  Roman  frugality  and  integrity. 
He  lived  on  his  farm,  cultivating  the  land 
witli  his  own  hand.  In  n.o.  45s  he  was  called 
from  the  plow  to  the  dictatorship,  in  order  to 
deliver  the  Roman  consul  and  army  from  the 
perilous  position  in  which  they  had  been 
placed  by  the  Aequians.  He  saved  the  Ro- 
man army,  defeated  the  enemy,  and,  after 
holding  the  dictatorship  only  16  days,  re- 
turned to  his  farm.  In  439,  at  the  age  of  80, 
lie  was  a  2d  time  appointed  dictator  to  op- 
pose the  alleged  machinations  of  Sp.  Maelius. 

CIXEA.S  (-ae),  a  Thessalian,  the  friend  and 
minister  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus.  He  was 
the  most  eloquent  man  of  his  day,  and  Pyr- 
rhus prized  his  persuasive  powers  so  highly 
that  "the  words  of  Cineas"  (he  was  wont  to 
say)  "had  won  him  more  cities  than  his  own 
arms."  The  most  famous  passage  in  his  life 
is  his  embassy  to  Rome,  with  proposals  for 
peace  from  Pyirhus,  after  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea  (ii.o.  280).  Ciueas  spared  no  arts  to  gain 
favor.  Thanks  to  his  wonderful  memory,  on 
the  day  after  his  arrival  he  was  able  (we  are 
told)  to  address  all  the  senators  and  knights 
by  name.  The  senate,  however,  rejected  his 
proposals,  mainly  through  the  dying  elo- 
quence of  old  App.  Claudius  Caecus.  The 
embassador  returned  and  told  the  king  that 
there  was  no  people  like  that  people — their 
city  was  a  temple,  their  senate  an  assembly 
of  kings. 

CIN6A  (-ae:  Cincu),  a  river  in  Hispauia 
Tanaconensis,  falling  with  the  Sicoris  into 
the  Iberus. 

CINGETORIX  (-Igis),  a  Gaul, 
one  of  the  first  men  in  the  city  of 
the  Treviri  (Treves,  Trier),  attached 
himself  to  the  Romans,  though 
son-in-law  to  Indutiomarus,  the 
head  of  the  independent  party. 

CINGtTLUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Pi- 
cemim  on  a  rock,  built  by  Labie- 
nus  shortly  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  n.o.  49. 

CINNA  (-ae).  (1)  L.  Cornelius 
Cinna,  the  famous  leader  of  the 
popular  partv  during  the  absence 
of  Sulla  in  the  East.  (u.o.  ST-84.) 
In  87  Sulla  allowed  Cinna  to  be 
elected  consul  with  Cn.Octavius, 
on  condition  of  his  taking  an  oath 
not  to  alter  the  constitution  as 
then  existing.  But  as  soon  as 
Sulla  had  left  Italy,  he  began  his 
endeavor  to  overpower  the  sen- 
ate, and  to  recall  Marine  and  his 
party.  He  was,  however,  defeated  by  his  col- 
league Octavius  in  the  forum,  was  obliged  to 
fly  the  city,  and  was  deposed  by  the  senate 
from  the  consulate.  But  he  soon  returned, 
and  with  the  aid  of  Marias  took  possession  of 
Rome,  massacred  Sulla's  friends,  and  for  three 
successive  years-  56,  sr>,  s4_ was  elected  con- 
sul.    [Makiub.]     In  34  Sulla  prepared  to  re- 


turn from  Greece  ;  and  Cinna  was  slain  by  his 
own  troops,  when  he  ordered  them  to  cross 
over  from  Italy  to  Greece,  where  he  intended 
to  encounter  Sulla. — (2)  L.  Cornei.icb  Cinna, 
sou  of  No.  1.  joined  M.  Lepidus  in  his  attempt 
to  overthrow  the  constitution  of  Sulla,  VS. 
Caesar  made  him  praetor,  yet  he  approved  of 
Caesar's  assassination.  —  (3)  Hf.lviis  Cinva, 
a  poet  of  considerable  renown,  the  friend  of 
Catullus.  In  u.o.  44  he  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  when  he  was  murdered  by  the  mob, 
who  mistook  him  for  his  namesake  Cornelius 
Cinna. 

CINYPS  (-yphis:  Wad-Khakan  or  Kinifo), 
a  small  river  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Syrtes,  forming  the  E.  boundary  of 
the  proper  territory  of  the  African  Tripolis. 
The  district  about  it  wis  called  by  the  same 
name,  and  was  famous  for  its  tine-haired 
goats.  The  Roman  poets  use  the  adjective 
Cinyphius  in  the  general  sense  of  Libyan  or 
African. 

CINYRAS  (-ae),  son  of  Apollo,  king  of  Cy- 
prus, and  priest  of  the  Paphian  Aphrodite 
(Venus).  By  his  own  daughter,  Myrrha  or 
Smyrna,  he  became  the  father  of  Adonis. 
[Adonis.]  Hence  we  find  in  the  poets  Myr- 
rha called  Cinyrcia  virgo  and  Adonis  Ciny- 
reius  juvenis. 

CIRCE  (-es),  daughter  of  Helios  (the  Sun) 
by  Perse,  and  sister  of  Aeetes,  distinguished 
for  her  magic  arts.  She  dwelt  in  the  island 
of  Aeaea,  upon  which  Ulysses  was  cast.  His 
companions,  whom  he  sent  to  explore  the 
land,  tasted  of  the  magic  cup  which  Circe  of- 
fered them,  and  were  forthwith  changed  into 
swine,  with  the  exception  of  Eurylochus,  who 
brought  the  sad  news  to  Ulysses.  The  latter, 
having  received  from  Hermes  (Mercury)  the 
root   mohi,  which  fortified  him   against  en- 


Circe  offering  the  Cup. 

chantment,  drank  the  magic  cup  without  in- 
jury, and  then  compelled  Circe  to  restore  hif 
companions  to  their  former  shape.  After  this 
he  tarried  a  whole  year  with  her,  and  she  be- 
came by  him  the  mother  of  Telegonus,  the 
reputed  founder  of  Tusculnm. 

CIRCEII  (-drum),  an  ancient  town  of  La- 
tium  on  the  promontory  Circeinm,  said  by 


CIRCESIUM. 


117 


CLAUDIUS. 


(he  Roman  poets  to  have  been  the  abode  of 
Circe. 

CIRCESIUM  (-i),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Aborrhas. 

CIRCUS.     [Roma.] 

CIRRHA  (-ae).     [Ckissa.] 

CIRTA  (-ae),  aft.  CONSTANTINA  (-ae) 
(Conxttinthn'ii,  Ru.),  a  city  of  the  Massylii  in 
Numidia,  50  Roman  miles  from  the  sea;  the 
capital  of  Syphax,  and  of  Massinissa  and  his 
successors.  Its  position  on  a  height,  sur- 
rounded by  the  river  Ampsagas,  made  it  al- 
most impregnable,  as  the  Romans  found  in 
the  Jugurthine,  and  the  French  in  the  Alge- 
rine  wars.  It  was  restored  by  Constantine 
the  Great,  in  honor  of  whom  it  received  its 
later  name. 

CISSEUS  (-t"os  or  £1),  a  king  in  Thrace, 
fend  father  of  Theano,  or,  according  to  others, 
<>l  Hecuba,  who  is  he:ice  called  Cisseis. 

CISSIA  (-ae),  a  very  fertile  district  of  Susi- 
ana,  on  the  Choapses.  The  inhabitants,  Cis- 
sii,  were  a  wild,  free  people,  resembling  the 
Persians  in  their  manners. 

CITHAERON  (-onis),  a  lofty  range  of 
mountains,  separating  Boeotia  from  Megaris 
and  Attica.  It  was  sacred  to  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus) and  the  Muses,  and  was  celebrated  for 
the  death  of  Pentheus  and  Actaeon. 

CITIUM  (-i).  (1)  A  town  iu  Cyprus,  200 
stadia  from  Salamis,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Tetius:  here  Cimon,  the  celebrated  Atheni- 
an, died,  and  Zeno,  the  founder  of  the  Stoic 

school,  was  born (2)  A  town  in  Macedonia, 

N.W.  of  Beroea. 

ClTJS  (-i),  an  ancient  city  in  Bithynia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Propontis  called  Cianus  Sinus,  was 
colonized  by  tbe  Milesians.  It  was  destroyed 
by  Philip  III.,  king  of  Macedonia;  but  was 
rebuilt  by  Prusias.  king  of  Bithynia,  from 
whom  it  was  called  Prusias. 

CLlNIS  (-is).  (1)  A  river  of  Etruria,  form- 
ing 2  small  lakes  near  Cluslnm,  and  flowing 
into  the  Tiber  B.  of  Vnlsinli.— (2)  The  more 
ancient  name  of  the  Litis. 

CL&NlUS.      [LiTKBNUS.] 

CLiRUS  or  CLlKOS  (-i),  a  email  town  on 
the  [ouian  coast,  near  Colophon,  with  a  cele- 
brated temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  surnamed 
Clarius. 

CLASTIDIUM  (-i),  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Ananes,  in  Gallia  Cispadaua,  not  far  from 
the  l'o. 

CLAUDIA  GENS,  patrician  and  plebeian. 
'I'Ih-  patrician  Clatnlii  wen:  of  Sabine  origin, 
and  came  to  Rome  in  d,c.  504,  when  they  were 
r>-i  i ■ ; \ i ■■  i  among  the  patricians.    [Claudius. 

No.  I  ]     They  Were  noted  for  their  pride  and 

haughtiness,  their  disdain  for  the  laws,  ami 
then-  hatred  of  tin'  plebeians.  They  bore  va- 
urtiames,  which  are  given  under  i  oau- 
di ds,  with  the  exception  of  those  with  the 
cognomen  Niko,  who  are  better  known  under 

the   latter  name.     The  plebeian  Clandii  were 

divided  .mo  several  families,  of  which  the 
most  celebrated  was  that  ofMAB*  kli.us. 

CLAUDIA  QUINTA  (-tie),  a  Roman  ma- 
tron,  udt   a   Vestal   Virgin,  as   is   frequently 


stated.  When  the  vessel  conveying  the  im. 
age  of  Cybele  from  Pessiuus  to  Home  had 
stuck  fast  in  a  shallow  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tiber,  the  soothsayers  announced  that  only  a 
chaste  woman  could  move  it.  Claudia,  who 
had  been  accused  of  incontinency,  took  hold 
of  the  rope,  and  the  vessel  forthwith  followed 
her,  b.c.  204. 

CLAUDllNUS,  CLAUDIUS  <-i),  the  lar 
of  the  Latin  classic  poets,  flourished  under 
Theodosius  and  his  sons  Arcadius  and  IIouo- 
rius.  He  was  a  native  of  Alexandria,  and  re» 
moved  to  Rome,  where  he  enjoyed  the  patron* 
age  of  the  all-powerful  Stilicho.  He  was  i. 
heathen,  and  wrote  a  large  number  of  poems, 
many  of  which  are  extant,  and  are  distin- 
guished by  purity  of  language  and  poetical 
geuius.    He  died  about  a.d.  408. 

CLAUDIUS  (-i),  patrician.  See  Ci.addia 
Gknb.— (1)  Avr.  Claudius  Sahincs  Rkoili.kn  - 
sib,  ;i  Sabine,  of  the  town  of  Regillum  or  Re- 
gilli, who  in  his  own  country  bore  the  name 
of  Attus  Clausus,  being  the  advocate  of  peace 
with  the  Romans,  when  hostilities  broke  out 
between  the  two  nations,  withdrew  with  a 
large  train  of  followers  to  Rome,  b.o.  504.  He 
was  received  into  the  ranks  of  the  patricians, 
and  hinds  beyond  the  Anio  were  assigned  to 
his  followers,  who  were  formed  into  a  new 
tribe,  called  the  Clandian.  He  exhibited  the 
characteristics  which  marked  his  descendants, 
and  showed  the  most  bitter  hatred  towards 
the  plebeians.  He  was  consul  in  496;  and 
his  conduct  towards  the  plebeians  led  to  their 
secession  to  the  Mons  Saccr,  494.— (2)  Aim- 
Claudius  Regii.l.  Sail,  the  decemvir,  451  and 
450.  In  the  latter  year  his  character  be- 
trayed itself  in  the  most  tyrannous  conduct 
towards  the  plebeians,  till  his  attempt  against 
Virginia  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  decem- 
virate.  App.  was  impeached  by  Virginius, 
hut  did  not  live  to  abide  his  trial.  He  either 
killed  himself,  or  was  put  to  death,  in  prison, 
by  order  of  the  tribunes. — (3)  App.  Claudius 

CaKOUS  became  blind  before  his  old  age.  In 
his  censorship  (S12),  to  which  he  was  elected 
without,  having  been  consul  previously,  he 
built  the  Appian  aqueduct,  and  commenced 

the  Appian  road,  which  was  continued  to 
Capua,  lie  retained  the  censorship  i  years, 
in  opposition  to  the  law,  which  limited  the 
length  of  the  office  to  is  months.     In  his  old 

age,  Appius,  by  his  eloquent  Bp h,  induced 

the  senate  to  reject  the  lerins  of  peace  which 
Cineas   hail    proposed   on   behalf  of  I'yrrlius. 

Appius  was  II a  Hie- 1  Kotiian  writer  in  prose 

and  verse  Whose  name  has  come  down  to  us. 

— (4)  App.  Cl.  Pulohkr,  brother  of  the  cele- 
brated tribune,  whom  he  joined  in  opposing 

the    recall    of  Cicero    from    banishment .      IU 

in  eceded  '  licei  o  as  proconsnl  in  I  lllicin  (08)t 
Bed  with  I'ompey  from  Italy,  ami  died  before 
the  battle  of  Pharsalin,— (5)  P.Cl.  Pi  t.onitu, 
usually  called  Ci.oins,  and  not  Claudius, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  the  notorious  enemy 
of  Cicero,  and  one  of  the  mosl  profligate  char- 
acters of  a  profligate  age.  in  02  he  profaned 
the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  lien,  which  wiw 
celebrated  by  the  Roman  matrons  In  the 
house  of  Caesar;  was  discovered;  and  next 
year,  61,  when  quaestor,  was  brought  to  triul, 


CLAUDIUS. 


118 


CLEOMBROTUS. 


bal  obtaiued  an  acquittal  by  bribing  the 
judges.  He  had  attempted  to  prove  an  alibi  : 
icero's  evidence  showed  that  Clodins 
was  with  bini  in  Rome  only  3  hours  before  he 
pretended  to  have  been  at  Interamna.  In  or- 
der to  reveuge  himself  upon  Cicero,  Clodius 
opted  into  a  plebeian  family,  that  he 
might  obtain  the  formidable  power  of  a  fcrib- 
:  i  he  plebs.  He  was  tribune  in  58,  and, 
rted  by  the  triumvirs  Caesar,  Pompey, 
»nd  Crassus,  drove  Cicero  into  exile  ;  but, 
jot  vithstanding  all  his  efforts,  he  was  unable 
to  prevent  the  recall  of  Cicero  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  [Cioebo.]  In  56  Clodius  was  aedile, 
and  attempted  to  bring  his  enemy  Milo  to 
trial.  Each  had  a  large  gang  of  gladiators  in 
his  pay,  and  frequent  tights  took  place  in  the 
streets  of  Rome  between  the  two  panic,.  In 
53,  when  Clodius  was  a  candidate  for  the 
praetorship,  and  Milo  for  the  consulship,  on 
the  '20th  of  January,  52,  on  the  Appian  road, 
near  Bovillae,  an  affray  ensued  between  their 
followers,  in  which  Clodius  was  murdered. 
The  mob  was  infuriated  at  the  death  of  their 
favorite;  and  snch  tumults  followed  at  the 
burial  of  Clodius  that  Pompey  was  appointed 
sole  consul,  in  order  to  restore  order  to  the 
stale.  For  the  proceedings  which  followed, 
see  Milo. 

CLAUDIUS  (-i)  I.,  Roman  emperor  in  a.d. 
41-54.  His  full  name  was  Tin.  Claudius 
Deosus  Neuo  Germaniccs.  He  was  the 
younger  son  of  Drusus,  the  brother  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius,  and  of  Antouia,  and  was 
born  on  August  1st,  h.c.  10,  at  Lyons  in  Gaul,  i 
When  he  grew  up  he  devoted  the  greater  part 
of  his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  but  was  not 
allowed  to  take  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
He  had  reached  the"  age  of  50  when  he  was 
suddenly  raised  by  the  soldiers  to  the  impe- 
rial throne  after  the  murder  of  Caligula. 
Claudius  was  not  cruel,  but  the  weakness  of  j 
his  character  made  him  the  slave  of  his  wives 
and  freedmeu,  and  thus  led  him  to  consent  to 
acts  of  tyranny  which  he  would  never  have 
committed  of  his  own  accord.  He  was  mar- 
ried  4  times.  At  the  time  of  his  accession  he 
was  married  to  his  3d  wife,  the  notorious  Va- 
leria Messalina,  who  governed  him  for  some 
years,  together  with  the  freedmen  Narcissus, 
Pallas,  and  others.  After  the  execution  of 
Messalina,  a.i>.  4S,  a  fate  which  she  richly 
merited,  Claudius  was  still  more  unfortunate 
in  choosing  for  his  wife  his  niece  At'rippina. 
She  prevailed  upon  him  to  set  aside  his  own 
son,  Britannicus,  and  to  adopt  her  son,  Nero, 
that  she  might  secure  the  succession  for  the 
latter.  Claudius  soon  af;er  regretted  this 
step,  and  was  in  consequence  poisoned  by 
A'-rrippina,  54.  In  his  reL'u  the  southern  part 
<.f  Britain  was  made  a  Roman  province,  and 


Coin  of  Claudius. 


Claudius  himself  went  to  Britain  in  43,  where 
he  remained,  however,  only  a  short  time,  leav. 
iug  the  conduct  of  the  war  to  his  generals. 

CLAUDIUS  II.  (M.  AT-RF.I.HS  Cr.Atmics), 
Roman  emperor  in  a.d.  265-270.  was  descend- 
ed from  an  obscure  family  in  Dardauia  or  11- 
lyria,  and  succeeded  to  the  empire  on  the 
death  of  Gallienus  (26S).  He  defeated  the 
Alemanni  and  Goths,  and  received  in  conse- 
quence the  surname  Gothicus.  He  died  a 
Sirminm  in  270,  and  was  succeeded  by  Aure 
Han. 

CLAZOMEXAE  (-arum),  an  important  citj 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  one  of  the  12  Ionian  cities, 
lay  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Ionian  peninsula 
upon  the  gulf  of  Smyrna.  It  was  the  birth 
place  of  Auaxagi  >ras. 

CLEANTHES  (-is),  a  Stoic  philosopher, 
born  at  Assos  in  Troas  about  B.G.  300.  He 
first  placed  himself  under  Crates,  and  then 
under  Zeno,  whose  disciple  he  continued  for 
19  years.  In  order  to  support  himself,  he 
worked  all  night  at  drawing  water  for  gar- 
dens ;  but  as  he  spent  the  whole  day  in  phil- 
osophical pursuits,  and  had  no  visible  means 
of  support,  he  was  summoned  before  the  Are- 
opagus to  account  for  his  way  of  living.  The 
judges  were  so  delighted  bythe  evidence  of 
industry  which  he  produced  that  they  voted 
him  10  iniuae,  though  Zeno  would  not' permit 
him  to  accept  them.  He  succeeded  Zeno  in 
his  school  in  u.o.  263.  He  died  about  220,  at 
the  age  of  SO,  of  voluntary  starvation. 

CLEARCHUS  (-i),  a  Spartan,  distinguished 
himself  in  several  important  commands  dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  the  Peloponnesian  war, 
and  at  the  close  of  it  persuaded  the  Spartans 
to  send  him  as  a  general  to  Thrace,  to  protect 
the  Greeks  in  that  quarter  against  the  Thra- 
cians.  But  having  been  recalled  by  the  eph- 
ors.  and  refusing  to  obey  their  orders,  he  was 
condemned  to  death.  He  thereupon  crossed 
over  to  Cyras,  collected  for  him  a  large  force 
of  Greek  mercenaries,  and  marched  with  him 
into  LTpper  Asia,  401,  in  order  to  dethrone  his 
brother  Artaxerxes,  being  the  only  Greek  who 
was  aware  of  the  prince's  real  object.  After 
the  battle  of  Cunaxa  aud  the  death  of  Cyrus. 
Clearchus  and  the  other  Greek  generals  were 
made  prisoners  by  the  treachery  of  Tissapher- 
nes,  and  were  put  to  death. 

CLEOBIS.     [Biton.] 

CLE5BULUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Seven  Sages, 
of  Liudns  in  Rhodes,  son  of  Evagoras,  lived 
about  ii.o\  5S().  He,  as  well  as  his  daughter. 
CleobulTne  or  Cleobr.le,  were  celebrated  for 
their  skill  in  riddles.  To  the  latter  is  ascribed 
a  well-known  one  on  the  subject  of  the  yea: 
"A  father  has  12  children,  and  each  of  thes^ 
30  daughters,  ou  one  side  white,  and  on  the 
other  side  black,  and,  though  immortal,  they 
all  die." 

CLEOMBROTUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Anaxan. 
diides,  king  of  Sparta,  became  recent  after 
the  battle  of  Thermopylae,  is.c.  4S(i,  for  Plis- 
tarchus,  infant  son  of  Leonidus.  but  died  in 
the  same  year,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  re- 
gency by  his  son  Pausanias.  —  (2)  King  of 
Sparta, son  of  Pausanias,  succeeded  his  br  ith- 
er  Agesipolis  I.,  and  reigned  b.o.  380-371.    He 


CLEOMENES. 


119 


CLEOPATRA. 


commanded  the  Spartan  troops  several  times 
against  the  Thcbans.  and  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Leuetra  (371),  after  righting  most  bravely. — 
(.3)  King  of  Sparta,  son-in-law  of  Leonidas  IT., 
in  whose  place  he  was  made  king  by  the  party 
of  Agik  IV.,  about  243.  On  the  return  of  Le- 
onidas, Cleombrotus  was  deposed  and  ban- 
ished to  Tegea,  about  240.— (4)  An  academic 
philosopher  of  Ambracia,  said  to  have  killed 
himself  after  reading  the  Phaedon  of  Plato; 
not  that  lie  had  any  sufferings  to  escape  from, 

)nt  that  he  might  exchange  this  life  for  a 

letter. 
CLECMSNBS  (-is).     (1)  King  of  Sparta,  son 

>f  Anaxaudrides,  reigned  u.c.  520-491.  Hew  is 

i  man  of  an  enterprising  but  wild  charac  ev. 
in  510  lie  commanded  the  forces  by  whose  as- 
sistance Hippiae  was  driven  from  Athens, 
and  not  long  after  he  assisted  Isagoras  and 
the  aristocratical  party  against  Clisthenes. 
By  bribing  the  priestess  at  Delphi,  he  effected 
the  deposition  of  his  colleague  Demakatus, 
491.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  seized  with 
madness  and  killed  himself.  —  (2)  King  of 
Sparta,  son  of  Cleombrotus  I.,  reigned  370- 
309.— (3)  King  of  Sparta,  sou  of  Leonidas  IT., 
reigned  236-222.  While  still  young  he  mar- 
ried Agiatis,  the  widow  of  Agis  IV.  ;  and.  fol- 
lowing the  example  of  the  latter,  he  endeav- 
ored to  restore  the  ancient  Spartan  constitu- 
tion. He  succeeded  in  his  object,  and  put  the 
ephors  to  death.  He  was  engaged  in  a  long 
contest  with  the  Achaean  League  and  Antig- 
onus  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia,  but  was  at 
length  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Sellasia  (222), 
and  Bed  to  Egypt,  where  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  220. 

CLfiON  (-6nis),  son  ofCleaenetus,  was  orig- 
inally a  tanner,  and  first  came  forward  in 
public  as  an  opponent  to  Pericles.  On  the 
death  of  this  great  man,  it.o.  429,  Cleon  be- 
came the  favorite  of  the  people,  ami  for  about 

6  years  of  the  Pelopouuesiau  war  (428-422)  was 

the  head  of  the  party  opposed  to  peace.  In 
427  he  strongly  advocated  in  the  assembly 
that  the  Mvliirii.ieans  should  be  put  to  death". 
In  t  i  Ik'  obtained  his  greatest  glory  by  tak- 
ing  prisoners  the  Spartans  in  the  island  of 
Spbacterin,  and  bringing  them  in  safety  to 
Athens.  Puffed  up  By  this  success,  he  ob- 
tained the  command  of  an  Athenian  army, 
to  oppo-e  Brasidas  in  Thrace;  hut  he  was 
(I  i  feated  by  Brasidas  under  the  wails  of  Am- 
phipolis,  and  fell  in  the  battle,  4'-'-j.  Aris- 
tophanes and  Tbucydides 
both  speak  of  him  as  a  vile, 
mi  principled  demagogue. 
In  i  liie  they  were  probably 
too  severe.  The  chief  at- 
tack of  Aristophanes  upon 
Cleon  was  in  the  Knights 
[424),  in  which  Cleon  fig- 
ures as  an  actual  dramatis 
persona,  and,  in  default  of 
an  artificer  bold  enough  to 
make  the  mask,  was  repre- 
sented by  the  poet  himself 
with  his  face  smeared  with 
wine  lees. 

CLE5NAE  (-arum).    (1) 
An  ancient  town  In  Argo- 


lis,  on  the  road  from  Corinth  to  Argos,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name  flowing  into  the  Co- 
rinthian gulf.  In  its  neighborhood  was  Ne- 
mea,  where  Hercules  killed  the  lion,  which  is 
accordingly  called  Cleo?iaeus  Leo  by  the  poets. 
— (2)  A  town  in  the  peninsula  Athos  iu  Chal- 
cidice. 

CLE5PATRA  (-ae).  (1)  Niece  of  Attalus, 
married  Philip  in  n.o.  337,  on  whose  murder 
she  was  put  to  death  by  Olympias.  —  (2) 
Daughter  of  Philip  and  Olympias,  and  sister 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  married  Alexander, 
king  of  Epirns,  336.  It  was  at  the  celebration 
of  her  nuptials  that  Philip  was  murdered  by 
Pansanias.— (3)  Eldest  daughter  of  Ptolemy 
Auletes,  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  fasci- 
nation, was  17  at  the  death  of  her  father  (51), 
who  appointed  her  heir  of  his  kingdom  in 
conjunction  with  her  younger  brother,  Ptole- 
my, whom  she  was  to  marry.  She  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  throne  by  Pothinns  and  Achil- 
las, his  guardians;  but  having  won  by  her 
charms  the  support  of  Caesar,  he  replaced  her 
on  the  throne  in  conjunction  with  her  broth- 
er. She  had  a  sou  by  Caesar,  called  Caeba- 
rion,  and  she  aftf"  wards  followed  him  to 
Pome,  where  she  npj  ears  to  have  been  at  the 

!  time  of  his  death,  44.  She  then  returned  to 
Egypt,  and  in  41  she  met  Antony  in  Cilicia. 
She  was  now  in  her  'isth  year,  and  in  the  per- 

1  fection  of  matured  beauty,  which,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  her  talents  and  eloquence,  com- 
pletely won  the  heart,  of  Antony,  who  hence- 

I  forth  'was  her  devoted  lover  and  slave.     Iu 

'  the  war  between  Octavian  ami  Antony.  Cleo- 
patra accompanied  her  lover,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Actium  (31),  in  the  midst 

!  of  which  she  retreated  with  her  fleet,  and 
thus  hastened  the  loss  of  the  day.  She  fled  to 
Alexandria,  where  she  was  joined  by  Antony. 
Seeing  Antony's  fortunes  desperate,  she  en- 
tered into  negotiations  with  Augustus,  and 
promised  to  make  away  with  Antony.  She 
fled  to  a  mausoleum  she  had  built,  and  then 
caused  a  report  of  her  death  to  lie  Bprend 
Antony,  resolving  not  to  survive  her,  stabbed 
himself,  and  was  drawn  up  into  the  mausole- 
um, where  he  died  in  her  arms.  She  then 
tried  to  gain  the  love  of  Augustus,  but  her 
charms  failed  in  softening  his  colder  heart. 
Seeing  that  lie  had  determined  to  cany  her 
captive  to  Rome,  she  put.  an  end  to  her  own 
life  by  the  poison  of  an  asp.  She  died  iii  the 
39th  year  of  her  age  (b.o.  80),  ami  with  her 


CLIMAX. 


120 


CNOSUS. 


ended  the  dynasty  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt, 
which  was  now  made  a  Koman  province. 

CLIMAX  (-acis),  the  name  applied  to  th3 
\V.  termination  of  the  Taurus  range,  which 
extends  along  the  W.  coast  of  the  Pamphylian 
gulf.  N. ofPhaselisin  Lycia.  Alexander  made 
a  road  between  it  and  the  sea. 

CLDIBERRUM.    [Ausci.] 

CLIO.     [Mubae.] 

CLISTHEN'ES  (-is),  an  Athenian,  son  of 
Megacles  and  Agarista,  who  \\  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  Clisthenes,  the  tyrant  of  Sicyou.  He 
appears  as  i he  head  of  the  Alcmaeonid  clan 
on  the  banishment  of  the  Pisistratidae.  Find- 
lug,  however,  that  he  conld  not  cope  with  his 
political  rival  Isagoras  except  through  the 
aid  of  the  commons,  he  set  himself  to  increase 
the  power  of  the  latter.  The  principal  chantre 
which  he  introduced  was  the  abolition  of  the 
i  ancient  tribes  and  the  establishment  of  10 
new  ones  in  their  stead,  B.o.  510.  He  is  also 
Raid  to  have  instituted  ostracism.  Isagoras 
and  his  party  called  in  the  aid  of  the  Spar- 
tans, but  Clisthenes  aud  his  friends  eventu- 
ally triumphed. 

CLITOR  (-oris)  or  CLTTORIUM  (-i),  a  town 
in  the  X.  of  Arcadia  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  a  tributary  of  the  Aroanius:  there  was 
a  fountain  in  the  neighborhood,  the  waters 
of  which  are  said  to  .nave  given  to  persons 
Who  drank  of  them  a  dislike  for  wine. 

CLITUMNUS  (-i),  a  small  river  iu  Umbria, 
springing  from  a  beautiful  rock  in  a  grove  of 
cypress  trees,  where  was  a  sanctuary  of  the 
god  Clitumnus,  and  falling  into  the  Tinia,  a 
tributary  of  the  Tiber. 

CLITUS  (-i),  a  Macedonian,  one  of  Alexan- 
der's generals  and  friends,  who  saved  the  life 
of  the  latter  at  the  battle  of  Granlcus,  n.o  334. 
In  32S  he  was  slain  by  Alexander  at  a  ban- 
quet, when  both  parties  were  healed  with 
wine,  and  Clitus  had  provoked  the  king's  re- 
sentment by  insolent  language.  Alexander 
was  inconsolable  at  his  friend's  death. 

C'LODIUS,  another  form  of  the  name  Clau- 
dius.    [Claudius.] 

CLODIUS  ALBINUS.     [At.binus.] 

CLOELIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  virgin,  one  of  the 
hostages  given  to  Porsena,  who  escaped  from 
the  Etruscan  camp  and  swam  across  the  Ti- 
ber to  Rome.  She  was  sent  back  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  Porsena,  who  was  so  struck  with  her 
gallant  deed  that  be  not  only  set  her  at  lib- 
erty, but  allowed  her  to  take  with  her  a  part 
of  the  hostages.  Porsena  also  rewarded  her 
with  a  horse  adorned  with  splendid  trappings, 
and  the  Romans  with  a  statue  of  a  female  on 
horseback 

CLOTA  AESTUARIUM  (Frith  of  Clyde), 
jn  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland. 

CLOTH")  (-iis),  one  of  the  Fates.    [Moikaf..] 

CLtJENTIUS  HABITUS,  A.  (-i),  of  Lari- 
nnm,  accused  in  n.o.  74  his  own  step-father, 
Statius  AlbiusOppianicus,  of  having  attempt- 
ed to  procure  his  death  by  poison.  Oppiani- 
cus  was  condemned,  and  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  the  judges  had  been  bribed  by 
Clueutitis.  In  0C,  Clnentius  was  himself  ac- 
L-u.-ed  by  young  Oppianicus,  son  of  Statius 


Albius,  who  had  died  in  the  interval,  of  3  dis- 
tinct acts  of  poisoning.  He  was  defended  by 
Cicero  in  the  oration  still  extant. 

CLTTPfiA  or  CLYPEA.  [Aspis.] 
CLUSlUM  [Chiusi),  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful of  the  12  Etruscan  cities,  originally  called 
Camera  or  Camars,  situated  on  an  emiuenca 
above  the  river  Clanis,  aud  S.W.  of  the  Laocs 
Ci.rsiNi's  [L.  di  Chiusi).  It  was  the  royal  res- 
idence of  Porsena,  and  in  its  neighborhood 
was  the  celebrated  sepulchre  of  this  king  in 
the  form  of  a  labyrinth.  Subsequently  Cln- 
sium  was  in  alliance  with  the  Romans,  by 
whom  it  was  regarded  as  a  bulwark  against 
the  Gauls.  Its  siege  by  the  Gauls,  b.o.  391, 
led,  as  is  well  known,  to  the  captnre  of  Rome 
itself  by  the  Gauls.  In  its  neighborhood  were 
warm  baths. 

CLUSIUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Janus,  whose 
temple  was  closed  in  peace. 

CLYMEN'E  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  ofOceanna 
aud  Tetlivs.  and  wife  of  Iapettis,  to  whom  eha 
bore  Atlas.  Prometheus,  and  others.  —  (2) 
Mother  of  Phaeton  by  Helios  (the  Sun), 
whence  Phaeton  is  called  Clynieneius.  —  (3) 
A  relative  ofMenelans  and  a  companion  of 
Helena,  wiih  whom  she  was  carried  off  by 
Paris. 

CL¥TAEMNESTRA(-ae),  daughter  ofTyu- 
dareus  and  Leda,  sister  of  Castor,  Pollux,  and 
Helena;  wife  of  Agamemnon ;  and  mother 
of  Orestes,  Iphigenia,  and  Elect ra.  During 
her  husband's  absence  at  Troy  she  lived  in 
adultery  with  Aegisthus,  and  on  his  return  to 
Mycenae  she  murdered  him  with  the  help  of 
Aegisthus.  |Ao ami.mnos.]  She  was  subse- 
quently put  to  death  by  her  son  Orestes,  to 
revenue  the  murder  of  bis  fuller. 

CLYTIE  (-es),  a  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
changed  into  the  plant  heliotropium. 

(NIDUS  or  GNIDUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  promontory  of  Triopi- 
mn  on  the  coast  of  Caria,  was  a  Lacedaemo- 
nian colony.  It  was  built  partly  on  the  main- 
land and  partly  on  an  island  joined  to  the 
coast  by  a  causeway,  aud  had  two  harbors. 
It  had  a  considerable  commerce;  and  it  was 
resorted  to  by  travelers  from  all  parts  of  the 
civilized  world,  that  they  might  see  :he  statue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus)  "by  Praxiteles,  which 
stood  in  her  temple  here.  Among  the  cele- 
brated natives  of  the  city  were  Ctesias,  Eu- 
doxus,  Sostratus,  and  Agatharcides. 


Coin  of  C'nuius. 


CNOSUS  orGNOSUS,  subsequently  CNOS- 
SUS  or  GNOSSU8  (-i).  an  ancient  town  of 

Crete,  and  the  capital  of  king  Minos  :  situated 


COCALUS. 


121 


COLOPHON. 


at  a  short  distance  from  the  N.  coast;  colo- 
nized at  an  early  time  by  Dorians.  It  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  the  poets  in  conse- 
quence of  its  connection  with  Minos,  Ariad- 
ne, the  Minotaur,  and  the  Labyrinth  j  and 
the  adjective  Cnossius  is  used  as  equivalent 
to  Cretan. 

COCALUS  (-i),  a  mythical  king  of  Sicily, 
.vho  kindly  received  Daedalus  on  his  flight 
from  Crete,  and  with  the  assistance  of  his 
daughters  put  Minos  to  death,  when  the  latter 
came  in  pursuit  of  Daedalus. 

COCCEIUS  NERVA.     [Nkrva.] 

COCEE,  a  city  on  the  Tigris,  near  Ctesi- 
phon. 

COCLES  (-itis),  HoRATIUS  (-i),  that  is, 
Horatius  the  "one-eyed,"  a  hero  of  the  old 
Roman  lays,  is  said  to  have  defended  the 
Sublician  bridge,  along  with  Sp.  Lartius  and 
T.  Herminius  against  the  whole  Etruscan 
army  under  Porsena,  while  the  Romans  broke 
down  the  bridge  behind  them.  When  the 
work  was  nearly  finished,  Horatius  sent  back 
his  two  companions.  As  soon  as  the  bridge 
was  quite  destroyed,  he  plunged  into  the 
stream  and  swam  across  to  the  city  in  safety 
amid  the  arrows  of  the  enemy.  The  state 
raised  a  statue  to  his  honor,  which  was  placed 
in  the  comitiutu,  and  allowed  him  as  much 
land  as  he  could  plow  around  in  one  day. 

COCOSSATES,  a  people  in  Aqnitania  iu 
Gaul,  mentioned  along  with  t he  Tarbelli. 

C5CYLIUM  (-i),  an  Aeolian  city  iu  Mysia, 
whose  inhabitants  are  mentioned  by  Xeno- 
phon. 

COCYTUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Epirus,  a  tributa- 
ry of  the  Acheron.  Like  the  Acheron,  the 
Cocytus  was  supposed  to  be  connected  with 
the  lower  world,  and  hence  came  to  be  de- 
scribed as  a  river  in  the  lower  world. 

CODOMANNUS.     [Dauivs.] 

CODRUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Melanthtis,  and 
last  king  of  Athens.  When  the  Dorians  in- 
traded  Attica  from  Peloponnesus,  an  oracle 
declared  that  they  should  be  victorious  if  the 
life  of  the  Attic  king  was  spared.  Codrus 
thereupon  resolved  to  sacrifice  himself  for  his 
country.  He  entered  the  camp  of  the  enemy 
in  disguise,  commenced  quarreling  with  the 
soldiers,  and  was  .slain  in  the  dispute.  When 
the  Dorians  discovered  the  death  of  the  Attic 
king,  they  returned  home.  Tradition  adds 
that,  as  no  one  was  thought  worthy  to  suc- 
ceed such  a  patriotic  king,  the  kingly  dignity 
was  abolished,  and  Merlon,  son  of  Codrus, 
was  appointed  archon  for  life  instead.— (2)  A 
Roman  poet,  ridiculed  by  Virgil. 

COELA,  "the  Hollows  of  Encoea,"  ti  e  W. 
coast  of  Etiboea,  between  the  promontories 
Caphareus  and  Chersonesus,  very  dangerous 
to  ship-:  here  a  part  of  the  Persian  fleei  was 
wrecked  B.O.  430. 

COELESYRlA  (-ae:  i.e.  Hollow  Syria), the 
name  given  lo  the  great  valley  between  the 
two  ranges  of  Mount,  Lebanon  (Libanns  and 
Anti-Libanns),  in  the  s.  of  Syria,  bordering 
upon  Phoenicia  on  the  W.  and  Palestine  on 
the  S.  In  the  wars  between  the  Ptolemies 
and  the  Seleucidae,  the  name  was  applied  to 


the  whole  of  the  S.  portion  of  Syria,  which 
became  subject  for  some  time  to  the  kiugs  of 
Egypt. 
COELITJS.  [Caei-ius.] 
COLCHIS  (-id os  or  idie),  a  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Euxine,  on  the  N. 
by  the  Caucasus,  on  the  E.  by  Iberia.  The 
land  of  Colchis  (or  Aea),  and  its  river  Phasis, 
are  famous  in  the  Greek  mythology.  [Augo- 
nautak.]  It  was  a  very  fertile  country;  but 
it  was  most  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
linen,  on  account  of  which,  and  of  certain 
physical  resemblances,  Herodotus  supposed 
the  Colchians  to  have  been  a  colony  from 
Egypt.  The  land  was  governed  by  its  native 
princes,  until  Mithridatcs  Eupator  made  it 
subject  to  the  kingdom  of  Pontus.  After  the 
Mithridatic  war  it  was  overrun  by  the  Ro- 
mans, but  they  did  not  subdue  it  till  the  time 
of  Trajan. 

COLIAS,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Attica,  20  stadia  S.  of  Pbalerum,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  where  some  of  the 
Persian  ships  were  cast,  after  the  battle  of 
Salamis. 

COLLATIA  (-ae),  a  Sabine  town  in  Latium, 
near  the  right  bank  of  the  Anio,  taken  by 
Tarquiuins  Priscus. 

COLLATINUS,  L.  TARQUINIUS  (-i),  son 
of  Egerius,  and  nephew  of  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus, derived  the  surname  of  Collatinus  from 
the  town  Collatia,  of  which  his  father  had 
been  appointed  governor.  The  violence  of- 
fered by  Sex.  Tarquinius  to  his  wife  Lueretia 
led  to  the  dethronement  of  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus.  Collatinus  and  L.  Junius  Brutus 
were  the  first  consuls;  but,  as  the  people 
could  not  endure  the  rule  of  any  of  the  hated 
race  id' the  Tarquins,  Collatinus  resigned  his 
office,  and  retired  from  Rome  to  Laviuium. 

COLLYTUS  (-i),  a  demus  in  Att  iea,  included 
within  the  walls  of  Athens.  It  was  the  de- 
mus of  Plato  and  the  residence  of  Timon  t lie 
misanthrope. 
OOl.ONAE,  a  small  town  in  the  Troad. 
Col.oNlA  AGRIPPINA,  or  AGRIPPT- 
NKNSls  {Cologne  on  the  Rhine),  originally 
the  chief  town  or  the  (Jbii,  and  called  Oppt- 

iIiiiii,  or  l  'nilii.s  Ubiorwm,  was  a  place  of  small 

importance  till  .\.i>.  61,  when  a  Roman  colony 
was  planted  in  the  town  by  the  emperor 
(  :  IlldlllSr  il  th:  lnstigall.n  .  f  his  \\  if:  Agrip 
pina,  who  was  born  here,  and  from  whom  it 

derived  ils  new  name.    It  Si became  a  large 

and  nourishing  city,  and  was  the  capital  of 
Lower  Germany. 

COLONUS  (-i),  a  demus  of  Attica,  10  stadia, 
or  a  little  more  than  a  mile,  N.W.  of  Athena, 

near  the  Academy;    celebrated   for  a   tempi* 

of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  a  grove  of  the  Ku- 
menides,  the  tomb  of  Oedipus,  and  as  the 
birthplace  of  Sophocles,  who  describes  it  in 

his  Oedipus  Coloneus. 

CoLolMIoN  (-ouis),  one  or  the  VI  Ionian 
cities  (d'Asia  Minor,  stood  about,  '2  miles  from 
the  coast,  between  Lebedus  and  Ephesus,  on 

the  river  Halesus,  which  was  famons  for  Ihr 
coldness  of  its  water.  Its  harbor  was  called 
Notium.      Besides   claiming   to   be   the   birth 


COLOSSAE. 


122 


CONON. 


place  of  Homer,  Colophon  was  the  native  city 
of  Mimnermus,  Hermesianax,  and  Nicander. 

It  was  also  celebrated  for  t  lie  oracle  of  Apollo 
Clarius  in  its  neighborhood.    [Clares.] 

COLOSSAE  (-arum),  once  an  important 
city  of  Great  Phrygia,  on  the  river  Lycus,  but 
so  reduced  subsequently  that  it  might  have 
been  forgotten  but  for  the  epistle  written  to 
its  inhabitants  by  the  apostle  Paul. 

COl.  CM  ELLA  (-ae),  L.  .TUN  ITS  MODERA- 
TUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Gades,  in  Spain,  and  a 
contemporary  of  Seneca.  We  have  no  par- 
ticulars of  his  life,  but  Home  appears  to  have 
been  his  ordinary  residence.  He  wrote  a 
work  upon  agriculture  {De lie  liustiea), in  12 
books,  which  is  still  extant.  His  style  is  easy 
and  ornate. 

COLUMNAR  HERCULIS.     [Auyj.a;  Cal- 

PE.] 

COMANA  (-drum).  (1)  A  city  of  Poutus, 
upon  the  river  Iris,  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis  Tanrica  (Diana),  the  foundation 
of  which  tradition  ascribes  to  Orestes.  The 
high-priests  of  this  temple  took  rank  next 
after  the  king,  and  their  domain  was  in- 
creased by  Pompey  after  the  Mithridatic  war. 
—  (2)  A  city  of  Cappadocia,  also  celebrated 
for  a  temple  of  Artemis  Tanrica,  the  founda- 
tion of  which  was  likewise  ascribed  by  tradi- 
tion to  Orestes. 

COMBREA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  Macedo- 
nian district  of  Crossaea. 

COMINIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Samuium, 
destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  Samnite 
wars. 

COMMAGENB  (-es),  the  N.E.-most  district 
of  Syria,  lying  between  the  Taurus  aud  the 
Euphrates.  It  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Syria,  after  the  fall  of  which  it  maintained 
its  independence  under  a  race  of  kings,  the 
family  of  the  Seleucidae,  and  was  not  united 
to  the  Roman  empire  till  the  reign  of  Vespa- 
sian. 

COMMITS  (-i),  king  of  the  Atrebate-s  was 
advanced  to  that  dignity  by  Caesar.  He  was 
sent  by  Caesar  to  Britain,  but  he  was  cast 
into  chains  by  the  Britons,  and  was  not  re- 
leased till  they  had  been  defeated  by  Caesar. 
In  ii.o.  52  he  joined  the  other  Gauls  in  their 
great  revolt  against  the  Romans,  and  con- 
tinued in  arms  eveu  after  the  capture  of 
Alesin. 

COMMODCS,  L.  AURELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
emperor,  a.i>.  18(1-192,  son  of  M.  Anrelius  and 
the  younger  Faustina,  was  born  at  Lanuvium, 
161,  and  was  thus  scarcely  20  when  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  empire.  He  was  an  unworthy 
son  of  a  noble  father.  Notwithstanding  the 
great  care  which  his  father  had  bestowed  upon 
his  education,  he  turned  out  one  of  the  most 
sanguinary  and  licentious  tyrants  that  ever 
disgraced  a  throne.  He  sought  to  gain  popu- 
lar applause  by  riirhting  with  the  wild  beasts 
in  the  amphitheatre:  and,  having  slain  im- 
mense numbers  of  them,  demanded  worship 
for  himself  as  being  the  god  Hercules.  One 
of  his  concubines,  whom  he  had  determined 
to  pnt  to  death,  administered  poison  to  him  ; 
but,  as  the  poison  worked  slowly,  Narcissus, 


Commodus. 

a  celebrated  athlete,  was  ordered  to  strangle 
him,  Dec.  31, 192. 

COMPSA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Hirpini,  in 
Samuium,  near  the  sources  of  the  Aufldus. 

COM UM  (-i :  Como),  a  town  in  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Lacus  Larius  (L,  di  Como).  It  was  orig- 
inally a  town  of  the  Insubrian  Gauls,  aud 
subsequently  a  Roman  colony.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  younger  Pliny. 

COMUS  (-i),  the  god  of  festive  mirth  and 
joy,  represented  as  a  winged  youth,  occurs 
only  in  the  later  times  of  antiquity. 

CONCORDIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  goddess,  the 
personification  of  concord,  had  several  tem- 
ples at  Rome.  The 
earliest  was  built  by 
Camillas,  in  com- 
memoration of  the 
reconciliation  be- 
tween the  patricians 
aud  the  plebeians, 
after  the  enactment 
of  the  Licinian  roga- 
tions, ii.o  367.  In 
this  temple  the  sen- 
ate frequently  met. 
Concordia  is  repre- 
sented on  coins  as  * 
matron,  holding  in 
her  left  hand  a~cor- 
nucopia. 

CONDRUSI 
(-ornm),  a  German 
people  in  Gallia  Bel- 
gica,  the  dependents 
of  the  Treviri,  dwelt 
between  the  Ebnro- 
nes  and  the  Treviri. 

CONFLt'EXTES 
(-ium:  CoUentz),  a 
town  in  Germauy,  at 
the  confluence  of  the 
Moselle  and  the  Rhine. 

COXON  (-onis),  a  distinguished  Athenian 


6^U^ 


ConcoMii 


CONSENTES. 


123 


CONSTANTIUS. 


general,  held  several  important  com- 
mands in  the  Peloponnesiau  war.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  by  Lysander 
at  Aegos  Potanii  (u.c.  405),  Conon,  who 
was  one  of  the  generals,  escaped  with  8 
ships,  and  took  refuge  with  Evagoras  in 
Cyprus,  where  he  remained  for  some 
years.  In  394  he  gained  a  decisive  vic- 
tory over  Pisander,  the  Spartan  general, 
oft'Cnidus. —  (2)  Of  Samo8,  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  lived  in 
tlie  time  of  the  Ptolemies  Philadelphia 
Slid  Euergetes  (n.o.2S3-222). 

CONSENTES  (-ium)  DII  (-drum),  the 
12  Etruscan  gods  who  formed  the  council 
of  Jupiter,  consisting  of  six  male  and  six 
female  divinities.  We  do  not  know  the 
names  of  all  of  them,  but  it  is  certain 
that  Juno,  Minerva,  Summanus,  Vulcan, 
Saturn,  and  Mars  were  among  them. 

CONSENTIA  (-ae).  chief  town  of  the 
Bruttii  on  the  river  Crathis;  here  Alaric 
died. 

CONSTANS  (-antis),  youngest  of  the  3 
dons  of  Constantino  the  Great  and  Faus- 
ta,  received  after  bis  father's  death  (a.t>.  337)  I  night  before  the  last  and  decisive  battle  with 
Illyricum,  Italy,  and  Africa,  as  his  share  of  Maxentius,  a  vision  is  said  to  have  appeared 
the  empire.  After  successfully  resisting  his  to  Constautine  in  his  sleep, bidding  him  iu- 
brother  Constautine,  who  was  slain  in  ii  vad-  scribe  the  shields  of  his  soldiers  with  the  sa- 
ing  hi-  territory  (340),  Constans  became  mas-  cred  monogram  of  the  name  of  Christ.  The 
ter  of  the  whole  West.  II is  weak  and  i/rofli-  tale  of  the  cross  seem-  to  have  grown  out  of 
<*ate  character  rendered  him  an  object  of  eon-  ,  that  of  the  vision,  and  even  the  latter  is  not 
tempt,  and  he  was  slain  in  350  by  the  soldiers  entitled  to  credit.  It  was  Constantine's  iu- 
of  the  usurper  Maonkntius.  terest  to  gain  the  affections  of  his  numerous 

con  STAN  TIN  A,  the  city.    [Cirta.]  !  Christian  subjects  in  his  struggle  with  his  ri- 

■  vals;  and  it  was  probahlv  onlv  self-interest 

CONSTANTTNOPOU.8  (-is:  Constantino-  which  led  him  at  first  to  "adopt  Christianity. 
pie),  built  on  the  site  oi  the  ancient  Bvzak-  After  the  death  of  Maxentius.  Constautine 
tiim  by  Constantme  the  Great,  who  called  it  I  was  engaged  in  a  contest  with  Licinius,  who 


after  his  own  name,  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  the  Roman  empire.  It  was  solemnly  con- 
secrated a. n.  330.  It  was  built  over  Thills, 
and  was  divided  into  11  regiones.  Its  ex- 
treme length  was  about  3  Roman  miles ;  and 


had  obtained  possession  of  the  whole  of  the 
East  :  the  Struggle  ended  iii  the  defeat  and 
death  of  l.ieinius,  so  that  Constautine  was 
now  sole  master  of  the  empire,  lie  removed 
the  seat  of  empire  to  Byzantium,  which  he 


its  walls  included  eventually  a  circumference  called  after  himself  Constantinople,  and  sol- 

ol  13  or  14  Roman  miles.    It  continued  the  emnlv  dedicated  it,  830.    Constantine  reigned 

capital  of  the  Roman  empire  In  the  East  till  ,,,  peace  the  rest  of  his  life.    He  died  in  May, 

its  capture  by  tie' Turks  iii  1468.  337,  and  was  baptized  shortly  before  his  death 

constantTNI's  (-i).    (l)  I.,  surnained  by  Ensebius.    His  three  sons— Constantine, 

"the  Great,"  Roman  emperor,  a.o.  306  387,  Constnntius,  and  Constans    Bucceededbim  In 

eldest  son  of  the  emperor  Constantine  Chlo-  the  empire.  -  (2)  II.,  Roman  emperor, 337  840, 

p.-  and  Helena,  was  bom  a. r>.  272,  at  Nais-  eldest  of  the  three  sons  of  Constautine  the 

bus.  a  town  in  Upper  Moesia.    He  was  early  Great,  by    Faueta.   received   Gaul,   Britain, 

trained   to  arms,  and  during  a  huge  portion  Spain,  and  part  of  Africa  at  bis  father's  death. 

of  hi-  reign  he  was  engaged  in  wars.    <>n  the  Dissatisfied  with  his  share  of  the  empire,  be 


death  of  hie  father  at  xork  (306),  Constantine 

laid  claim  to  a  share  of  the  empire,  and  was 
acknowledged  as  master  of  the  countt 
yond  the  Alps.    In  3ns  hr  received  I  he  title 
Augustus.    He  was  engaged  In  a  contest  with 

Mlizentius,  who  had  possession  Of  Italy,  and 

defeated  him  at  the  village  of  Baza  Rubra, 
in,,)   Rome, Oct.  27. 312.    Maxentius  tried  tc 


made  war  upon  ois  younger  brother,  Ci 
stans,  who  governed  Italy,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain  near  Aipiileia. 

CONSTANTIUS   (-i).    (l)   I.,   surnamed 
1  1 is,  "the  pale,"  Roman  emperor,  a.i>. 

BOB   306,      He  was  one  of  the  tWO  (     " 

pointed  by  Maxiinian   and   Diocletian   in  292, 

and  1  si  eh  ed  I  hi vei  nmenl  of  Britaii 


escape  over  the  Mllvian  bridge  Into  Home,  and  Spain,  with  Tie.ii  i  [Trivet    as  hie 

but  perished  in  the  river.    It  was  in  this  cam-    dence.     Upon  the  abdlcati 1   Dl< 

paign  that  Constantine  i-  said  to  have  been  and  Maxlmian,  In  SOB,  Constanttua  and  Qale- 

converted  to  Christianity.    On  bis  march  to  rius  became  the  August!.    Constant 

Rome,  either  at  Autun  in  Gaul,  or  near  An-  15  months  afterwards  (July,  806)  ai  Eboracum 

dernach  on  the  Rhine,  or  at  Verona,  he  Is  said  (York)  in  Britain,  on  an  expedition  against 

to  have  seen  in  the  sky  a  luminous  cross  with  the  Picts;  his  son  Constantine,  afterwards 

the  inscription,  Bt TBIS Cohqi  KB;  and  on  the  the  Great,  succeeded  him  in  his  shine  of  the 


CONSUS. 


124 


CORINTHUS. 


government. —  (2)  II.,  Roman  emperor,  337- 
361,  third  sun  of  Constautiue  the  Great  by  his 
second  wife  Fansta.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Julian.  —  (3)  III.,  emperor  of  the  West  (a.i>. 
421),  a  distinguished  general  of  Honorius, 
who  declared  him  Augustus  in  421,  but  he 
died  in  the  7th  month  of  his  reign. 

CONSUS  (-i),  an  ancient  Roman  divinity, 
who  wis  identified  in  later  times  with  Xep- 
tune.  Hence  Livy  calls  him  Neptunus  Eques- 
tris.  He  wis  regarded  by  some  as  the  god 
of  secret  deliberations,  but  he  was  most  prob- 
ably a  gud  of  the  lower  world. 

(ONTREBIA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  towns 
of  the  Celtiberi,  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis, 
S.E.  i if  Saragossa. 

CONYEXAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Aquita- 
nia,  near  the  Pyrenees,  and  ou  both  sides  of 
the  Garumna  ;  a  mixed  race,  which  iiad  served 
under  Sertorius,  and  were  settled  iu  Aquita- 
nia  by  Pompey. 

COPAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  iu  Boeo- 
tia,  on  the  X.  side  of  the  lake  Copais,  which 
derived  its  name  from  this  place. 

COPAIS  (-Idos),  a  large  lake  in  Boeotia, 
formed  chiefly  by  the  river  Cephisus,  the  wa- 
ters of  which  are  emptied  into  the  Euboean 
sea  by  several  subterraneous  canals,  called 
Katabothra  by  the  modern  Greeks.  It  was 
originally  called  Cephisis,  under  which  name 
it  occurs  iu  Homer.  Iu  the  summer  the 
greater  part  of  the  lake  is  dry,  and  becomes 
o  green  meadow,  in  which  cattle  are  pastured. 
Its  eels  were  much  prized  in  antiquity,  and 
they  retain  their  celebrity  in  modern  times. 

COPHEN  or  COPHES  (Cabid),  the  only 
grand  tributary  river  which  Mows  into  the  In- 
dus from  the  W.  It  was  the  boundary  be- 
tweeu  India  and  Ariana. 

COPTOS  (-i),  a  city  of  the  Thebais  or  Up- 
per E>.'.vpt,  lay  a  little  to  the  E.  of  the  Nile, 
some  distance  below  Thebes.  Under  the  Ptol- 
emies it  occupied  an  important  commercial 
position. 

CORA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Latium,  iu 
the  Volscian  mountains,  S.E.  of  Velitrae. 

CORACESIUM  (-i),  a  very  strong  city  of 
Cilicia  Aspera,  on  the  borders  of  Pamphylia, 
standing  upou  a  steep  rock,  and  possessing  a 
good  harbor. 

CORASSIAE  (-arum),  a  group  of  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Icarian  sea,  S.W.  ofjearia.  They 
must  not  be  confonnded,  as  they  often  are, 
with  the  islands  Cokseae  or  Cobsiae,  off  the 
Ionian  coast,  and  opposite  the  promontory 
Ampelos,  in  Samos. 

<  oRAX  (-actis),  a  Sicilian  rhetorician,  flour- 
ished about  is.o  407,  and  wrote  the  earliest 
Aork  on  the  art  of  rhetoric. 

OORBtTLO  (-onis),  Ci».  D5MITIUS  (-i),  a 

!    who   distinguished   himself  by   his 

campaigns  against  the  Parthians  in  the  i:<  •  i  lt  1 1  s 

of  ( Ilandins  and  Xero.   To  avoid  death,  by  the 

orders  of  Xero,  he  committed  suicide. 

CORCYRA  (-ae:  Corfu),  an  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Epirus,  about  ;;s 
mile*  in  length,  but  of  very  unequal  breadth. 
The  ancients  regarded  it  as  the  Homeric 
Souxuia,   where   the   sea-loving  Phaecians 


dwelt,  governed  by  their  king  Alcinous. 
About  b.o.  fOO  it  was  colonized  by  the  Corin- 
thians, and  soon  became  rich  and  powerful 
by  its  extensive  commerce.  The  increasing 
prosperity  of  Corcyra  led  to  a  rivalship  with 
Corinth  ;  and  about  b.o.  664  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  fleets,  which  is  memora- 
ble as  the  most  ancient  sea-tisrht  on  record. 
At  a  later  period  Corcyra  became  one  of  the 
causes  oftiiH  Peloponnesian  war,  431.  Short; 
ly  afterwards  her  power  declined  in  conse- 
quence of  civil  dissensions;  and  at  last  it  be- 
came subject  to  the  Romans,  with  the  rest  of 
Greece.  Corfu  is  at  present  one  of  the  T  Io- 
nian islands  under  the  protection  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  seat  of  government. 

CORDUBA  (-ae:  Cordova),  one  of  the  lar- 
gest cities  in  Spain,  and  the  capital  of  Baeti- 
ca,  on  the  ri<_rht  bank  of  Baetis;  made  a  Ro- 
mau  colony  b.o.  152;  birthplace  of  the  two 
Seuecas  and  of  Lucan. 

CORpL'ENE.     [Gobdtkbk.] 

CORE  (-es).  the  Maiden,  a  name  by  which 
Persephone  (Proserpine)  is  often  called.  [Per- 
sei-honr.] 

C'ORESSUS  (-i),  a  lofty  mountain  in  Ionia, 
40  stadia  from  Ephesus,  with  a  place  of  the 
same  name  at  its  foot. 

CORFINIUM  (-i),  chief  town  of  the  Peligni 
in  Samuium,  strongly  fortified,  and  memora- 
ble as  the  place  which  the  Italians  in  the  So- 
cial war  destined  to  be  the  new  capital  of 
Italy  in  place  of  Rome,  on  which  account  it 
was  called  Italiea. 

CORIXXA  (-ae),  a  Greek  poetess,  of  Taua- 
gra,  in  Boeotia,  flourished  about  b.o.  490,  and 
was  a  contemporary  of  Pindar,  whom  she  is 
said  to  have  instructed,  and  over  whom  she 
gained  a  victory  at  the  public  games  at  Thebes. 

CORINTHIACUS  ISTHMUS,  often  called 
simply  the  ISTHMUS,  lay  between  the  Corin- 
thian and  Saronic  gulfs,  and  connected  the 
Peloponnesus  with  the  mainland,  or  Hellas 
proper.  In  its  narrowest  part  it  was  40  stadia, 
or  5  Roman  miles  across:  here  was  the  tem- 
ple of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and  the  Isthmian 
games  were  celebrated.  Pour  unsuccessful 
attempts  were  made  to  dig  a  canal  across  the 
Isthmus,  namely,  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes, 
Julius  Caesar,  Caligula,  and  Nero. 

CORIXTHIACUS  SINUS  (G.  of  Lepanto), 
the  gulf  between  the  N.  of  Greece  and  Pelo- 
ponnesus. Iu  early  times  it  was  called  the 
Cryssaean  gulf,  and'  its  eastern  part  the  Alcy- 
onian  sea. 

CORINTHUS  (-i),  called  in  Homer  Eiuiyiza. 
a  city  ou  the  above-mentioned  Isthmus.  Its 
territory,  called  Corinthia,  embraced  the 
greater  part  of  the  Isthmus,  with  the  adjacent 
part  of  the  Peloponnesus.  In  the  X.  and  S. 
the  country  is  mountainous:  but  in  the  cen- 
tre it  is  a  plain,  with  a  solitary  and  steep 
mountain  rising  from  it,  the  Aoboooriktuds, 
1900  feet  in  height,  which  served  as  the  cita- 
del of  Corinth.  The  city  itself  was  built  on 
the  N.  side  of  this  mountain.  It  had  2  har- 
bors— Cenchbeae  on  the  E.  or  Saronic  gulf, 
and  Lechaeum  on  the  \V.  or  Cryssaean  gulf. 
Its  favorable  position,  between  two  seas, 
raised  Corinth  in  very  early  times  to  great 


CORINTHUS. 


1L\- 


CORIOLANUS. 


commercial  prosperity,  and  made  It  the  em 
poriam  of  the  trade  between  Europe  and 
Asia.  At.  Corinth  the  first  triremes  were 
built;  and  the  first  sea-flghl  on  record  was 
between  the  Corinthians  and  their  colonists, 
the  Corcyraeans.  Its  greatness  at  an  early 
period  is  attested  by  nnmerons  colonies 
Ambracia,  Corcyra,  Apollonia,  Potidaen,  etc 
lis  commerce  brought  great  wealth  to  i t h  In- 
habitants; but  witii  their  wealth,  they  be- 


came luxurious  and  licentious.  Thus  the 
worship  of  Aphrodite1  i  Venus)  prevailed  In 
this  city,  li  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  b.o. 
146  by  L.  Mummlus,  the  Roman  consul,  who 
treated  It  in  the  mosl  barbarous  manner. 
Fur  a  century  it  lay  in  ruins;  inn  iii  46  it  was 
rebuilt  by  Caesar, who  peopled  it  "itii  n  col- 
ony of  veterans  and  descendants  of  freed  men. 

CORIOlANTJS  (  I),  the  hero  of  01 f  r  lie 

most  beautiful  of  the  eai  ly  Roman  legend** 


CORIOLI. 


126 


CORVUS. 


Ili~  original  name  was  C.  or  On.  Mdreius,  and 
he  received  the  surname  Coriolanna  from  the 
Heroism  be  displayed  at  the  capture  of  the 
Volscian  town  of  CoiiolL  His  haughty  bear- 
ing towards  the  commons  excited  their  fear 
and  dislike,  and  he  was  impeached  and  con- 
demned to  exile,  b.o.  4'Jl.  He  took  refuge 
among  the  Volscians,  and  promised  to  assist 
them  in  war  against  the  Romans.  Attius 
Tullius,  the  king  of  the  Volscians,  appointed 
Coriolanna  general  of  the  Volscian  army. 
Coriolanus  took  many  towns,  and  advanced 
unresisted  till  he  came  to  the  Clnilian  dike 
close  to  Rome,  4S0.  Here  he  encamped,  and 
the  Romans  iu  alarm  sent  to  him  embassy 
after  embassy,  consisting  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men"  of  the  state.  But  he  would  lis- 
ten to  none  of  them.  At  length  the  noblest 
matrons  of  Rome,  headed  by  Veturia,  the 
mother  of  Coriolanus,  and  Volnmnia  his  wife, 
with  his  two  little  children,  came  to  his  tent. 
His  mother's  reproaches,  and  the  tears  of  his 
wife  and  the  other  matrons,  bent  his  purpose. 
He  led  back  his  army,  and  lived  in  exile 
among  the  Volscians  till  his  death  ;  though 
other  traditions  relate  that  he  was  killed  by 
the  Volscians  on  his  return  to  their  country. 

CORIOLI  (-oram),  a  town  in  Latin m,  capi- 
tal of  the  Volsci,  from  the  capture  of  which, 
in  n.o.  4'.)3,  C.  Marcius  obtained  the  surname 
of  Coriolanus. 

CORMASA  (-ae),  an  inland  town  of  Pam- 

fihvlia,  or  of  Pisidia,  taken  by  the  consul  Man- 
ins. 

<  '<  iRNELlA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  P.  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  wife  of  Ti.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  tribunes 
Tiberius  and  Caius.  She  was  virtuous  and 
accomplished,  and  superintended  with  the 
greatest  care  the  education  of  her  sons,  whom 
she  survived.  She  was  almost  idolized  by  the 
people,  who  erected  a  statue  to  her,  with  the 
inscription,  Cornelia,  Mother  of  the  Grao- 
oui. — (2)  Daughter  of  L.Ciuna,  wife  of  Caesar 
the  dictator. — (3)  Daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio, 
married  first  to  P.  Crassus,  son  of  the  trium- 
vir; afterwards  to  Pomney  the  Great,  by 
whom  she  was  tenderly  loved.  She  accom- 
panied him  to  Egypt  after  the  battle  of  Phar- 
ealia,  and  saw  him  murdered.  She  afterwards 
returned  to  Home,  and  received  from  Caesar 
the  ashes  of  her  husband,  which  she  preserved 
on  his  Alban  estate. 

CORNELIA  ORESTILLA.     [Orestii.i.a.] 
CORNELIA  GENS,  the  most  distinguished 
of  all  the  Roman  gen  tee.    All  its  great  fami- 
lies belonged  to  the  patrician  order.     The 
names  of  the   most   distinguished  patrician 
families  are:  Cf.tiiegds,  Cinna,  Cosscs,  Do- 
lahixla,  Lentulus,  Scipio,  and  Sulla.    The 
names  of  the  plebeian  families  are  Balhus 
and  Gali.cs. 
CORNELIUS  NEPOS.    TNepos.] 
CORNIC&LUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Latinm  in 
the  mountains  N.  of  Tibur,  celehrated  as  the 
residence  of  the  parents  of  Servius  Tullius. 

COROEBUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Phrygian,  son  of 
Mygdon,  loved  <  lassandra,  and  for  that  reason 
fought  on  the  side  of  the  Trojans.— (2)  An 
Elean,  who  gained  the  victory  in  the  stadium 


at  the  Olympic  games,  n.c.  776:   from  this 
time  the  Olympiads  begin  to  be  reckoned. 

CORONE  (-es),  a  town  in  Messenia  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Messeuiau  gulf,  founded  b.o. 
371  by  the  Messenians  after  their  return  to 
their  native  country,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  Thebans. 

C5R0NEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  S.W. 
of  the  lake  Copais,  and  a  member  of  the 
Boeotian  League. 

CORONIS  (-idi8).  (1)  Daughter  of  Phle 
gyas,  and  mother  by  Apollo  of  Aesculapius, 
who  is  hence  called  Cordnides.  [Aesocla- 
pius.]— (2)  Daughter  of  Phoroneus,  king  of 
Phocis,  metamorphosed  by  Athena  (Minerva) 
into  a  crow,  when  pursued  by  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune). 

CORSICA  (-ae),  called  CYRNUS  by  the 
Greeks,  a  mountainous  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, N.  of  Sardinia.  Honey  and  wax  were 
the  principal  productions  of  the  island  ;  but 
the  honey  had  a  bitter  taste  from  the  yew- 
trees  with  which  the  island  abounded.  The 
inhabitants  were  addicted  to  robbery,  and 
paid  little  attention  to  agriculture.  The  most 
ancient  inhabitants  appear  to  have  been  Ibe- 
rians;  but  in  early  times  Liguriaus,  Tyrrhe- 
nians, Carthageuiaus,  and  even  Greeks  LAi.e- 
ria],  settled  in  the  island.  It  was  subject  to 
the  Carthaginians  at  the  commencement  of 
the  1st.  Punic  war,  but  soon  afterwards  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  and  subse- 
quently formed  part  of  the  Roman  province 
of  Sardinia. 

CORSOTE  (-es),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  Euphrates,  which  Xenophon  found  al- 
ready deserted. 

CORTONA  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of 
Etruria,  lay  N.W.  of  the  Trasimene  lake,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  in  Italy. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  originally  called  Cory- 
thus,  from  its  reputed  founder  Corythus,  who 
is  represented  as  the  father  of  Dardanus.  It 
was  an  important  place  when  possessed  by  the 
Etruscans,  and  also  previously  when  possess- 
ed  by  the  Pelasginns,  as  is  attested  by  the  re- 
mains of  the  Pelasgic  walls,  which  are  some 
of  the  most  remarkable  in  all  Italy.  Under 
the  Romans  it  sank  into  insignificance.    . 

CORUNCANIUS  (-i),  TI.,  consul  n.o.  280, 
with  P.Valerius  Laevinus,  was  the  first  pie 
beian  who  was  created  Pontifex  Maximus, 
and  the  first  person  at  Rome  who  gave  regu- 
lar instruction  in  law. 

CORVTNUS  MESSALA.    [Messai.a  ] 

CORVUS,  M.  VALERIUS  (-i),  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  men  in  the  early  history  of 
Rome.  He  obtained  the  surname  of  0>/  mut 
or  ''Raven,"  because,  when  serving  as  mill 
tary  tribune  under  Camillus,  is.c.  349,  he  ac 
cepted  the  challenge  of  a  gigantic  Gaul  tc 
single  combat,  and  was  assisted  in  the  con- 
flict by  a  raven  which  settled  upon  his  hel- 
met, and  flew  in  the  face  of  the  barbarian. 
He  was  six  times  consul,  and  twice  dictator, 
and  by  his  military  abilities  rendered  the 
most  memorable  services  to  his  country.  lie 
reached  the  age  of  100  years,  and  is  frequent- 
ly referred  to  hy  the  later  Roman  writers  as  a 
memorable  example  of  the  favors  of  fortune. 


CORYBANTES. 


L21 


CRAGUS. 


CORYBANTES  (-ium),  priests  of  Cybele, 
or  Khea,  in  Phrygia,  who  celebrated  her  wor- 
ship with  enthusiastic  dances,  to  the  sound 
of  the  drum  and  the  cymbal.  They  are  often 
identified  with  the  Curetes  and  £he  Idaean 
Dactyli,  and  thus  are  said  to  have  been  the 
nurses  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  in  Crete. 

CORYCIA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  who  became  by 
Apollo  the  mother  of  Lycorns  or  Lycoreus, 
and  from  whom  the  Coryciau  cave  on  Mount 
Parnassus  was  believed  to  have  derived  its 
name.  The  Muses  are  sometimes  called  by 
the  poets  Coryeidea  Nymphae. 

CORYCUS(-i).  (1)  A  high,  rocky  hill  on 
the  coast  of  Ionia,  forming  the  S.W.  promon- 
tory of  the  Erythraean  peninsula.— (2)  A  city 
of  Pamphylia,  near  Pbaselis  and  Mount  Olym- 
pus.— (3)  A  city  in  Cilicia  Aspera,  with  a  good 
harbor,  and  a  grotto  in  the  mountains,  called 
the  Coryciau  Cave,  celebrated  by  the  poets, 
and  also  famous  for  its  saffron.  At  the  dis- 
tance of  100  stadia  (10  geog.  miles)  from  Cory- 
cus  was  a  promontory  of  the  same  name. 

COIlYPHASlUM  (-i),  a  promontory  in  Mes- 
senia,  inclosing  the  harbor  of  Pyloson  the  N., 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upon  it. 

CORYTHUS  (-\),  an  Italian  hero,  son  of  Ju- 
piter, husband  of  Electra,  and  father  of  Dar- 
danus,  is  said  to  have  founded  Corythus,  aft- 
erwards called  Cortona. 

COS,  COOS,  COtJS  (C6T.  Kos,  Stanco),  one 
of  the  islands  called  Sporades,  lay  off  the 
coast  of  Caria,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ceramic 
gulf,  opposite  to  Halicarnassus.  It  was  col- 
onized by  Aeolians,  but  became  a  member  of 
the  Dorian  confederacy.  Near  its  chief  city, 
Cog,  stood  the  Asclcpicum,  or  temple  of  As- 
clepius,  to  whom  the  island  was  sacred.  Its 
chief  productions  were  wine,  ointments,  and 
the  light,  transparent  dresses  called  "Coae 
vestcs."  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  physi- 
cian Hippocrates,  of  the  poet  Philetas,  and 
of  the  painter  Apelles,  whose  picture  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus)  Anadyomene  adorned  the 
Asclepieum. 


<  us.\  (-ae)  or  COSAE  (-arnm).    (1)  {An» 

dotlia),  an  ancient  city  of  Etmria  near  the  sea, 

with  a  good  harbor,  called  Herculis  Partus, 

and  after  the  fall  of  Faleriioneof  the  ^Etrus- 


can cities.— (2)  A  town  iu  Lucauia  near  Thu- 
rij. 

COSSAEA  (-ae),  a  district  on  the  confines 
of  Media  and  Persia,  inhabited  by  a  rude, 
warlike,  predatory  people,  the  Cossaei,  whom 
the  Persian  kings  never  subdued.  They  were 
conquered  by  Alexander  (u.o.  325,  324),  hut 
after  his  death  they  soon  regained  their  inde- 
pendence. 

COSSUS,  CORNELIUS  (-i),  the  name  of 
several  illustrious  Romans  in  the  early  history 
of  the  republic.  Of  these  the  most  celebrated 
was  Ser.  Cornelius  Cossus,  cousul  B.C.  4-  8, 
who  killed  Lar  Tolumnius,  the  king  of  the 
Veii,  iu  single  combat,  and  dedicated  his 
spoils  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrins  -the 
second  of  the  three  instances  in  which  the 
spolia  opima  were  won. 

COSYRA  or  COSSYRA  (Pantelaria),  a  small 
island  in  the  Mediterranean  near  Malta. 

COTISO  (-onis),  a  king  of  the  Daeians,  con- 
quered in  the  reign  of  Augustus  by  Lentulns. 

COTTA  (-ae),  AURELIUS  (-i).  (1)  C,  con- 
sul b.o.  75  with  L.  Octavius,  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time,  and  is 
introduced  by  Cicero  as  one  of  the  speakers 
in  the  De  Oratore  and  the  De  Natura  Deorum, 
— (2)  L.,  praetor  in  TO,  when  be  carried  the 
celebrated  law  {lex  Aurelia  judiciaria)  which 
intrusted  the  judicia  to  the  senators,  equiles, 
and  tribuni  aerarii. 

COTTA,  L.  AURUNCULEIUS  (-i),  one  of 
Caesar's  legates  in  Gaul,  perished  along  with 
SabinUB  in  the  attack  made  upon  them  by 
Ambiorix,  n.o.  54.     [A.miiiouix.] 

COTTIUS  (-i),  king  of  several  Ligurian 
tribes  in  the  Cottiau  Alps,  which  derived  their 
name  from  him.  [Ai.i'es.]  He  submitted  to 
Augustus,  who  granted  him  the  sovereignty 
over  12  of  these  li  ilies,  with  the  title  of  I'rac- 
fectus.  Coltius  thereupon  made  roads  over 
the  Alps,  and  erected  (b.O.  s)  at  SegUSiO  {SuZa) 
a  triumphal  arch  in  honor  of  Augustus,  ex- 
tant at  the  present  day.  His  authority  was 
transmitted  to  his  son,  upon  whom  Claudius 
conferred  the  title  of  king.  On  his  death  his 
kingdom  was  made  a  Roman  province  by 
Nero. 

COTTUS  (-i),  a  giant  with  Kid  hands,  son 
of  Uranus  (Heaven)  and  (Jaca  (Earth). 

COTYoRA  (-ortim),  a  colony  of  Siuope,  on 
tin-  coast  of  Pontus  Polemoniacns, celebrated 

as  tin-  place  where  the  In, (Mil)  Greeks  embarked 
for  Sinope. 

COTYS  (-ye,s  or  yis)  or  COTYTl'O  (-fie),  a 
Thracian   divinity,  whose   festival,  tin'  Cot;it- 

tia,  resembled  that  of  the  Phrygian  Cybele, 

and  was  celebrated  with  licentious  revelry. 

n  later  times  her  worship  was  Introduced  tit 

Athens  and   Corinth.      Hit   worshipers   weie 

called  Baptae,  from  the  purifications  which 

\\er<'  i neCted  with  her  riles. 

COTYS  (-)"s  or  jisi,  the  name  of  several 
kings  of  Thrace.  Ovhl,  during  bis  exile  at 
Toini,  addressed   an    epistle   lo   one   of  those 

kings. 

«  i:  S.GUS  I  I),  '  mountain  consist!] I  B 

summits,  being  a  continnatii f  Taurus  to 

the  \\\,  and  forming  at  ils  extremity  the  S.W. 


CRANAE. 


128 


CREON. 


promontory  of  Lycia.  At  its  foot  was  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  sea-shore,  be- 
tween Pydun  and  Patara.  Parallel  to  it,  N. 
of  the  river  Glaucns,  was  the  chain  of  Anti- 
cr&gus. 

i  KAN'Ae  (-es),  the  island  to  which  Paris 
first  carried  Helen  front  Peloponnesus.  Its 
locality  is  uncertain. 

CRANiUS  (-i),  king  of  Attica,  the  son-in- 
law  and  successor  of  Cecrops. 

CRANII  or  -IL'M,  a  town  of  Cephallenia  on 

the  S.  coast. 

CRANTOR  (-oris).  (1)  The  armor-bearer 
of  Peleus,  slain  by  the  Centaur  Demoleon. — 
(2)  of  Soli  in  Cilicia,  an  Academic  philoso- 
pher, studied  at  Athens  under  Xenocrates  and 
Polemo,  and  flourished  b.o. 300.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works,  chiefly  on  moral  sub- 
jects, all  of  which  are  lost.  Cicero  commends 
him  as  a  writer,  and  made  great  use  of  his 
work  On  Grief,  in  the  3d  book  of  his  Tuscu- 
lan  Disputations,  and  in  the  Consnlatw, which 
he  composed  on  the  death  of  his  daughter 
Tnllia, 

CRASSUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  in  the  Gens  Licinia,  the  most  distin- 
guished persons  in  which  were — (1)  L.  Lioin- 
ics  Crassus,  the  orator,  who  was  consul,  is.c. 
95,  censor  in  9-2,  and  died  in  91.  As  an  orator 
he  surpassed  all  his  contemporaries.  In  the 
treatise  De  Oratnre  Cicero  introduces  him  as 
one  of  the  speakers,  and  he  is  understood  to 
express  Cicero's  own  sentiments.— (2)  M.  Lt- 
oiMis  (.'ii  vases,  suruamed  Dives.  His  father, 
who  was  consul  b.o.  97  and  censor  in  S9,  took 
part  with  Sulla  in  the  civil  war,  and  pnt  an 
end  to  his  own  life  when  Marius  and  Ciuna 
returned  to  Koine  at  the  end  of  87.  Young 
Crassus  fought  with  Sulla  against  the  Marian 
party,  and  on  the  defeat  of  the  latter  was  re- 
warded by  donations  of  confiscated  property. 
His  ruling  passion  was  the  love  of  money; 
and,  that  he  might  add  to  his  wealth,  he  left 
no  stone  unturned.  He  bought  multitudes 
of  slaves,  and,  in  order  to  increase  their  value, 
had  them  instructed  in  lucrative  arts.  He 
worked  silver  mines,  cultivated  farms,  and 
built  houses,  which  he  let  at  high  rents.  In 
71  he  was  appointed  praetor  in  order  to  carry 
on  the  war  against  Spartacus  and  the  gladia- 
tors; he  defeated  Spartacus,  who  was  slain 
in  the  battle,  and  he  was  honored  with  an 
ovation.  In  70  he  was  consul  with  Pompey, 
and  entertained  the  populace  most  sumptu- 
ously at  a  banquet  of  10,000  tables.  A  jeal- 
onsv  sprang  up  between  Pompey  and  Crassus, 
which  was  reconciled  by  Caesar,  and  thus 
was  formed  the  Bo-called  Triumvirate  in  60. 
In  55  he  was  consul  with  Pompey  again,  and 
received  the  province  of  Syria,  where  he 
hoped  to  add  greatly  to  his  w'ealth.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  Parthians  in  the  plains  of 
Mesopotamia  near  Carrhae,  the  Haran  of 
Scripture.  He  was  shortly  afterwards  slain 
at  an  interview  with  the  Parthian  general. 
His  head  was  cut  off  and  sent  to  Orodes,  \\  ho 
caused  melted  gold  to  be  poured  into  the 
month  of  his  fallen  enemy,  saying,  "Sate  thy- 
self now  with  that  metal  "of  which  in  life  thou 
wert  so  greedy."    His  son,  who  was  Caesar's 


i  legate  in  Gaul  from  5S  to  55,  was  slain  at  the 
same  time. 

CRlTERUS  (-i).  (1)  A  distinguished  gen- 
eral of  Alexander  the  Great,  on  whose  death 
(n.o.  323)  he  received,  in  common  with  An- 
tipater,  the  government  of  Macedonia  ami 
Greece.  He  fell  in  a  battle  against  Etimenes 
in  ::-21. — (2)  A  Greek  physician,  who  attended 
the  family  of  Atticus;  mentioned  also  by 
Horace. 

CRATES  (-Otis).  (1)  A  celebrated  Atheni- 
an poet  of  the  old  comedy,  began  to  flourish 
!•..<:.  449.— (2)  Gf  Thebes,  a  pupil  of  the  Cynic 
Diogenes,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  Cynic  philosophers,  flourished  about 
•  320. —  (3)"  Of  Mallus  in  Cilicia,  a  celebrated 
grammarian,  founded  the  school  of  grammar 
at  Pergamus,  and  wrote  a  commentary  on 
the  Homeric  poems,  in  opposition  to  Aristar- 
clius. 

CRATHIS  (-is  or  idis).  (1)  A  river  in 
Achaia,  falling  into  the  sea  near  Aegae.— (2) 
1  A  river  in  Lower  Italy,  forming  the  boundary 
!  on  the  E.  between  Lucania  and  Druttii,  and 
!  falling  into  the  sea  near  Sy bails.  Its  waters 
I  were  fabled  to  dye  the  hair  blonde. 

CRlTlNDS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  the  Athenian  poets  of  the  old  comedy,  born 
n.o.  519;  began  to  exhibit  in  454,  when  "he  was 
05  years  of  age;  and  died  in  422,  at  the  age 
i  of  97.  He  gave  the  old  comedy  its  peculiar 
character,  and  did  not,  like  Aristophanes,  live 
to  see  its  decline.  He  is  frequently  attacked 
by  Aristophanes,  who  charges  him  with  ha- 
bitual intemperance,  an  accusation  which  was 
admitted  by  Cratinus  himself. 

CRATIPPUS  (-i),  a  Peripatetic  philosopher 
of  Mytilene,  accompanied  Pompey  in  his  flight 
alter  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  b.o. 48.  He  aft- 
erwards settled  at  Athens,  where  young  M. 
Cicero  was  his  pupil  in  44. 

CREMERA  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Etruria, 
which  falls  into  the  Tiber  a  little  above  Rome: 
memorable  for  the  death  of  the  300  Fabii. 

CREMONA  (-ae:  Cremona),  a  Roman  colo- 
ny in  the  N.  of  Italy,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Addtta  and  the  Po,  was  founded,  together 
with  Placentia,  n.o.  219,  as  a  protection  against 
the  Gauls  and  Haunibal's  invading  army.  It 
soon  became  a  place  of  great  importance; 
but,  having  espoused  the  cause  of  Vitelline,  it 
was  totally  destroyed  by  the  troops  of  Vespa- 
sian, A.7>j59. 

CRfiMONIS  JUGUM.  [Alpf.b.] 
CREON  (-ontis).  (1)  King  of  Corinth, whose 
daughter,  Glance  or  Creusa,  married  Jason. 
Medea,  thus  forsaken,  sent  Glance  a  garment 
which  binned  her  to  death  when  she  put  it 
on;  the  palace  took  fire,  and  Creon  perished 
in  the  flames.  —  (2>  Son  of  Menoecns,  and 
brother  of  Jocaste,  the  wife  of  Laius.  After 
the  death  of  Laius,  Creon  governed  Thebes 
for  a  short  time,  and  then  surrendered  the 
kingdom  to  Oedipus,  who  had  delivered  the 
country  from  the  Sphinx.  [Oehipub.]  After 
the  death  of  Eteocles  and  Polynices,  the  sons 
of  Oedipus,  he  again  assumed  the  reins  of 
government  at  Thebes.  His  cruelty  in  forbid- 
ding burial  to  the  corpse  of  Polynices,  and 
his  sentencing  Antigone  to  death  for  dis- 


CREOPHYLUS. 


i29 


CRONUS. 


obeying  his  orders,  occasioned  the  death  of 
his  own  son  liaemon.  For  details,  see  An- 
tigone. 

CREOPHYLUS  (-i),  of  Chios,  one  of  the 
earliest  epic  poets,  said  to  have  been  the 
friend  or  son-in-law  of  Homer. 

CRESPHONTES  (-is),  an  Heraclid,  sou  of 
Aristomachus,  and  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Peloponnesus,  obtained  Messeuia  for  his 
share.  During  an  insurrection  of  the  Messe- 
nians,  he  and  two  of  his  sons  were  slain.  A 
third  son,  Aepylus,  avenged  his  death.  [Ae- 
pytus.] 

CRESTONIA  (-ae),  a  district  in  Macedonia 
between  the  Axius  and  Slrymon,  near  Mount 
Cercine,  inhabited  by  the  Crestonaei,  a  Thra- 
ciau  people;  their  chief  town  was  Creston  or 
Crestone,  founded  by  the  Pelasgiaus. 

CRETA  (-ae:  Candia),  one  of  the  largest 
islands  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  about  ICO 
miles  in  length,  and  from  35  to  6  miles  in 
breadth.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  fertility 
and  salubrity,  and  was  inhabited  at  an  early 
period  by  a  numerous  and  civilized  popula- 
tion. Homer  speaks  of  its  hundred  cities; 
and  before  the  Trojan  war  mythology  told  of 
a  king  Minos,  who  resided  at  Cnnssus,  and 
ruled  over  the  greater  part  of  the  island.  He 
is  said  to  have  given  laws  to  Crete,  and  to 
have  been  the  first  prince  who  had  a  navy, 
with  which  he  suppressed  piracy  in  the  Ae- 
gaean.  Omissus,  Gortyria,  and  Cydonia  were 
the  most,  important  cities.  In  the  historical 
period  '.he  rnling  class  were  the  Dorians,  who 
settled  in  Crete  aboul  Go  years  aflcr  the  Do- 
rian conquest  of  Peloponnesus,  and  intro- 
duced Into  the  island  the  social  and  political 
institutions  of  the  Dorians.  Subsequently 
Doric  customs  disappeared,  and  great  degen- 
eracy in  morals  prevailed.  The  apostle  Paul, 
quoting  the  Cretan  poet.  Epimenidee,  de- 
BCribe8  them  as  "always  liars,  evil  beasts, 
slow  bellies."  The  Cretans  were  celebrated 
as  .archers,  and  frequently  served  as  merce- 
naries in  the  armies  of  other  nations.  The 
island  was  conquered  by  '{■  Metellus,  who 
received  in  consequence  the  surname  Creti- 
CUS  (it.e.  68  60),  and  it  became  a  Roman  prov- 
ince. 

CRETEUS  or  CATREUS  (-ebs),  son  of  Mi- 
te. -  by  Pasiphae  or  Crete,  aud  father  of  Al- 
themenes. 

ci:F;TIIEUS(-eos  orei),  Bon  of  Aeolns  and 
Eu arete,  wife  of  Tyro,  and  father  of  Aeson, 
Phct'en,  Amythaon,  and  Hippolyte:  he  was 
the  founder  of  Iolcns. 

I  i.-i.PSA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Erechtheus 
and  Prasithea,  wife  of  Xnthus.  and  mother 
of  Achaeue  .and  Ion.  (2i  Daughter  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  wife  of  Aeneas,  and  mother  of 
AsCaniUB.  She  perished  mi  the  night  of  the 
capture  of  Troy,  having  been  separated  from 
her  husband  in  tint  confusion,     (3)  Daughter 

of  I 'if  on,  who  fell  a  victim  to  the.  vengeance 
of  .Medea.      [O.r.oN,  No.  1.  1 

(UTMISIS  or  CKIMI88U3,  :i  river  in  the 
\V.   of  Sicily    falling   into   the    Hypsa  ;    on    its 

banks  Timoleon  defeated  the  Carthaginians, 
B.C.  339. 
CRISSA  or  CRISA,   and  CIRRHA   (-ac), 


towns  in  Phocis,  regarded  by  some  writers  as 
the  same  place;  but  it  seems  more  probable 
that.  Crissa  was  a  town  inland  S.W.  of  Delphi, 
and  that  Cirrha  was  its  port  in  the  Crissaean 
gulf.  The  inhabitants  of  these  towns  levied 
contributions  upon  the  pilgrims  frequenting 
the  Delphic,  oracle,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  Amphictyons  declared  war  against  them, 
ii.c.  595,  and  eventually  destroyed  them.  This 
territory,  the  rich  Crissaean  plain,  was  de- 
clared sacred  to  the  Delphic  god,  and  was  for- 
bidden to  be  cultivated.  The  cultivation  of 
this  plain  by  the  inhabitants  of  Amphissa  led 
to  the  Sacred  war,  in  which  Philip  was  chosen 
general  of  the  Amphictyons,  33S.  Crissa  re- 
mained in  ruins,  but  Cirrha  was  afterwards 
rebuilt,  and  became  the  harbor  of  Delphi. 

CRITIAS  (-ae),  a  pupil  of  Socrates,  one  of 
the  30  tyrants  established  at  Athens  by  the 
Spartans,  is.c.  404,  was  conspicuous  above  all 
his  colleagues  for  rapacity  aud  cruelty. 

CRIT0LA.US  (-i).  (1)  OfPhaselis  in  Lycia, 
succeeded  Aristou  at  Athens  a-  the  head  of 
the  Peripatetic  school.  In  n.o.  155  he  was 
sent  by  the  Athenians  as  embassador  to  Rome 
with Carneades  and  Diogenes.  [Cabneades.] 
—(2)  General  of  the  Achaean  League,  147,  dis- 
tinguished by  his  bitter  enmity  to  the  Ro- 
mans. He  was  defeated  by  Metellus,  and  was 
never  heard  of  after  the  battle. 

CRITON  (-onis),  a  rich  citizen  of  Athens, 
and  a  friend  and  disciple  of  Socrates. 

CROCUS  (-i),  the  beloved  friend  of  Smilax, 
was  changed  by  the  gods  into  a  saffron  plant. 

CROESUS  (-i),  last  king  of  Lydia,  son  of 
Alyattes,  reigned  n.o.  560-546.  He  subdued 
all  the  nations  between  the  Aegaeau  and  the 
river  Halve,  and  made  the  Greeks  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor tributary  to  him.  The  fame  of  his  power 
and  wealth  drew  to  his  court  at  Sardis  all  the 
wise  men  of  Greece,  and  among  them  Solon, 
whose  interview  with  the  king  was  celebrated 
in  antiquity.  In  reply  to  the  question,  who 
was  the  happiest  man  he  had  ever  seen,  I  he 
s:e_;e  taught  the  king  that  no  man  should  be 
deemed  happy  till  he  had  finished  his  life  in 
a  happy  way.  In  a  war  wi\h  Cyrus,  king  of 
Persia,  the  a"*my  of  Croesus  was  defeated, 
and  bis  capital,  Sftrdis,  was  taken,  llroesus 
was  condemned  by  tli„«  tonqueror  to  be 
burned  to  death.  As  he  stood  before  the 
pyre,  the  warning  if  Solon  <  >ime  to  his  mind, 

■and  he  thrice  uttered  the  name  of  Solon. 
( 'yrus  Inquired  who  i;  was  that  he  called  on  ; 
anil  upOU  hearing  the  Btory  repented  of  his 
purpose,  and  not  only  spared  the  life  oil  n  c 
bus,  inn  made  him  his  friend.  Croesus  sur- 
vived Cyrus,  and  accompanied  Cambyse    In 

his  expedition  ngalnsl   EgJ  pi. 

CROMMTON  or  CROM'TON,  a  town  in 
Megnris,  on  the  Baronic  gulf,  .afterwards  be- 
longed to  Corinth:  celebrated  in  mytholoj  -. 

on  account  of  its  wild  sow,  which  was  slain 
by  Theseus. 

CRONUS  (-i),  called   SATURNUS  (-i)  by 

the   Romans,  the  yonilgesl   Of  the  Titans,  SOU 
Of  TJraUUS    and    Qe    (Heaven    and    Kartln,    fa- 
ther, by   Rhea,  of  Hestla,   Demeter    I 
Hera    Juno),  Hades  (Pluto),  Poseidon    Nep- 
tune), and  Zeus  (Jupiter).    He  deprived  alii 


CROTON. 


130 


CURIOSOLITAE. 


Cronus  (Saturnus).    (From  a  Painting  at  Pompeii.) 


father  Uranus  of  the  government  of  the 
world,  and  was,  in  his  turn,  dethroned  by  his 
son  Zeus.     [Zkub.] 

CROTCH*  (-6nis)  or  CROTONA  (-ae),  one 
of  the  most  powerful  cities  in  Magna  Graecia, 
was  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  and 
was  founded  by  the  Achaeans  it.e.  710.  It  is 
celebrated  as  ihe  residence  of  Pythagoras, 
the  philosopher,  and  of  Milo,  the  athlete.  It 
attained  its  greatest  power  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  Sybaris,  in  510;  but  suffered  greatly 
in  the  wars  with  Dionysius,  Agathocles,  and 
Pyrrhns. 

CRTJSTUMSRIA  (-ae),  RIUM  (-i),  also 
CRUSTtJMlUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Sabines, 
situated  in  the  mountains  near  the  sources 
of  the  Allia. 

CTESIAS  (-ae),  of  Cnidus,  in  Caria,  a  con- 
temporary of  Xenophon,  was  private  physi- 
cian of  Artaxerxes  Mnemou,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  war  against  his  brother  Cyrus, 
b.o.  401.  Ee  lived  17  years  at  the  Persian 
court,  and  wrote  in  the  Ionic  dialect  a  great 
work  on  the  history  of  Persia,  and  also  a 
work  on  India,  of  both  of  which  works  we 
possess  an  abridgment  in  Photius. 

CTSSlBlUS  (-i),  celebrated  for  his  mechan- 
ical inventions,  lived  at  Alexandria  in  the 
reigns  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  and  Euerge- 
tes,  about  B.C.  250. 

CTESIPIION.     [Demosthenes.] 

CTESIPIION  (-otitis),  a  city  of  Assyria,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Tigris,  3  Roman  miles 
from  Seleucia,  on  the  YV.  bank,  fir^t  became 
an   important   place   under   the   Parthians. 


whose  kings  used  it  for  some  time  as  a  win- 
ter residence. 

tU.MAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Campania,  and 
the  most  ancient  of  the  Greek  colonies  in  It- 
aly and  Sicily,  was  founded  by  Cyme,  it;  Aeo- 
lis,  in  conjunction  with  Chalcis  and  Eretria, 
in  Euboea.  Its  foundation  is  placed  in  co. 
1050,  but  this  date  is  evidently  too  early.  It 
was  situated  on  a  steep  hill  of  Mount  Gaurns, 
a  little  N.  of  the  promontory  Misenum.  It 
became  in  early  times  a  great  and  nourishing 
city;  and  its  power  is  attested  by  its  colonies 
in  Italy  and  Sicily — Puteoli,  Palaeopolis,  aft- 
erwards Neapolis,  Zancle,  afterwards  Messa- 
na.  It  maintained  its  independence  till  b.o. 
417,  when  i:  was  taken  by  the  Campanians, 
and  most  of  its  inhabitants  sold  as  slaves. 
From  this  time  Cavua  became  the  chief  city 
of  Campania.  Cumae  was  celebrated  as  the 
residence  of  the  earliest  Sibyl,  and  as  the 
place  where  Tarquinins  Superbus  died. 

CUNAXA  (-ae),  a  small  town  in  Babylonia, 
on  the  Euphrates,  famous  for  the  battle 
fought  here  between  the  younger  Cyrus  and 
his  brother  Artaxerxes  Mnemou,  in  which 
the  former  was  killed  (n.c.  401). 

CURES  (-inm),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines, celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  T.  Ta- 
tins  and  Nuraa  Pompilius;  from  this  town 
the  Romans  are  said  to  have  derived  the 
name  of  Quirites. 

CURETES  (-inn),  a  mythical  people,  said 
to  be  the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of  Acar- 
nania  and  Aetolia;  the  latter  country  was 
called  Cnretis  from  them.  They  also  occur 
in  Crete  as  the  priests  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and 
are  spoken  of  in  connection  with  the  Cory- 
bantes  and  Idaean  Dactyli.  The  infant  Zeus 
was  intrusted  to  their  care  by  Rhea ;  and  by 
clashing  their  weapons  in  a  warlike  dance, 
they  drowned  the  cies  of  the  child,  and  pre- 
vented his  father  Cronus  from  ascertaining 
the  place  where  he  was  concealed. 

CURlATlI  (-ornm),  a  celebrated  Alban 
family.  Three  brothers  of  this  family  fought 
with  3  Roman  brothers,  the  Horatii,  and  were 
conquered  by  the  latter.  In  consequence  of 
their  defeat  Alba  became  subject  to  Rome. 

CURIO,  C.  SCRIBONIUS.  (1)  Consul  n.o 
76,  was  a  personal  enemy  of  Caesar,  and  sup 
ported  P.  Clodius,  when  the  latter  was  ac. 
cased  of  violating  the  sacra  of  the  Bona  Dca. 
In  57  he  was  appointed  pontifex  maximus, 
and  died  in  53.  He  had  some  reputation  as 
an  orator,  and  was  a  friend  of  Cicero. — (2) 
Son  of  No.  1,  also  a  friend  of  Cicero,  was  a 
most  profligate  character.  He  was  married 
to  Pulvia,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Antony.  He 
at  first  belonged  to  the  Pompeiau  party,  by 
whose  influence  he  was  made  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  50 ;  but  he  was  bought  over  by  Caesar, 
and  employed  his  power  as  tribune  against 
his  former  friends.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  war  (4!t),  he  was  sent  by  Caesar  to 
Sicily  with  the  title  of  propraetor,  lie  sne- 
ceeded  in  driving  Cato  out  of  the  island,  and 
then  crossed  over  to  Africa,  where  he  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  Juba  and  P.  Attius  Varus. 

CURIOSOLITAE  (-arum),  a  Gallic  people 
on  the  ocean  in  Armorica,  near  the  Veneti. 


CURIUS. 


131 


CYAXARES. 


CURIUS,  M.  DENTATUS  (-i),  a  favorite 
hero  of  the  Roman  republic,  was  celebrated 
in  later  times  as  a  noble  specimen  of  old  Ro- 
man frugality  and  virtue.  In  his  first  consul- 
ship (b.o.  290)  he  successfully  opposed  the 
Samnites,  and  in  his  second  consulship  ('275) 
he  defeated  Pvrrhus  so  completely  that  the 
king  was  obliged  to  quit  Italy.  On  this  and 
on  subsequent,  occasions  he  declined  to  share 
in  the  large  booty  that  he  gained.  At  the 
close  of  his  military  career  he  retired  to  his 
small  farm  in  the  country  of  the  Sabines, 
which  he  cultivated  with  his  own  hands. 
Once  the  Samnites  sent  an  embassy  to  him 
with  costly  presents;  they  found  him  sitting 
at  the  hearth  and  roasting  turnips.  He  re- 
jected their  presents,  telling  them  that  he 
preferred  ruling  over  those  who  possessed 
gold  to  possessing  it  himself.  He  was  censor 
in  272,  and  in  that  year  executed  public  works 
of  great  importance. 

CURSOR,  L.  PAPIRIUS.  (1)  A  distin- 
guished Roman  general  in  the  2d  Samuite 
war,  was  5  times  consul  (n.o.  333-313),  and 
twice  dictator  (325-309).  He  frequently  de- 
feated the  Samnites,  but  his  greatest  victory 
over  them  was  gained  in  his  2d  dictatorship. 
Although  a  great  general,  he  was  not  popular 
with  the  soldiers  on  account  of  his  severity. 
— (2)  Son  of  No.  1,  was,  like  his  father,  a  dis- 
tinguished general.  In  his  2d  consulship,  '-'72, 
he  brought  the  3d  Samnite  war  to  a  close. 

CURTIUS,  METTUS  or  METTIUS  (-i),  a 
distinguished  Sabine,  fought  with  the  rest  of 
his  nation  against  Romulus.  According  to 
one  tradition,  the  Larus  Curtius,  which  was 
part  of  the  Roman  forum,  was  called  after 
him,  because  in  the  battle  with  the  Romans 
he  escaped  with  difficulty  from  a  swamp  into 
which  his  horse  had  plunged.  Bui  the  more 
usual   tradition  respecting  the  name  of  the 


Lacus  Curtius  related  that  in  n.o.  3G2  the 
earth  in  the  forum  gave  way,  and  a  great 
chasm  appeared,  which  the  soothsayers  de- 
clared could  only  be  tilled  up  by  throwing 
into  it  Rome's  greatest  treasure:  that  there- 
upon M.  Curtius,  a  noble  youth,  mounted  his 
steed  in  full  armor,  and  declaring  that  Rome 
possessed  no  greater  treasure  than  a  brave 
and  gallant  citizen,  leaped  into  the  abyss, 
upon  which  the  earth  closed  over  him. 

CURTIUS  RUFUS  (-i),  Q.,  the  Roman  his- 
torian of  Alexander  the  Great,  whose  date  is 
uncertain.  His  history  of  Alexander  con- 
sisted of  10  books,  but  the  first  2  are  lost,  and 
the  remaining  S  are  not  without  considerable 
gaps.  It  is  written  in  a  pleasing  though  some- 
what declamatory  style. 

CUTILIAE  AQUAE.     [Aquae,  No.  3.] 

CYANE  (-es),  a  Sicilian  nymph  and  play 
mate  of  Proserpine,  changed  into  a  fountain 
through  grief  at  the  loss  of  the  goddess. 

CYANEAE  (-arum),  INSULA E,  2  small 
rocky  islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Thracian 
Bosporus  into  the  Euxine,  the  Pi.anotai:  and 
Sympi.eqades  of  mythology,  so  called  because 
they  are  said  to  have  been  once  movable  and 
to  have  rushed  together,  and  thus  destroyed 
every  ship  that  attempted  to  pass  through 
them.  After  the  ship  Argo  had  passed  through 
them  in  safety  they  became  stationary. 

CYANEb  (-es),  daughter  of  Maear.der, 
mother  of  ('annus  and  ofByblis. 

CYAXARES,  king  of  Media,  B.O.  634  594, 
son  of  Phraortes,  anil  grandson  of  Deioces. 
lie  w  as  the  most  warlike  of  the  Median  kings, 
and  introduced  great  military  reforms,  lie 
was  engaged  in  wars  with  the  Assyrians, 
Scythians,  and  Alyattes,  king  of  l.yilia.  |  \i.- 
yattes.]  Cyaxares  died  in  594,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded   by    his    son    Astyages.      Xenophon 


. 


imr 


CYBELE. 


132 


CYNOSSEMA. 


speaks  of  a  Cyaxares  II.,  king  of  Media,  son 
of  Ast  yages,  respecting  whom,  see  Cyrus. 

CYBELE.     [Rhea.] 

CTBISTRA  (-drum),  an  ancient  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  lying  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus,  in 
the  part  of  Cappadocia  bordering  on  Cilicia. 

CYCLADES  (-urn),  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Aegean  sea,  so  called  because  they  lay  in 
a  circle  around  Delos,  the  most  important  of 
them. 

CYCLOPES  and  CYCLOPES  (-urn),  that 
is,  creatures  with  round  or  circular  eyes,  are 
described  differently  by  different  writers. 
Homer  speaks  of  them  as  a  gigantic  and  law- 
less race  of  shepherds  in  Sicily,  who  devoured 
human  beings  and  cared  naught  for  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter) ;  eachTof  them  had  only  one  eye  in  the 
centre  of  his  forehead  ;  the  chief  among  them 
was  PoLYPUEMt:s.  According  to  Hesiod  the 
Cyclopes  were  Titans,  sons  of  Uranus  and 
Ge,  were  3  in  number — Aeges,  Steuopes,  and 
Beontes — and  each  of  them  had  only  one  eye 
in  his  forehead.  They  were  thrown  into  Tar- 
tarus by  Cronus,  but  were  released  by  Zeus, 
and  in  consequence  they  provided  Zeus  with 
thunderbolts  and  lightning,  Pluto  with  a  hel- 
met, and  Poseidon  with  a  trident.  They  were 
afterwards  killed  by  Apollo  for  having  fur- 
nished Zeus  with  the  thunderbolts  to  kill 
Aesculapius.  A  still  later  tradition  regarded 
the  Cyclopes  as  the  assistants  of  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan).  Volcanoes  were  the  workshops  of 
that  god,  and  Mount  Aetna  in  Sicily  and  the 
neighboring  isles  were  accordingly  consid- 
ered as  their  abodes.  As  the  assistants  of 
Hephaestus,  they  make  the  metal  armor  and 
ornaments  for  gods  and  heroes.  Their  num- 
ber is  no  longer  confined  to  3;  and  besides 
the  names  mentioned  by  Hesiod,  we  also  find 
those  of  Pybaomon  and  Ac  am  as.  The  name 
Cyclopian  was  given  to  the  walls  built  of  great 
masses  of  unhewn  stone,  of  which  specimeus 
are  still  to  be  seen  at  Mycenae  and  other  parts 
of  Greece,  and  also  in  Italy.  They  were  prob- 
ably constructed  by  the  Pelasgians,  and  later 
generations,  being  struck  by  their  grandeur, 
ascribed  their  building  to  a"  fabulous  race  of 
Cyclopes. 


Cyclop 


CYCNUS  or  CYGNUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of 
Apollo  by  Ilyrie,  was  metamorphosed  into  a 
swan.  —  (2)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and 
father  of  Tenes  and  Hemithea.  [Tenes.]  In 
the  Trojan  war  Cycnus  was  slain  by  Achilles, 
and  his  body   was  metamorphosed   into  a 


swan.— (3)  Son  of  Sthenelus,  king  of  the  Li- 
gurians,  and  a  friend  and  relation  of  Phae- 
thon,  was  metamorphosed  by  Apollo  into  a 
swan,  and  placed  among  the  stars. 

CYDIPPE  (-es).  (1)  The  mistress  of  Acou- 
tins.    [Aoontitjs.] — (2)  One  of  the  Nereids. 

CYDNUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Cilicia  Campestris, 
rising  in  the  Taurus,  and  flowing  through  the 
midst  of  the  city  of  Tarsus.  It  \vas  celebrated 
for  the  coldness  of  its  waters,  in  bathing  in 
which  Alexander  nearly  lost  his  life. 

CYDONIA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Crete,  situated  on  the  N.W.  coast,  derived  its 
name  from  the  Cydones,  a  Cretan  race,  placed 
by  Homer  in  the  W.  part  of  the  island.  Cy- 
donia  was  the  place  from  which  quinces  (C;j- 
donia  mala)  were  first  brought  to  Italy,  aiid 
its  inhabitants  were  some  of  the  best  Cretan 
archers. 

CYLLARUS  (-i),  a  beautiful  centaur,  killed 
at  the  wedding  feast  of  Pirithous.  The  horse 
of  Castor  was  likewise  called  Cyllarus. 

CYLLENE  (-es).  (1)  The  highest  mount- 
ain in  Peloponnesus  on  the  frontiers  of  Arca- 
dia and  Achaia,  sacred  to  Hermes  (Mercury), 
who  had  a  temple  on  the  summit,  was  said  to 
have  been  born  there,  and  was  hence  called 
Cyllenius. — (2)  A  sea-port  town  of  Elis. 

CYLON  (-rmis),  an  Athenian  of  noble  fam- 
ily, who  gained  an  Olympic  victory  b.o.  640. 
He  seized  the  Acropolis,  intending"  to  make 
himself  tyrant  of  Athens.  Pressed  by  fam- 
ine, Cylon  and  his  adherents  were  driven  to 
take  refuge  at  the  altar  of  Athena,  whence 
they  were  induced  to  withdraw  by  the  archou 
Megaeles,  the  Alcmaeouid,  on  a  promise  that 
their  liv'es  should  be  spared.  But  their  ene- 
mies put  them  to  death  as  soon  as  they  had 
them  in  their  power. 

CYME  (-es),  the  largest  of  the  Aeolian  cit- 
ies of  Asia  Minor,  stood  upou  the  coast  of 
Aeolis,  on  a  bay  named  after  it,  Cumaeus 
(also  Elaiticus)  Sinus.  It  was  the  mother  city 
of  Cumae  in  Campania. 

CYNAEGIRUS  (-i),  brother  of  the  poet 
Aeschylus,  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  is.c.  490.  Accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  when  the  Persians  were 
endeavoring  to  escape  by  sea,  Cynaegirus 
seized  one  of  their  ships  to  keep  it  back,  but 
fell  with  his  right  hand  cut  off. 

CYNESII  (-5rum)  or  CYNETES  (-urn),  a 
people,  according  to  Herodotus,  dwelling  in 
the  extreme  W.  of  Europe,  beyond  the  Celts, 
apparently  in  Spain. 

CYNOSARGES,  a  gymnasium,  sacred  to 
Hercules,  outside  of  Athens,  E.  of  the  city,  for 
the  use  of  those  who  were  not  of  pure  Athe- 
nian blood;  here  taught  Antisthenes,  the 
founder  of  the  Cynic  school. 

('VXOSCEPHiLAE,  i.  e.  "Dog's  Heads,'' 
two  hills  near  Scotussa  in  Thessaly,  where 
Flaminius  gained  his  celebrated  victory  over 
Philip  of  Macedonia,  b.o.  197. 

CYNOSSEMA,  "Dog's  Tomb,"  a  promon- 
tory in  the  Thracian  Cnersonesus  nearMady- 
tns,  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  to  be 
the  tomb  of  Hecuba,  who  had  been  previously 
changed  into  a  dog. 


CYNOSURA. 


i  .... 
LOO 


CYRUS. 


CYNOSUIiA  (-ae),  au  Idaean  nymph, 
and  one  of  the  nurses  of  Zeus,  who  placed 
her  among  the  stars.    [Akctos.] 

CYNOSURA  (-ae),  "Dog's  Tail,"  a 
promontory  in  Attica,  S.  of  Marathon. 

CYNTHUS  (-i),  a  mountain  of  Delos, 
celehrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Apollo  and 
Diana,  who  were  hence  called  Cynthius 
and  Cynthia  respectively. 

CYNURIA  (-ae),  a  district  on  the  front- 
iers of  Argolis  and  Laconia,  for  the  pos- 
session of  which  the  Argives  aud  Spar- 
tans carried  on  frequent  wars,  and  which 
the  Spartans  at  length  obtained  about 
B.C.  550. 

CYNUS  (-i),  the  chief  sea-port  in  the 
territory  of  the  Locri  Opuntii. 

CYPAR1SSIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Messe- 
nia,  on  theW.  coast,  on  a  promontory  and 
bay  of  the  same  name. 

CYPlRISSUS  (-i).    (1)  Son  of  Tele- 
phus,  who,   having   inadvertently   killed     Coini  of  Cyrene,  b. 
his  favorite  stag,  was  seized  with  immod- 
erate grief,   and  metamorphosed  into  a  cy- 
press.—(2)  A  small  town  in  Phocis  on  Parnas- 
sus near  Delphi. 

CYPRUS  and  CYPRUS  (-i),  a  large  island 
in  the  Mediterranean,  S.  of  Cilicia  and  W.  of 
Syria,  about  140  miles  in  length,  and  50  miles 
in  its  greatest  breadth.  It  was  celebrated  in 
ancient  as  well  as  in  modern  times  for  its  fer- 
tility. The  largest  plain,  called  the  Sala- 
minian  plain,  is  in  the  E.  part  of  the  island 
near  Salamis.  The  rivers  are  little  more  than 
mountain  torrents,  mostly  dry  in  summer. 
Cyprus  was  colonized  both  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians aud  the  Greeks;  was  subject  at  differ- 
ent times  to  the  Egyptians,  the  Persians,  and 
the  Romans,  of  whom  the  latter  made  it  a 
province,  u.o.  B8.  Cyprus  was  one  of  the  chief 
seats  of  the  worship  of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
who   is   hence   called   CypriS  or   Cypria,   and 


ne  sacred  Silphium  Plant  (which  was 
the  chief  article  of  export). 

the  city  of  Cyrene  derived  its  name  from  her. 
—(2)  An  important  Greek  city  in  the  N.  of 
Africa,  lying  between  Alexandria  and  Car- 
thage. It  was  founded  by  Battus  (is.o.  631), 
who  led  a  colony  from  the  island  of  Tbera, 
and  he  and  his  descendants  ruled  over  the 
city  for  S  generations.  It  stood  mi  stadia  (8 
geog.  miles)  from  the  coast,  on  the  edge  of 
the  upper  of  two  terraces  of  table-land,  at  the 
height  of  1800  feet  above  the  sea,  in  one  of 
the  finest  situations  in  the  world.  At  a  later 
time  Cyrene  became  subject  to  the  Egyptian 
Ptolcm'ies,  and  was  eventually  formed,  with 
the  island  of  Crete,  into  a  Roman  province. 
The  ruins  of  the  city  of  Cyrene  are  very  ex- 
tensive It  was  the  birthplace  of  Callima- 
chus,  Eratosthenes,  and  Aristippus.  The  ter- 
ritory or  Cyrene,  called  Cyrenaica,  included 
also  the  Greek  cities  of  Barca,  Teuchira,  Hes- 
whose  worship  was  introduced  into  the  island  pera,and  Apollonia,  the  porl  ofCyrene.  I'n- 
loenicians.  der  the  Ptolemies,  lie-pen-  became  Berenice, 


by  the  Phoeni 


Copper  Proconsular  Coin  of  Cypra  . 

CYP8ELA  (-drum).  (1)  A  town  in  Arcadia 
on  the  frontiers  of  Laconia. — (2)  A  town  in 
Thrace  on  the  Hebrtu  and  the  Egnatia  Via, 

CYPSfiLUS  '-i  .  a  tyrant  of  Corinth,  B.O. 
855  625,  80    named   because   when    a   child    be 

was  concealed  from  the  Bacchiadae  'the  Doric 
nobility  of  I  lorintb)  by  bis  tool  her  in  q  che  I 

(Ktn|<f,\,i).     lie  was  succeeded  in  the  tyranny 
by  his  son  Periunder. 

CYRlNS  (  es).    (1)  Daughter  of  n 
mother  of  Aristaens  by  Apollo,  was  carried 
by  the  god  from  .Mount  Pelion  to  Libya,  where 


Teuchira  was  called  ArsinoS,  and 
Barca  was  entirely  eclipsed  by  its 

port,  which  was  raised  into  a  city 
under  the  name  of  Ptolemais.  The 
country    was    at    that    time    usually 

called  Pentapolis,  from  I  he  5  cities 
of  Cyrene,  Apollonia,  Ptolemaic,  Ar- 

- i  ,  and  Berenice. 

CYRESCHlTA  (-ae)  or  CYROP- 
di.is  (-is),  a  city  of  Sogdiana,  on 
the  Jaxartes,  the  farthest  of  the  col- 
onies founded  by  CyTUS,  and  the  ex- 
treme   city    of  tiie    Persian    empire . 

destroyed,  after  many  revolts,  by  Al- 
exander. 

i  ',  i:  .is  (-1  ,  the  Greek  name  of  the  island 
of  Corsica,  from  which  is  derived  the  adjec 
t  ive  ''/(,■/),  its,  used  by  the  Latin  poets. 

CI  RRHESTlCE  (-es),  the  name  given  un- 
der the  Seleucidae  to  :i  province  of  Syria, 

lying  between  Comnia'/eiic  on  the  \.  anil  tin' 
plain  of  Antioch  on  the  S. 

C1  ins  i  i).    (l)  'fin.  E ,  the  i' ler 

of  tin'  Persian  empire.    The  history  of  his 

life  was  overlaid  in  ancient  times  with  fables 

and  romances.    According  to  the  legend  pro- 


CYRUS. 


134 


CYRUS. 


Symbolical  Figure  of  Cyrus. 

served  by  Herodotus,  Cyrus  was  the  son  of 
Cambyses,  a  noble  Persian,  and  of  Mandane, 
daughter  of  the  Median  kins  Astyages.  In 
consequence  of  a  dream,  which  seemed  to 
portend  that  his  grandson  should  be  master 
of  Asia,  Astyages  committed  the  child  as  soon 
as  it  was  born  to  Harpagus,  with  orders  to 
kill  it.  But  he  delivered  the  infant  to  a 
herdsman,  and  by  the  herdsman's  wife  the 
child  was  reared.    At  ten  years  of  age  I.'' 

§ave  proof  of  his  high  descent  by  his  royal 
earing,  and  on  being  sent  to  Astyages  was 


discovered  by  him  to  be  his  grandson.  By 
the  advice  of  the  Magiaus,  who  said  that  the 
dream  had  been  fulfilled  when  Cyrus  was 
made  king  in  sport,  he  sent  him  to  his  par- 
ents in  Persia.  When  Cyrus  j;rew  up  he  led 
the  hardy  mountaineers  of  Persia  against  As- 
tyages, defeated  him  in  battle,  and  took  him 
prisoner,  u.c.  559.  The  Medes  accepted  Cyrus 
for  their  king,  and  thus  the  supremacy  which 
they  had  held  passed  to  the  Persians.  Cyrus 
now  proceeded  to  conquer  the  other  parts  of 
Asia.  In  546  he  overthrew  the  Lydian  mon- 
archy, and  took  Croesus  prisoner.  [Ckoesub.] 
The  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor  were  subduea 
by  his  general  Harpagus.  He  next  turned 
his  arms  against  the  Babylonian  empire,  and 
took  the  capital,  Babylon,  by  diverting  the 
course  of  the  Euphrates, which  flowed  through 
the  midst  of  it,  so  that  his  soldiers  entered 
the  city  by  the  bed  of  the  river.  This  was  in 
538.  Subsequently  he  set  out  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Massagetae,  a  Scythian  peo- 
ple, but  he  was  defeated  and  slain  in  battle. 
Tomyris,  the  queeu  of  the  Massagetae,  cut  off 
his  head,  and  threw  it  into  a  bag  tilled  with 
human  blood,  that  he  might  satiate  himself 
(she  said)  with  blood.  He  was  killed  in  529. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Cajiuvses. 
Xenophon's  account  is  very  different.  He 
represents  Cyrus  as  brought  up  at  his  grand- 
father's court,  as  serving  in  the  Median  army 
under  his  uncle  Cyaxares  II.,  the  son  and 
successor  of  Astyages,  of  whom  Herodotus 
knows  nothing;  as  making  war  upon  Baby- 
lon simply  as  the  general  of  Cyaxares:  as 
marrying  the  danghter  of  Cyaxares;  and  at 
length  dying  quietly  in  his  bed.  But  Xeno- 
phou  merely  draws  a  picture  of  what  a  wise 
and  just  prince  ought  to  be  ;  and  his  accouut 
must  not  be  regarded  as  a  genuine  history.— 
(2)  The  Younger,  the  2d  son  of  Darius  No- 
thus,  king  of  Persia,  and  of  Parysatis,  was 
appointed  by  his  father  commander  of  the 
maritime  parts  of  Asia  Minor,  and  satrap  of 
Lydia,  Phrygia,  and  Cappadocia,  is. c.  407.  He 
assisted  Lysauder  and  the  Lacedaemonians 
with  large  sums  of  money  in  their  war  against 
the  Athenians.    Cyrus  was  of  a  daring  aDd 


CYTHERA. 


13e 


DAHAE. 


ambitious  temper.  Ou  the  accession  of  his 
elder  brother  Artaxerxes  Muemon,  404,  he 
formed  the  design  of  dethroning  his  brother, 
to  accomplish  which  he  obtained  the  aid  of 
a  force  of  13,000  Greek  mercenaries,  set  out 
from  Sardis  in  the  spring  of  401,  and,  having 
crossed  the  Euphrates  at'Thapsacus,  marched 
down  the  river  to  the  plain  of  Cunaxa,  500 
stadia  from  Babylon.  Here  he  met  the  ting's 
army.  In  the  battle  which  followed  his  Greek 
troops  were  victorious,  but  Cyrus  himself  was 
slain.  The  character  of  Cyrus  is  drawn  by 
Xenophon  in  the  brightest  colors.  It  is 
snousrh  to  say  that  his  ambition  was  gilded 
by  all  those  brilliant  qualities  which  win 
men's  hearts. — (3)  A  river  of  Armenia,  rising 
in  the  Caucasus,  flowing  through  Iberia,  and, 
after  forming  the  boundary  belween  Albania 
and  Armenia,  uniting  with  the  Araxes,  and 
falling  into  the  W.  side  of  the  Caspian. 

CYTHERA  (-ae:  Ceriyo),  an  island  off  the 
S.E.  point  of  Laconia,  with  a  town  of  the 
fame  name  in  the  interior,  the  harbor  of 
which  was  called  Soandea.  It  was  colonized 
jit  an  early  time  by  the  Phoenicians,  who  in- 
troduced the  worship  of  Aphrodite  (Venus) 
into  the  island,  for  which  it  was  celebrated. 


This  goddess  was  hence  called  Cytheeaea, 
Cythbrets  ;  and,  according  to  some  tradi- 
tions, it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  isl- 
and that  she  first  rose  from  the  foam  of  the 
sea. 

CYTIINUS  (-i:  Thermia),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 

CYTINIUM  (-i),  one  of  the  4  cities  in  Do- 
ris, on  Parnassus. 

CYTORUS  or  -UM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast 
of  Paphlagonia,  a  commercial  settlement  of 
Sinope,  stood  upon  the  mountain  of  the  same 
name,  celebrated  for  its  box-trees. 

CYZICUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
powerful  of  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor, 
stood  upon  an  island  of  the  same  name  in 
the  Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora).  This  island 
lay  close  to  the  shore  of  Mysia,  to  which  it 
was  united  by  two  bridges,  and  afterwards 
(under  Alexander  the  Great)  by  a  mole,  which 
has  accumulated  to  a  considerable  isthmus. 
The  most  noted  passages  in  its  history  are  its 
shaking  off  the  Persian  yoke  after  the  peace 
of  Antalcidas,  and  its  gallant  resistance 
against  Mithridates  (b.o.  T.*)),  which  obtained 
for  it  the  rank  of  a  "libera  civitas." 


D. 


DAAE.     [Daiiai:.] 

D.X.CIA  (-ae),  as  a  Roman  province,  lay  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Carpathian  mount- 
ains, and  comprehended  the  modern  Transyl- 
vania, WaUachia,  Moldavia,  and  part  of  Hun- 
gary. The  Daci  were  of  the  same  race  and 
spoke  the  same  language  as  the  Getae,  and 
an;  therefore  usually  said  to  be  of  Thracian 
origin.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple. In  the  reign  of  Domitian  they  became 
so  formidable  ander  their  king  Deoebaleb 
thai  the  Romans  were  obliged  to  purchase  a 
peace  of  them  by  the  payment  of  tribute. 
Trajan  delivered  the  empire  from  this  dis- 
grace; he  crossed  the  Dannbe,  and  after  a 
war  of  5  years  (a.i>.  lOi-ioo)  conquered  Hie 
country,  and  made  it  a  Roman  province.  At 
a  later  period  Dacift  was  invaded  by  the 
Goths;  and,  as  Aureliau  considered  il  more 
prudent  to  make  the  Dannbe  the  boundary 
of  the  empire,  he  resigned  Dacin  to  the  bar- 
barians, removed  the  Roman  inhabitants  to 
Moesio,  and  gave  the  name  of  Dacia  (Aureli- 
au:! i  to  thai  pai  i  of  i  he  province  along  i  he 
Danube  where  ■  :  tied. 

DA<  TVI.I     (-ovum),     fabulous    beings,     to 

whom  the  discovery  of  iron,  and  the  arl  of 
working  it  by  means  of  Are,  was  ascribed. 
Mount  ida,  In  Phrygia,  is  Bid  to  bai  e  been 
the  original  seal  nrthe  Dactyls,  whence  they 
are  usually  called  [daean  Dactyls.  In  Phryg- 
ia they  were  i nected  with  the  worship  of 

Rhea,  or  <  fybele     They  are  Bometimei  i 

founaed  or  identified  with  the  <  'urates,  Cory- 

v  antes,  and  ('abii  i. 

DAKDAl.rs   (-ii,  a  mythical   per  i 
nuder  whose  name  the  Greek  writers  per  on 
ifled  the  earliest  development  of  the  arts  of 
sculpture  and  architecture,  especially  among 


the  Athenians  and  Cretans.  He  is  sometimes 
called  an  Athenian,  and  sometimes  a  Cre- 
tan, on  account  of  the  long  time  he  lived  in 
Crete.  He  devoted  himself  to  sculpture,  and 
made  great  improvements  in  the  art.  He  in- 
structed his  sister's  son,  Calos,  Talus,  or  Per- 
dix,  who  soon  came  to  surpass  him  in  skill 
and     ingenuity,     and     Daedalus     killed     him 

through  envy.  [Pbbdix.]  Being  condemned 
to  death  by  the  Areopagus  for  this  murder, 
he  w  ei 1 1  to  Crete,  where  the  fame  of  his  skill 
obtained  for  him  the  friendship  of  Minos.   He 

made  the  Well-known  wooden  cow  tor  I'a-i- 
pleie;  and  when  I'asiphae  gave  birth  to  the 
.Minotaur,  Daedalus  constructed  the  laby- 
rinth at  Cnossus  in  which  the  monster  was 
kept,  for  his  part  In  this  affair,  Daedalus 
was  imprisoned  by  Minos;  but  Pasiphafi  re- 
leased film  ;  and,  as  Minos  had  seized  all  ihe 
ships  on  tin'  coast  of  Crete,  Daedalus  procured 

wiiiL's  for  himself  and  his  son  learn-,  and  fast- 
ened them  on  with  wax.  [Ioaecs.]  Daeda- 
lu  flow  safely  over  the  Vegaean,  alighting, 
according  to  some  accounts,  at  Cumae,  tii 
Italy.  He  then  fled  to  Sicily,  where  he  «;i; 
ho  pltably  entertained  by  Cocalus.  Minos, 
who  sailed  to  Sicily  in  pursuit  of  him,  was 
slain  by  Cocalus  or  hie  daughters,    6 

Other  works  of  art  were  attributed  to  Daeda- 
lus, in  Greece,  Italy,  Libya,  and  the  Islands 
of  the  Mediterranean.  They  belong  to  the 
period  w  hen  arl  beg  in  to  be  developed.    The 

nai if  Daedala  was  given  bj  the  Greeks  to 

the  wooden  Btatues,  ornamented  wil  b  ■■ 
and  brighl  colors,  and  real  drapery,  the  ear- 
liest known  forms  of  i lie  image    of  thi 

D  \ il  \F,  (-ftrum),  a  great  St  j thian  people, 
who  led  a  nomad  life  over  n  great  extent  of 
country,  on  the  Q  ol  i he  i  a  plan,  in  Hyrca- 


DALMATIA. 


13G 


DAMASIPPUS. 


ilia  (which  still  bears  the  name  of  Dayhestan), 
on  the  banks  of  the  Margus,  the  Oxus,  and 
even  the  Jaxartes. 

DALMlTlA  or  DELMATIA  (-ae),  a  part 
of  the  country  along  the  E.  coast  of  the  Adri- 
atic sea,  included  under  the  general  name  of 
Illyricum,  and  separated  from  Liburnia  on 
the  N.  by  the  Titius  (Kerka),  and  from  Greek 
Illyria  on  the  S.  by  the  Drilo  (Drino),  thus 
nearly  corresponding  to  the  modern  Valma- 
tia.  The  capital  was  Daluinum  or  Dei-min- 
ium, from  which  the  country  derived  its  name. 
The  next  most  important  town  was  Salona, 
the  residence  of  Diocletian.  The  Dalmatians 
were  a  brave  and  warlike  people,  and  gave 
much  trouble  to  the  Romans.  In  b.o.  119 
their  country  was  overrun  by  L.  Metellus,  who 
assumed,  in  consequence,  the  surname  Dal- 
matian, but  they  continued  independent  of 
the  Romans.  In  39  they  were  defeated  by 
Asinine  Pollio,  of  whose  Dalmaticus  trium- 
phus  Horace  speaks;  but  it  was  not  till  the 
year  23  that  they  were  finally  subdued  by  Sta- 
tilius  Taurus.  They  took  part  in  the  "great 
Pannonian  revolt  under  their  leader  Bato; 
but  after  a  three-year.-'  war  were  again  re- 
duced to  subjection  by  Tiberius,  a.d.  9. 

DALMlNlUM.     [Dat.matia.] 

DAMlLIS  (-is)  or  B(3US  (-i),  a  small  place 
in  Bithynia,  on  the  shore  of  the  Thracian 
Bosporus,  N.  of  Chalcedon  ;  celebrated  by 
tradition  as  the  landing-place  of  Io. 

DAMARATUS.    [Demaratcs.] 


DAMASCUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
cities  of  the  world,  mentioned  as  existing  in 
the  time  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xiv.  15),  stood  in 
the  district  afterwards  called  Coele-Syria, 
upon  both  banks  of  the  river  Chrysorrhoas  or 
Bardines  {Burada).  Rs  fruits  were  celebrated 
in  ancient,  as  in  modern  times  ;  and  altogeth- 
er the  situation  of  the  city  is  one  of  the  finest 
on  the  globe.  For  a  long  period  Damascus 
was  the  seat  of  an  independent  kingdom, 
called  the  kingdom  of  Syria,  which  was  sub- 
dued by  the  Assyrians,"  and  passed  succes- 
sively under  the  dominion  of  the  Babylonians, 
the  Persians,  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria,  and 
the  Romans.  It  flourished  greatly  under  the 
emperors.  Diocletian  established  in  it  a 
great  factory  for  arms  ;  and  hence  the  origin 
of  the  fame  of  the  Damascus  blades.  Its  po- 
sition on  one  of  the  high  roads  from  Lower  to 
Upper  Asia  gave  it  a  considerable  trade. 

DAMASIPPUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Roman  senator, 
fought  on  the  side  of  the  Pompeians  in  Afri- 
ca, and  perished,  b.o.  47. — (2)  A  contempora- 
ry of  Cicero,  who  mentions  him  as  a  lover  of 
statues,  and  speaks  of  purchasing  a  garden 
from  Damasippus.  He  is  probably  the  same 
person  as  the  Damasippus  ridiculed  by  Hor- 
ace. (Sat.  ii.  3, 16,  04.)  It  appears  from  Dor- 
ace  that  Damasippus  had  become  bankrupt, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  intended  to  put 
an  end  to  himself:  but  he  was  prevented  by 
the  Stoic  Stertinins,  and  then  turned  Stoic 
himself,  or  at  least  affected  to  be  one  by  his 
long  beard. 


DAMASTES. 


i.".; 


DANA  US. 


DAMASTES  of  Sigeum,  a  Greek  historian, 
aud  a  contemporary  of  Herodotus  and  Hel- 
lanicus  of  Lesbos  ;  his  works  are  lost. 

DAMIA.     [Afxesia.] 

DAMNONII  (-drum).  (1)  Or  Dumnonh  or 
Ddmnunii,  a  powerful  people  in  the  S.W.  of 
Britain,  inhabiting  Cornwall,  Devonshire,  and 
the  \V.  part  of  Somersetshire,  from  whom  was 
called  the  promontory  Damnoniom,  also  Ocui- 
ndm  (C.  Lizard),  in  Cornwall.— (2)  OrDAMNii, 
a  people  in  N.  Britain,  inhabiting  parts  of 
Perth,  Aripjle,  Stirling,  and  DumbartohrShires. 

DAMO,  a  daughter  of  Pythagoras  and  The- 
ano,  to  whom  Pythagoras  intrusted  his  writ- 
ings, and  forbade  her  to  give  them  to  any  one. 
This  command  she  strictly  observed,  although 
she  was  in  extreme  poverty,  and  received 
many  requests  to  sell  them. 

DAMOCLES  (-is),  a  Syracusan,  one  of  the 
companions  and  flatterers  of  the  elder  Diony- 
sius.  Damocles  having  extolled  the  great  fe- 
licity of  Dionysitis  on  account  of  his  wealth 
and  power,  the  tyrant  invited  him  to  try  what 
his  happiness  really  was,  and  placed  him  at  a 
magnificent  banquet,  in  the  midst  of  which 
Damocles  saw  a  naked  sword  suspended  over 
his  head  by  a  single  horse-hair— a  sight  which 
quickly  dispelled  all  his  visions  of  happiness. 
The  story  is  alluded  to  by  Horace.  (Carm. 
iii.  1.17.) 

DAMON  (-on is).  (1)  Of  Athens,  a  celebra- 
ted musician  and  Sophist, a  teacher  of  Pericles, 
with  whom  he  lived  on  the  most  intimate 
terms.  He  was  said  to  have  been  also  a 
teacher  of  Socrates.  _(2)  A  Pythagorean,  and 
friend  of  Piiin-iias  (not  Pythias).  When  the 
latter  was  condemned  to  die  fora  pint  against 
Dionysius  I.  of  Syracuse,  he  obtained  leave 
of  the  tyrant  to  depart,  for  the  purpose  of 
arranging  his  domestic  affairs,  upon  Damon 
offering  himself  to  be  put  to  death  instead  of 
hi-  friend,  should  he  fail  to  return.  Phintiaa 
arrived  just  in  time  to  redeem  Damon;  and 
Dionysius  was  so  struck  with  this  instance 
of  friendship  on  both  sides  thai  he  pardoned 
the  criminal,  and  entreated  to  be  admitted  as 
a  third  into  their  bond  of  brotherhood. 


DANA  (-ae),  a  great  city  of  Cappadocia, 
probably  the  same  as  the  later  Tyana. 

DANAE  (-es),  daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of 
Argos,  was  confined  by  her  father  in  a  brazen 
tower,  because  an  oracle  had  declared  that 
she  would  give  birth  to  a  son  who  should 
kill  his  grandfather.  But  here  she  became 
the  mother  of  Perseus  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who 
visited  her  in  a  shower  of  gold,  and  thus 
mocked  the  precautions  of  the  king.  Acrisius 
shut  up  both  mother  aud  child  in  a  chest, 
which  he  cast  into  the  sea;  but  the  chest 
floated  to  the  island  of  Seriphus,  where  both 
were  rescued  by  Dictys.  As  to  the  fulfillment 
of  the  oracle,  see  Perseus.  An  Italian  legend 
related  that  Danae  came  to  Italy,  built  the 
town  of  Ardea,  and  married  Pilumuus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  ol'Daunus,  the 
ancestor  of  Turuus. 

DANAI.     [Danaus.] 

DANAIDES  (-11111),  the  50  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus.    [Danaus.] 

DANALA  (-orum),  a  city  in  the  territory  of 
the  Trocmi,  in  the  N.E.  of  Galatia,  notable 
in  the  history  of  the  Mithridatic  war  as  the 
place  where  Lucullus  resigned  the  command 
to  Pompey. 

DANAPRIS.     [Boeystiieneb.] 

DANASTKIS.     i'Pvkas.] 

DXNXUS  (-i),  son  of  Belus,  and  twin-broth- 
er of  Aegyptus.  Belus  had  assigned  Libya  to 
Danaus,  but  the  latter,  fearing  his  brother 
and  his  brother's  sons,  fled  with  his  60  daugh- 
ters to  Argos.  Here  he  was  elected  king  by 
the  Argivea  in  place  ofGelanor,  the  reigning 
monarch.  The  story  of  the  murder  of  the  SO 
sons  of  Aegyptns  by  the  .Ml  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus (the  Danaides)  is  given  under  Aeqyptub. 
There  was  one  exception  to  the  murderous 
deed.  The  life  of  Lyncens  was  spared  by  his 
wife  Hypermnestra ;  and  according  to  the 
common  tradition  he  afterwards  avenged  the 
death  t  f  his  brothers  tj  killing  hio  father  in 
law,  Danaus.  According  to  the  poets  the 
Danaides  were  punished  in  Hades  by  being 
compelled  everlastingly  to  pour  water  into  a 

sieve.     Prom  Danaus  the  Argivea  were  called 


DA  BIOS  ENTJ8  (-i),  an  Athenian  comic  poet  I  l)ii mi i,  which  name,  like  thai  of  the  ArgivcH, 
of  Die  new  comedy,  and  perhaps  partly  Of  the  was  often  applied  by  the  poets  to  the  collect 
middle.  ]  [ve  Greeks. 


DANUBIUS. 


138 


DATAMES. 


DiNTXBlUS  {-i :  Danube,  in  Genu.  Donau), 
called  Istke  by  the  Greeks,  one  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  Europe,  rising  in  M.  Abnoba,  the 
Black  Forest,  and  falling  into  the  Black  Sea 
alter  a  course  of  1770  miles.  The  Danube 
formed  the  X.  boundary  of  the  empire,  with 
the  exception  of  the  time  that  Dacca  was  a 
Roman  province,  lu  the  Roman  period  the 
upper  part  of  the  river  from  its  source  as  far 
as  Vienna  was  called  Danubius,  while  the 
lower  part  to  its  entrauce  iu  the  Black  Sea 
was  named  Ister. 

DAPHNE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  the  river- 
god  Peueus,  in  Thessaly,  was  pursued  by 
Apollo,  who  was  charmed  by  her  beauty ;  but 
as  she  was  ou  the  point  of  being  overtaken  by 
him,  she  prayed  for  aid,  and  was  metamor- 
phosed iuto  a  laurel-tree  (Sd<pvri),  which  be- 
came iu  consequence  the  favorite  tree  of 
Apollo.— (2)  A  beautiful  spot,  5  miles  S.  of 
Antioch  in  Syria,  to  which  it  formed  a  sort  of 
park  or  pleasure  garden.  It  was  celebrated 
for  the  grove  and  temple  dedicated  to  Apollo. 

DAPHNIS  (-idis),  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  son 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  by  a  nymph,  was  taught 
by  Pan  to  play  on  the  Ante,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  inventor  of  bucolic  poetry.  A  Naiad 
to  whom  he  proved  faithless  punished  him 
with  blindness,  whereupon  his  father  Hermes 
translated  him  to  heaven. 

DARDANI  (-6rum),  a  people  iu  Upper  Moe- 
eia,  occupying  part  of  Illyricum. 

DARDANIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  of  the 
Troad,  lying  along  the  Hellespont,  S.W.  of 
Abydos,  and  adjacent  to  the  territory  of  Ilium. 
Its  people  (Dardani)  appear  in  the  Trojan 
war,  under  Aeneas,  in  close  alliance  with  the 
Trojans,  with  whose  name  theirs  is  often  in- 
terchanged, especially  by  the  Roman  poets. 
—(2)  A  city  iu  this  district.  See  Dardanus, 
No.  2. 

DARDANUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Electra,  the  mythical  ancestor  of  the 
Trojans,  and  through  them  of  the  Romans. 
The  Greek  traditions  usually  made  him  a 
king  in  Arcadia,  from  whence  he  emigrated 
first  to  Samothrace,  and  afterwards  to  Asia, 
where  he  received  a  tract  of  land  from  king 
Teucer,  on  which  he  built  the  town  ofDarda- 
nia.  His  grandson  Tros  removed  to  Troy  the 
Palladium,  which  had  belonged  to  his  grand- 
father. According  to  the  Italian  traditions, 
Dardanus  was  the  son  of  Cory  thus,  an  Etrus- 
can prince  of  Corythns  (Cortona);  and,  as  in 
the  Greek  tradition,  he  afterwards  emigrated 
to  Phrygia.— (2)  Also  Dabt>ahum  and  -htm,  a 
Greek  city  in  the  Troad  on  the  Hellespont,  12 
Roman  miles  from  Ilium,  built  by  Aeolian 
colonists,  at  some  distance  from  the  site  of 
the  ancient  city  Dardania.  From  Dardanus 
arose  the  name  of  the  Castles  of  the  Darda- 
nelles after  which  the  Hellespont  is  now 
called. 

DARES  (-etis),  a  priest  of  Hephaestus  (Vul- 
can) at  Troy,  mentioned  in  the  Iliad,  to  whom 
was  ascribed  in  antiquity  an  Iliad,  believed 
to  be  more  ancient  than  the  Homeric  poems. 
This  work,  which  was  undoubtedly  the  com- 
position ofa  Sophist,  is  lost ;  but  there  is  ex- 
taut  a  Latin  work  in  prose  in  44  chapters,  on 


the  destruction  of  Troy,  bearing  the  title  Da- 
retis  Phrygii  de  Excidio  Trojae  Historia,  and 

purporting  to  be  a  translation  of  the  work  of 
Dares  by  Cornelias  Nepos.  But  the  Latin 
work  is  "evidently  of  much  later  origin;  and 
it  is  supposed  by  some  to  have  beeu  written 
even  as  late  as  the  12th  century. 

DARIUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Persia,  b.o.521- 
4S5,  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  one  of  the  7  Per- 
sian chiefs  who  destroyed  the  usurper  Smer- 
ms.  The  7  chiefs  agreed  that  the  one  of  them 
whose  horse  ueighed  first  at  an  appointed 
time  and  place  should  become  king;  and  as 
the  horse  of  Darius  neighed  rirst,  he  was  de- 
clared king.  He  divided  the  empire  into  20 
satrapies,  assigning  to  each  its  amount  of 
tribute.  A  few  years  after  his  accession  the 
Babylouians  revolted,  but  after  a  siege  of  20 
months,  Babylou  was  taken  by  a  stratagem 
of  Zopyku8,  about  510.  He  then  invaded 
Scythia,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of 
modern  Russia,  but  after  losing  a  large  num- 
ber of  men  by  famine,  and  being  unable  to 
meet  with  the  enemy,  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
treat. On  his  return  to  Asia,  he  sent  part  of 
his  forces,  underMegabazus,  to  subdue  Thrace 
and  Macedonia,  which  thus  became  subject 
to  the  Persian  empire.  The  most  important 
eveut  in  the  reign  of  Darius  was  the  com- 
mencement of  the  great  war  between  the 
Persians  and  the  Greeks.  The  history  of  this 
war  belongs  to  the  biographies  of  other  men. 
[Aeistagokas,  Histiaecs,  Mahdonius,  Mil- 
tiades.]  In  501  the  Ionian  Greeks  revolted  ; 
they  were  assisted  by  the  Athenians,  who 
burned  Sardis,  and  thus  provoked  the  hostili- 
ty of  Darius.  Darius  sent  against  the  Greeks 
Mardonius  in  402,  aud  afterwards  Datis  and 
Artaphernes,  who  sustained  a  memorable  de- 
feat by  the  Athenians  at  Marathon,  490.  Da- 
rius now  resolved  to  call  out  the  whole  force 
of  his  empire  for  the  purpose  of  subduing 
Greece  ;  but,  after  3  years  of  preparation,  his 
attention  was  called  off  by  the  rebellion  of 
Egypt.  lie  died  iu  4S5,  leaving  the  execution 
of  his  plans  to  his  son  Xerxes.—  (2)  King  of 
Persia,  424-405,  named  Ociirs  before  his  ac- 
cession, and  then  surnamed  Nothus,  or  the 
Bastard,  from  his  being  one  of  the  bastard 
sons  of  Artaxerxes  I.  He  obtained  the  crown 
by  putting  his  brother  Sogdiauus  to  death, 
and  married  Parvsatis,  by  whom  he  had  '-' 
sons,  Artaxerxes  IL,  who  succeeded  him,  and 
Cyrus  the  younger.  Darius  was  governed  by 
eunuchs,  and  the  weakness  of  his  government 
was  shown  by  repeated  insurrections  of  his 
satraps.— (3)  "Last  king  of  Persia,  336-331, 
named  Codomanus  before  his  accession,  up- 
raised to  the  throne  by  Bagoas,  after  the 
murder  of  Arses.  The  history  of  his  conquest 
by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  of  his  death,  is 
given  in  the  life  of  Alexander. 

DASSARETII  (-Crum),  or  DASSARITAE, 
DASSARETAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Greek 
niyria  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia;  their 
chief  town  was  LvctiNnns,  on  a  hill,  ou  the 
X.  side  of  the  lake  Lycumtis,  which  was  so 
called  after  the  town. 

DATAMES  (-is),  a  distinguished  Persian 
general,  a  Carian  by  birth,  was  satrap  of  Ci- 
licia  under  Artaxerxes  II.  (Mnemon),  but  re 


DATIS. 


130 


DECIUS. 


vol  ted  against  the  king.  lie  defeated  the 
generals  who  were  sent  against  him,  but  was 
■  it  length  assassinated,  is.o.  3G2.  Cornelius 
Nepos,  who  has  written  his  life,  calls  him  the 
bravest  and  most  able  of  all  barbarian  gener- 
als, except  Hamilcar  and  Hannibal. 

DiTIS  (-is),  a  Mede,  commanded,  along 
with  Artaphernes,  tin'  Persian  army  which 
was  defeated  al  Marathon,  n.o.  490. 

DATUM  or  DATU8  (-i),  a  Thracian  town, 
on  the  Strymonic  gnlf,  subject  to  Macedonia, 
with  gold  mines  in  Mount  Pangaeus,  in  the 
neighborhood,  whence  came  the  proverb,  a 
"  l  latum  of  good  thiugs." 

DATJLIS  (-Mis)  or  DATJLlA  (-ae),  an  an- 
cient town  in  Phocis,  situated  on  a  lofty  hill, 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  residence  of 
the  Thracian  king  Tbbkub,  and  as  Hi'1  scene 
tfthe  tragic  story  of  Philomela  and  Pboonb. 
II  'lire  Daci.iah  is  the  surname  both  ol'l'rocne 
ind  Philomela. 

DAUNlA.     [Aeii.iA.i 

DADNUS  (-i),  son  ofPUumnus  and  Danaii, 
wire  <d'  Venilia,  and  ancestor  ofTnrnus. 

DffiCfiBiLTJS  (-i),  a  celehrated  kin-  of  the 
Dacians,  to  whom  Domitian  paid  an  annual 
tribnte.  lie  was  defeated  in  Trajan,  and  pnl 
an  end  to  Mix  own  life,  whereupon  Dacia  be- 
came a  Roman  province,  a. n.  inc. 

DfiCfiLfiA  or  -7a  (-ae).  n  demus  of  Attica, 
N.W.  nf  Athens,  on  the  borders  of  Boeotia, 

i  j  a 


near  the  sources  of  the  Cephissus,  seized  and 
fortified  by  the  Spartans  in  the  Peloponnesian 

war. 

DECETIA  (-ae:  Desize),  a  city  of  the  Aedni, 
in  Gallia  Lngduneusis,  on  an  island  in  the 
Liger  (Low  e). 

DECIDIUS  SAXA.     [Saxa.] 
DECIUS  (-i)  MfJS  (Muris).  P.,  plebeians. 
(1)  Consul  b.o.  B40  with  T.  Manliua  Torqna- 

tus,  in  the  great  Latin  war.     Each  of  the  ( - 

sals  had  a  vision  in  the  nighl  before  fighting 
with  the  Latins,  announcing  that  the  general 

of  one  side   and  the  army  of  the  oilier  were 

devoted  to  death.  The  consuls  thereupon 
agreed  that  the  one  whose  wing  first  began 

to  waver  should  devoir  himself  and  the  army 

of  ihe  enemy  to  destruction.     Deciut   C - 

manded  the  left  wing,  which  began  to  give 
way  :  whereupon  he  devoted  himself  and  the 
army  of  the  enemy  to  destruction,  then  rushed 
into  the  thickest  of  the  enemy,  and  was  slain, 

leaving  the  victory  to  the   If.. mans.      (?,)   Sun 

of  the  preceding, 4  times  consul,  Imitated  ibo 

example  of  his  father  hv  devolin:'  himself  to 

death  al  the  haul.-  ofSentinum,  b.o.  295.— (3) 

Hon  of  No.  '>,  COnBU]  in  279,  in  the  war  against 

Pyrrhu  , 
Dfii  it  S  '  !■.  Roman  emperor,  \.i>  249  281, 

a   native   of  I'annonia.  and   the   sneer.-   01    Ol 

Phillppns,  whom  he  slew  in  battle.  He  fell 
in  battle  agaiiml  the  Goths,  together  with  hii 


DECUMATES  AGRI. 


140 


DELPHI. 


on,  in  251.  In  his  reign  the  Christians  were 
tersecuted  with  Lr;v:i!  severity. 

DECtMATES  AGRI.    [Agei  Decimates.] 

DEI.VNTRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Althaea  and 
Jeneus,  and  Bister  ofMeleager.  Achelonsand 
Hercules  both  loved  Dcianira,  and  fought  for 
,he  possession  of  her.  Hercules  was  victori- 
ous, and  she  became  his  wife.  She  was  the 
luwillhiL'  cause  of  her  husband's  death  by 
^resenting  him  with  the  poisoned  robe  which 
he  centaur  Nessus  gave  her.  In  despair  she 
iut  an  end  to  her  own  life.  For  details,  see 
3ekout.es 

DElDAMiA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Lycomedes, 
n  the  island  of  Seyms.  "When  Achilles  was 
concealed  there  in  maiden's  attire,  she  be- 
;ame  by  him  the  mother  of  Pyrrhns  or  Neop- 
;olemns. 

DElOCES  (-is),  first  king  of  Media,  after 
he  Medes  had  thrown  off  the  supremacy  of 
:he  Assyrians,  reigned  n.o.  709-656.  He  built 
:he  city  of  Ecbataua,  which  he  made  the  royal 
residence.    He  was  succeeded  by  his   son, 

PllUAOETES. 

DEIOXIDES  (-ae),  son  of  Deione,  by  Apol- 
lo, »'.  e.  Miletus. 

DEIiITARUS  (-i),  tetrarch  of  Galatia.  ad- 
tiered  to  the  Romans  in  their  wars  against 
Mithridates,  and  was  rewarded  by  the  senate 
with  the  title  of  king.  In  the  civil  war  he 
=ided  with  Pompey,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  n.o.  4s.  He  is  remarka- 
ble as  having  been  defended  by  Cicero  before 
Caesar,  in  the  house  of  the  latter  at  Rome,  in 
the  speech  (pro  liege  Deiotaro)  still  extant. 

DEiPHOBE  (-es),  the  Siby'  at  Cumae, 
daughter  of  Glaucus.     LSiisyj.t.a.j 

DElPHOBUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecu- 
ba, who  married  Helen  after  the  death  of 
Paris.  On  the  capture  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks 
he  was  slain  and  fearfully  mangled  by  Mene- 
laus. 

DELlUM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast  ofBoe  >- 
tia,  in  the  territory  of  Tanagra,  near  the  Attic 
frontier,  named  after  a  temple  of  Apollo  sim- 
ilar to  that  at  Delos.  Here  the  Athenians 
were  defeated  by  the  Boeotians,  n.c.  424. 

DELIUS  (-i)  and  DELIA  (-ae),  surnames 
of  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana)  respectively, 
from  the  island  of  Dr.i.os. 

DELOS  or  DBLUS  (-i),  the  smallest  of  the 
islands  called  Csclades.  in  the  Aegaeau  sea. 
According  to  a  legend,  it  was  called  out  of 
the  deep  by  the  trident  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), but  was  a  floating  island  until  Zens 
(Jupiter)  fastened  it  by  adamantine  chains  to 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  that  it  might  be  a  se- 
cure resting-place  to  Leto  (Latona)  for  the 
birth  of  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana).  Hence 
it  became  the  most  holy  seat  of  the  worship 
of  Apollo.  We  learn  from  history  that  Delos 
was  peopled  by  Ionian?,  for  whom  it  was  the 
chief  centre  of  political  and  religious  union, 
in  the  time  of  Homer.  It  was  afterwards  the 
common  treasury  of  the  Greek  confederacy 
for  carrying  on  the  war  with  Persia :  but  the 
treasury  was  afterwards  transferred  to  Athens. 
It  was  long  subject  to  Athens;  but  it  pos- 
sessed an  extensive  commerce,  which  was  in- 


creased by  the  downfall  of  Corinth,  when  De- 
los became  the  chief  emporium  for  the  trade 
in  slaves.  The  city  of  Delos  stood  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  island  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cyn- 
thus  (whence  the  god's  surname  of  Cyuthius). 
It  contained  a  temple  of  Leto,  and  the  great 
temple  of  Apollo.  With  this  temple  were 
connected  games,  called  Delia,  which  were 
celebrated  every  4  years,  and  were  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Theseus.  A  like  origin 
is  ascribed  to  the  sacred  embassy  (Theoria) 
which  the  Athenians  sent  to  Delos  every  year 
The  greatest  importance  was  attached  to  the 
preservation  of  the  sanctity  of  the  island; 
and  its  sanctity  secured  it,  though  wealthy 
and  unfortified," from  plunder. 


DELPHI  (-drum:  Kastri),  a  small  town  in 
Phocis,  but  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in 
Greece,  on  account  of  its  oracle  of  Apollo. 
It  was  situated  on  a  steep  declivity  on  the  S. 
slope  of  Mount  Parnassus,  and  its  site  resem- 
bled the  cavea  of  a  great  theatre.  It  was  shut 
in  on  the  X.  by  a  barrier  of  rocky  mountains, 
which  were  cleft  in  the  centreinto  2  great 
cliffs  with  peaked  summits,  between  which 
issued  the  waters  of  the  Castalian  spring.  It 
was  regarded  as  the  central  point  of  the  whole 
earth,  and  was  hence  called  the  "  navel  of  the 
earth."  It  was  originally  called  Pytho,  by 
which  name  it  is  alone  mentioned  in  Homer. 
Delphi  was  colonized  at  an  early  period  by 
Doric  settlers  from  the  neighboring  town  of 
Lycorea,  on  the  heights  of  Parnassus.  The 
government  was  in  the  hands  of  a  few  distin- 
guished families  of  Doric  origin.  From  them 
were  taken  the  chief  magistrates  and  the 
priests.  The  temple  of  Apollo  contained  im- 
mense treasures  ■  for  not  only  were  rich  of- 
ferings presented  to  it  by  kings  and  private 
persons,  but  many  of  the  Greek  states  had  in 
the  temple  separate  thesauri,  in  which  they 
deposited,  for  the  sake  of  security,  many  of 
their  valuable  treasures.  In  the  centre  of  the 
temple  there  was  a  small  opening  in  the 
ground,  from  which,  from  time  to  time,  an 
intoxicating  vapor  arose.  Over  this  chasm 
there  stood  a  tripod,  on  which  the  priestess, 
called  Pythia,  took  her  seat  whenever  the  or- 
acle was  to  be  consulted.  The  words  which 
she  uttered  after  inhaling  the  vapor  were  be- 
lieved to  contain  the  revelations  of  Apollo 
They  were  carefully  written  down  by  the 
priest*,  and  afterwards  communicated  in  hex- 
ameter verse  to  the  persons  who  had  come 
to  consult  the  oracle.  If  the  Pythia  spoke  in 
prose,  her  words  were  immediately  turned 
into  verse  by  a  poet  employed  for  the  pur- 
pose. The  oracle  is  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered by  its  having  thrown  into  convul- 
sions some  goats  which  had  strayed  to  the 
mouth  of  the  cave.  The  Pythian  games  were 
celebrated  at  Delphi,  and  it  was  one  of  the  2 


DELTA. 


141 


DEMETER. 


r.f  Del] 


places  of  meeting  of  the  Amphictyonic  coun- 
cil. 

DELTA-    [Aegyptob.] 

])KMA1)ks  (-is),  an  Athenian  orator,  who 
belonged  to  the  Macedonian  party,  and  was  a 
bitter  enemy  of  Demosthenes.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  Antipater  in  u.c 

DEMARATUS  or  DI.MXr5.TUS  (-i).  (1) 
KiiiL'  of  Sparta,  reigned  from  about  n.o.  510 
to  401.  Ho  wan  deposed  bj  his  colleague 
Cleomenes,  b.o.  491,  and  thereupon  repaired 
to  the  Persian  court,  where  he  was  kindly  re- 
ceived by  Darius.  He  accompanied  Xerxes 
iii  his  invasion  of  Greece,  and  recommended 
the  king  nol  to  rely  too  confidently  upon  his 
countless  hosts.  (2)  A  merchant  noble  of 
Corinth,  who  settled  afterwards  in  Etrurin, 
and  became  the  father  of  Arnus  and  Lucumo 
(Tarquinins  Priscius). 

DEMETER,  called  CERES  Wris)  by  the 
Romans,  one  of  the  great  divinities  of  the 
Greeks,  was  the  goddess  of  the  earth,  and  her 
name  probably  signified  Mather-Earth  (-,<\ 
iitjTiip).  siie  was  the  protectress  of  agricult- 
ure and  of  all  the  fruit-  of  the  earth,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Cronus  (Saturn)  and  Rhea, 
tnd  sister  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  by  whom  she  be- 
came the  mother  of]  Pi  oserpim  i. 
Zeus,  wi  i  lion  i  the  knowledge  of  Demeti  ■ .  h  id 
promised  PerBephone  to  Aidoneut  (Pluto  ; 
and  while  the  ansuspeci  ing  maiden  was  gath- 
ering flowers  in  the  Nysian  plain  In  Asia,  the 
earth  suddenly  opened,  and  she  ■  carried 
off  by  ATdoneus.  After  wandering  for  some 
days  in  search  of  her  daughter,  Demetei 
learned  from  the  Sun  thai  it  was  Aldoneus 
who  bad  carried  her  off.  Thereupon  Btae  quit- 
ted Olympus  in  anger  and  dwell  upon  earth 


among  men,  conferring  blessings  whwever 
she  was  kindly  received,  and  severely  punish- 
ing those  who  repulsed  her.  In  this  manner 
Bhe  came  to  Celeus,  at  Eleusis.  [Cbletjs.]  As 
the  goddess  still  continued  angry,  and  did  not 
allow  the  earth  to  produce  any  fruits,  /''its 
Miii  Hermes  (Mercury)  luto  the  lower  world 
to  fetch  back  Persephone.  Aidoneus  con- 
sented, but  gave  Persephone  part  of  a  pome 
granate  to  eat.  Demeter  returned  to  Olym- 
pus with  her  daughter,  but  ns  the  latter  had 
oaten  in  the  lower  world,  she  was  obliged  to 
spend  one  third  of  the  year  with  Aidoneus, 
continuing  with  her  mother  the  remainder  of 
the  year.  The  earth  now  brought  forth  fruit 
again.  This  is  the  aucienl  legend  as  preserved 
in  the  Homeric  hymn,  but  il  Is  variously  mod- 
ified in  later  traditions.  In  the  Latin  poets 
the  scene  of  the  rape  is  near  Kmiu,  111  Sicily; 
and  Ascalaphus,  who  had  alone  seen  Per- 
sephone eat  any  thing  in  the  lower  world,  re- 
vealed the  fact,  and  w  as  in  i  on-eipionce  turned 
into  all  owl  by  Pciueter.     [  ASOALAPITOB.  ]    The 

meaning  of  the  legend  is  obvious :  Persepho- 
ne, who  is  carried  off  to  the  lower  World,  is 
the  Mfd-corn,  which  remains  concealed  in  the 
ground  part  of  the  j  ear :  Persephone,  who  re- 
turns to  her  mother,  ie  the  corn  Which  rise« 
from  1 1 round,  and  iri  hi  men  and  ani- 
mals. Later  philosophical  writers,  and  per- 
hapi  i  be  mj  steries  also,  referred  I  he  dii  ap- 
pearance and  return  of  Per86phone  to  the 
burial  of  tic  body  of  man  and  the  Immortal- 
ity of  his  bohI.  The  other  legends  about  De- 
meter  are  of  less  Importance.  To  escape  the 
pursuit  of  Poseidon  Bhe  changed  herself  into 

a  mare,  1  > 1 1 1.  the  i  effected  Ins  purpose,  and 

she  became  the  mother  of  the  celebrated 
hi  rse    \  i  ion.    [Abio  .  2,  i     She  fell  in  love 


DEMETRIAS. 


142 


DEMETRIUS. 


with  IasioD,  and  lay  with  him  in  a  thrice- 
plowed  field  in  Crete  ;  their  offspring  was 
Plutus  (Wealth).  Uabion.]  —  She  punished 
with  fearful  hanger  Erysichthon,  who  had  cut 
down  lie.  sacred  grove.  [Erysioiitiion.]  In 
Attica  Demeter  was  worshiped  with  great 
splendor.  The  Athenians  pretended  that  ag- 
riculture was  tirst  practiced  in  their  country, 
and  that  Triptolemus  of  Eleusis,  the  favorite 
of  Demeter,  was  the  tirst  who  invented  the 
plow  and  sowed  corn.  [Triptolemus.]  Ev- 
sry  year  at  Athens  the  festival  of  the  JEleuninia 
vas"  celebrated  in  honor  of  these  goddesses. 
The  festival  of  the  Thesmophoria  was  also 
celebrated  in  her  honor  as  well  at  Athens  as 
.n  other  parts  of  Greece;  it  was  intended  to 
commemorate  the  introduction  of  the  laws 
and  the  regulations  of  civilized  life,  which 
were  ascribed  to  Demeter,  since  agriculture 
is  the  basis  of  civilization.  —  In  works  of  art 
Demeter  is  represented  iu  full  attire.  Around 
her  head  she  wears  a  garland  of  corn-ears  or 
a  simple  ribbon,  and  in  her  hand  she  holds  a 
sceptre,  corn-ears  or  a  poppy,  scraetimes  also 
a  torch  and  the  mystic  basket.    The  Romans 


Pagasaean  bay,  founded  by  Demetrius  Poli- 
orcetes,  and  peopled  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Ioclus  and  the  surrounding  towns. 

DEMETRIUS  (-i).    I.  Kings  of  Macedonia. 
— (1)  Snrnamed  Polioroetes  or  the  Besieger, 


Demeter  (Ceres).    (Mus.  Bor.,  vol.  9,  tav.  35.) 

received  from  Sicily  the  worship  of  Demeter, 
to  whom  they  gave  the  name  of  Ceres.  They 
celebrate;!  in  her  honor  the  festival  of  the  Ce- 
realia.  She  was  looked  upon  by  the  Romans 
much  in  the  same  light  as  Tellus.  Pigs  were 
sacrificed  to  both  divinities.  Her  worship 
received  considerable  political  importance  at 
Rome.  The  property  of  traitors  against  the 
republic  was  often  made  over  to  her  temple. 
The  decree-  of  the  senate  were  deposited  iu 
her  temple  for  the  inspection  of  the  tribunes 
of  the  people. 

DEMETRIAS  (-Sdis),  a  town  in  Magnesia, 
iu  Thessaly,  on  the  innermost  recesses  of  the 


Coia  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 

son  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia,  and  Strato- 
nice.  At  an  early  age  he  gave  proofs  of  dis- 
tinguished bravery,  and  during  his  father's 
lifetime  was  engaged  iu  constant  campaigns 
against  either  Cassander  or  Ptolemy.  In  his 
siege  of  Rhodes  (is.o.305)  he  constructed  those 
gigantic  machines  to  assail  the  walls  of  the 
city  which  gave  him  the  surname  of  Polior- 
cetes. He  at  length  concluded  a  treaty  with 
the  Rhodians  (304).  After  the  defeat  and 
death  of  his  father  at  the  battle  of  Ipsus  (301), 
the  fortunes  of  Demetrius  were  for  a  time  un- 
der a  cloud  ;  but  in  294  he  was  acknowledged 
as  king  by  the  Macedonian  army,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  keeping  possession  of  Macedonia 
for  7  years.  In  287  he  was  deserted  by  his 
own  troops,  who  proclaimed  Pyrrhus  king  of 
Macedonia.  He  then  crossed  over  to  Asia, 
and  after  meeting  with  alternate  success  and 
misfortune,  was  at  length  obliged  to  surren- 
der himself  prisoner  to  Seleucus  (2S0).  That 
king  kept  him  in  confinement,  but  did  not 
treat  him  with  harshness.  Demetrius  died  in 
the  3d  year  of  his  imprisonment  and  the  5Gth 
of  his  age  (213).  He  was  one  of  the  must  re- 
markable characters  of  his  time,  being  a  man 
of  restless  activity  of  mind,  fertility  of  re- 
source, and  daring  promptitude  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  schemes.  His  besetting  sin  was 
unbounded  licentiousness.— (2)  Sou  of  Autig- 
onns  Gonatas,  reigned  n.c.  239-22!). 

II.  Kings  of  Syria. — (1)  Sotkk  (reigned  b.o. 
102-159),  was  the  sou  of  Seleucus  IV.'Philopa- 
tor  and  grandson  of  Antiochus  the  Great. 
While  yet  a  child  he  had  been  sent  to  Rome 
by  his  father  as  a  hostage,  where  he  remained 
until  he  was  23  years  of  age.  He  then  fled  to 
Syria,  and  was  received  as  king  by  the  Syr- 
ians. An  impostor  named  Balas  raised  an 
insurrection  against  him  and  slew  him.  He 
left  2  sons,  Demetrius  Nicator  and  Antiochus 
Sidetes,  both  of  whom  subsequently  ascended 
the  throne. — (2)  Nicatob  (u.c.  140-142,  and 
again  12S-125),  son  of  Demetrius  Soter.  With 
the  assistance  of  Ptolemy  Philometor  he  de- 
feated Balas,  and  recovered  his  kingdom; 
but,  having  rendered  himself  odious  to  his 
subjects  by  his  vices  and  cruelties,  he  was 
driven  out  of  Syria  by  Tryphon,  who  set  up 
Antiochus,  the  infant  son  of  Alexander  Balas, 
as  a  pretender  against  him.  Demetrius  re- 
tired to  Babylon,  aud  thence  marched  against 


Dkmktee  Enthroned.    (From  a  Pompeiian  Painting,  Niiplca.) 


DEMOCEDES. 


143 


DEMOSTHENES. 


the  Parthians,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner,  13S.  He  remained  as  a  cap- 
tive in  Parthia  10  years.  Demetrius  again 
obtained  possession  of  the  Syrian  throne  in 
12S  ;  but  while  engaged  in' an  expedition 
against  Egypt,  Ptolemy  Physcon  set  up 
against  him  the  pretender  Alexander  Zebina, 
by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  compelled  to 
fly.  He  fled  to  Tyre,  where  he  was  assassin- 
ated, 125. 

III.  Literary. — Phalf.rf.u8,  so  called  from 
his  birthplace,  the  Attic  demos  of  Phalerus, 
where  he  was  born  about  is.o.  345.  His  par- 
ents were  poor,  but  by  his  talents  and  perse- 
verance he  rose  to  the  highest  honors  at  Ath- 
ens, and  became  distinguished  both  as  an 
orator,  a  statesman,  a  philosopher,  and  a  poet. 
The  government  of  Athens  was  intrusted  to 
him  by  Cassander  in  317,  the  duties  of  which 
he  discharged  with  extraordinary  distinction. 
When  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  approached  Ath- 
ens in  307  Phalereus  was  obliged  to  take  to 
flight.  He  settled  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  and 
exerted  some  influence  in  the  foundation  of 
the  Alexandrine  library.  He  was  the  last  of 
the  Attic  orators  worthy  of  the  name. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  celebrated  physician  of 
Crotona.  He  practiced  medicine  successively 
at  Aegina,  Athens,  and  Samoa.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  along  with  Polycrates  in  is.o.  522, 
and  was  sent  to  Susa  to  the  court  of  Darius. 
Here  he  acquired  great  reputation  by  curing 
the  king's  foot  and  the  breast  of  the  queen 
Atossa.  Notwithstanding  his  honors  at  the 
Persian  court,  he  was  always  desirous  of  re- 
turning to  his  native  country.  In  order  to 
effect  this,  he  procured  by  means  of  Atossa 
that  he  should  be  sent  with  some  nobles  to 
explore  the  coast  of  Greece,  and  to  ascertain 
in  what  parts  it  might  be  most  successfully 
attacked.  At  Tarentuin  he  escaped,  and  set- 
tled at  Crotona,  where  he  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  famous  wrestler,  Milo. 

DlUlOCRiTUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Greet; 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Abdera  in  Thrace 
about  !».<•.  4fi0.  He  -pent  the  large  inheritance 
which  his  father  left  him  on  travels  into  dis- 
tant countries  in  pursuit  of  knowledge.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  most  !-t crli dlt  ami  honorable 
character.  He  died  in  361  at  a  very  advanced 
age.  There  is  a  tradition  that  he  deprived 
himself  of  his  sight  that,  he  might  be  less  dis- 
tnrbed  in  his  pursuits;  but  it  is  more  proba- 
ble that  he  may  have  lost  bis  sight  by  too 
severe  application  to  study.  This  loss,  how- 
ever, did  Dot  disturb  the  cheerful  disposition 
of  \w<  mind,  which  prompted  him  to  look  in 
all  circumstances   at   the   cheerful  side  of 

thing-',  which  later  Writers  took  to  mean  that 

be  always  laughed  at  the  follies  of  men.  His 
knowledge  was  most  extensive,  it  embraced 
not  only  the  natural  sciences  mathematics, 
mechanics,  grammar,  music,  and  philosophy 
— but  various  oilier  useful  arts.  His  works 
were  composed  In  the  Ionic  dialect,  though  nol 
without  some  admixture  ofthe  local  peculiar- 
ities of  Abdera.  They  are  nevertheless  much 
praised  by  I  licero  on  ai  count  ofthe  lii 

of  their  style,  ami  are  in  tins  respect  com- 
pared even  wiih  the  wot  KB  of  Plato.  Democ- 
ritus  was  the  founder  ofthe  atomic,  theory. 


DEM0PHON  or  DEMOPHOON  (-ontis). 
(1)  Son  of  Celeus  and  Metanira,  whom  Deme- 
ter  wished  to  make  immortal.  For  details, 
see  Celeub. — (2)  Son  of  Theseus  and  Phaedra, 
accompanied  the  Greeks  against  Troy,  and 
on  his  return  gained  the  love  of  Phyllis, 
daughter  of  the  Thracian  king  Sithon,  and 
promised  to  marry  her.  Before  the  nuptials 
were  celebrated,  he  went  to  Attica  to  settle 
his  affairs,  and  as  he  tarried  longer  than 
Phyllis  had  expected,  she  thought  that  she 
was  forgotten,  and  put  an  end  to  her  life  ;  but 
she  was  metamorphosed  into  a  tree.  Demo- 
phon  became  king  of  Athens. 

DEMOSTHENES  (-is).  (1)  Sou  of  Alcis- 
thenes,  a  celebrated  Athenian  general  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  In  n.o.  425  he  rendered 
important  assistance  to  Cleon  in  making  pris- 
oners of  the  Spartans  in  the  island  of  Sphac- 
teria.  In  413  he  was  sent  with  a  large  fleet 
to  Sicilv  to  assist  Nicias  ;  but  both  command- 
ers were  defeated,  obliged  to  surrender,  and 
put  to  death  by  the  Syracusans.  —  (2)  The 
greatest  of  Athenian  orators,  was  the  son  of 
Demosthenes,  and  was  born  in  the  Attic  de- 
mos of  Paeania,  abont 
H.c.  3S5.  At  7  years  .  f 
age  he  lost  his  father, 
who  left  him  and  his 
younger  sister  to  the 
care  of  guardians,  who 
neglected  him  and 
squandered  his  prop- 
erty. When  he  was  20 
years  of  age  Demos- 
thenes accused  Apho- 
bus,  one  of  hi-  guard- 
ians, and  obtained  a 
verdict  in  Ids  favor. 
Emboldened  by  this 
SUCCeSS,  Demosthenes 
ventured  to  come  for- 
ward as  a  speaker  in  the  public  assembly. 
His  first  effort  was  unsuccessful,  but.  he  was 
encouraged  to  persevere  by  the  actor  Sat yrus, 
who  gave  him  instruction  in  action  and  dec- 
lamation. In  becoming  an  orator,  Demos- 
thenes had  to  struggle  against  the  greatest 
physical  disadvantages.  His  voice  was  weak 
ami  his  utterance  defective;  and  it  was  only 
by  the  most  unwearied  exertions  thai  he  suc- 
ceeded in  overcoming  the  obstacles  which 
nature  had  placed  in  his  way.  Thus  it  Is  said 
that  be  spoke  with  pebbles  In  his  mouth,  to 

cure  himself  of  stammering  ;  that  lie  repealed 
verses,    of    the    poets    as    he    ran    up    bill,    to 

strengthen  his  voice;  that  be  declaim* 

tie-  sea-shore,  to  accustom  himself  to  the 

noise  and  confusion  of  the  popular  assembly  ; 
that  he  lived  for  month-  in  a  cave  under 
ground,  engaged  in  constantly  writing  out 
i  he  history  of  Thucydides,  to  form  o  standard 
for  his  own  style.  It  was  about  S66  thai  Dc 
niosihenes  began  to  obtain  reputation  as  a 
speaker  iii  the  public  assembly.  His  elo- 
quence Boon  pained  him  the  r. .  \  or  of  I  hi 
pie.    The  Influence  which  .  ■     be  era- 

ployed  for  the  good  of  his  country,  and  not 
for  his  own  aggrandizement.  He  clearly  bow 
thai  Philip  bad  rei  olved  to  Bubiugate  Greece, 

ami  he  therefore  devoled  all  hi-  powers  to 
resist    the    aggressions    of   the    Macedonian 


riemoathenes. 


DENTATUS. 


144 


DIANA. 


monarch.  For  14  years  he  continued  the 
struggle  against  Philip,  and  neither  threats 
nor  bribes  could  turn  him  from  his  purpose. 
It  is  true  he  failed,  but  the  failure  roust  not 
be  considered  his  fault.  The  struggle  was 
brought  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Chaeronea 
(338),  by  which  the  "independence  of  Greece 
was  nushed.  Demosthenes  was  present  at 
the  battle,  and  fled  like  thousands  of  others. 
At  this  time  many  accusations  were  brought 
against  him.  Of  these  one  <  f  the  most  for- 
midable was  the  accusation  of  Ctesiphon  by 
Aeschines,  but  which  was  in  reality  directed 
against  Demosthenes  himself.  Aeschines  ac- 
cused Ctesiphon  for  proposing  that  Demos- 
thenes should  be  rewarded  for  his  services 
with  a  golden  crown  in  the  theatre.  The 
trial  was  delayed  for  reasons  unknown  to  us 
till  330,  when  Demosthenes  delivered  his 
"  Oration  on  the  Crown."  Aeschines  was  de- 
feated, and  withdrew  from  Athens.  [Aksciii- 
nub.]  Demosthenes  was  one  of  those  who 
were  suspected  of  having  received  money 
from  Harpalus  in  3->5.  [Harpai.us.]  His 
guilt  is  doubtful ;  but  he  was  condemned, 
and  thrown  into  prison,  from  which,  howev- 
er, he  escaped.  He  took  up  his  residence 
partly  at  Troezene  and  partly  in  Aegiua, 
looking  daily  acrns-  the  sea  to  his  beloved 
native  land. "  His  exile  did  not  last  long.  On 
the  death  of  Alexander  (323)  the  Greek  states 
rose  in  arms  against  Macedonia.  Demosthe- 
nes was  recalled,  and  returned  in  triumph. 
But  iu  the  following  year  (322)  the  confeder- 
ate Greeks  were  defeated,  and  he  took  refuge 
in  the  temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  in  the 
island  of  Calauria.  Here  he  was  pursued  by 
the  emissaries  of  Antipater;  whereupon  he 
took  poison,  which  he  had  for  some  time  car- 
ried about  his  person,  and  died  in  the  temple, 
S28.  Sixty-one  orations  of  Demosthenes  have 
come  down  to  us.  Of  these  IT  were  political, 
the  most  important  being  the  12  Philippic 
orations;  42  were  judicial,  the  most  celebra- 
ted being  the  orations  Against  Midias,  Against 
Leptines,  On  the  Dishonest  Conduct  of  Aes- 
chines during  his  Embassy  to  Philip,  and  On 
the  Crown  ;  and  2  were  show  speeches,  both 
of  which  are  spnrions,  as  also  probably  are 
some  of  the  others. 

DENTATUS,  CURIUS.     [Cuiuus.] 

DEO,  another  name  for  Demeter  (Ceres) ; 
hence  her  daughter  Persephone  is  called  by 
the  patronymic  DOois  and  Detune. 

DERBE  (-es),  a  town  in  Lycaonia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Isauria. 

DERCETIS  (-is),  DERCETO  (-us),  also 
called  Atargatis,  a  Syrian  goddess.  She  of- 
fended Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  in  conse- 
quence inspired  her  with  love  for  a  youth,  to 
whom  she  bore  a  daughter,  Semiramis;  but 
ashamed  of  her  frailty,  she  killed  the  youth, 
exposed  her  child  in  a  desert,  and  threw  her- 
self into  a  lake  near  Ascalon.  Her  child  was 
fed  by  doves,  and  she  herself  was  changed 
into  a  fish.  The  Syrians  thereupon  wor- 
shiped her  as  a  goddess.  The  upper  part 
of  her  statue  represented  a  beautiful  woman, 
while  the  lower  part  terminated  in  the  tail  of 
a  tish.    She  appears  to  be  the  same  as  Dagon 


mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  a  deity  of 
the  Philistines. 

DERTONA  (-ae:  Tertona),  an  important 
town  in  Liguria,  on  the  road  from  Genua  to 
Piacentia. 

DEUCALION  (-onis),  son  of  Prometheus 
and  Clymeue,  king  of  Phthia,  in  Thessaly. 
When  Zeus  (Jupiter)  had  resolved  to  destroy 
the  degenerate  race  of  men,  Deucalion  and 
his  wife  Pyrrha  were,  on  account  of  their 
piety,  the  only  mortals  saved.  On  the  advice 
of  his  father,  Deucalion  built  a  ship,  in  which 
he  and  his  wife  floated  in  safety  during  the 
9  days'  flood,  which  destroyed  all  the  other 
inhabitants  of  Hellas.  At  last  the  ship  rested, 
according  to  the  more  general  tradition,  on 
Mount  Parnassus  in  Phocis.  Deucalion  and 
his  wife  consulted  the  sanctuary  of  Themis 
how  the  race  of  man  might  be  restored.  The 
goddess  bade  them  cover  their  heads  and 
throw  the  bones  of  their  mother  behind  them. 
After  some  doubts  respecting  the  meaning  of 
this  command,  they  agreed  iu  interpreting 
the  bones  of  their  mother  to  mean  the  stones 
of  the  earth.  They  accordingly  threw  stones 
behind  them,  and  from  those  thrown  by  Deu- 
calion there  sprang  up  men,  from  those  thrown 
by  Pyrrha  women.  Deucalion  then  descend- 
ed from  Parnassus,  built  his  first  abode  at 
Opus  or  at  Cynus,  and  became  by  Pyrrha  the 
father  of  Helleu,  Amphictyon,  Protogenia, 
and  others. 

DEVA.  (1)  {Chester),  the  principal  town 
of  the  Condi  in  Britain,  on  the  Seteia  (Dee), 
— (2)  (Dec),  an  estuary  in  Scotland,  on  which 
stood  the  town  Dovanua,  near  the  modern 
Aberdeen. 

DIA,  the  ancient  name  of  Naxos. 

DIABLINTES.     [Aotjsboi.] 

DIACRIA  (-ae),  a  mountainous  district  in 
the  N.E.  of  Attica,  including  the  plain  of 
Marathon.  [Attica.]  The  inhabitants  of 
this  district  were  the  mostdemocratic.il  of  the 
3  parties  into  which  the  inhabitants  of  Attica 
were  divided  in  the  time  of  Solon. 

DIAGORAS  (-ae).  (1)  Son  of  Damagetus 
of  Ialysus  in  Rhodes,  celebrated  for  his~owD 
victories  and  those  of  his  sons  and  grandsons, 
in  the  Grecian  games.  He  obtained  his  Olym- 
pic victory  n.o.  464. — (2)  Suruamed  the  Athe- 
ist, a  Greek  philosopher  and  poet,  a  native 
of  the  island  of  Melos,  and  a  disciple  of  De- 
mocritus.  In  consequence  of  his  attacks  upon 
the  popular  religion,  and  especially  upon  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries,  he  was  formally  ac- 
1  cused  of  impiety,  n.o.  411,  and,  fearing  tie 
results  of  a  trial,  fled  from  Athens.  He  wei.t 
tils;  to  Pallene,  and  afterwards  to  Corinth, 
where  he  died. 

DIANA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
whom  the  Romans  identified  with  the  Greek 
Artemis.  Her  worship  is  said  to  have  been 
introduced  at  Rome  by  Servius  Tullius,  who 
dedicated  a  temple  to  her  on  the  Aventine. 
At  Rome  Diana  was  the  goddess  of  light,  and 
her  name  contains  the  same  root  as  the  word 
dies.  As  Dianas  (Janus),  or  the  god  of  light, 
represented  the  sun,  so  Diana,  rhe  goddess 


Diana.    (Versailles.) 


DIANIUM. 


lit 


DINDYMUS. 


of  light,  represented  the  moon.  The  attri- 
butes of  the  Greek  Artemis  were  afterwards 
ascribed  to  the  Roman  Diana.  For  details, 
see  Aktemib. 


DiiNlUM  (-i :  Denia),  a  town  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensie  on  a  promontory  of  the  same 
name  (C.  Martin)  founded  by  the  Massilians. 
Here  stood  a  celebrated  temple  of  Diana,  from 
which  the  town  derived  its  name. 

DlCAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Thrace,  on  the 
lake  Bistonis. 

DlCAEARCIIlA.     [Phtkom.] 

DlCAEARCHTJS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Peripa- 
tetic philosopher,  geographer,  and  historian, 
a  native  of  Mess-ana  in  Sicily,  a  disciple  of 
Aristotle,  and  a  friend  of  Theophrastus.  He 
wrote  a  vast  number  of  works,  of  which  only 
fragments  arc  extant. 

DICTAEUS.     [Di.,  i   i 

DICTK  (-es),  a  mountain  in  the  E.  of  Crete, 
where  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  said  to  have  been 
brought  up.  Hence  he  bore  the  surname  Dic- 
taeus.  Trie  Roman  pods  frequently  employ 
the  adjective  Dictaeus  its  synonymous  with 
<  Iretan. 

DICTYNNA  (-ae),  a  surname  both  ofBrit- 
omartis  and  Diana,  which  two  divinities 
were  subsequently  Identified.  Tin-  name  is 
connected  with  iinrvov,  a  hunting-net,  and 
was  borne  by  liritomartis  and  Diana  a  god- 
desses of  the  chase. 

DIOTYS  (-yis  or  yos)  CBfiTBNSIS  (-is), 
the  reputed  author  of  an  extant  work  in  Lai  in 
on  the  Trojan  war,  divided  into  6  books,  and 
entitled  Ephemera  Belli  Trojani,  prof!  Ing 
to  be  a  journal  of  t tie  leading  events  of  tie- 
war.  In  the  preface  to  the  worts  we  are  told 
that  it  was  composed  by  Dictys  of  Cnossus, 
whej  accompanied  idomeueua  to  the  Trojan 
war-,  but  it  probably  belongs  to  the  time  of 
the  Roman  empire. 


DlDlUS  SALVIUS  JULIANUS  (-i),  bought 
the  Roman  empire  of  the  praetorian  guards, 
when  they  put  up  the  empire  for  sale  after 
the  death  of  Pertinax,  a.d.  193.  After  reign- 
ing two  months,  he  was  murdered  by  the  sol- 
diers when  Severus  was  marching  against  the 
city. 

DIDO  (-us;  ace.  -6),  also  called  Elissa,  the 
reputed  founder  of  Carthage.  She  was  daugh- 
ter of  the  Tyriau  king  Belus,  aud  sister  of 
Pygmalion,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  after 
the  death  of  his  father.  Dido  was  married  to 
her  wealthy  uncle,  Acerbas,  who  was  mur- 
dered by  Pygmalion.  Upon  this  Dido  secret- 
ly sailed  from  Tyre  with  his  treasures,  accom- 
panied by  some  noble  Tyrians,  and  passed 
over  to  Africa.  Here  she  purchased  as  much 
land  as  might  be  enclosed  with  the  hide  of  a 
bull,  but  she  ordered  the  hide  to  be  cut  up 
into  the  thinnest  possible  strips,  and  with 
them  she  surrounded  a  spot,  on  which  she 
built  a  citadel  called  Byrsa  (from  /3ep<ra,  t.  e. 
the  hide  of  a  bull).  Around  this  fort  the  city 
of  Carthage  arose,  and  soon  became  a  power- 
ful and  flourishing  place.  The  neighboring 
king,  Hiarbas,  jealous  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
new  city,  demanded  the  hand  of  Dido  in  mar- 
riage, threatening  Carthage  with  war  in  case 
of  refusal.  Dido  had  vowed  eternal  fidelity 
to  her  late  husband ;  but  seeing  that  the  Car- 
thaginians expected  her  to  comply  with  the 
demands  of  Hiarbas,  she  pretended  to  yield 
to  their  wishes,  and  under  pretense  of  sooth- 
ing the  manes  of  Acerbas  by  expiatory  sacri- 
fices, she  erected  a  funeral  pile,  on  which  she 
stabbed  herself  in  presence  of  Iter  people 
After  her  death  she  was  worshiped  by  the 
Carthaginians  as  a  divinity.  Virgil  has  in- 
serted in  his  Aeneidthe  legend  of  Dido,  with 
various  .modifications.  According  to  the 
common  chronology,  there  was  an  Interval  of 
more  than  300  years  between  the  capture  of 
Troy  (n.o.  1184)  and  the  foundatl if  Car- 
thage (n.o.  85i!) ;   but   Virgil,  nevertheless, 

makes  Dido  a  contemporary  of  Aeneas,  with 
whom  she  falls  in  love  on  his  arrival  in  Africa. 
When  Aeneas  hastened  to  seek  the  new  home 
Which  l He  gods  had  promised  him,  Dido,  in 
despair,  destroyed  herself  on  a  funeral  pile. 

DlDl  MA.       UillANOUIDAE.] 

DIKSI'iTKR.     [JUPITKB.] 

DlGENTlA  (-ae:  lAcenza),  a  small  stream 

in  Lalium,  beautifully  cool  and  clear,  flowing 
into  the  Anio,  through  the  Sabine  farm  of 
Horace. 

DTNAIH'IU'S  (-i),  the  last  and  least  im- 
portant of  the  in  Alhc  orators,  was  born  at 
( 'oriiith  abOUt  B.O.  861,  As  lie  W  a-  a  foreign- 
er, he  could  not  come  forward  him8elf  as  an 
orator,  and  therefore  wrote  oratiOUE  for  Oth- 
ers, lie  belonged  to  the  friends  of  Phocion 
and  the  Macedonian  party,  only  :;  ol  his 
i  peechee  have  come  down  to  us. 

DINDYMBNB.    [DranYMi     I 

DINDYMUS  (i)  or  dindv.m  \  i  8rnm). 
(l)  A  mountain  in  Phrygin,  on  the  frontiers 

ol'Calalia,  near  lie'  lown  I'essinus,  sacred  to 
Cybele.  the  mother  of  the  gods,  who  \l  hence 
called  Dindynicne.  — (2)  A  mountain  inMysia, 
iieai-  ( lyzicUS,  also  sacred  to  ( 'ybele. 


DIOCAESAREA. 


146 


DIOMEDES. 


DfOCAESAREA  (-ae),  more  anciently  whom  he  succeeded  as  the  head  of  tbe  Peri- 
SEPl'lIoKiS,  in  Galilee,  was  a  small  place  patetic  school  at  Athens.  He  flourished  b.o, 
until  Herodes  Antipas  made  it  the  capital  of     110. 


Galilee,  under  the  name  of  Diocaesarea. 

DIOCLETIANUS,  VALERIUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  a.d.  284-305,  was  burn  near  Salona, 
in  Dalmatia,  in  -45,  of  most  obscure  parent- 


DIOdOTUS  (-i),  a  Stoic  philosopher,  and 
a  teacher  of  Cicero,  in  whose  house  he  died, 
u.c.  59. 

DIOGENES   (-is).     (1)    Of  Apoi.loma,   in 


n*,e.  On  tlie  death  of  Nnmerianus,  he  was  Crete,  a  celebrated  Ionic  philosopher,  and  a 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  troops,  2S4.  That  pupil  of  Anaximenes,  lived  in  the  5th  century 
he  might  more  successfully  repel  the  barbari-    u.c. — (2)   The  Babylonian,  a  Stoic  phile 


•ins,  he  associated  with  bimselfMaximianns, 

who  was  invested  with  the  title  of  Augustus, 
286.  Subsequently  (292)  the  empire  was  again 
divided.     Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius 

were  proclaimed  Caesars,  and  the  government 


pher,  was  a  pupil  of  Chrysippus,  and  sui  cei  • 
ed  Zeno  of  Tarsus  as  the  head  of  the  Sto<» 
school  at  Athens.  He  was  one  of  the  3  em« 
bassadors  sent  by  the  Athenians  to  Rome  in 
u.c.  155.— (3)  The  celebrated  Cynic  philoso- 


of  the  Roman  world  was  divided  between  the  pher,  was  born  at  Sinope,  in  Pontile,  abont 

2  Augusti  and  the  2  Caesars.    Diocletian  gov-  u.c.  412.    His  youth  is  said  to  have  been  spent 

erned  the  East ;  but  afier  an  anxious  reign  of  in  dissolute  extravagance ;  but  at  Athens  his 

21  years,  he  longed  for  repose.    Accordingly  attention  -was  arrested  by  the  character  of 

on  the  1st  of  May,  305,  he  abdicated  at  Nice-  Antisthenes,   and   he   soon    became   distin- 


raedia,  and  compelled  his  reluctant  colleague, 
Maximian,  to  do  the  same  at  Milan.  Diocle- 
tian retired  to  his  native  Dalmatia,  and  pass- 
ed the  remainiug  8  years  of  his  life  near  Sa- 
lona, in  philosophic  retirement,  devoted  to 


juished  by  his  austerity  and  moroseness.  In 
summer  he  used  to  roll  in  hot  sand,  and  in 
winter  to  embrace  statues  covered  with  snow ; 
he  wore  coarse  clothing,  lived  on  the  plainest 
food,  slept  in  porticoes  or  in  the  streets;  and 


rural  pleasures  and  tbe  cultivation  of  his  gar-  finally,  according  to  the  common  story,  took 
den.  He  died  in  313.  One  of  the  most  memor-  up  his  resideuce  in  a  tub  belonging  to  the 
able  events  in  the  reign  of  Diocletian  was  his  Metroum,  or  temple  of  the  Mother  of  the 
fierce  persecution  of  the  Christians  (303),  to  Gods.  On  a  voyage  to  Aegina  he  was  taken 
which  he  was  instigated  by  his  colleague  Ga-  prisoner  by  pirates,  and  carried  to  Crete  to 
■erius.  be  sold  as  a  slave.    Here,  when  he  was  asked 

what  business  he  understood,  he  an- 
swered, "How  to  command  men."  He 
was  purchased  byXeniades  of  Corinth, 
who  gave  him  his  freedom,  and  intrust- 
ed him  with  the  care  of  his  children. 
During  his  residence  at  Corinth  his  cel- 
ebrated interview  with  Alexander  the 
Great  is  said  to  have  taken  place.  The 
<y-y  conversation  between  them  begun  by 
$sy  the  king's  saying,  "  I  am  Alexander  the 
Great :"  to  which  the  philosopher  re- 
plied, "  And  I  am  Diogenes  the  Cynic." 
Alexander  then  asked  whether  he  could 
oblige  him  in  any  way,  and  received  no 
answer  except  ''Yes;  yon  can  stand  out  of 
the  sunshine."  We  are  further  told  that 
of  Iasus,  in  Caria,  aud  lived  at  Alexandria  in  Alexander  admired  Diogenes  so  much  that 
the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Soter.— (2)  Sicclcs,  of  he  said,  "Ii  I  were  not  Alexander,  I  should 
Agvrium,  in  Sicilv,  a  celebrated  historian,  wish  to  be  Diogenes."  Diogenes  died  at  Cor- 
was  a  contemporary  of  Julius  Caesar  and  of  inth,  at  the  age  of  nearly  00,  b.o.  323.— (4)  La- 
Au'_rustas.  In  order  to  collect  materials  for  krtius,  of  LaGrte,  in  Cilicia,  probably  lived  in 
his  history,  he  traveled  over  a  great  part  of  the  2d  century  after  Christ.  He  wrote  the 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  lived  a  long  time  at  Lives  of  the  Philosophers  in  10  books,  which 
Rome.     His  work  was  entitled  Bibliotheca    work  is  stillextant. 

Hietorica,  The  Historical  Library,  and  was  a  DlOMEDEAE  INSt'LAE,  5  small  islands 
universal  history,  embracing  tbe  period  from  in  the  Adriatic  Sea,  N.  of  the  promontory 
the  earliest  mythical  ages  down  to  the  begin-  Garganum,  in  Apulia,  named  after  Diomedes. 
ning  of  Caesar's  Gallic  wars.  Of  the  40  books  [Diomehes.]  The  largest  of  these,  called  Dio- 
into  which  the  work  was  divided,  15  have  medea  Insula  or  Trimerns  (Tremhi),  was  the 
come  down  to  us  entire,  namely,  the  first  5  place  where  Julia,  the  granddaughter  of  Au- 
books,  containing  the  early  history  of  the    gustus,  died. 

Eastern  nations,  the  Egyptians,  Aethiopians,  DIOMEDES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Tvdeus  and 
and  Greeks:  and  books  11  to  20  inclusive,  Deipyle,  whence  he  is  constantly  called  Ty- 
containing  the  history  from  the  2d  Persian    dides",  succeeded  Adrastns  as  kin-  of  Are  « 


DI0DORUS  (-i).     (1)  Surnamed  Cronus,  a 
celebrated  dialectic  philosopher,  was  a  native 


war,  u.c.  4S0,  down  to  302.  Of  the  rest,  only 
fragments  have  been  preserved.  In  his  writ- 
ings we  find  neither  method,  accuracy,  nor 
judgment.  As  an  authority,  he  eati  not  be 
relied  upon. — (3)  Of  Tyre,  a  Peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, a  disciple  and  follower  of  Oitolaus, 


—Homeric  St'/rit.  Tydeus  fell  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Thebes,  while  his  sou  Diomedes 
was  yet  a  boy  ;  bill  Diomedes  was  afterwards 
one  of  the  Epigoni  who  took  Thebes.  He 
went  to  Troy  with  SO  ships,  and  was.  next  to 
Achilles,  the  bravest  hero  in  the  Greek  army. 


DION. 


U7 


DIONYSIUS. 


He  enjoyed  the  especial  protection  of  Athena 
(Minerva) ;  he  fought  against  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  Trojans,  such  as  Hector  and 
Aeneas,  and  even  with  the  gods  who  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Trojans.  "He  thus  wounded 
both  Aphrodite  (Venus)  and  Ares  (Mars). — 
Later  Stories.    Diomedes  and  Ulysses  carried 


Diomedes  In  the  act  of  bearing  away  the  Palladium 


off  the  palladium  from  the  city  of  Troy,  since 
it  was  believed  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken 
bo  long  as  the  palladium  was  within  its  walls. 
After  the  capture  of  Troy,  he  returned  to  Ar- 
gos,  where  he  found  his  wife  Aegialea  living 
in  adultery  with  Ilippolytus,  or,  according  to 
others,  with  Cometes  or  Cyllabarus.  This 
misfortune  befell  him  throngh  the  anger  of 
Aphrodite.  He  therefore  quitted  Argos,  and 
went  to  Aetolia.  He  subsequently  attempted 
to  return  to  Argos;  but  on  his  way  home  a 
storm  threw  him  on  the  coast  of  Daunia,  in 
Italy.  lie  married  Evippe,  the  daughter  of 
Daunns,  and  settled  in  Daunia,  where  he  died 
at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  buried  in  one 
of  the  islands  off  Cape  Garganum,  which  were 
called  after  him  the  Diomedeau  islands.  His 
companions  were  inconsolable  al  hie  loss,  and 
were  metamorphosed  into  birds  (Aves  Dtome- 
decu  .  which,  mindful  of  their  origin,  used  to 
fly  towards  the  Greek  ships,  but  to  avoid 
those  of  the  Romans.  A  number  of  towns  in 
the  E.  part  of  Italy  were  believed  to  nave  been 
founded  by  Diomedes.  A  plain  of  Apulia, 
near  Salapia  and  Canusium,  was  called  Dio- 
medeiCampi,  after  him. — (2)  King  of  the  Bis- 
tones,  in  Thrace,  killed  bj  Hercules  on  ac- 
i  ounl  of  his  mares,  which  he  fed  with  human 
flesh. 

DION  (-dnis),  a  Syracusan,  son  of  Hippari- 
nus,  and  a  relation  of  Dionysius.  who  treated 
him  with  the  greatest  distinction,  and  em- 
ployed him  in  many  services  of  trust  ami  con- 
fidence. On  the  visit  of  Plato  to  Syracu  e, 
Dion  became  an  ardent  disciple  of  the  philos- 
opher; ami  when  theyounger  Dionysius  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Dion  watched  with  undis- 
guised contempt  his  dissolute  conduct,  and  bo 
Became  an  object  ofsnspicion  to  the  youthful 
tyrant.  Dion,  aided  by  Plato,  endeavored  to 
withdraw  him  from  his  vicious  courses,  bul 
failed,  and  was  banished.    He  then  retired  to 


Athens.  Plato  visited  Syracuse  a  third  time, 
that  he  might  secure  the"  recall  of  Dion;  but 
failing  in  this,  Dion  determined  on  expelling 
the  tyrant  by  force.  In  this  he  succeeded; 
but  since  his  own  conduct  towards  the  Syra- 
cusaus  was  equally  tyrannical,  a  conspiracy 
was  formed  against  him,  and  he  was  assas- 
sinated in  his  own  house,  u.c.  353. 

DION  CASSIUS  (-i),  the  historian,  son  of 
a  Roman  senator;  born  a.d.  155,  at  Nicaea, 
in  Bithynia.  He  held  several  important  of- 
fices under  Commodus,  Caracalla,  and  Alex- 
ander Severus,  180-229,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  Campania;  subsequently  he  returned  to 
Nicaea,  his  native  town,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  and  died.  The  chief 
work  of  Dion  was  a  History  of  Rome,  in  80 
books,  from  the  landing  of  Aeneas  in  Italy  to 
a.d.  2'.'9.  Unfortunately,  only  a  comparative- 
ly small  portion  of  this  work  has  come  down 
to  us  entire.  From  the  36th  book  to  the  filth 
the  work  is  extant  complete,  and  embraces 
the  history  from  the  wars  of  Lucullus  and  Cn. 
Pompey  against  Mithridates,  down  to  the 
death  of  Agrippa,  b.o.  10.  Of  the  remaining 
books  we  have  only  the  epitomes  made  by 
Xiphilinus  and  others.  Dion  Cassias  con- 
sulted original  authorities,  and  displayed 
great  judgment  and  discrimination  in  "the 
use  of  them. 

DION  CHRYSOSTOMUS  (-i),  that  is.  the 
golden-mouthed,  a  surname  given  him  on  ac- 
count of  his  eloquence,  was  born  at  Prusa,  in 
Bithynia,  about  the  middle  of  the  first  cent- 
ury of  our  era.  He  was  well  educated,  and 
increased  his  knowledge  by  traveling.  The 
emperors  Nerva  ami  Trajan  entertained  for 
him  the  highest  esteem.  He  was  the  most 
eminent  of  the  Greek  rhetoricians  and  Soph- 
ists in  the  time  of  the  Roman  empire.  There 
are  extant  80  of  his  orations;  but  they  are 
rather  essays  on  political,  moral,  and  philo- 
sophical subjects  than  real  orations,  of  which 
they  have  only  the  form. 

DIOXAKA.     [Dione.] 

DI5NE  (-e-  ,  a  female  Titan,  by  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter), by  whom  she  became  'he  mother  of 

Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  i-  heme  called  DtO- 
naea,  and  sometime-  even  Pin/,,-.  Hence 
Caesar  Is  called  i>,<in<t,-n.i  Caesar,  because  he 
claimed  deseent  from  Venus. 

DIONTSIUS  (-i).  (1)  The  Elder,  tyrant  of 
Syracuse,  sor  of  Hermocrates,  bom  b.o.  480. 

in    li'  ■   as   a   clerk    in   a   public   office. 

Prompted  by  ambition,  and  possessing  natu- 
ral i  a  lent,  h-  gradually  raised  himselfto  dis- 
tinction; ami  in  b.o.  105,  though  only  25 years 
of  age,  was  appointed  sole  general  at  Syra- 
cuse, with  full  powers.     Prom  this  period  we 

may  date  the  commence nl  of  hi-  re 

tyranny,  which  continued  without  interrup- 
tion for  38  years.     He  strengthened  himself 

by  the  increase  of  the  army,  and  by  convert- 
ing i lie  Island  Ortygia  into  a  fortified  re  i- 

dl  nit  lor  himself;   ami  when  I  horon  ;hly  pre- 
pared, commenced  the  ea  •■•  til  ion  of  h 
bilious  plans.    These  embraced  the  Bub 
tion  of  the  re- 1  nl  Sicily,  the  humiliation  of 

( larthage,  ami   i  he  -.  a  ii  in   ol   part  of 

southern  italy  to  his  dominions.    In  all  these 


DIONYSIUS. 


H8 


DIONYSUS. 


projects  he  succeeded.  During  the  last  20 
years  of  his  life  he  possessed  an  amount  of 
power  and  influence  far  exceeding  that  en- 
joyed by  any  other  Greek  before  the  time  of 
Alexander.  His  death  took  place  at  Syra- 
cuse, 36T,  iu  the  middle  of  a  war  with  Car- 
thage. He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Dionysius  the  younger.  The  character  of 
Dionysina  has  been  drawn  in  the  blackest 
colors  by  many  ancient  writers  ;  he  appears, 
indeed,  to  have  become  a  type  of  a  tyrant  iu 
its  worst  sense.  In  his  latter  years  he  be- 
came extremely  suspicions,  and  apprehensive 
of  treachery,  even  from  his  nearest  friends, 
nnd  is  said  to  have  adopted  the  most  exces- 
sive precautions  to  guard  against  it.  He 
built  the  terrible  prison  called  Lautumiae, 
which  was  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock  in  the 
part  of  Syracuse  called  Epipolae.  Dionysina 
was  fond  of  literature  and  the  arts,  and  fre- 
quently entertained  at  his  court  men  distin- 
guished in  literature  and  philosophy,  among 
whom  was  the  philosopher  Plato.  He  was 
himself  a  poet,  and  repeatedly  contended  for 
the  prize  of  tragedy  at  Athens.  —  (2)  The 
Younger,  son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded 
his  father  as  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  n.o.  367.  He 
was  at  this  time  under  30  y.  ars  of  age;  he 
had  been  brought  up  at  his  father's  court  iu 
idleness  and  luxury,  and  was  studiously  pre- 
cluded from  taking  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
The  ascendency  which  Dion,  and  through  his 
means  Plato,  obtained  for  a  time  over  his 
mind  was  undermined  by  flatterers  and  the 
companions  of  his  pleasures.  Dion,  who  had 
been  banished  by  Dionysius,  returned  to  Sic- 
ily in  357,  at  the  head  of  a  small  force,  with 
the  avowed  object  of  dethroning  him.  Dio- 
nysius, finding  that  he  could  not  successfully 
resist  Dion,  sailed  away  to  Italy,  and  thus 
lost  the  sovereignty  after  a  reign  of  12  years, 
356.  He  now  repaired  to  Locri,  the  native 
city  of  his  mother,  Doris,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived in  the  most  friendly  maimer;  but  he 
made  himself  tyrant  of  the  city,  and  treated 
the  inhabitants  with  the  utmost  cruelty.  Aft- 
er remainiug  at  Locri  10  years,  he  obtain- 
ed possession  again  of  Syracuse,  where  he 
reigned  for  the  next  3  years,  until  Timoleon 
came  to  Sicily  to  deliver  the  Greek  cities 
there  from  the  dominion  of  the  tyrants.  Be- 
ing unable  to  resist  Timoleon,  he  surrendered 
the  citadel  into  the  hands  of  the  latter,  on 
condition  of  being  allowed  to  depart  in  safety 
to  Corinth,  343.  Here  be  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  iu  a  private  condition  ;  and  accord- 
ing  to  some  writers  was  reduced  to  support 
himself  by  keeping  a  school.  —  (3)  Of  Haxi- 
\msvb,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhetorician, 
lived  many  years  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus, and  died  i;.c.  7.  His  principal  work 
was  a  history  of  Rome  in  22  books,  contain- 
ing the  history  of  the  city  from  the  mythical 
times  down  to'n.c.  264.  Of  this  work  only  the 
first  11  books  have  come  down  to  ns.  These 
prove  that  he  possessed  considerable  artistic 
skill  as  well  as  rhetorical  power,  but  was  de- 
ficient both  as  an  historian  and  as  a  states- 
man. He  also  wrote  various  rhetorical  and 
critical  works,  which  abound  with  the  most 
exquisite  remarks  and  criticisms  on  the  wi  irks 
of  the  classical  writers  of  Greece.     Of  these 


several  have  beeu  preserved (4)  Of  Hrrao- 

i.;:a.  a  pupil  of  Zeno,  at  first  a  Stoic  and  after- 
wards an  Eleatic  philosopher. 

DIONYSUS  (-i),  the  youthful,  beautiful, 
but  effeminate  god  of  wine.  He  is  also  called 
both  by  Greeks  aud  Romans  Baocuus,  that 


Marble  Head  of  the  Youthful  Dionysus.    (Leyden.) 

is.  the  noisy  or  riotous  god,  which  was  orig- 
inally only  an  epithet  or  surname  of  Dionysus. 
He  was  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Semele, 
the  daughter  of  Cadmus  of  Thebes.  Before 
his  birth,  Semele  was  persuaded  by  Hera 
(Juuo),  who  appeared  to  her  in  disguise,  to 
request  the  father  of  the  gods  to  appear  to 
her  in  the  same  glory  in  which  he  approach- 
ed his  own  wife  Hera.  Zeus  unwillingly 
complied,  and  appeared  to  her  in  thunder 
aud  lightning.  Semele,  being  seized  by  the 
flames,  gave  premature  birth  to  a  child  j  but 
Zeus  saved  the  child,  sewed  him  up  in  his 
thigh,  and  thus  preserved  him  till  he  came 
to  maturity.  After  his  birth  Dionysus  was 
brought  up  by  the  nymphs  of  Mount  Nysa, 
who  were  rewarded  by  Zens  by  being  placed 
as  Hyades  among  the'  stars.  WheiYhe  had 
grown  up,  Hera  drove  him  mad,  in  which 
state  he  wandered  through  various  pans  of 
the  earth.  He  first  went  to  Egypt,  thence 
proceeded  through  Syria,  then  traversed  all 
Asia,  teaching  the  inhabitants  of  the  differ- 
ent countries  of  Asia  the  cultivation  of  the 
vine,  and  introducing  among  them  the  ele- 
ments of  civilization.  The  most  famous  part 
of  his  wanderings  in  Asia  is  his  expedition 
to  India,  which  is  said  to  have  lasted  several 
years.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  passed 
through  Thrace,  but  was  ill  received  by  Ly- 
curgus,  king  of  the  Edones.  [Lyoukgds.] 
He  then  returned  to  Thebes,  where  he  com- 
pelled the  women  to  quit  their  houses,  and 
to  celebrate  Bacchic  festivals  on  Mount  Ci- 
thaerou,  aud  fearfully  punished  Pentheus, 
who  attempted  to  prevent  his  worship.    [Pen- 


DIONYSUS. 


149 


DIONYSUS. 


The  Youthful  Bacchus.    (Louvre.) 

ixus.]  Dionysus  next  weni  to  Argos,  where 
le  people  tlrst  refused  t<>  acknowledge  him, 
it.  after  punishing  the  women  with  frenzy, 
!  was  recognized  as  a  god.  llislast  feal  was 
trformed  on  n  voyage  from  [caria  to  Naxos. 
e  hired  a  ship  which  belonged  to  Tyrrbeni- 
i  pirates;  but  the  men,  instead  of  landing 
Naxos,  steered  towards  Asia,  to  sell  him 
ere  as  a  slave.  Thereupon  the  god  changed 
le  mast  and  oars  Into  serpents,  ami  himself 
to  a  lion  :  iw  grew  around  the  vessel,  and 
e  sound  of  Antes  was  heard  on  every  Bide; 
le  sailors  wen-  seized  with  madness,  leaned 
e  i,  and  weie  metamorphosed  into 
tlphins.  After  he  had  thus  gradually  es- 
blished  his  divine  nature  throughont  the 

olid,   he    toed;     his    mother    out    of    Hades, 

lied  her  Thyflne,  find   rose  with   her  into 
lymnns.— Various  mythological  beings  are 

ISCribed    as   the   offspring  of  Dionysus;    hut, 

nong  the  women  who  won  hi-  hive  none  i- 

Ore  famous  in  ancient  story  than   Ariadne. 

Lbiaitnk.  i  —The  worship  of  Dionysus  was  no 
irt  of  ihe  original  religion  of  Greece.     In 

oner  le-  d'.es  not  appear  a     one  Of  the  great 
vinities;   he-  is  there  simply  described  as 


the  god  who  teaches  man  the  preparation  o\ 
wine.  As  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  spread 
in  Greece,  the  worship  of  Dionysus  likewise 
spread  farther  ;  and  after  the  time  of  Alexan- 
der's expedition  to  India,  the  celebration  of 
the  Bacchic  festivals  assumed  more  and  more 
their  wild  and  dissolute  character.  Dionysus 
may  be  taken  as  the  representative  of  the  pro- 
ductive and  intoxicating  power  of  nature. 
Since  wine  is  the  natural  symbol  of  this  pow- 
er, it  is  called  "the  fruit  of  Dionysus."  On 
account  of  the  close  connection  between  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil  and  the  earlier  stages 
of  civilization,  he  is  regarded  as  a  lawgiver 
and  a  lover  of  peace.  As  the  Greek  drama 
had  grown  out  of  the  dithyrambic  choruses  at 
the  festival  of  Dionysus,  he  was  also  regarded 
as  the  god  of  tragic  art,  and  as  the  protector 
of  theatres.  Respecting  his  festivals  and  the 
mode  of  their  celebration,  and  especially  the 
introduction  and  suppression  of  his  worship 
at  Rome,  see  Diet,  of  Ant.,  art.  Dumysia. — In 
the  earliest  times  the  Graces  or  Charites 
were  the  companions  of  Dionysus,  hut  after- 
wards we  find  him  accompanied  in  his  expe- 
ditions and  travels  by  Bacchantic  women, 
called  Lenae,  Maenadcs,  Thyiades,  Mimal- 
lones,  Clodones,  Bassarae  or  Bassarides,  all 
of  whom  are  represented  in  works  of  ait  as 
raging  with  madness  or  enthusiasm,  their 
heads  thrown  backwards,  with  disheveled 
hair,  and  carrying  in  their  hands  thyrsus- 
staffs  (entwined  with  ivy,  anil  headed*  with 
pine-cones),  cymbals,  swords,  or  serpents. 
Sileni,  Pans,  satyrs,  centaurs,  and  other  be- 
ings of  a  like  kind,  are  also  the  constant  com- 
panions of  the  god.     The  animal  most  com- 


Dionysus  (Uuccbus)  holding  n  Cimlliarua, 


1HOSC0KIDES. 


150 


DIOSCUKI. 


Dionysus.    (From  the  Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates.) 


monly  sacrificed  to  Dionysus  was  the  ram. 
Among  the  things  sacred  to  him,  we  may 
notice  the  vine,  ivy,  laurel,  and  asphodel ; 
the  dolphin,  serpent,  tiger,  lynx,  panther, 
and  ass.  In  works  of  art  he  appears  as  a 
youthful  god.  The  form  of  his  body  is  man- 
ly, but  approaches  the  female  form  by  its 
softness  and  roundness.  The  expression  of 
the  countenance  is  languid,  and  his  attitude 
is  easy,  like  that  of  a  man  who  is  absorbed  in 
sweet  thoughts,  or  slightly  intoxicated. 


DIOSCURI  (-Oram),  that  is,  sons  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  the  well-known  heroes  Castor  and 
Pollux,  called  by  the  Greeks  Polydeuces. 
The  two  brothers  were  sometimes  called  Cas- 
tokes  by  the  Romans.  According  to  Homer 
they  were  the  sons  of  Leda  and  Tyndareus, 
king  of  Lacedaemon,  and  consequently  broth- 
ers of  Helen.  Hence  they  are  often  called  by 
the  patronymic  Tiniddridae.  Castor  was  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  taming  and  managing 
horses,  and  Pollux  for  his  skill  in  boxing. 


Dionysus  (Bacchus)  drawn  by  Tigers. 

DlOSCORlDES  (-is)  PEDACIUS  or  PEDA- 
NIUS,  of  Anazarba,  in  Cilicia,  a  Greek  phy- 
sician, who  probably  lived  in  the  2d  century 
of  the  Christian  era,  the  author  of  an  extant 
work  on  Materia  Medica,  which  for  many 
ages  was  received  as  a  standard  production. 


(Mo 


.  Capitolii 


vol.  4,  tav.  G3.) 


Both  had  disappeared  from  the  earth  before 
the  Greeks  were  sent  against  Troy.  Although 
they  were  buried,  says  Homer,  yet  they  came 
to  life  every  other  clay,  and  they  enjoyed  di- 
vine honors.—  According  to  other  traditions, 
both  were  the  sons  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  and 


DIOSCURI. 


151 


DODONA. 


re  boru  at  the  same  time  with  their  sister 
len  out  of  an  egg.  [Leda.]  According  to 
ers  again,  Pollux  aud  Helen  only  were 
Idreu  of  Zens,  and  Castor  was  the  son  of 
idareus.  Hence  Pollux  was  immortal, 
ile  Castor  was  subject  to  old  age  and  death 
j  other  mortals.  The  fabulous  life  of  the 
iscuri  is  marked  by  3  great  events.  1. 
sir  expedition  against  Athens,  where  they 
;ued  their  sister  Helen,  who  had  been  car- 
1  off  by  Theseus,  and  placed  in  Aphidnae, 
ich  they  took.  2.  Their  part  in  the  expe- 
Oil  of  the  Argonauts,  during  which  Pollux 
ed,  in  a  boxing-match,  Amycus,  king  of 
iryces.  During  the  Argonautic  expedition 
y  founded  the  town  of  Dioscurias,  in  Col- 
s.  3.  Their  battle  with  the  sons  of  Apha- 
s,  Idas  and  Lynceus.  Castor,  the  mortal, 
by  the  hands  of  Idas,  but  Pollux  slew 
iceus,  and  Zeus  killed  Idas  by  a  (lash  of 
Uniug.  At  the  request  of  Pollux,  Zeus 
pwed  him  to  share  his  brother's  fate,  and 
live  alternately  one  day  under  the  earth, 
I  the  other  in  the  heavenly  abodes  of  the 
Is.  According  to  a  different  form  of  the 
ry,  Zeus  rewarded  the  attachment  of  the 
>  brothers  by  placing  them  among  the 
•s  as  Gemini. — These  heroic  yon  Mi  a  re- 
red  divine  honors  at  Sparta,  from  whence 
ir  worship  spread  over  other  parts  of 
•ece,  and  over  Sicily  and  Italy.  They  were 
shiped  more  especially  as  the  protectors 
sailors,  for  Poseidon  (Neptune)  had  re- 
ded their  brotherly  love  by  giving  them 
vet  over  winds  and  waves.  Bence  they 
called  by  Horace,  "Fratres  Helenae,  lu- 
i  sidera."  Whenever  they  appeared  they 
•e  seen  riding  on  magnificent  white  steeds. 
:y  were  regarded  as  presidents  of  the  pub- 
games,  as  the  inventors  of  the  war  dance, 
i  the  patrons  of  poets  and  hards.  They 
usually  represented  in  works  of  art  as 
thful  horsemen,  with  egg-shaped  helmets, 
wned  with  stars,  and  with  spears  in  their 
ds. — At  Koine,  the  worship  of  the  Dios- 
i  was  introduced  at,  an  early  time.  They 
e  believed  to  have  assisted  the  Romans 


curi  (Castor  and  Pollux).     (From  n  Coin  in  tho  Brit- 
ish Museum.) 

inst  the  Latins  in  the  battle  of  Lai  e  Re 
as ;  and  the  dictator  A.  Postumius  Albinua 
tag  the  battle  vowed  a  temple  to  them. 
s  temple  whs  erected  In  the  rornm,oppo- 
i  the  temple  of  Vesta.  Theeqnitc  regard 
the  Dioscuri  as  their  patrons,  and  went 
ry  year,  on  the  1Mb  of  July,  in  a  magnill- 
t  procession  on  horseback,  to  visit  their 
lple. 


Dioscuri  (Castor  and  Pollux).    (Millin.  Gal.  Myth.,  pi.  10S.) 


DIRAE  (-arum),  a  name  of  the  Furiae. 
[Edmenides.] 

DIRCE  (-es),  wife  of  Lycus,  who  married 
her,  after  divorcing  his  former  wife  Antiope. 
Dirce  treated  Antiope  with  great  cruelty ; 
and  accordingly,  when  Amphion  and  Zethus, 
the  sons  of  Antiope  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  ob- 
tained possession  of  Thebes,  they  took  a  sig- 
nal vengeance  upon  Dirce.  They  tied  her  to 
a  wild  bull,  which  dragged  her  about  till  she 
perished.  They  then  threw  her  body  into  a 
fountain  near  Thebes,  which  was  henceforth 
called  the  fountain  of  Dirce.  The  adjective 
Dircaeus  is  frequently  used  as  equivalent  to 
Boeotian. 

DIS  (gun.  DItis),  contracted  from  Dives,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  Pluto,  and  hence 
also  to  the  lower  world. 

DI8C0RDIA.     [Eeis.] 

DIUM.  (1)  An  important  town  in  Mace- 
donia on  the  Thennaic  gulf.— (2)  A  town  ill 
Chalcidice  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymonic 
gnlf. 

DIVlCO  (-Snis),  the  leader  of  the  Helve- 
tians ill  the  war  against  I,. Cassias  in  u.o.  107, 
was  at  the  head  of  the  embassy  sent  to, I ul ins 
Caesar,  nearly  SO  years  later,  b.o.  58,  when  he 
was  preparing  tO  attack  the  Helvetians. 

DIVITlAi  IS  (-i),  an  Aeduau  noble  and 
brother  of  Dumnorix,  was  a  warm  adherent 

of  the  Romans  and  ofCaesar,  who.  ii usid- 

eration  or  his  entreaties,  pardoned  the  treason 
of  Dimiiiorix  in  ii.o.  .'.s. 

DIVODtTRUM  f-i :  Mets),  subsequently  Me- 
diomatrici,  and  still  later  Metis  or  Mettis,  the 
capital  of  the  Mediomatrici  in  Gallia  Bel   li  i 

DIVONA.    [Caduboi.] 

i  ii  iI'.kim  's  (-i),  a  town  in  Paeoula  iii  Mace- 
donia S.  of  the  rivi  r  Bcbedorus. 

DODONA  (-ae),  the  most  ancient  oracle  In 
Greece,  situated  in  Eplrus,  founded  by  the 
Pel  i  Mans,  and  dedicated  to  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
The  response,  ofthe  oracle  were  given  from 

lofty  oaks  or  i eii  tree  ,     The  will  of  the 

p-od  wa   declared  bj  the  wind  i  ui  tling  ii gb 

the  tree-,  and   in  order  lo  reudei   II UlldS 

more  distinct,  brazen  vei  i  el   «  ei  e  i  a  peuded 
on  the  branches  of  the  tree    w  hii  h  b< 
in  motion  by  the  wind  came  In  contact  with 
one  another.    The  e  soundi  '.'.ere  lnt<  rpr  ted 
in  early  times  by  men,  but  afterwards  b 
svomen,    The  priests,  h  bo  had  the  man  i   • 


DOLABELLA. 


152 


DORISCUS. 


nieut  of  the  temple  were  called  Pel] i  or  Hell i. 
'I'lic  oracle  of  Dodona  had  less  influence  in 
historical  times  than  in  the  heroic  age,  and 
was  supplanted  to  a  great  extent  by  the  ora- 
cle of  Delphi. 

DOLABELLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  celebra- 
ted patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens. 
Those  most  deserving  of  notice  are:  (1)  Cn. 
Cornelius  Dolabeli.a,  consul  h.o.  81,  whom 
the  young  Jnlius  Caesar  accused  in  77  of  ex- 
tortion in  his  province.  —  (2)  Cn.  Cornelius 
Dolabella,  praetor  urbanus  in  81.  With  Ver- 
res  as  his  legate,  he  plundered  his  province  in 
Cilicia,  and  upon  his  return  was  accused,  be- 
trayed by  Verres,  and  condemned.— (3)  P. 
Cornelius  Dolabella,  the  son-in-law  of  Cic- 
ero, whose  daughter  Tullia  he  married  in  51. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  profligate  men  of  his 
age,  and  his  conduct  caused  Cicero  great  un- 
easiness. On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil 
war  he  joined  Caesar,  and  fought  on  his  side 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48),  and  was  raised 
by  him  to  the  consulship  in  44.  He  afterwards 
received  from  Antony  the  province  of  Syria. 
On  his  way  to  his  province  he  plundered  the 
cities  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  senate  sent  against  him 
Cassias,  who  took  Caesarea,  in  which  Dola- 
bella  had  taken  refuge.  That  he  might  not 
fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  he  com- 
mitted suicide,  43. 

DOLON  (-onis),  a  spy  of  the  Trojans  in  the 
Trojan  war,  slain  by  Diomedes. 

DOLOPES  (-um),  a  powerful  people  in 
Thessaly,  dwelt  on  the  Enipeus,  and  fought 
before  Troy.  At  a  later  time  they  dwelt  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Piudus  ;  and  their  country, 
called  DOloi'ia,  was  reckoned  part  of  Epirus. 

DuMlTIANUS  (-i),  or  with  his  full  name 
T.  Flavius  Do.mitianls  Augustus,  Roman 
emperor,  a.i>.  81-96,  was  the  younger  son  of 
Vespasian,  and  was  born  at  Rome  a.i>.  51. 
During  the  reigns  of  Vespasian  (69-79)  and  of 
his  brother  Titus  (79-S1)  he  was  not  allowed 
to  take  any  part  in  public  affairs.  During  the 
first  few  years  of  his  reign  his  government 
was  much  better  than  had  been  expected. 
But  his  conduct  was  soon  changed  for  the 
worse.  His  wars  were  mostly  uufortunate ; 
and  his  want  of  success  both  wounded  his 
vanity  and  excited  his  fears,  and  thus  led  him 
to  delight  in  the  misfortunes  and  sufferings 
of  others.  In  S3  he  undertook  an  expedition 
against  the  Chatti,  which  was  attended  with 
no  result,  though  on  his  return  to  Rome  in 
the  following  year  he  celebrated  a  triumph, 
and  assumed  the  name  of  Germanicus.  In  85 
Agricola,  whose  success  and  merits  excited 
his  jealousy,  was  recalled  to  Rome.  [Agric- 
ola.] After  his  war  with  the  Dacians, 
which  terminated  very  unfavorably  [Decf.ua- 
lus],  he  gave  full  sway  to  his  cruelty  and 
tyranny.  The  silent  fear  which  prevailed  in 
Rome  and  Italy  during  the  latter  years  of 
Domitian's  reign  is  briefly  but  energetically 
described  by  Tacitus  in  the  introduction  to 
his  Life  of  Agricola.  and  his  vices  and  tyran- 
ny are  exposed  in  the  strongest  colors  by  the 
withering  satire  of  Juvenal.  Many  conspira- 
cies had  been  formed  against  his  life,  which 
had  been  discovered;  but  he  was  at  length 


murdered  by  the  connivance  of  his  wife,  Do- 
mitia. 

DOMITIUS  AFER.     [Afer.] 

DOMITIUS  AHENOBARBUS.  [Aiibno- 
harbus.] 

DOMITIUS  CALVINUS.     [Calvinus.] 

DOMITIUS  CORBULO.     [Corbclo.] 

DOMITIUS  ULPIANUS.     [Ulpiancs.] 

DONATUS  (-i).  (1)  A  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, who  taught  at  Rome  iu  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century,  and  was  the  preceptor  of  St.  Je- 
rome. His  most  famous  work  is  a  system  of 
Latin  Grammar,  which  has  formed  the  ground- 
work of  most  elementary  treatises  upon  the 
same  subject  from  his  own  time  to  the  pres- 
ent day. — (2)  Tiberius  Claudius,  the  author 
of  a  Life  of  Virgil  in  25  chapters,  prefixed  to 
many  editions  of  Virgil. 

DONUSA  or  DONUSTA  (-ae),  one  of  the 
smaller  Sporades  in  the  Aegaean  sea,  near 
Naxos.  It  produced  gieen  marble,  whence 
Virgil  calls  the  island  viridis.  Under  the  Ro- 
man emperors  it  was  used  as  a  place  of  ban- 
ishment. 

DORA  (-ae),  DORUS,  DO  RUM  (-i),  called 
Dor  iii  the  O.  T.,  the  most  southerly  town  of 
Phoenicia  on  the  coast,  on  a  kind  of  penin- 
sula at  the  foot  of  Mount  Carmel. 

DORIS  (-idis).  (1)  Daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Thetis,  wife  of  her  brother  Nereus,  and 
mother  of  the  Nereides.  The  Latin  poets 
sometimes  use  the  name  of  this  divinity  for 
the  sea  itself.— (2)  One  of  the  Nereides,  daugh- 
ter of  the  preceding. — (3)  A  small  and  mount- 
ainous country  in  Greece,  formerly  called 
DrvOpis,  bounded  by  Thessaly  on  the  N.,  by 
Aetolia  on  the  W.,  by  Locris  ou  the  S.,  and  by 
PhocisoutheE.  It  contained  4  towns— Bourn, 
Citininm,  Erineus,  and  Pindus— which  form- 
ed the  Dorian  tetrapolis.  These  towns  never 
attained  any  consequence  ;  but  the  country 
is  of  importance  as  the  home  of  the  Dorians 
(Dores),  one  of  the  great  Hellenic  races,  who 
conquered  Peloponnesus.  It  was  related  that 
Aegimius,  king  of  the  Dorians,  had  been 
driven  from  his  dominions  by  the  Lapithae, 
but  was  reinstated  by  Hercules ;  that  the  chil- 
dren of  Hercules  hence  took  refuge  in  this 
land  when  they  had  been  expelled  from  Pel- 
oponnesus; and  that  it  was  to  restore  them 
to  their  rights  that  the  Dorians  invaded  Pel- 
oponnesus. Accordingly,  the  conquest  of 
Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians  is  usually  called 
the  Return  of  the  Heraclidae.  [Heraoliuae.] 
The  Dorians  were  divided  into  three  tribes: 
the  Hylleis,  Pamphyli,  and  Dymane*.  They 
were  the  ruling  class  throughout  Peloponne- 
sus; the  old  inhabitants  were  reduced  to 
slavery,  or  became  subjects  of  the  Dorians 
under  the  name  of  Perioeci. — (4)  A  district  in 
Asia  Minor  consisting  of  the  Dorian  settle- 
ments on  tin'  coast  oil  'aria  and  the  neighbor- 
ing islands,  six  of  these  towns  formed  a 
league,  called  the  Dorian  hexapolis,  consist- 
ing of  Lindus,  lalysus,  and  Camlrns  in  the 
island  of  Rhodes,  the  island  of  Cos,  and  (.'ni- 
dus and  Halicarnassus  on  the  mainland. 

DORISCUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Thrace  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Uebrus,  in  the  midst  of  an  ex- 


DORUS. 


153 


DRYOPE. 


tensive  plain  of  the  same  name,  where  Xerxes 
reviewed  his  vast  forces. 

DORUS  (-i),  a  son  of  Hellen,  and  the  myth- 
ical ancestor  of  the  Dorians. 

DORYLAEUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Phrygia 
Epictetus,  on  the  river  Thymbris,  with  warm 
baths,  which  are  used  at  the  present  day. 

DOSSENNUS  FABlUS,  or  DORSENUS,  an 
ancient  Latin  comic  dramatist,  censured  by 
Horace  on  account  of  the  exaggerated  buf- 
foonery of  his  characters. 

DRABESCUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  district 
Edonis  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymon. 

DRACON  (-Onis),  the  author  of  the  first 
written  code  of  laws  at  Athens.  In  this  code 
lie  affixed  the  penalty  of  death  to  almost  all 
crimes — to  petty  thefts,  for  instance,  as  well 
as  to  sacrilege  and  murder — which  gave  oc- 
casion for  the  remark  that  his  laws  were  writ- 
ten, not  in  ink,  but  in  blood.  His  legislation 
is  placed  in  n.o.  021.  After  the  legislation  of 
.Solon  (594),  most  of  the  laws  of  Dracon  fell 
into  disuse. 

DliANGIANA  (-ae),  a  part  of  Ariana, 
bounded  by  Gedrosia,  Carmania,  Arachosia, 
and  Aria.  It  sometimes  formed  a  separate 
satrapy,  but  was  more  usually  united  to  the 
satrapies  either  of  Arachosia  or  of  Gedrosia, 
or  of  Aria.  In  the  N.  of  the  country  dwelt 
the  Drangak,  a  warlike  people,  from  whom 
tin'  province  derived  its  name.  The  Ariaspae 
inhabited  the  s.  part  of  the  province. 

DR5.VU8  (-i:  Drave),  a  tributary  of  the 
Danube,  flowing  through  Noricum  and  I'm i- 
nouia;  and  after  receiving  the  Murins  (JfuAr), 
falling  into  tin'  Danube  E.  ofMursa  (JEsseck), 

DIiKl'ANT.M  (-it,  that  is,  a  sickle.  (1)  Also 
Dbepana  (-6mm),  more  rarely  Dbkpane  (-&: 
Trapani),  a  sea-port  town  in  the  N.W.  corner 

of  siciiy.  f led  by  the  Carthaginians.    It 

was  here  that  Anchises  died,  according  to  Vir- 
gil.— (2)  Also  Dbkpane,  a  town  in  Bithynia, 
the  birthplace  of  Helena,  mother  of  Constan- 
tine  tin'  Great,  in  whose  honor  it  was  called 
Helenopoi.is,  and  made  an  important  place. 

Dl;f"ENTfA  (-ae:  Durance),  a  large  and 
rapid  river  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  rising  in 

the  Alps,   and  flowing  into  the   Kh -   mar 

Avenlo  '.i  nigrum). 

DRUSILLA  (  ae).  (1)Livia  (-ae),  mother  of 
tin-  emperor  Tiberius  and  wife  of  Augustus. 
(Livia.)  (2>  Daughter  of  Germanicus  and 
Agrippinn,  lived  in  Incestuous  intercom  e 
wiih  her  brother  Caligula,  who  loved  her 
must  tenderlv  and  deified  her  at  her  dei 
a.  o.  :;s.—  (3)  Daughter  of  Herodes  Agrippa  I., 
king  of  the  Jews,  married  Felix,  i  he  procura- 
tor of  Judaea,  and  was  present  with  her  hus- 
band when  si.  Paul  preai  hi  d  befon  Fells  in 
A.'n  80. 

DRtJBUS  (-1).  the  name  of  a  distinguished 

family  Of  the  Livia  geilS.      It  i     -aid  licit  

of  i he  i.r.ii  acquired  the  cogn en  i \rv  •> 

fur  himself  and  his  descendants  by  having 
slain  iii  combat  one  Draustis,  a  Gallic  chief- 
tain.— (1)  M.  I.ivns  Di'.iscs.  tribune  of  the 
pleh  with  c.  Gracchus,  b.o.  122.  He  was  a 
stanch  adherent  of  the  aristocracy,  and 
gained  popularity  for  the  senate  by  propo  li 


almost  the  same  measures  as  he  had  opposed 
when  brought  forward  by  Gracchus.  He  was 
consul  in  111.— (2)  M.  Livius  Duusus,  son  of 
No.  1,  an  eloquent  orator,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  91.  Although,  like  his  father,  he  be- 
longed to  the  aristocratical  party,  he  medi- 
tated the  most  extensive  changes  in  the  Ro- 
man state.  He  proposed  and  carried  some 
portion  of  his  scheme;  but  eventually  his 
measures  became  very  unpopular.  The  sen- 
ate, perceiving  the  dissatisfaction  of  all  par- 
ties, voted  that  all  the  laws  of  Drusus,  being 
carried  against  the  auspices,  were  null  and 
void  from  the  beginning.  Drusus  now  began 
to  organize  a  formidable  conspiracy  against 
the  government ;  but  one  evening,  as  he  was 
entering  the  hall  of  his  own  house,  he  was 
stabbed,  and  died  a  few  hours  afterwards. 
Tbe  death  of  Drusus  destroyed  the  hopes  of 
the  Socii,  to  whom  he  had  promised  the  Ro- 
man citizenship,  and  was  thus  immediately 
followed  1>5'  the  Social  war.— (3)  Livios  Dbu- 
8U»  Claudianus,  father  of  Li  via,  who  was  the 
mother  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  He  was  one 
of  the  gens  Claudia,  and  was  adopted  by  a 
Livius  Drusus.  Being  proscribed  by  the  tri- 
umvirs (42),  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.— 
(4)  Nkeo  Ci-audics  Drdsus,  commonly  called 
by  the  moderns  Dp.usus  Sknioe,  to  distinguish 
him  from  No.  5,  was  the  son  of  Tib.  Claudius 
Nero  and  Livia,  and  younger  brother  of  tbe 
emperor  Tiberius.  He  was  born  in  the  house 
of  Augustus  three  months  after  the  marriage 
of  l.ivia  anil  Augustus,  H.c.  :;*.  Drusus,  as  hi' 
grew  up,  was  more  liked  by  the  people  than 
was  his  brother.  He  married  Antonia,  the 
daughter  of  the  triumvir,  and  was  greatly 
trusted  by  Augustus,  who  employed  him  in 
important  offices.  He  carried  (in  tbe  war 
against  the  Germans,  and  in  the  course  of  4 
campaigns  (u.o.  12  9)  he  advanced  as  far  as 
the  Alius  {Elbe).  In  his  first  campaign  he  dug 
a  canal  {Fossa  Drusutna)  from  the  Rhine  near 
Arnheim  to  the  Yssel,  near  Doesberg;  and 

lie   made   use   of  this   Canal   to   sail    from    the 

Lib i ne  into  the  ocean.  On  the  return  of  the 
army  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Rhine,  he  died  in 
ci m  equence  of  a  fracl tire  of  his  leg,  which 

happened  through  a  fall  from  hie  hoise. — (£) 

i':i  i  s  Caesau,  commonly  called  by  modern 
writers  Duusus  Jdniob,  was  the  son  hi'  the 
emperor  Tiberius  by  his  1st  wife,  Vipsania. 
lie  married  Livia.  the  sister  of  Germanicus. 
lie  was  poisoned  by  Sejanus,  the  favorite  of 
Tiberius,  who  aspired  to  the  empire,  t.n.  23. 
'   i  iiia  si '-.  -iii, ml  son  of  i  lermanicna  and 

.V  i  ippina,  also  fell  a  victim  to  the  ambition 
OlSejanUS  a  few  years  after  No.  6. 

DRYXDES.    [Nymphae.] 

DRYA8  (-adis),  father  oftheThraciau  king 
Lycurgus,  who  i-  hence  called  Dryantides. 

I  >l:  V  MA  i:  A  (ae,  or  DRYMUS  (-i),  a  town 
in  Phocis,  a  little  8.  of  the  i  lephl 

I'l;  ,   MI'S    (-i).      (1)    See    DBVMAKA.    -(2)    A 

Btrone  place  in  Attica,  on  the  rrontl 
Boeotla. 

DR1  MUSS  \      ie),  an  island  off  the 
of  lunia,  opposite  (  Hazomenae. 

DRYOPE  '  e    .  daughtei  of  kino  Di 
was  beloved  by  Apollo,  bj  whom  -\f  became 
the  mother  ofAvrmssDB.   she  was  afterwards 


DKYOPES. 


154 


ECHEDORUS. 


carried  off  by  the  Hamadryades,  and  became 
a  nymph. 

DRYOPES  (-urn),  a  Pelasgic  people,  who 
dwelt  first  in  Thessaly,  from  the  Spercheus 
to  Parnassus,  and  afterwards  in  Doris,  which 
was  called  from  them  Dryopis.  Driven  out 
of  Doris  by  the  Dorians,  they  migrated  to 
other  countries,  and  settled  in  Peloponnesus, 
Euboea,  and  Asia  Minor. 

DUBIS  (-is :  Doubs),  a  river  in  Gaul,  rising 
in  M.  Jurassus  (Jura),  flowing  past  Vesontio 
(Besanfon),  and  falling  into  the  Arar  (Saone) 
near  Cabillonum  (Chalons). 

DUBRIS  PORTUS  (Dover),  a  sea-port  town 
of  the  Cantii  in  Britain  :  here  was  a  fortress 
erected  by  the  Romans  against  the  Saxon 
pirates. 

DtJlLlUS  (-i),  consul  n.o.  200,  gained  a  vic- 


Columna  Rostrata. 


tory  over  the  Carthaginian  fleet  by  means  of 
grappling-irons,  which  drew  the  enemy's 
ships  towards  his,  and  thns  changed  the  sea- 
fight  into  a  land-fight.  This  was  the  first 
naval  victory  that  the  Romans  had  ever 
gained,  and  the  memory  of  it  was  perpetuated 
by  a  column  which  was  erected  in  the  forum, 
and  adorned  with  the  beaks  of  the  conquered 
ships  (Columna  Rostrata). 

DULGIBINI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Germany, 
dwelling  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Weser. 

DtJLlCHlUM.     [EoniNADEs.] 

DTjMNORIX  (-igis),  a  chiefiain  of  the  Ae- 
dui,  and  brother  of  Divitiacus.  He  was  an 
enemy  of  the  Romans,  and  was  put  to  death 
by  Caesar's  order,  b.o.  54. 

DUNIUM.     [Dcrotrigf.s.] 

DtTRIUS  (-i:  Duero,  Douro),  one  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Spain,  near  Numautia,  and 
flowing  into  the  Atlantic. 

DUROCORTORUM  (-i:  Rheims),  the  capi- 
tal oftheRemi  in  Gallia  Belgica,  subsequent- 
ly called  Remi. 

DURONIA,  a  town  in  Samnium,  in  Italy, 
W.  of  the  Caudiue  passes. 

DUROTRIGES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Britain, 
in  Dorsetshire  and  the  W.  of  Somersetshire  ; 
their  chief  town  was  Dunium  (Dorchester). 

DUROVERNUM  or  DARVERNUM  (-i : 
Canterbury),  a  town  of  the  Cantii  in  Britain, 
afterwards  called  Cantuaria. 

DYMAS  (-antis),  father  of  Hecuba,  who  ia 
hence  called  Dymantis. 

DYME  (-es}  or  DYMAE  (-firnm),  a  town  in 
the  W.  of  Achaia,  near  the  coast ;  one  of  the 
12  Achaean  towns. 

DYRRHACHlUM  (-i :  Durazzo),  formerly 
called  Epidamnus,  a  town  in  Greek  Illyria, 
on  a  peninsula  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Corcyreans,  and  received  the 
name  of  Epidamnus";  but  since  the  Romans 
regarded  this  name  a  bad  omen,  as  reminding 
them  of  damnum,  they  changed  it  into  Dyr- 
rhachium.  It  was  the  usual  place  of  landing 
for  persons  who  crossed  over  from  Brundisi- 
ura. 


E. 


EBORXCTM  or  EBTJRACUM  (-i :  York),  a 
town  of  the  Brigantes  in  Britain,  made  a  Ro- 
man station  by  Agricola,  and  became  the  chief 
Roman  settlement  in  the  island.  It  was  both 
a  municipium  and  a  colony,  and  the  residence 
of  the  Roman  emperors  when  they  visited 
Britain.  Here  the  emperors  Septimius  Seve- 
rus  and  Constautius  Chlorus  died. 

EBUDAE  or  IIEBt'DAE  (-arum  Hebrides), 
islands  in  the  Western  Ocean  off  Britain. 

EBUROXES  (-nm),  a  German  people,  who 
crossed  the  Rhine  and  settled  in  Gallia  Belgi- 
ca, between  the  Rhine  and  the  Mosa  (Maas). 

EBUROVlCES._  [Auf.eroi.] 

EBtTSUS  or  KBUSUS  (-i :  Iviza),  the  lamest 
of  the  Pityusae  iusulae,  off  the  E.  coast  of 


Spain,  reckoned  by  some  writers  among  the 
Baleares. 

ECBATAXA  (-orum:  Hamadan),  a  great 
citv.  most  pleasantly  situated,  near  the  foot 
of  Mount  Orontes,  in  the  N.  of  Great  Media, 
was  the  capital  of  the  Median  kingdom,  and 
afterwards  the  summer  residence  of  the  Per- 
sian and  Parthian  kings.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  the  first  king  of  Media,  Dei- 
oces. 

ECETRA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Vol- 
sci.  destroyed  by  the  Romans  at  an  early  pr> 
rind. 

ECHEDORUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Macedo- 
nia, flowing  through  Mygdouia,  and  falling 
into  the  Thermaic  gulf. 


ECHEMUS. 


155 


ELECTRA. 


ECHEMUS  (-i),  king  of  Arcadia,  slew,  iu 
single  combat,  Hyllus,  the  sou  of  Hercules. 

ECHIDNA  (-ae),  a  monster,  half  woman 
and  half  serpent,  became  by  Typhon  the 
mother  of  the  Chimaera,  of  the  many-headed 
dog  Orthus,  of  the  hundred-headed  dragon 
who  guarded  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  of 
the  Colchian  dragon,  of  the  Sphinx,  of  Cerbe- 
rus (hence  called  Echidneus  rani*),  of  Scylla, 
of  Gorgon,  of  the  Lernaean  Hydra  (lichidna 
Lernaea),  of  the  eagle  which  consumed  the 
liver  of  Prometheus,  and  of  the  Nemean  lion. 
She  was  killed  in  her  sleep  by  Argus  Panop- 
tes. 

ECHINADES  (-nm),  a  group  of  small 
islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aclielous,  belong- 
ing to  Arcanania,  said  to  have  been  formed 
by  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  Achelons. 
They  appear  to  have  derived  their  name  from 
their  resemblauce  to  the  Echinus,  or  sea- 
urchin.  The  largest  of  these  islands  was 
named  Duj.ioiiium,  and  belonged  to  the  king- 
dom of  Ulysses,  who  is  hence  called  Dulichius. 

ECHloN  (-Onis).  (1)  One  of  the  heroes 
who  sprang  up  from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown 
by  Cadmus.  He  was  the  husband  of  Agave 
and  father  of  Pentheus,  who  is  hence  called 
Ech~wn'idc$.—(2)  Son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  AntianTra,  took  part  in  the  Calydonian 
hunt,  and  iu  the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts. 

ECHO  (-us),  a  nymph  who  used  to  keep 
Juno  eugaged  by  incessantly  talking  to  her, 
while  Jupiter  was  sporting  with  the  nymphs. 
Juno,  however,  found  out  the  trick  that  was 
played  upon  her,  and  punished  Echo  by 
changing  her  into  an  echo.  Echo  iu  this  state 
fell  in  love  with  Narcissus;  but  as  her  love 
was  not  returned,  she  pined  away  in  grief,  so 
that  in  the  end  there  remained  of  her  nothing 
but  her  voice. 

EDESSA  (-ao/.  (l)  Also  called  Antioohia 
Cw.i.uu'.iioi;  (O.T.  Or),  a  very  ancient  city  in 
the  N.  of  Mesopotamia,  the  capital  ofOsroene, 
and  the  seat  of  a.  Independent  kingdom  from 
n.o.  137  to  a. n.  21o.  [Abgabcb.  ]— (2)  A  city 
of  Macedonia,  the  burial-place  of  the  kings. 

EDETiNI  or  SEDETANI  (-drum),  a  people 
in  RispaniaTarraconer.sls,  K.  of  the  <  leltiberi. 

Ed6n1  or  EDONES  (-tun),  aThracian  peo- 
ple, between  the  Nestus  and  the  Strymon, 
celebrated  for  their  orgiastic  worship  of  Bac- 
chus:  whence  Edonis  in  the  Latin  poets  sig- 
nifies a  female  Bacchante,  and  EdOmi  -  i  ■-  a  ed 
hk  equivalent  to  Thracian. 

EBTION  (-onis),  kin- of  the  Placian  ThebS, 
in  <  tilicia,  and  lathe  r  of  Andromache,  the  wife 
of  Hector. 

EGSRlA.     [AMHIIA.] 

EQE8TA.      [8K8B8TA.] 

KON.vi'fA  (-ae),  a  town  In  Apulia  on  the 
coast,  called  Gnai  i*  by  Horace,  it  was  cele- 
brated for  it--  miraculous  stone  or  altar,  whicb 

of  itself  set  on  lire  frankincense  and  wood  ;  a 
prodigy  which  ufforded  atiiui-euienl  to  lima'  e 
and  his  friends,  who  looked  upon  it  as  a  mere 

trick.  Bgnatia  was  situated  on  the  high-road 
from  Rome  to  Brnndisiura,  which  from  Egna- 
tia  to  Brundisium  bore  the  name  of  the  Via 

Eomatia.     The  coutinuation  of  this  road  on 


the  other  side  of  the  Adriatic  from  Dyrrha- 
chium  to  Byzantium  also  bore  the  name  of 
Via  Egi  atia.  It  was  the  great  military  road 
between  Italy  and  the  E.  Commencing  at 
Dyrrhachium,  it  passed  by  Lychnidus,  Hera- 
clea,  Lyncestis,  Edessa,  Thessalonica,  Am- 
phipolis,  Philippi,  and  traversing  the  whole  of 
Thrace,  finally  reached  Byzantium. 

ElON  (-onis),  a  town  in  Thrace,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Strymon,  25  stadia  from  Am. 
phipolis,  of  which  it  was  the  harbor. 

ELAEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  city  on  the  ccasr 
of  Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor,  subsequently  served 
as  the  harbor  of  Pergamus.  The  gulf  on 
which  it  stood  was  named  after  it  Sinus  Ela- 
iticus. 

ELAEFS  (-uutis)  or  ELEfJS  (-untis),  a 
town  on  the  S.  E.  point  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese, with  a  harbor  and  an  heronm  of  Pro- 
tesilaus. 

ELAGABXLUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  a.h. 
218-222,  son  of  Julia  Soemias  and  Varius  Mar- 
cellus,  was  born  at  Emesa  about  205,  and  was 
called  Elagabalus  because  in  childhood  ho 
was  made  priest  of  the  Syro  Phoenician  sun- 
god  at  Emesa  bearing  that  name.  He  oh 
tained  the  purple  at 
the  age  of  13,  by 
the  intrigues  of  his 
grandmother,  Julia 
Maesa,whogave  out 
that  he  was  the  son 
ol'Caracalla.  On  his 
accession  he  took 
the  name  of  M.  Ai> 
kki.ius  Antoninus. 
He  was  a  prince  of 
incredible  folly,  su- 
perstition, ami  vice. 
lie  was  slain  by  I  be 
soldiers  in  '."."2.  and 
was   succeeded    by 

his   cousin    Alexan- 
der Severus. 

EI, ANA.     [Ak.i.ana.] 

ELA'I'KA  (-ae).  (1)  A  lawn  !n  Phocis,  sit- 
uated near  the  CephiSSUS  iu  a  fertile  valley, 
which  was  an  Important  pass  from  Thessaly 
t<>  Boeotia. — (2)  A  town  in  Pelasgiotis  iii 
Thessaly,  near  Gonni. — (3)  Or  Elatbba,  a 

town  ill   EpirUS,  Ileal'  the   sources   of  the   Co- 
cytus. 
ELiTUS  (-D,  one  of  the  Lapithae,  ami  fa 

ther  <il '<  'aeneus,  who  is  he  lire  called  EldtR%t8. 

ELiVER  (-Mb:  Mli.r),  a  river  in  Aquita- 
nia,  a  tributary  of  the  Liger. 

ELBA.    [  \'i.i  i  \.  ] 

ELECTRA  (-ae),  i.  e.  the  bright  or  brilliant 
one.     ii i   Daughter  of  < iceanu    ami   i 
w  Ife  ui  Thauni  i  .  and  moi her  of  Erie  and  thi 

Harpies,  ASlloand  Ocypete (2)  Daughter  oi 

\  t  i.i-  and  Plei&ne,  one  of  the  i  Pleiades,  ami 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  mother  of  faelon  ami  Dar- 
danus.  (3)  Daughter  of  Agamemnon  ami 
Clytaemnestra,  also  called  Laodlce,  sister  of 
Iphigenia  am!  Orestes.  After  the  murder  of 
her  rather  by  her  mother,  Bhe  saved  the  life 
of  her  young  brother  OreBtes  by  Bending  him 
to  King Strophitia  until  he  had  grown  up  in 
manhood,   Electra  then  excited  him  to  avenge 


EUogabaliu. 


Kl.KCTRIDES. 


156 


ELYSIUM. 


a   tra- 

A,   deat 
V'    save 


the  death  of  Agamemnon, 

\.'f  Jr     and  assisted  him  in  slaying 

*»■>      their  mother  Clytaemues- 

tra.    [Orestes.]    After  the 

ith  ofthe  latter,  Orestes 

ve  her  in  marriage  to  his 

friend  Pylades. 

ELECTRIDES  INSt- 
LAE.     [Eridanus.] 

ELECTRYON  (-6uis), 
sou  of  Perseus  and  Andro- 
meda, and  father  of  Alc- 
meue,  the  wife  of  Amphit- 
ryon. For  details,  see  Am- 
phitryon. 

ELfiON  (-onis),  a  town 
in  Boeotia,  near  Tanagra. 
ELEPHANTINE  (-es),  an  island  in  the  Nile, 
with  a  city  of  the  same  name,  opposite  to  Sy- 
eue,  and  7  stadia  below  the  Little  Cataract, 
was  the  frontier  station  of  Egypt  towards 
Ethiopia,  and  was  strongly  garrisoned  under 
the  Persians  and  the  Romans. 

ELEUSIS  (-tnis),  a  town  aud  demus  of  At- 
tica, situated  N.  W.  of  Athens,  on  the  coast 
near  the  frontiers  of  Megara.  It  possessed  a 
magnificent  temple  of  Demeter  (Ceres),  and 
gave  its  name  to  the  great  festival  and  mys- 
teries of  the  Eleusinia,  which  were  celebrated 
in  honor  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  (Pros- 
erpine). 


in  the  S.  of  Elis  ;  while  the  N.  of  the  country 
was  inhabited  by  the  Epeans,  with  whom 
some  Aetoliau  tribes  were  mingled.  On  the 
conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Heraclidae, 
the  Aetolian  chief  Oxylus  received  Elis  as  his 
share  of  the  conquest;  and  it  was  the  union 
of  his  Aetolian  and  Dorian  followers  with  the 
Epeans  which  formed  the  subsequent  popu- 
lation of  the  country,  under  the  geueral  name 
of  Eleaus.  Elis  owed  its  importance  in  Greece 
to  the  worship  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  at  Olympia, 
near  Pisa,  in  honor  of  whom  a  splendid  festi- 
val was  held  every  4  years.  [Olympia.]  In 
consequence  of  this  festival  being  common  to 
the  whole  of  Greece,  the  country  of  Elis  wag 
declared  sacred,  and  its  inhabitants  possessed 
priestly  privileges. 

ELISSA.    [Dido.] 

ELLOPIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  in  the  N.  of 
Euboea,  near  the  promontory  Ceuaeum,  with 
a  town  of  the  same  name:  the  whole  island 
of  Euboea  is  sometimes  called  Ellopia.— (2) 
An  aucient  name  of  the  district  about  Dodo- 
ua  in  Epirus. 

ELONE  (-es),  a  town  of  the  Perrhaebi,  in 
Thessaly,  afterwards  called  LImone. 

ELPENOR  (-oris),  one  of  the  companions 
of  Ulysses,  who  were  metamorphosed  by  Cir- 
ce into  swine,  and  afterwards  back  into  men. 
Intoxicated  with  wine,  Elpenor  one  day  fell 
asleep  on  Circe's  roof,  and  broke  his  neck. 


fi-: 


~k---^v".i^-~  •■:■" 


ELICITS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at 
Rome,  because  he  was  invoked  to  send  down 
lightning. 

ELIMBERRTJM.     [Ausoi.] 

ELIMEA,  -I A  (-ae),  or  ELIMIOTIS,  a  dis- 
trict of  Macedonia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Epirus 
and  Thessaly,  originally  belonging  to  Illyria. 
Its  inhabitants,  the  Elimaei,  were  Epirots. 

ELIS  (-Idir),  a  country  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Peloponnesus,  bounded  by  Achaia  on  the  N., 
Arcadia  on  the  E.,  Messenia  on  the  S.,  aud 
the  Ionian  sea  on  the  \V.  It  was  divided  into 
3  parts  :  (1)  Elis  Proper,  or  Hollow  Elis, 
the  N.  part,  watered  by  the  Peneus,  of  which 
the  capital  was  also  called  Elis.— (2)  Pisatis, 
the  middle  portion,  of  which  the  capital  was 
Pisa. — (3)  Tripiiylia,  the  S.  portion,  of  which 
Pylos  was  the  capital,  lying  between  the  Al- 
pheus  and  the  Neda.— In  the  heroic  times  we 
find  the  kingdom  of  Nestor  and  the  Pelldae 


ELUSATES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Aquitania, 
in  the  interior  of  the  country. 

ELYMAIS  (-idis),  a  district  of  Susiana, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  Elymaei  or 
Elymi,  a  warlike  and  predatory  people.  They 
are  also  found  in  the  mountains  of  Great  Me- 
dia, and  were  probably  among  the  most  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  the  country  N.  ofthe  head 
of  the  Persian  Gulf:  in  the  O.  T.  Susiaua  i 
called  Elam. 

ELYMUS  (-i),  natural  son  of  Anchises,  and 
brother  of  Eryx  ;  one  of  the  Trojans  who  fled 
from  Troy  to  Sicily.  With  the  aid  of  Aeneas 
they  built  the  towns  of  Aegesta  and  Elyme. 
The  Trojans  who  settled  inlhat  part  of  Sicily 
called  themselves  Elymi,  after  Elymus. 

ELYSIUM  (-i),  the  Elysian  n  Ids.  '  In  Ho- 
mer Elysium  forms  no  part  of  the  realms  of 
the  dead  ;  he  places  it  on  the  W.  ofthe  earth, 
near  Ocean,  and  describes  it  as  a  happy  laud, 


EMATIIIA. 


157 


EPAMINONDAS. 


where  there  is  neither  snow,  nor  cold,  nor 
rain.  Hither  favored  heroes,  like  Menelaus, 
pass  without  dying,  and  live  happy  under  the 
rule  of  Rtmdamanthus.  In  the  Latin  poets 
Elysium  is  part  of  the  lower  world,  and  the 
residence  of  the  shades  of  the  Blessed. 

EMlTHIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Macedonia, 
between  the  Haliacmon  and  the  Axius.  The 
poets  frequently  give  the  name  of  Eniath  ..  to 
the  whole  of  Macedonia,  and  sometimes  even 
to  th°  neighboring  Thessaly. 

EMATHIDES  (-lira),  the  9  daughters  of 
Pierus,  king  ofEmathia. 

EMESA  or  EMISA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Syria,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Orontes,  the  native  city  of 
Elagabalns. 

EMPSDOCLBS  (-is),  a  philosopher  of  Agri- 
gentum,  in  Sicily,  flourished  about  i:.c.  444. 
lie  was  learned  and  eloquent ;  and,  on  ac- 
count of  his  success  in  curing  diseases,  was 
reckoned  a  magician.  His  death  is  said  to 
have  been  as  miraculous  as  his  life.  One  tra- 
dition related  that  he  threw  himself  into  the 
names  of  Mount  Aetna,  that  by  his  sudden 
disappearance  he  might  be  believed  to  lie  a 
god  ;  but  it  was  added  that  the  volcano  threw 
op  one  of  his  sandals,  and  thus  revealed  the 
manner  of  his  death.  His  works  were  all  in 
verse;  and  some  fragments  of  them  have 
come  down  to  us.  Empedocles  was  chosen 
as  a  model  by  Lucretius. 

EMPOTUAE  (-arum)  or  EMPORIUM  (-i : 
Ampurias),  a  town  of  the  Indigetes  in  His- 

pania  Tarraconensis,  near  the  Pyrenees,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Clodianus,  founded  by  the 
Phocaeana  from  Massilia. 

KM  1'CSA  (-ae),  a  monstrous  spectre,  which 
was  believed  to  devour  human  beings. 

BNCfiLADUS  (  i  .  Bon  of  Tartarus  and  Ge 
(Earth),  and  one  of  the  hundred-armed  giants 
who  made  war  upon  the  gods,  lb  was  killed 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  buiied  him  under 
Mount  Ael  na. 

KN1>YM  i<>\'  (-oiiis),  a  youth  renowned  for 
his  beauty  and  hi-  perpetual  sleep.  As  he 
slept  on  Mount  I.atnius,  in  Caria,  his  surpris- 
ing beauty  warmed  the  cold  heart  of  Selene 
(the  Moon),  who  came  down  to  him,  kissed 
him,  and  lay  by  his  side.      His  eternal   sleep 

on  Latmus  i-  assigned  to  different  causes; 
but.  it  was  generally  believed  that  Selene  had 

Bent   him  to  sleep  that   Bhe  might  be  able  to 

ii  without  his  knowledge. 
KNCiYI'M    (-n,  a  town   in   the  interior  of 
Sicily,  possessing  a  celebrated  temple  of  (he 
lother  of  the  gods. 
BNlPEUS  a  river  in  Thessaly, 

rising  in  Mount  Othrys,  receiving  the  Aplda- 
nns,  near  Pharsalns,  and  Bowing  into  iIm> 
Peneus.  Poseidon  (Neptune)  assumed  the 
form  of  the  god  »f  this  river  in  order  to  obtain 
■.I  Tyro,  w ho  was  in  love  with 
Enipeua  she  became  by  Pos<  Idon  the  moth- 
er of  Pelias  and  Neleue. 

KN'NA  or  HENNA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Siculi  in  Sicily,  on  the  road  from  Ca- 
tans  to  Agrigentum,  said  to  lie  the  centre  of 
the  island,  tt  was  surrounded  by  fertile 
plains,  which  bore  large  crops  of  wheat  :  It 
was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of 
12 


Demeter  (Ceres)  j  and  according  to  later  tra. 
dition,  it  was  in  a  flowery  meadow  near  this 
place  that  Pluto  carried  off  Proserpine. 

ENNlUS  (-i),  Q.,  the  Roman  poet,  was 
born  at  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  b.o.  239.  He  was 
a  Greek  by  birth,  but  a  sub- 
ject of  Rome,  and  served  in 
the  Roman  armies.  In  204 
Cato,  who  was  then  quaes- 
tor, found  Enuiusiu  Sardin- 
ia, and  brought  him  in  his 
train  to  Rome.  In  180  En- 
nius  accompanied  M.  Fulvius 
Nobilior  during  the  Aetoliau 
campaign,  and  shared  his  tri- 
umph.  Through  the  son  of 
Nobilior,  Ennins,  when  far 
advanced  in  life,  obtained 
the  rights  of  a  Roman  citi- 
zen. He  maintained  himself 
by  teaching  the  youths  of  the 
Roman  nobles.  He  lived  on 
terms  of  the  closest  intimacy 
with  the  elder  Scipio  Africa- 
nus.  He  died  iu  169,  at  the  age  of  70,  and  was 
buried  in  the  sepulchre  of  the  Scipios.  En- 
nins was  regarded  by  the  Romans  as  the  fa- 
ther of  their  poetry,  but  all  his  works  are  lost 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments.  His 
most  important  work  was  an  epic  poem  in 
dactylic  hexameters,  entitled  Annales,  being 
a  history  of  Rome,  from  the  earliest  times  to 
his  own  day. 

ENTELLA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Sicani  in  the 
interior  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  on  the  W.  side, 

said  to  have  been  founded  by  Entellus,  one 
of  the  companions  of  the  Trojan  Acestes. 

P:.\  v  A  I.I  (s  i-ii,  the  Warlike,  frequently  oc- 
curs in  the  Iliad  (never  in  lie'  Odyssey)  a-  an 
epithet  of  An  -  i  Mars).  At  a  later  time  Eny- 
allus  and  Ares  were  distinguished  as  •>  differ- 
ent L'ods  of  war.  The  name  is  evidently  de- 
rived from  El  iyo. 

i     i   f-uE  I,  the  goddess   of  war,   who  de- 
lights in  bloodshed  and  the  destruction  of 

towns,  ami  ac ipanies  Ales  in  battles.     Re- 

Bpi  CI  LUg  the  Roman  goddess  of  war,  Bee  Bl  i  - 

I.OSA. 

EORDAEA  (-ae),  a  district  and  town  in  the 
N.  W.  ot  Macedonia,  Inhabited  by  the  Eobt>i, 

Eus  (and  Eos),  in  Latin  AURORA  (-ae),  the 
goddess  of  i  he  daw  a,  dan  bitei  of  Hyperion 
and  This  or  Eurj  phassa ;  or  of  Pallas,  accord- 
ing to  Ovid.    At  the  close  of  every  nigh  I  Bhe 

an  the  COUCb  of  her  spoil  e  Tilhoiitis, 
and  ill  a  chariot  drawn  by  swift  hoi 
eei el.  ii  up  to  heaven  liotn  the  rivei  Oceanus, 
to  announce  the  coming  light  of  the  sun.  she 
carried  off  several  youths  distinguished  foi 
their  beauty,  such  as  <  iiuon,  '  'i  pii  u  i 
Tn  now  b,  w  hence  bj  '  >\  Id  1't 

thoniaconptx.    She  bore  Memuou  toTithoun 
BP  LMINONDAS  (  ae..  the  Theban  gem  i  ii 

BOll    of   P0I3  nine     H  SU   born 

niul  reared  iu  poverty,  thi 
noble,    lie  Bnved  the  fife  of  Pelopidas  in  bat- 
tle, b.O.  885,  and  lived  in  close  friendship  with 
him  after  ward-.    After  the  Spartans  bad  been 

■  d  from  Thebes,  379,  1  p  imii das  took 

an  active  part  in  public  affairs.    He  gained  a 

great    victory   over   Hi"   Spailni-    at    l.eiictra 


EPAPIIUS. 


158 


EPIDAURUS. 


(u.o.  3T1),  which  destroyed  the  Spartan  su- 
premacy in  Greece.  Four  times  he  success- 
fully invaded  Peloponnesus  at  the  head  of  the 
Thehau  armies.  In  the  last  of  these  cam- 
paigns he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
Lacedaemonians  at  Mantinea  ;  but,*iu  the  full 
career  of  victory,  died.  He  is  said  to  have 
fallen  by  the  hands  of  Gryllus,  the  son  of 
Xeuophou.  Epaminoudas  was  one  of  the 
greatest  men  of  Greece.  He  raised  Thebes 
to  the  supremacy  of  Greece,  which  she  lost 
almost  as  soon  as  he  died.  Both  in  public 
and  private  life  he  was  distinguished  by  in- 
tegrity and  uprightness,  and  He  carried  into 
daily  practice  the  lessons  of  philosophy,  of 
which  he  was  an  ardent  student. 

EPAPHUS  (-1),  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Io,  born  on  the  river  Nile,  after  the  long  wan- 
derings of  his  mother.  He  became  king  of 
Egypt,  and  built  Memphis. 

EPEI.    [Elis.1 

EPEUS  (-i),  eon  of  Panopeus,  and  builder 
of  the  Trojan  horse. 

EPHESUS  (-i),  the  chief  of  the  12  Ionian 
cities  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  In  the 
plain  beyond  its  walls  stood  the  celebrated 
temple  of  Artemis  (Diana),  which  was  built 
in  the  6th  century  n.  a,  and,  after  being  burned 
down  by  Herostratus  in  the  night  on  which 
Alexander  the  Great  was  born  (is.o.  356),  was 
restored  by  the  joint  efforts  of  all  the  Ionian 
states,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  won- 
ders of  the  world.  With  the  rest  of  Ionia, 
Ephesus  fell  under  the  power  successively  of 
Croesus,  the  Persians,  the  Macedonians,  and 
the  Romans.  It  was  always  very  flourishing, 
and  became  even  more  so  as  the  other  Ionian 
cities  decayed.  In  the  early  history  of  the 
Christian  Church  it  is  conspicuous  as  having 
been  visited  both  by  St.  Paul  and  St.  John, 
who  also  addressed  epistles  to  the  Church  es- 
tablished at  Ephesus. 


of  Ephesus. 


8PHIALTES  (-is).  (1)  One  of  the  Aloldae. 
[Ai.oecs.]  — (2)  A  Malian,  who  in  h.c  4S0, 
when  Leonidas  was  defending  the  pass  of 
Thermopylae,  guided  a  body  of  Persians  over 
the  mountain  path,  and  thus  enabled  them  to 
fall  on  the  rear  of  the  Greeks. — (3)  An  Athe- 
nian statesman,  and  a  friend  and  partisan  of 
Pericles,  whom  he  assisted  in  carrying  his 
political  measures. 

fiPHORUS  (-i),  of  Cymae  in  Aeolis,  a  cele- 
brated Greek  historian,  a  contemporary  of 
Philip  and  Alexander,  flourished  about  n.c. 
840.  He  wrote  a  universal  history,  the  first 
that  was  attempted  in  Greece.     The  work, 


however,  has  perished,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  fragments. 

EPIlT'RA  (-ae),  the  ancient  name  of  Cor- 
inth, whence  SpkprSius  is  used  as  equivalent 
to  Corinthian.  [Coeinthus.] 
EPICASTE,  commonly  called  Jocaste. 
EPlCHARMUS  (-i),  the  chief  comic  poet 
among  the  Dorians,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
about -B.C.  540,  was  carried  to  Megara  in  Sicily 
in  his  infancy,  and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  at  Syracuse  at  the  court  of  Hieron.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  90  (450),  or  97  (443).  Bpi- 
charmus  gave  to  comedy  a  new  form,  and  in 
troduced  a  regular  plot.  His  language  was 
elegant,  and  his  productions  abounded  in 
philosophical  and  moral  maxims. 
EPICNEMlDII  LOCRI.  [Looms.] 
EPICTETUS  (-i),  of  Hierapolis  in  Phrygia, 
a  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher,  was  a  freed- 
man  of  Epaphroditus,  who  was  himself  a 
freedman  of  Nero.  Beingexpelled  fromRome 
by  Domitian,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Ni- 
copolis  in  Epirns.  He  did  not  leave  any  works 
behind  him  ;  and  the  short  manual  (Enchiri- 
dion) which  bears  his  name  was  compiled 
from  his  discourses  by  his  pupil  Arrian. 
[Aeeianus.] 

EPICURUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Greek  philos- 
opher, was  born  n.c.  342,  in  the  island  of  Sa- 
mos,  and  took  up  his  permanent  residence  at 
Athens  in  306.  Here  he  purchased  the  gar- 
den, afterwards  so  noted,  in  which  he  estab- 
lished the  philosophical  school,  called  after 
him  the  Epicurean.  He  died  in  270,  at  the 
age  of  72,  after  a  long  and  painful  illness, 
which  he  endured  with  truly  philosophical 
patience  and  courage.  Epicurus  is  the  great 
leader  of  that  philosophical  school  which 
teaches  that  the  siimmum  bomnn,  or  highest 
good,  is  happiness.  The  happiness  that  he 
taught  his  followers  to  seek  after  was  not 
sensual  enjoyment,  but  peace  of  mind  as  the 
result  of  the  cultivation  of  all  the 
virtues.  According  to  the  teaching 
of  his  school,  virtue  should  be  prac- 
ticed because  it  leads  to  happiness ; 
whereas  the  Stoics  teach  that  virtue 
should  be  cultivated  for  her  own 
sake,  irrespective  of  the  happiness 
it  will  insure.  In  the  physical  part 
of  his  philosophy  he  followed  the  at- 
omistic doctrines  of  Democritus  and 
Dia^oras.  The  pupils  of  Epicurus 
weic  very  numerous,  and  were  ex- 
cessivelydevoted  to  him.  His  sys- 
tem has  been  most  violently  attack- 
ed, partly  because  after  the  days  of  Epicurus 
men  who  professed  to  be  his  followers  gave 
themselves  over  to  mere  sensual  enjoyment, 
partly  because  it  has  been  but  imperfectly 
understood,  and  partly  because  it  was  really 
founded  on  an  erroneous  principle,  in  making 
virtue  dependent  upon  consequent  happiness. 
EPlDAMXl'S.  [Dyrriiachum.] 
EPIDAURUS  (-i).  (1)  A  town  in  Ai'uolis 
on  the  Saronic  gulf,  formed,  with  its  territory 
EpinArRiA,  a  district  independent  of  Argos, 
and  was  not  included  in  Argolis  till  the  time 
of  the  Romans.  It  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Aesculapius,  whose  temple  was 


EPIGONI. 


1.59 


ERETRIA. 


situated  about  5  miles  from  the  town.— (2) 
Surnamed  Limes  a,  a  town  iu  Laconia,  on  the 
E.  coast,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Epi- 
daurus  in  Argolis. 

EPIGONI  (-drum),  that  is,  "the  Descend- 
ants," the  name  of  the  sons  of  the  7  heroes 
who  perished  before  Thebes.  [Aihiastus.] 
Ten  years  after  their  death  the  descendants 
of  the  7  heroes  marched  against  Thebes, 
which  they  took  and  razed  to  the  ground. 
The  names  of  the  Epigoni  are  not  the  same 
in  all  accounts  ;  but  the  common  lists  contain 
Alcmaeon,  Aegialeus,  Diomedes,  Promachus, 
Sthenelus,  Thersander,  and  Euryalus. 

EPlMENlDES  (-is),  a  celebrated  poet  and 
prophet  of  Crete,  whose  history  is,  to  a  great 
extent,  mythical.  There  is  a  legend  that 
when  a  boy  he  was  sent  out  by  his  father  in 
search  of  a  sheep ;  and  that,  seeking  shelter 
from  the  heat  of  the  mid-day  sun,  he  went 
into  a  cave,  and  there  fell  into  a  deep  sleep, 
which  lasted  57  years.  On  waking  and  re- 
turning home,  he  found,  to  his  great  amaze- 
ment, that  his  younger  brother  had,  in  the 
mean  time,  grown  an  old  man.  His  visit  to 
Athens,  however,  is  an  historical  fact,  and 
determines  his  date.  The  Athenians,  who 
were  visited  by  a  plague  in  consequence  of 
the  crime  of  Cylon  [Cyi.on],  invited  Epimen- 
ides  to  come  and  undertake  the  purification 
of  the  city.  Epimenides  accordingly  came  to 
Athens,  about  n.o.  596,  and  performed  the  de- 
sired task  by  certain  mysterious  rites  and  sac- 
rifice,-, in  consequence  of  which  the  plague 
ceased.  Many  works  were  attributed  to  him 
by  tin;  ancients,  and  the  Apostle  Paul  has  pre- 
served (Titus  i.  12)  a  celebrated  verse  of  his 
against  'lie  <  retails. 

KIT.MKTHEUS.     [Promf-thkus  and  Pan- 

110RA.] 

Kl'fl'IlANKS  (-is),  a  surname  of  Antiochus 
IV.,  king  of  Syria. 

EPII'IIANTA  or  -EA  (-ac).  (1)  In  Syria 
(O.  T.  Hamatb),  in  tint  district  of  Cassiotis,  on 
the  |ef|  bank  Of  the  Oroides.  —  (2)  In  Cilicia, 
close  to  the  Pylae  Amanides,  formerly  called 
Oeniandus. 

EI'TI'OI.AIC.    [Sybaoubae.] 

EPIRUS  (-i),  that  is,  "the  mainland,"  a 
country  in  the  N.W.  of  Greece,  so  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  Corcyra,  and  the  other 
Maud"  off  the  coast.  Homer  gives  the  name 
of  Epirus  to  the  whole  of  the  w.  const  of 
Greece,  thus  Including  Acarnanla  in  it.  Epi- 
rns  was  bounded  by  Illyiia  and  Macedonia  on 
the  N.,  by  Thcssaly  on  the  K.,  by  Aiarnania 
and  the  Ambraclau  gulf  on  the  s'.,  and  by  the 
Ionian  si -a  on  tin-  \\\  its  inhabitants  were  nu- 
merons,  but  were  not  of  pure  Hellenic  blood. 
They  appear  to  have  been  a  mixture  ofPelas- 

fians  and  iiiyrians.  The  ancient  oracle  of 
>odona  in  the  country  was  of  Pelasgic  origin. 
Epirus  contained  14  different  tribes.  Ofthese, 
the  most  important  were  the  Ciiaomks,  Tnxs- 
I'Koti,  and  Moi.ossi,  who  gave  their  names 
to  the  '■'•  principal  divisions  of  the  country 
ClIAONIA,   TlIESPROTTA,   and    Mot.OSSIS.      'Me' 

different  tribes  were  originally  governed  by 

their  own    princes.     The    Molo 

who  traced  their  descent  from  Pyrrhns  (Ne- 


optolemus),  son  of  Achilles,  subsequently  ac- 
quired the  sovereignty  over  the  whole  coun- 
try, and  took  the  title  of  kings  of  Epirus.  The 
most  celebrated  of  these  was  Pyeruus,  who 
carried  on  war  with  the  Romans. 

EPIRUS  NOVA.     [Ii.i.YRieiM.] 

EPOREDIA  (-i:  Ivrea),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  on  the  Duria,  in  the  territory  of  the 
Salassi,  colonized  by  the  Romans,  b.o.  100,  to 
serve  as  a  bulwark"  against  the  neighboring 
Alpine  tribes. 

EPOREDORIX  (-igis),  a  noble  Aeduan, 
who  served  in  Caesar's  army. 

EQUUS  TfjTICUS  or  AEQUUM  TUTI- 
CUM  (-i),  a  small  town  of  the  Hirpini  iu  Sam- 
nium,  21  miles  from  Beneveutum. 

ERAE  (-arum),  a  small  but  strong  sea-port 
town  on  the  coast  of  Ionia,  N.  of  Teos. 

ERANA  (-ae),  a  town  in  M.  Amanus,  the 
chief  seat  of  the  Eleutherocilices,  in  the  time 
of  Cicero. 

ERASINUS  (-i),  the  chief  river  in  Argolis, 
rising  in  the  lake  Stymphalus,  and,  after  dis- 
appearing under  the  earth,  flowing  through 
the  Lernaean  marsh  into  the  Argolic  gulf. 

ERASISTRATUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  "physi- 
cian and  anatomist,  a  native  of  Iulis,  in  the 
island  of  Ceos,  flourished  from  n.o.  300  to  260, 
and  was  the  founder  of  a  medical  school  at 
Alexandria. 

f:i;ATO  (-iis),  one  of  the  Muses.    [Mosak.] 

ERATOSTHENES  (-is),  of  Cyrene,  born 
b.o.  276,  was  placed  by  Ptolemy  Energetes 
over  the  library  at  Alexandria.  He  died  at 
Alexandria  at  the  age  of  80,  about  n.o.  190,  of 
voluntary  starvation,  having  lost  his  Bight, 
and  being  tired  of  life.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive learning,  and  wrote  on  almost  all  the 
branches  of  knowledge  then  cultivated  as- 
tronomy, geometry,  tocography,  philosophy, 
history,  and  grammar.  Mis  works  have  per- 
ished, with  the  exception  of  some  fragments. 
His  most  celebrated  work  was  a  systematic 
treatise  on  geography,  of  which  Strabo  made 
great  use. 

EREBUS  (-i),  son  of  Chaos,  begot  Aether 
and  Hcmera  (Day)  by  Nyx  (Night),  hissisler. 
The  name  Biguifles  darkness,  and  is  therefore 
applied  to  the  dark  anil  gloomy  spare  under 
the  earth,  through  which  the  shades  [kiss  into 
Hades. 

ERECHTHEUM.    [  Km.  inuoNiuB.] 

BRECHTHETJS.    [Ebiohthomdb.] 

EREBUS  or  ERE8SU8  (-1),  a  town  on  the 

W  COS8I    of  the    island    of  LesbOB,   Hie   liii'h- 

place   of  Tl phrastus,  and,  according   to 

■  in'    ofSappho. 

BRETRlA  (-ae),  one  "f  the  i  bief  towns  of 

Kulioea,  situated  on  Hie  Kuripus,  with  a  har- 
bor, Porthmos,  was  founded  by  the  Atheni- 
ans, but  had  a  mixed  population,  among 
w  hfch  was  a  considerable  number  of  Dorians. 

Its  commerce  and  navy  raised  it  in  early  times 

to  importance ;  it  contended  with  (  batch  for 

it i  iii.ic-.  .I  ivi! i :  .'mil  it  planted  col- 
onies in  Macedonia  and  Italy.  It  was  de- 
stroj  eii  by  tie'  Pei  inn  .  n.o  490,  and  most  of 
its  inhabitants  were  carried  away  into  hIiiv- 
ery. 


ERICI1TH0NIUS. 


160 


ERYTIIliAE. 


BRICHTHONlUS  (-ae),  or  ERECHTHEUS 

(-t>6s  or  -ei).  in  the  ancient  myths  these  two 
names  indicate  Lb  in  ;  but  later 

writers  mention  •-'  hen  called  Erich- 

thonius  orErechtheus  I.,  and  the  other  Erech- 
thetis  II.— (1)  EuicirruoNirs  or  EuEciiTnEue 
L,  son  of  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  and  Atthis, 
the  daughter  of  Oranaus.  Athena  (Minerva) 
reared  the  child  without  the  knowledge  of  the 
other  gods,  and  intrusted  him  to  Agraulos, 
Pandrosos,  and  Herse,  concealed  in  a  chest, 
which  they  were  forbidden  to  open.  But  dis- 
obeying the  command,  they  saw  the  child  in 
the  "form  of  a  serpent,  or  entwined  by  a  ser- 
pent, whereupon  they  were  seized  with  mad- 
ness, and  threw  themselves  down  the  rock  of 
the  acropolis.  ErichthoninS  afterwards  be- 
came king  of  Athens,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  kingdom  by  his  sou  Pandiou.  He  is  said 
to  have  introduced  the  worship  of  Athena,  to 
have  instituted  the  festival  of  the  Panathe- 
naea,  and  to  have  built  a  temple  of  Athena  on 
the  acropolis.  When  Athena  and  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  disputed  about  the  possession  of 
Attica,  Erichthonius  declared  in  favor  of 
Athena.  He  was,  further,  the  first  who  used  a 
chariot  with  4  horses,  for  which  reason  he  was 
placed  among  the  stars  as  Auriga.  He  was 
worshiped  as  a  god  after  his  death :  and  a 
temple,  called  the  Erechtkevm,  was  built  to 
him  on  the  acropolis.— (2)  EREcnTUEUS  II., 
grandson  of  the  former,  and  son  of  Pandiou, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Athens.  He 
was  father  of  Cecrops,  Procris,  Creusa,  Chtho- 
nia,  and  Orithyia.  In  the  war  between  the 
Eleusinians  aiid  Athenians,  Eumolpus,  the 
son  of  Poseidon,  was  slain  ;  whereupon  Po- 
seidon demanded  the  sacrifice  of  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Erechtheus.  When  one  was 
drawn  by  lot.  her  3  sisters  resolved  to  die 
with  her;  and  Erechtheus  himself  was  killed 
by  Zeus  with  a  Hash  of  lightning  at  the  request 
of  Poseidon. 

ERlCHTIlONlUS  (-V),  sou  of  Dardanus, 
father  of  Tros,  and  king  of  Troy. 

ErIDANUS  (-i),  a  river  god,  on  the  banks  of 
whose  river  amber  was  found.  In  later  times 
the  Eridauus  was  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 
the  Padus  (Po),  because  amber  was  found  at 
its  mouth.  Hence  the  Electrifies  Insulae,  or 
"Amber  Islands,"  are  placed  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Po,  and  here  Phaethon  was  supposed  to 
have  fallen  when  struck  by  the  lightning  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter). 

ERIGOXE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Icarius, 
beloved  by  Bacchus.  For  details,  see  Icari- 
tjs.— (2)  Daughter  of  Aegisthus  and  Clytaem- 
nestra. 

ERINNA  (-ae),  a  Lesbian  poetess,  a  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Sappho  (about  i».o. 
312),  who'died  at  the  age  of  19,  but  left  behind 
her  poems  which  were  thought  worthy  to  rank 
with  those  of  Homer. 

ERINYES.    [Eumbnidbs.] 

ERIPHYLE  (-es),  daughter  of  Talaus  and 
wife  of  Amphiaraus,  whom  she  betrayed  for 
the  sake  of  the  necklace  of  Harmonia,  for 
which  she  was  slain  by  her  son  Alcmaeou. 
For  details,  see  Ampuiaraus,  At.cmaeon. 

ERIS  (-idos),  in  Latin,  DISCORDIA  (-ae), 
the  goddess  of  Discord,  the  friend  and  sister 


of  Ares  (Mars),  who  delighted  with  him  in  the 
tumult  of  war.  It  was  Eris  who  threw  the 
apple  into  the  assembly  of  the  gods,  the  cause 
of  so  much  suffering  and  war.     [Paris.] 

EROS  (-Otis),  in  Latin,  AMOR  (-oris),  or 
CUPIDO  (-iuis),  the  god  of  Love,  son  of  Aph- 
rodite (Venus),  by  either  Ares  (Mars),  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  or  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  rep- 
resented as  a  wanton  boy,  of  whom  a  thou- 
sand tricks  and  cruel  sports  were  related,  aud 
from  whom  neither  gods  nor  men  were  safe. 
His  arms  consist  of  arrows,  which  he  carries 
in  a  golden  quiver,  aud  of  torches  which  no 
one  can  touch  with  impunity.  His  arrows 
are  of  different  power:  some  are  golden,  and 
kindle  love  in  the  heart  they  wound;  others 
are  blunt  and  heavy  with  lead,  and  produce 
aversion  to  a  lover.  Eros  is  further  repre- 
sented with  golden  wings,  and  as  fluttering 
about  like  a  bird.  His  eyes  are  sometimes 
covered,  so  that  he  acts  blindly.  He  is  the 
usual  companion  of  his  mother,  Aphrodite. 
Anteros,  literally,  return-love,  is  usually  rep- 
resented as  the  god  who  punished  those  who 
do  not  return  the  love  of  others:  thus  he  is 
the  avenging  Eros,  or  a  dem  ultor.  But  in 
some  accounts  he  is  described  as  a  god  op- 
posed to  Eros  and  struggling  against  him.— 
Respecting  the  connection  between  Eros  and 
Psyche,  see  Psyohe.  The  later  poets  speak 
of  a  number  of  Erotes. 


Eros  (Cupid)  whetting  his  Darts.     (De  la  ChauSBe, 
Gemme  Antiche.) 

ERYMANTHUS  (-i).  (1)  A  lofty  mountain 
in  Arcadia  on  the  frontiers  of  Achaia  andElis, 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  haunt  of  the 
savage  Erymanthian  boar  destroyed  by  Her- 
cules. [HnRon.ES.]  —  The  Arcadian  nymph 
Callisto,  who  was  changed  into  a  she-bear,  is 
called  Erymanthis  urxa,  and  her  son  Arias 
Erymanthidis  wsae  custos.  [Arotos].— (2)  A 
river  in  Arcadia,  rising  in  the  above-men- 
tioned mountain,  and  fallinginto  the  Alpheus. 

ERYSICHTHON  (-onis),  son  oftheThessa- 
lian  king  Triopas,  who  cut  down  trees  in  a 
grove  sacred  to  Demeter,  for  which  he  was 
punished  by  the  goddess  with  a  fearful  hun- 
ger, that  caused  him  to  devour  his  own  flesh. 

ERYTHRAE  (-arum).  (1)  An  ancient  town 
in  Boeotia,  not  far  from  Plataeae  and  Hysiae, 
and  celebrated  as  the  mother  city  of  Erythrae 
in  Asia  Minor.  — (2)  A  town  of  the  Locri 
Ozolae,  E.  of  Naupactus.— (3)  One  of  the  12 


Head  at  Eeoh  (Cutid).    (Vatican  Museum.) 


ERYTHRAEUM. 


1G1 


EUCLIDES. 


Ionian  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  large  bay,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  pen- 
insula which  lies  opposite  to  Chios. 

ERYTHRAEUM  MARE,  the  name  origi- 
nally of  the  whole  expanse  of  sea  between 
Arabia  and  Africa  on  the  W.,  and  India  on 
Ihe  E.,  including  its  two  great  gulfs  (the  Red 
Sea  and  Persian  Gulf).  In  this  sense  it  is 
used  by  Herodotus,  who  also  distinguishes 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  name  of  'Apa/3ior  noAiros. 
(Arabicck  Sinus.]  Afterwards  the  parts  of 
these  seas  were  distinguished  by  different 
names,  the  main  body  of  the  sea  being  called 
Indicus  Oceanus,  XhcRed  Sea  Arabicus  Sinus, 
the  Persian  G »'/  Persicus  Sinus.  The  name 
Erythraeum  Mare  was  generally  used  as  iden- 
tical with  Arabicus  Sinus,  or  the  corresponding 
genuine  Latin  term,  Mare  Rubrum  (Red  Sea). 

ERYX  (-ycis),  also  ERYCUS  MONS  (S.  Gi- 
ulktno),  a  steep  and  isolated  mountain  in  the 
M.  W.  of  Sicily,  near  Drepanura.  On  the  sum- 
mit of  this  mountain  stood  an  ancient  and 
ielebrated  temple  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  said 
!o  have  been  built  by  Eryx,  king  of  the  Elytni, 
l>r,  according  to  Virgil,  by  Aeneas,  but  more 
probably  by  the  Phoenicians,  who  introduced 
the  worship  of  Aphrodite  into  Sicily.  Hence 
the  goddess  bore  the  surname  Eryoina,  under 
which  name  her  worship  was  introduced  at 
Rome  about  the  beginning  of  the  2d  Punic 
war.  There  was  a  town  of  the  name  of  Eryx 
on  the  \V.  slope  of  the  mountain. 

ESQTJILIAE.    [Roma.] 

ESSUI  (-drum),  a  people  in  Gaul,  W.  of  the 
Sequana. 

&TEOCLES  (-is),  son  of  Oedipus  and  Jo- 
casta.  After  his  father's  flight  from  Thebes, 
he  and  his  brother  Polynices  undertook  the 
government  of  the  city;  but  disputes  having 
arisen  between  them,  Polynices  fled  to  Adras- 
tus,  who  then  brought  about  the  expedition 
of  the  Seven  against  Thebes.  [Adbastus.] 
Eteocles  and  Polyniccs  perished  in  single 
combat 

ETfiSlAE  (-arum),  the  Etesian  Winds,  de- 
rived from  ?Tor,  "year,"  signified  any  period- 
ical winds,  bul  i ■<■  particularly  the  uortherly 

winds  which  blow  in  the  Aegaean  for  40 days 
from  the  rising  of  the  dog  star. 

ETRURIA,  BTRtfRlA,  orTUSClA,  called 
by  the  Greeks  TYRRHENlA  or  TYPsknta 
(-ae),  a  country  in  central  Italy.  The  inhab- 
itants were  called  by  the  Romans  Etruboi  or 
Tdboi,  by  the  Greeks  Tvkrurni  or  Tvrbkni, 
and  by  themselves  Rabkna.  Etrnrin  proper 
wa.-  bounded  on  tin;  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  Ap- 
ennines and  the  river  Macra,  which  divided  il 
from  Liguria,  on  the  W.  by  the  Tyrrhene  eea 
or  .\i:ir<-  [nfernum,  and  on  the  EC.  and  s.  by 
the  river  Tiber,  which  separated  it  from  I  m- 
briaand  Latium.    The  origin  of  the  Etruscans 

'  i  tain.    The :ients  believed  that  they 

(vi  re  a  colony  of  Lydians,  bat  more  modern 
writers  suppose  thai  the  Etruscans  were  a 
Rhaetian  rare,  called  Rasena,  who  descended 
from  the  Alps  and  the  valley  of  the  Po.    The 

Etruscans  wire  a  very  powerful  nation  When 

Rome  was  still  in  its  Infancy,  and  al  an  early 
period  their  dominions  extended  over  the 
greater  part  of  Italy,  from  the  Alps  and  the 


plains  of  Lombardy,  on  the  one  hand,  to  Ve- 
suvius and  the  gulf  of  Sarento  on  the  other. 
These  dominions  may  be  divided  into  3  great 
districts  :  Circumpadane  Etruria  in  the  N., 
Etrnria  proper  iu  the  centre,  and  Campanian 
Etruria  in  the  S.  In  each  of  these  districts 
there  were  12  principal  cities  or  states,  which 
formed  a  confederacy  for  mutual  protection. 
Through  the  attacks"  of  the  Gauls  in  the  N., 
and  of  the  Sabines,  Samuites,  and  Greeks  iu 
the  S.,  the  Etruscans  became  confined  within 
the  limits  of  Etruria  proper,  and  continued 
long  to  flourish  in  this  country  after  they  had 
disappeared  from  the  rest  of  Italy.  The  12 
cities  which  formed  the  confederacy  iu  Etru- 
ria proper  were  most  probably  Cortona, 
Arretium,  (j.rsini,   Pkrdbia,  Voi.aterrab, 

VeTUI.ON'IA,   Rl'SI  I.I.AC,    Yol.SIMI,    Takquinii, 

Vaxebii,  Veii,  Caere,  more  anciently  called 
Agylla.  Each  state  was  independent  of  all 
the  others.  The  government  was  a  close  ar- 
istocracy, and  was  strictly  confined  to  the 
family  of  the  Lucumones,  who  united  in 
their  own  persons  the  ecclesiastical  as  well 
as  the  civil  functions.  The  people  appear 
to  have  been  in  a  stale  of  vassalage  or  serf- 
dom. A  meeting  of  the  confederacy  of  the  12 
states  was  held  annually  in  the  spring,  at 
the  temple  of  Voltumna,  near  Volsiuii.  The 
Etruscans  were  a  highly  civilized  people,  aud 
from  them  the  Romans  borrowed  many  of 
their  religious  and  political  institutions.  'The 
:;  last  kings  of  Rome  were  undoubtedly  Etrus- 
cans, and  they  left  in  the  city  enduring  traces 
of  Etruscan  power  and  greatness.  The  later 
history  of  the  Etruscans  is  a  struggle  against 
the  rising  power  of  Rome,  to  which  they  be- 
came subject,  after  their  decisive  defeat  by 
Cornelius  Dolabella  in  u.o.  283.  In  91  they  re- 
ceived the  Roman  franchise.  The  numerous 
military  colonics  established  in  Etruria  by 
Sulla  and  Augustus  destroyed  to  a  greai  ex- 
tent the  national  character  of  tin:  people,  and 
the  country  thus  became  in  course  of  time 

completely"  Romanized. 

El  BOEA  (-ae  :  Kegropont),  the  largest  i-i- 
and  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  about  90  miles  in 
length,  lying  along  the  ci  asta  of  Attica,  Boe- 

otia,  and  the  S.  part   ofThessaly,  from  which 

countries  it  is  separated  by  the  Eul an  sea, 

called  the  Euripus  in  its  narrowest  part. 
Throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  Island 
runs  a  lofty  range  of  mountains;  but  it  con- 
tains many  fertile  plains.  In  Homer  the  in- 
habitants are  called  Abante  .  In  Ihe  N.  of 
Euboea  dwelt  the  Histlacl :  below  these  were 

the  Ellopii,  and   in   the  S.  were  the    I  >r 

'ihe  centre  of  the  Island  was  Inhabited  chiefly 
by  [onlans.  it  was  in  this  part  of  E 
that  the  Athenians  planted  the  colonies  "f 
CnAi.ois  and  Erktria,  whii  h  um  ihe  2  most 
important  en  let  in  the  li  land.  Vftei  I  tie 
,  Euboea  became  subject  to  ihe 

Athenians.       Since    <   m ',    in     hah  .    u  i       a 

colony  from  Chalcis,  in  Euboea,  the'  adjective 

Euboich  '       I in-  poet    in  i efereuce  to 

the  former  city. 

EUCLIDES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated  math- 
ematician, lived  ai  A  lei  and  la  in  I  he  I  Ime  "f 
the  flrsl  Ptolemy,  u  i  .  828  288,  and  wa  the 
founder  of  the    Alexandrian   mathematical 


EUCTEM<  )X. 


1C2 


EUMOLPUS. 


BchooL  It  was  his  answer  to  Ptolemy,  who 
asked  if  geometry  could  not  be  made  easier, 
that  there  was  no  royal  road.  Of  the  numer- 
ous works  attributed  to  Euclid,  several  are 
rlill  extant,  of  which  by  far  the  most  noted  is 
"The  Elements. "'—(2)  Of  Megara,  one  of  the 
disciples  of  Socrates,  quitted  Athens  on  the 
death  of  Socrates  (h.o.  3'.)9),  aud  took  refuge 
in  Megara,  where  he  founded  a  school,  which 
distinguished  itself  chiefly  by  the  cultivation 
of  dialectics.  This  school  was  called  some- 
times the  Megaric,  sometimes  the  Dialectic  or 
Eristic. 

ETJCTEMON,  the  astronomer.     [Meton.] 

EUDOXUS  (-i),  of  Cnidns,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer and  geometer,  lived  about  n.c.  300. 
He  studied  at  Athens  and  in  Egypt,  but  prob- 
ably spent  some  of  his  time  at  his  native  place, 
where  he  had  an  observatory.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  who  taught  in  Greece  the 
motions  of  the  planets.    His  works  are  lost. 

EUG&NEI  (-dram),  a  people  who  formerly 
inhabited  Veuetia,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and 
were  driven  towards  the  Alps  and  the  Lacus 
Benacus  by  the  Heneti  or  Veneti. 

EUHEMERUS  (-i),  a  Greek  writer,  who 
lived  at  the  court  of  Cassander,  in  Macedonia, 
about  B.C.  31G,  and  the  author  of  a  work,  in 
which  he  attempted  to  show  that  all  the  an- 
cient myths  were  genuine  historical  events. 
He  represented  the  gods  as  originally  men 
who  had  distinguished  themselves  either  as 
warriors  or  benefactors  of  mankind,  and  who 
after  their  death  received  divine  worship  from 
the  grateful  people. 

EULAEUS  (-i :  O.  T.  Vlwi),  a  river  in  Susi- 
ana,  rising  in  Great  Media,  passing  E.  ofSusa, 
and  falling  into  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Some  of  the  ancient  geographers  make  the 
Eulaeus  fall  into  the-  i  hoaspes,  and  others 
identify  the  two  rivers. 

EUMAEUS  (-i),  the  faithful  swineherd  of 
Ulysses. 

EU.MKN'ES  (-is).  (1)  Of  Ca.i-.dia,  served  as 
private  secretary  to  Philip  and  Alexander; 
and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  (is.r.  35 
tained  the  government  of  Oappadocia,  Paph- 
lagonia,  and  Pontus.  Enmenes  allied  him- 
self with  Perdiccas,  and  carried  on  war  for 
him  in  Asia  Minor  against  Antipater  and  Cra- 
terus.  On  the  death  of  Perdiccas,  in  Egypt, 
Antigouus  employed  the  whole  force  of  the 
Macedonian  army  to  crash  Enmenes.  Not- 
withstanding the  numerical  inferiority  of 
his  forces,  Eumenes  maintained  his  ground 
against  his  enemies  for  some  years,  till  he 
was  surrendered  by  the  Argyraspids  to  Ahtig- 
onus,  by  whom  he  was  put.  to  death,  310.  He 
was  a  great  general  and  statesman,  and  had 
he  been  a  native  Macedonian  would  probably 
have  occupied  a  more  important  position 
among  the  successors  of  Alexander. — (2)  I. 
Kin.-  ofPitEGAMUS,  rei'_rned  b.o.  263-241 ;  aud 
was  the  successor  of  his  uncle  Philetaerus. — 
(3j  II.  King  of  Peegamub,  reigned  b.o.  1!'7- 
159:  and  was  the  son  and  successor  of  Atta- 
ins I.  He  inherited  from  his  predecessor  the 
friendship  and  alliance  of  the  Romans,  which 
he  took  the  utmost  pains  to  cultivate.  Per- 
gamns  became  under  his  rule  a  great  and 


flourishing  city,  in  which  he  founded  that 
celebrated  library  which  rose  to  be  a  rival 
even  to  that  of  Alexandria. 

EUMENIDES  (-urn),  also  called  ERINYES 
(-urn),  not  Erinnves,  and  by  the  Romans  IV- 
RlAE  or  DIRAE  (-arum),  the  Avenging 
Deities.  The  name  Erinyes  is  the  more  an- 
cient one  ;  the  form  Eumenides,  which  signi- 
fies "the  well-meaning,"'  or  "soothed  god- 
desses." is  a  mere  euphemism,  because  peo- 
ple dreaded  to  call  these  fearful  goddesses  by 
their  real  name.  It  was  said  to  have  been  first 
given  them  after  the  acquittal  of  Orestes  by 
the  Areopagus,  when  the  anger  of  the  Erinyes 
had  been  soothed.  They  are  represented'  as 
the  daughters  of  Earth  or  of  Joght,  and  as 
fearful  winged  maidens,  with  serpents  twined 
iu  their  hair,  and  with  blood  dripping  from 
their  eyes.  They  dwelt  iu  the  depths  of  Tar- 
tarus, dreaded  by  gods  and  men.  With  later 
writers  their  number  is  usually  3,  aud  their 
names  are  Tisifuo.ne,  Alboto,  aud  Megaf.tia. 
They  punished  men  both  in  this  world  and 
after  death.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  them 
consisted  of  black  sheep  and  nephalia,  i.e.  a 
drink  of  honey  mixed  with  water.  The  crimes 
which  they  chiefly  punished  were  disobedi- 
ence towards  parents,  violation  of  the  respect 
due  to  old  age,  perjury,  murder,  violation  of 
the  laws  of  hospitality,  and  improper  conduct 
towards  suppliants. 


Furies.    (From  a  Painted  Vase.) 


EEMOLPUS  (-i),  that  is."  the  good  singer." 
a  Thracian  bard,  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
aud  Chione,  the  daughter  of  Boreas.  As  soon 
as  lie  was  born  he  was  thrown  into  the  sea  by 
his  mother,  who  was  anxious  to  conceal  her 
shame,  but  was  preserved  by  his  father  Po- 
seidon, who  had  him  educated  in  Ethiopia  by 


EUNOMIA. 


1(>3 


EURYBATUS. 


his  daughter  Benthesicyma.  After  dwelling 
for  a  time  in  Ethiopia,  and  afterwards  at  the 
court  of  the  Thracian  king  Tegyrius,  he  came 
to  Eleusis  in  Attica,  where  he  formed  a  friend- 
ship with  the  Eleusinians.  Subsequently  he 
joined  them  in  an  expedition  against  Athens, 
Dut  was  slain  by  Erechthens.  Eumolpus  was 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Elensinian 
mysteries,  and  as  the  first  priest  of  Demeter 
(Ceres)  and  Dionysus  (Bacchus).  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  "priestly  oflice  by  his  son 
Ceyx ;  and  his  family,  the  Ewmolpidae,  con- 
tinued till  the  latest  times  the  priests  of  De- 
meter  at  Eleusis. 

EUNOMIA.     [Hokae.] 

EUNUS  (-i),  a  Sicilian  slave,  and  a  native 
of  Apamea  in  Syria,  was  the  leader  of  the  Si- 
cilian slaves  in  the  Servile  war  (u.o.  134-132). 

EUPlLIUM  or  EUPOLlUM  (-i),  a  town  of 
the  Locri  Ozolae,  N.  of  Naupactus. 

EUPHEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), and  ancestor  of  Battus,  founder  of  Cy- 
rene. 

EUPHORBUS  (-i),  son  of  Panthous,  one 
of  the  bravest  of  the  Trojans,  slain  by  Mene- 
lans,  who  dedicated  his  shield  in  the  temple 
of  Hera  (Juno),  near  Mycenae.  Pythagoras 
asserted  that  he  had  once  been  Euphorbus, 
and  in  proof  of  his  assertion  took  d  i  :i  at 
first  sight  the  shield  from  the  temple  of  ilera. 

Kd'IIomdN  (-6nis),  of  Chalcis  in  Euboea, 
an  eminent  grammarian  and  poet,  was  the 
librarian  of  Autiochns  the  Great,  and  nour- 
ished 11.0.  221.    All  liis  works  are  lost. 

EUPHRiNOR  (-oris),  a  distinguished  stat- 
uary and  painter,  was  a  native  of  Corinth, 
but  practiced  his  art  at  Athens  about  u.O.  336. 

EUPHRATES  <-is:  O.T.  Phrat:  El  Frat), 
a  great  river  of  Asia,  consists,  in  its  upper 
sourse,  of  2  branches,  both  of  which  rise  in 
the  mountains  of  Armenia.  The  northern 
branch  is  the  true  Euphrates;  t he  southern 
was    railed    by    the    ancients    the    AiM'.us. 

After  their  junction  the  river  breaks  through 

tlte  main  chain  of  the  Taunts  between  Meli- 
tene  and  Samosata,  and  then  Bows  through 
the  plain  of  Babylonia,  till  it  joins  the  Tigris 
about  sixty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Per- 
sian Gulf. 

EDPHROSTNB  (-cs),  one  of  the  Charites 
or  Graces.    [Chabitks.] 

KITOl.IS  /-i-),  one  i,|"  tie-  most  celebrated 

Athenian  poetsofthe  old  comedy,  and  a  con- 
temporary  of  Aristophanes,  was  born  about 
b.0.  1 16,  ami  died  about  in.  The  common 
story  thai  Alcibiades  threw  him  Into  tl 

on!   ..I'  i  e\  eilge  i  -  nut   ti   i.-. 

EURIP1D2S  (-is),  tin-  distinguished  tragic 
poet,  was  bora  at  Balamis,  no.,  iso  on  the 

very  day  that  the  ( ; ■  ■  ! 

off  that  island,  whither  his  patents  had  fled 

from   Athens  on   the  invasion  ofXerXi    ,      Id 

bin  youth  he  cultivated  gymnastic  pursuits, 
and  won  the  prize  at  the  Eleusinian  ami  'I  he 

i  i  i  mte  ta.  Hut  he  soon  abandoned  i hese 
pursuits,  and  studied  philosophy  under  \n  a  ■ 

'    iras,  and  rhetoric   under   Prodi  us.     He 
lived  on  Intimate  terms  with  Socrati 
traces  of  the  teaching  of  Anaxaguras  have 


Euripides. 


been  remarked  in  many 
passages  of  his  plays.    In 

441  he  gained  for  the  first 
time  the  first  prize,  and 
he  continued  to  exhibit 
plays  until  40S,  the  date 
of  the  Orestes.  Soon  after 
this  he  left  Athens  for  the 
court  of  Archelaus,  kin"- 
of  Macedonia,  where  he 
died  in  406,  at  the  age  of 
75.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  torn  in  pieces  by  the 
king's  dogs.  Euripides 
in  his  tragedies  brought 
down  the  ancient  heroes  and  heroines  to  the 
ordinary  standard  of  men  and  women  of  his 
own  times.  He  represented  men,  according 
to  the  remark  of  Aristotle,  not  as  they  ought 
to  be,  but  as  they  are.  Hence  the  preference 
given  to  his  plays  by  the  practical  Socrates. 
The  most  serious  defects  iu  his  tragedies,  as 
works  of  art,  are  the  disconnection  of  the 
choral  odes  from  the  subject  of  the  play,  and 
the  too  frequent  iut  ta  Mine  i  ion  of  philosophical 
maxims.  His  great  excellence  is  the  tender- 
ness and  pathos  with  which  some  of  his  char- 
acters are  invested.  Eighteen  of  his  tragedies 
are  extant,  if  we  omit  the  Rhesus,  which  is 
probably  spurious. 

EURIPUS  (-i),  any  part  of  the  sea  where 
the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide  were  remarkably 
violent,  is  the  name  especially  of  the  narrow 
strait  which  separates  Kuboea  from  Boeotia. 
At  Chalcis  there  was  a  bridge  over  the  Ktiri- 
pus,  uniting  Euboea  with  the  mainland. 

EUR5PA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  the  Phoe- 
nician king  Agenor,  or,  according  to  the 
Iliad,  daughter  of  Phoenix.  Her  beauty 
ehanned  Zens  (Jupiter),  who  assumed  the 
form  of  a  bull,  and  mingled  with  the  herd  us 
fan-" pa  and  her  maidens  were  sporting  on 
the   ea-shore.     Enc aged  bj  the  tameness 

ol  the  animal,   Enropfl  ventured  to  mount  his 

back;  whereupon  the  god  rushed  Into  the 

sea,  and  swam  with  her  to  Crete.  Here  ^ln1 
became  by  Zeus  the  mother  of  Minos,  Rhada- 

inanlhn-,  and  Snrpodi  hi.  —(2)  One  of  the  :: 
divisions  of  the  ancient   world,  said  to  have 

been  named  after  the  daughter  of  Age ■■ 

In  earlier  lime-  the  river  Phasis  was  usually 

supposed  to  be  the  boundary  between  Europe 

and    Asia,   and    sometimes   even    the    Aiaxes 

and  the  Caspian  Seaj  but  al  a  later  period 
the  river  Tauais  and  the  Pains  .Maeut is  were 
generally  regarded  as  the  bouudarle  betweei 
the  two  continents.    The  north  of  Europe  was 

little  known  tO  the  allien!'  , 
EDR5PU8.      [TlTABESlUS.] 

i.i  im  8     1),  the  s.k.  wind,  somt  times  the 
E.  wind, 
i.i  ROTAS  (-ae),  the  chiefrlver  In  Laconia, 

on  which  Sparta  st 1,  rises  in   Moiini    I'.oi.  - 

inn,  in  Arcadia,  and  how-  into  t  be  Laconlan 

gulf. 

i:i  i;vi:  tTfiS,  the  herald  ofUly«  es,  whom 
he  followed  to  Troy, 

i;i  \;\  B  \'i  i  8    '  1),   .hi    Ephe  lau,    whom 

Cr ns  sent  with  a  large  sum  of  money  to 

the  Peloponnesus  to  hire  mercenat  iei  for  him 


EURYDICE. 


IfH 


FABII. 


in  his  war  with  Cyras.  He,  however,  went 
over  to  Cyras,  and  betrayed  the  whole  matter 
to  him.    Id  consequence  of  this  treachery,  his 

name  passed  into  a  proverb  among  the  Greeks. 

EURYDICE  (-es).  (1)  Wife  of  Orpheus. 
For  details,  see  Orpheus. — (2)  The  name  of 
several  Illyrian  and  Macedonian  prina 
The  most  "celebrated  was  the  wife  of  Philip 
Arrhidaeus,  who  succeeded  Alexander  the 
Great.  She  was  put  to  death  by  Olympian, 
m.o.  31T. 

EURYLOCHUS  (-i),  a  companion  of  Ulys- 
ses, was  the  only  one  that  escaped  from  the 
house  of  Circe  when  his  friends  were  meta- 
morphosed into  swine. 

EURYMEDOX  (-ontis).  (1)  Son  of  Thn- 
cles,  an  Athenian  general  in  the  Peloponue- 
sian  war.— (2)  A  small  river  in  Pamphylia, 
celebrated  for  the  victory  which  Cimon  gained 
over  the  Persians  on  its  banks  (u.c.  469). 

EURYMUS  (-i),  father  of  the  seer  Telemus, 
who  is  hence  called  Eurymtdes. 

EURYXoME  (-es),  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
and  mother  of  Leucothoe. 

EURYPOX,  otherwise  called  EURYTIOX, 
grandson  of  Procles,  was  the  third  king  of 
that  house  at  Sparta,  and  thenceforward  gave 
it  the  name  of  Eurypontidae. 

EURYPYLUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Euaemon, 
and  leader  of  a  body  of  troops  before  Troy. 
—(2)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Astypa- 
lae.i,  king  of  Cos,  killed  by  Hercules. 

EURYSTHENES  (-is)  and  PROCLES  (-is), 
the  twin  sons  of  Aristodemus,  born  before 
their  father's  return  to  Peloponnesus  and  oc- 
cupation of  his  allotment  of  Laconia.  He  died 
immediately  after  the  birth  of  his  children,  and 
in  accordance  with  the  command  of  the  oracle 
at  Delphi  both  were  made  kings,  but  the 
precedence  given  to  Eurysthenes  and  his  de- 
scendants. From  these  2  brothers  the  2  royal 
families  in  Sparta  were  descended,  and  were 
called  respectively  the  Eurysthenidae  and 
Proclidae.  The  former  were  also  called  the 
Agidae,  from  Agis,  son  of  Eurysthenes;  and 
the  latter  Eurypontidae,  from  Eurypon,  grand- 
son of  Procles. 

EURYSTIIEUS.     [Hercules.] 

EURYTUS  (-i),  king  of  Oechalia,  and  father 
of  Iole.    For  details,  see  Hercules. 

EUTERPE,  one  of  the  Muses.    [Musae.] 


EUTROPIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  historian,  con- 
temporary of  Constantine  the  Great,  Julian, 
and  Yalens,  aud  the  author  of  a  brief  com- 
pendium of  Roman  history  in  10  books,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  accession  of 
Yalens,  a.d.  304,  to  whom  it  is  inscribed. 
This  work  is  extaut,  and  is  drawn  up  with 
care.  The  style  is  in  keeping  with  the  nature 
of  the  undertaking,  being  plain,  precise,  and 
simple. 

EUXIXUS  POXTUS.     [Pontcs  Euxi.ms] 

EVADXE  (-es),  daughter  of  Iphis  (hence 
called  Iphias),  and  wife  of  Capaneus.  For 
details,  see  Capaneus. 

EYlGORAS  (-ae),  king  of  Salamis,  in  Cy- 
prus, from  about  b.c.  419  to  374.  He  was  as- 
sisted by  the  Athenians  in  his  wars  against 
the  Persians. 

EVAXDER  (-dri)  and  EVAXDRUS  (-i),  son 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  by  an  Arcadian  nymph, 
called  in  Roman  traditions  Carmenta  or  Ti- 
burtis.  About  60  years  before  the  Trojan  war 
Evauder  is  said  to  have  led  a  colony  from 
Pallautium,  in  Arcadia,  into  Italy,  and  there 
to  have  built  a  town,  Pallautium,  on  the  Tiber, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Palatine  Hill,  which  town 
was  subsequently  incorporated  with  Rome. 
Ev  uder  taught  his  neighbors  milder  laws, 
and  the  arts  of  peace  and  of  social  life,  aud 
especially  the  art  of  writing ;  he  also  intro- 
duced among  them  the  worship  of  the  Lvcae- 
an  Pan,  of  Demeter  (Ceres),  Poseidon  (Xep. 
tune),  and  Hercules. 

EVENUS  (-i).  (1)  {Fidhari),  a  river  of  Ae- 
tolia,  rising  in  Mount  Oeta,  and  flowing  into 
the  sea,  12u  stadia  \\.  of  Antirrhium.  It  de- 
rived its  name  from  Evenus,  the  father  of 
Marpessa,  who  was  carried  off  by  Idas,  the 
son  of  Aphareus;  and  Evenus,  being  unable 
to  overtake  the  latter,  threw  himself  into  the 
river,  which  was  henceforth  called  after  him. 
—(2)  A  river  ofMysia,  falling  into  the  Sinus 
Elaiticns  near  Pitane. 

EVERGETES,  the  "Benefactor,"  a  title  of 
honor  conferred  by  the  Greek  states  upon 
those  from  whom  they  had  received  benefits. 
It  was  assumed  by  many  of  the  Greek  kings 
in  Egypt  and  elsewhere.    [Ptole.maecs.] 

EVILS,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus,  given  him 
from  the  animating  cry  evoe,  in  the  festivals 
of  the  god. 


F. 


FABlRIS  or  FARFXRUS  (-i),  a  small  riv- 
er in  Italy,  in  the  Sabine  territory,  between 
Reate  and  Cures. 

I-'aBII  (-orum),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  geutes  at  Rome,  which  traced  its 
origin  to  Hercules  and  the  Arcadian  Evander. 
Its  most  important  members  are:  (1)  K.  Fa- 
iiics  Viiin.ANrs.  3  times  consul,  u.c.  4s4,  4^1, 
47;>.  In  his  third  consulship  he  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  plebeians;  but  as  his  proposi- 
tions were  rejected  by  the  patricians,  he  and 
his  house  resolved  to  quit  Rome  altogether, 
where  they  were  regarded  as  apostates  by 
their  own  order.    Accordingly  306  Fabii,  all 


patricians,  marched  with  the  consul  at  their 
head  through  the  Carmenta!  Gate,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  banks  of  the  Cremera,  where 
they  erected  a  fortress.  Here  they  took  op 
their  abode  along  with  their  families  and  cli- 
ents, and  for  2  years  continued  to  devastate 
the  territory  of  Yeii.  They  were  at  length 
destroyed  by  the  Veientes  in  477,  on  the 
18tb  of  June,  the  day  on  which  the  Romans 
were  subsequently  conquered  by  the  Gauls  at 
the  Allia.  The  whole  gens  perished  with  the 
exception  of  one  individual,  from  whom  all 
the  later  Fabii  were  descended. — (2)  Q.  Fa  hi- 
ts M\ximus  Rut.manus,  6  times  consul  (11.0. 


FABKATERIA. 


i<;: 


FAUNUS. 


322-296),  and  the  most  eminent  of  the  Roman 
generals  in  the  2d  Samnite  war.— (3)  Q.  Fa- 
jiius  Maxijius  Gurges,  or  the  Glutton,  from 
the  dissoluteness  of  his  youth,  son  of  the  last, 

3  times  consul  (292-265) (4)  <^.  Fabius  Max- 

■  imcs,  with  the  agnomens  Verrucosus,  from  a 
wart  on  his  upper  lip,  Ovicula,  or  the  Lamb, 
from  the  mildness  or  apathy  of  his  temper, 
and  Cunotator,  from  his  caution  in  war,  was 
grandson  of  Fabius  Gurges.  He  was  5  times 
consul  (n.c.  233-209).  In  217,  immediately 
after  the  defeat  at  Trasimenus,  Fabius  was 
appointed  dictator.  From  this  period,  so 
long  as  the  war  with  Hannibal  was  merely 
defensive,  Fabius  became  the  leading  man  at 
Rome.  On  taking  the  field  he  laid  down  a 
simple  and  immutable  plan  of  action.  He 
avoided  all  direct  encounter  with  the  enemy; 
moved  his  camp  from  highland  to  highland, 
where  the  Numidian  horse  and  Spanish  in- 
fantry could  not  follow  him  ;  watched  Hanni- 
bal's movements  with  unrelaxing  vigilance, 
and  cut  off  his  stragglers  and  foragers.  His 
enclosure  of  Hannibal  in  one  of  the  upland 
valleys  between  Calfisand  the  Vulturnus,  and 
tin'  C'arthairiniatnj  adroit  escape-fey"  driving 
oxen  with  blazing  fagots  fixed  to  their  horns 
up  the  hill-sides,  are  well-known  facts.  But 
at  Rome  and  in  his  own  camp  the  caution  of 
Fabius  was  misinterpreted;  and  the  people 
in  consequence  divided  the  command  between 
him  and  M.  MinuciusRufus,  his  master  of  the 
horse.  Miuucius  was  speedily  entrapped,  and 
would  have  been  destroyed  by  Hannibal  had 
not  Fabius  hastened  to  his  rescue.  In  the  clos- 
ing years  of  the  2d  Punic  war  Fabius  appeals 
to  less  advantage.  The  war  had  become 
aggressive  under  a  new  race  of  generals. 
Fabius  disapproved  of  the  new  tactics;  he 
dreaded  the  political  supremacy  of  Scipio, 
and  was  his  opponent,  in  his  scheme  of  invad- 
ing Africa.  He  died  in  203. — (5)  ('.  Fabius 
Piotob,  received  the  surname  of  I'ictor  be- 
cause he  painted  the  walls  of  the  temple  of 
Salus,  which  the  dictator  C.  Junius  Brutus 
Bubnlcua  dedicated  in  302.  This  is  the  earli- 
est Soman  painting  of  which  we  have  any 
record. — (6)  Q.  Fabius  Piotob,  grandson  of 
the  last,  the  most  ancient  writer  of  Roman 
history  in  prose.  He  (served  in  the  Gallic 
war  in  226,  and  also  in  the  2d  Punic  war. 
His  history,  which  was  written  in  Greek,  be- 
gan with  the  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy,  ami 
enme  down  to  his  own  time. 

FABRlTfiRla    {Fdlvaterra),   a    Vol  i  Ian 

town  in  Latium,  on  the-  righl  bank  of  the 
Trerua,  subsequently  colonized  by  the  Ro- 
mans, 

FABRlt  ETJ8  (-i),  the  name  of  •,  Roman 
family,  the  chief  members  of  which  were: 
(l)  C.  Fabkioius,  one  of  the  mosl  popular 
heroes  in  the  Roman  annals,  lie  was  consul 
b.0.  282,  and  two  years  afterward  ■■  i  one  or 
the  Roman  embassadors  senl  to  Pyrrhua  at 
Ta  rent  a  n  i  to  negotiate  a  ransom  or  exchange 
of  prisoners,     Pyrrbut  need  every  effort  to 

?'.-iin  the  favor  of  Fabricius  (  but  the  sturdy 
toman  was  proof  against  all  hi-  seductions, 
and  rejected  all  his  offers.  In  vts  Fabricius 
u.i.-  consul  a  second  time,  when  he  vent  bach 
to  Pyrrhua  the  traitor  who  had  offered  to 


poison  him.  Negotiations  were  then  opened, 
which  resulted  in  the  evacuation  of  Italy  by 
Pyrrhus.  He  was  censor  in  275,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  severity  with  which 
he  repressed  the  growing  taste  for  luxury. 
Ancient  writers  love  to  tell  of  the  frugal  way 
in  which  Fabricius  aud  his  contemporary  Cu- 
rius  Dentatus  lived  on  their  hereditary  fauns, 
and  how  they  refused  the  rich  presents  which 
the  Samnite  "embassadors  offered  them.  Fa- 
bricius died  as  poor  as  he  had  lived,  and  left 
no  dowry  for  his  daughters,  which  the  senate 
furnished. — (2)  L.  Faijrioius,  curator  viarum 
in  b.o.  62,  built  a  new  bridge  of  stone,  con- 
necting the  city  with  the  island  in  the  Tiber, 
and  called  after  him  pons  Fabricius.  This 
bridge  still  remains,  and  bears  the  name  of 
ponte  quattro  capi. 

FAESULAE  (-arum:  Fiesole),  a  city  of 
Etruria,  situated  on  a  hill  3  miles  N.E.  of 
Florence.  It  was  the  head-quarters  of  Cati- 
line's army. 

FALERII  (-orum)  or  FALERIUM  (-i),  a 
town  in  Etruria,  situated  on  a  height  near 
Mount  Soracte,  was  originally  a  Pelasgic 
town,  but  was  afterwards  one  of  the  12  Etrus- 
can cities.  Its  inhabitants  were  called  Fat.is- 
ci,  aud  were  regarded  by  many  as  of  the  same 
race  as  the  Aequi,  whence  we  find  them  often 
called  Aequi  Falisci.  After  a  long  struggle 
with  Koine,  the  Faliscans  yielded  toCamillus, 
n.c.  394.  The  Faliscans  revolted  again  at  the 
close  of  the  1st  Punic  war  (n.o.  241),  when  the 
Romans  destroyed  their  city.  A  new  town 
was  built  on  the  plain.  The  white  cows  of 
Falerii  were  valued  at  Rome  for  sacrifices. 

FlLERNUS  AGEK,  a  district  in  the  N.  of 
Campania,  extending  from  the  Masslc  hills  to 
the  river  Vulturnus.  It  produced  some  of  the 
finest  wine  in  Italy,  which  was  reckoned  only 
second  to  the  wine  of  Setia. 

FALISCI.    [Fai.kru.] 

FANNTI'S  (-i)  STRABO  (-finis),  ('.,  son-in- 
law  of  i.aciius,  Introduced  by  Cicero  as  a 
speaker  in  his  be  Republica  and  his  Laeliua. 

FAM'M  FOKTTXAK  (Fcmo),  a  town  in 
Ombria  at  the  mouth  of  the  Metaurus,  with 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Fortuna,  whence  the 
town  derived  its  name. 

FAR]    \l;t'S.     IKm'.akis.I 

FAULA  or  FAUNA.     [Kai-nuk.] 

FATJNUS  (-i),  son  of  Plena,  grandson  of 
Saturn  us,  and  father  of  I, a  I  inns,  was  the  third 
in   the  series  of  the   kings  of  Hie    l.aurenle* 

He  was  worshiped  ;iu  the  protecting  deity  of 
agriculture  and  of  shepherds,  and  al  o  i  i 
" : '.  i  i  •  o;  ,  fter  the  Introduction  of  the 

worship  of  the  Greek  Pan  Into  Italy,  Faunae 
was  Identified  with  Pan,  and  represented, 
like  the  hitter,  with  horn  ind  it  feet. 
At  a  later  time  we  find  mention  of  Faunl  in 

the  plural.      What    Kaiinu-    VV88   to   the   male 

sex,  his  wife  Paula  or  Fauna  wai  to  the  fe 
in.  i  n,t.    ted  himself  in  va- 
rious wave,  the  Idea  arose  of  a  plurality  of 
Fauns  (Faunl),  who  are  di   crlbed  ne  half 

men,  half  gnats,  and  with  horns.    Fi la 

gradually  came  to  be  Identified  with  the  Ai- 


FAUSTA. 


1GG 


FIMBRIA. 


cadian  Pan,  and  the  Fanni  with  the  Greek 
Satyrs, 


Faunus.    (Gori,  Gem.  Ant.  Flor.  vol.  1,  pi.  94.) 

FAUSTA,  CORNELIA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
the  dictator  Sulla,  wife  of  Milo,  and  infamous 
for  her  adulteries. 

FAUSTINA  (-ae).  (1)  Senior,  wife  of  the 
emperor  Antoninus  Pius,  notorious  for  her 
licentiousness.— (2)  Junioe,  daughter  of  the 
elder  Faustina,  and  wife  of  the  emperor  M. 
Aurelius,  also  notorious  for  her  profligacy. 

FAUSTULUS.     [Romulus.] 

FAVENTIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  on  the  river  Anemo  and  on  the  Via 
Aemilia. 

M.  FAYONIUS  (-ae),  an  imitator  of  Cato 
Cticensis,  whose  character  and  conduct  he 
copied  so  servilely  as  to  receive  the  nickname 
of  Cato's  ape. 

FEBRIS  (-is),  the  goddess,  or  rather  the 
averter,  of  fever. 

FEBRtJUS  (-i),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
to  whom  the  month  of  February  was  sacred. 
The  name  is  connected  with  februare  (to  pu- 
rify). 

FELICITAS  (-fit  is),  the  personification  of 
happiness,  is  frequently  seen  on  Roman  med- 
als, in  the  form  of  a  matron,  with  the  staff  of 
Mercury  and  a  cornucopia. 

FELIX  (-Ids),  ANTONIUS  (-i\  procurator 
of  Judaea,  in  the  reigns  of  Claudius  and  Nero. 
He  induced  Brasilia,  wife  of  Azizus,  king  of 
Smesa,  to  leave  her  husband;  and  she  was 
still  living  with  him  in  \.r<.  60,  when  St.  Paul 
preached  before  him  "  of  righteousness,  tem- 
perance, and  judgment  to  come." 

FELSINA.     [Bononia.] 

FKNNI  (-dram),  a  savage  people,  reckoned 
by  Tacitue  among  the  Germans.  They  prob- 
ably dwelt  in  the  farther  part  of  E.  Prussia, 
and"  were  the  same  as  the  modern  Finns. 


FERENTINUM  (-i).  (1)  A  town  of  Etru- 
ria,  S.  of  Volsinii,  birthplace  of  the  emperor 
Otho.— (2)  An  ancient  town  of  the  Hernici  in 
Latium,  S.  W.  of  Anagnia,  colonized  by  the 
Romans  in  the  2d  Punic  war. 

FERENTUM.    [Forentum.] 

FERETRIUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Jupiter, 
derived  from  ferire,  to  strike;  for  persons 
who  took  an  oath  called  upon  Jupiter  to 
strike  them  if  they  swore  falsely,  as  they 
struck  the  victim  which  they  sacrificed. 
Others  derived  it  from  ferre,  because  people 
dedicated  [ferebant)  to  him  the  spolia  opima. 

FERONIA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divini- 
ty, whose  chief  sanctuary  was  at  Terracina, 
near  Mount  Soracte.  At  her  festival  at  this 
place  a  great  fair  was  held. 

FESCENNIUM  (-i)  or  FESCENNIA  (-ae), 
a  town  of  the  Falisci  in  Etruria,  and  conse- 
quently, like  Falerii,  of  Pelasgic  origin.  [Fa- 
i.erh.]  From  this  town  the  Romans  are  said 
to  have  derived  the  Fescennine  songs. 

FFSTUS,  SEXT.  POMPEIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
grammarian  in  the  4th  csntury  of  our  era, 
the  author  of  a  dictionary  or  glossary  of  Lat- 
iu  words  and  phrases,  of  which  a  considerable 
portion  is  extant. 

FESTUS.  PORCIUS  (-!),  succeeded  Anto- 
nins  Felix  as  procurator  of  Judaea  in  a.t>.  62. 
It  was  he  who  bore  testimony  to  the  inno- 
cence of  St.  Paul,  when  he  defended  himself 
before  him  in  the  same  year. 

FICANA  (-ae),  one  of  the  ancient  Latin 
towns  destroyed  by  Ancus  Martins. 

FlCULEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabiues,  E.  of  Fidenae. 

FlBENAE  (-arum),  sometimes  FIBENA 
(-ae:  Castel  Giubileo),  an  ancient  town  in  the 
land  of  the  Sabiues,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Rome, 
situated  on  a  steep  hill  between  the  Tiber 
and  the  Anio.  It  is  said  to  have  been  con- 
quered and  colonized  by  Romulus ;  but  it  was 
probably  colonized  by  the  Errnscau  Veii,  with 
which  city  we  find  it  in  close  alliance.  It  fre- 
quently revolted,  and  was  frequently  taken 
by  the  Romans.  Its  last  revolt  was  in  b.c. 
■lis,  and  in  the  following  year  it  was  destroyed 
by  the  Romans,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt. 

FIBENTIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  on  the  Via  Aemilia,  between  Parma 
and  Placeutia, 

FlBES  (-ei),  the  personification  of  faithful- 
ness, worshiped  as  a  goddess  at  Rome. 

FlBlUS,  an  ancient  form  of  jiliits,  occurs 
in  the  connection  of  Dius  Fidius,  or  Meditis 
Fidius,  that  is,  me  Dius  (Ai6s)  films,  or  the 
son  of  Jupiter,  that  is,  Hercules.  Hence  the 
expression  medius  fidius  is  equivalent  to  me 
Hercules  scil.  juvet.  Sometimes  Fidius  is  used 
alone.  Some  of  the  ancients  connected  fidius 
with  fides. 

FIGULUS,  P.  NIGIBIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
senator  and  Pythagorean  philosopher,  of 
hisrh  reputation,  who  flourished  about  n.o.  60. 

FIMBRIA  (-ae),  C.  FLA.VIUS  (-i).  (1)  A 
jurist  and  an  orator,  consul  is.o.  104.— (2^  Son 
of  the  preceding,  and  one  of  the  most  violent 
partisans  of  Marina  and  Cinna  during  the 
civil  war  with  Sulla.    Iu  u.o.  SO  ho  was  sent 


FIRMUM. 


1G7 


FORTUNA. 


into  Asia  as  legate  of  Valerius  Flaccus,  whom 
he  induced  the  soldiers  to  put  to  death,  lie 
then  carried  on  war  against  Mithridates  ;  but 
in  Si  he  was  attacked  by  Sulla,  and  being  de- 
serted by  his  troops,  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

FIRMUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Picenum,  3  miles 
from  the  coast. 

FLACCUS,  FULVIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  two 
distinguished  families  in  the  Fulvia  and  Va- 
leria geutes.  Many  of  the  members  of  both 
families  held  the  highest  offices  in  the  state; 
but  the  best  known  are:  (1)  M.  Fclvius 
Flacous,  the  friend  of  the  Gracchi,  consul  in 
b.o.  125,  and  one  of  the  triumvirs  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  agrarian  law  of  Tib.  Grac- 
chus. He  was  slain,  together  with  C.  Grac- 
chus, in  121. — (2)  L.  Valerius  Fi.aocts,  consul 
in  b.o.  100,  with  Marins,  when  he  took  an  act- 
ive part  in  patting  down  the  insurrection  of 
Saturninus.  In  86  he  was  chosen  consul  in 
place  of  Marias,  and  was  then  sent  into  Asia 
against  Mithridates,  but  was  put  to  death  by 
his  soldiers  at  the  instigation  of  Fimbria.— 
(3)  L.  Vai.i'.p.ius  Flaoods,  a  native  of  Padua, 
who  lived  in  the  time  of  Vespasian,  and  wrote 
the  Argmiautica,  an  unfinished  heroic  poem, 
in  S  books,  on  the  Argouautic  expedition, 
which  is  extant. 

FLACCUS,  HORATIUS.    [Horatifs.] 

FLAMININUS,  T.  OULNTIUS  (-i),  consul 
in  i!.o.  l'JS,  had  the  conduct  of  the  war  against 
Philip  of  Macedonia,  whom  he  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Cynoscephalae,  in  Thessaly,  in 

107,  and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace. 

FLAM  IN  ITS,  C.  (-i),  consul  for  the  first 
time  in  u.o.  '.!'.;:;,  when  he  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Iiistibrian  Gaulf  ;  and  censor  in  220, 
when  he  executed  two  great  works,  which 
bote  his  name, viz.,  the  ('inn*  Flaminiw)  ami 
the  Via  Flu  in  ii,  in.  In  his  second  consulship 
(■-'17/  he  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Hannibal, 
at  the  battle  of  the'  Trasimene  lake. 

FLA  VIA  GENS,  celebrated  as  the  house 
to  which  the  emperor  Vespasian  belonged. 
Daring  the  later  period  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire the  name  Flavins  descended  from  one 
emperor  to  another,  Constantius,  the  Fatht  ■ 
of  Con-tautine  the  Great,  being  the  first  in 
the  series. 

KI.AVit  s  FIMBRIA.     [Fi.miusia.] 

PLiVlXJS  JOSEPHUS.    [Josepuos.] 

PLlVlUS  VOPI8CU8.     [Von 

FLEVUM  (-i),  a  fortress  in  Germany,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Araisia  {Ems). 

FLEVUM,  FLEVO.    [Rhemos.] 

FLoka  (-ae),  the  Soman  goddess  of  flow- 
ers ami  spring,  whose  annual  festival  {Flora 
lia)  was  celebrated  from  the  28th  of  April  till 
of  May,  with  extravagant  merriment 
and  i 'i  ''!•.  !•  : 

FL5RENT1  \   '  ae  i    Firerae,   Finn  n 
town  in  Etrnria,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  Bitnated  on  tie-  Irons;  but  ii 
ness  as  a  city  dates  from  the  middle  a 

FL5RUS,  I..  ANNAi-'.rs  (-1)  a  Roman  his- 
torian, lived  under  Trajan  and  Hadrian,  ami 


wrote  a  summary  of  Roman  history,  which  is 
extant,  divided  into  4  books,  extending  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus. 

FLORUS,  JULIUS  (-i),  a  poet  aud  an  ora- 
tor, addressed  by  Horace  in  2  epistles. 

FONTEIUS,  M.  (-i),  propraetor  in  Narbo- 
nese  Gaul,  between  u.c.  70  and  73,  accused  in 
69  of  extortion  in  his  province,  and  defended 
by  Cicero  in  au  oration,  part  of  which  is  ex- 
tant. 

FORENTUM  or  FERENTI'M  (-i),  a  town 
in  Apulia,  surrounded  by  fertile  fields  and  in 
a  low  situation,  according  to  Horace. 

FORMIAE  (-arum  :  nr.  Mola  di  Gaeta,  Rn.), 
a  very  ancient  town  in  Latium,  on  the  Appia 
Via,  in  the  innermost  corner  of  the  beautiful 
Sinus  Caietanus  (Gulf  of  Gdeta).  Ii  was 
founded  bv  the  Pelasgic  Tyrrhenians,  and 
was  the  fabled  abode  of  Lamns  and  the  I.ac- 
strygones.  Near  this  place  were  numerous 
villas  of  the  Roman  nobles:  of  these  the  best 
known  is  the  Formiannm  of  Cicero,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  which  he  was  killed.  The 
hills  of  Formiae  produced  good  wine. 

FORNAX  (-acis),  a  Roman  goddess,  who 
presided  over  baking  the  corn  in  the  oven 
{fornax),  and  who  was  worshiped  at  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Fornacalia. 

FORTUNA  (-ae),  called  TvcnE  by  the 
Greeks,  the  goddess  of  fortune,  worshiped 
both  in  Greece  and  Italy.  She  was  represent- 
ed with  different  attributes.  With  a  rudder, 
she  was  conceived  as  the  divinity  guiding 
and  conducting  the  affairs  of  the  world  ;  with 
a  ball, she  represented  the  varying  unsteadi- 
ness of  fortune  :  with  PllltOS,  or  the  horn  of 
\  m;i  It  to-  i.  she  was  the  SJ  lllbol  of  the  plenti- 
ful gifts  >f  fortune.  She  was  more  worshiped 
by  the  Romans  than  by  the  Greeks.  Her 
worship  c/as  of  great  importance  also  at  An- 


Flora.    (From  an  nnctcnt  ntntno.' 


FORTUNATAE. 


168 


FRANCI. 


tium  and  Praeneste,  where  her  sortes  or  ora- 
cles were  very  celebrated. 


Fortuna.    (Bronze  in  the  British  Museum.) 


FORTUNATAE  or  -ORUM  INStTLAE, 
"the  Islands  of  the  Blessed."  The  early 
Greeks,  as  we  learn  from  Homer,  placed  the 
Elysian  fields,  into  which  favored  heroes 
passed  without  dying,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
earth,  near  the  river  Oceanus.  [Elysium.] 
In  poems  later  than  Homer,  an  island  is  spok- 
en of  as  their  abode;  and  though  its  posi- 
tion was  of  course  indefinite,  the  poets,  and 
the  geographers  who  followed  them,  placed  it 
beyond  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Hence  when 
certain  islands  were  discovered  in  the  ocean, 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  the  name  of  Fortu- 
natae  Insulae  was  applied  to  them.  They  are 
now  called  the  Canary  and  Madeira  islands. 

FORULI  (-oruin),  a  small  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines,  near  the  junction  of  the  Himella  with 
the  Tiber. 

FOTlUM  (-i),  an  open  space  of  ground  in 
which  the  public  met  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business,  and  for  the  sale  and  purchase 
of  provisions.  The  number  of  fora  increased 
at  Rome  with  the  growth  of  the  city.  They 
were  level  pieces  of  ground  of  an  oblong  form, 
and  were  surrounded  by  buildings,  both  pri- 
vate and  public.  The  principal  fora  at  Rome 
were:  (1)  Forcm  Romanum,  also  called  sim- 
ply the  Forum,  and  at  a  later  time  distin- 
guished by  the  epithets  vrtus  or  magnum.  It 
Illy  between  the  Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills, 
and  ran  lengthwise  from  the  foot  of  the  Cap- 
itol or  the  arch  of  Septimius  Severus  in  the 
direction  of  the  arch  of  Titus;  but  it,  did  not 
extend  quite  so  far  as  to  the  latter.  The  or- 
igin of  the  forum  is  ascribed  to  Romulus  and 
Tatius,  who  are  said  to  have  filled  up  the 
swamp  or  marsh  which  occupied  its  site,  and 


to  have  set  it  apart  as  a  place  for  the  admin- 
istration of  justice  and  for  holding  the  assem- 
blies of  the  people.  The  forum,  in  its  widest 
sense,  iucluded  the  forum  properly  so  called 
and  the  comitium.  The  comitium  occupied 
the  narrow  or  upper  end  of  the  forum,  and 
was  the  place  where  the  patricians  met  in 
their  comitia  curiata;  the  forum,  in  its  nar- 
rower sense,  was  originally  only  a  market- 
place, and  was  not  used  for  any  political  pur- 
pose. At  a  later  time,  the  forum,  in  its  nar- 
rower sense,  was  the  place  of  meeting  for  the 
plebeians  in  their  comitia  tributa,  and  waB 
separated  from  the  comitium  by  the  rostra, 
or  platform,  from  which  the  orators  addressed 
the  people.  In  the  time  of  Tarquin  the  forum 
was  surrounded  by  a  range  of  shops,  proba- 
bly of  a  mean  character,  nut  they  gradually 
underwent  a  change,  and  were  eventually 
occupied  by  bankers  and  money-changers. 
As  Rome  grew  in  greatness  the  forum  was 
adorned  with  statues  of  celebrated  men,  with 
temples  and  basilicae,  and  with  other  public 
buildings.  The  site  of  the  ancient  forum  is 
occupied  by  the  Cavijm  Vaeeino. — (2)  Forum 
Jumum  or  Forum  Causaris,  built  near  the  old 
forum  by  Julius  Caesar,  because  the  latter 
was  found  too  small  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business.  —  (3)  Forum  Auousti,  built 
by  Augustus,  behind  the  Forum  Julium. — (4) 
Forum  Nkkvah  or  Forum  Transitorium,  was 
a  small  forum  lying  between  the  Temple  of 
Peace  and  the  fora  of  Julius  Caesar  and 
Augustus.  It  was  built  by  Nerva,  and  was 
intended  to  serve  as  a  passage  between  the 
Temple  of  Peace  and  the  fora  of  Caesar  and 
of  Augustus.  Hence  its  name.  —  (5)  Forum 
Tra.iam,  built  by  the  emperor  Trajan,  be- 
tween the  forum  of  Augustus  and  the  Cam- 
pus .Martins. 

FORUM,  the  name  of  several  towns,  orig- 
inally simply  markets  or  places  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  (1)  Arpn,  in  Latium, 
on  the  Appia  Via,  in  the  midst  of  the  Pomp- 
tine  marshes,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  founded 
by  the  censor  Appius  Claudius  when  be  made 
the  Appia  Via.  Here  the  Christians  from 
Rome  met  the  apostle  Paul.— (2)  Jui.n  or  Ju- 
i.ium  (Frcjun),  a  Roman  colony  founded  by 
Julius  Caesar,  b.o.  44,  in  GalliaNarbonensis, 
on  the  coast;  the  birthplace  of  Agricoln.  — 
(3)  Julium.    See  Illiturgis. 

FOSI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Germany,  the 
neighbors  and  allies  of  the  Cherusci,  in  whose 
fate  they  shared.     [Chkrosoi.] 

FOSSA  (-ae)  or  FOSSAE  (-arum),  a  canal. 
(1)  Cluitia  or  Ci.uii.iak,  a  trench  about  5 
miles  from  Rome,  said  to  have  been  the  ditch 
witli  which  the  Alban  kingCluilins  protected 
his  camp  when  he  marched  against  Rome  in 
the  reign  of  Tullus  Hostilius. — (2)  Drusianar 
or  Drusinae,  a  canal  which  Drusus  caused  his 
soldiers  to  dig  in  b.o.  11,  uniting  the  Rhine 
with  the  Yssel. — (3)  Mariana  or  Mariana*, 
a  canal  dug  by  command  of  Marias  daring 
his  war  with  the  Cimbri,  in  order  to  connect 
the  Rhone  with  the  Mediterranean.  —  (4) 
Xerxis.     See  Amos. 

FRANCI  (-orum),  ?".  c.  "  the  Free  men,"  a 
confederacy  of  German  tribes,  formed  on  the 
Lower  Rhine  in  the  place  of  the  ancient  league 


FREGELLAE. 


IG'J 


FRISII. 


of  the  Cherusci.  After  carrying  on  frequent 
wars  with  the  Romans,  they  at  Length  settled 
permanently  In  Gaul,  ..f  which  they  became 
the  rulers  under  their  king  <  Hovis,  a.i>.  496, 

FRBGELLAE  (-aram:  Ceprano),a  town  of 
theVolecl  on  the  Liris  In  Latinm,  conquered 
bv  the  Romans,  and  colonized  in  b»o.  828. 

FRBGENAE,  sometimes  called  FRSGEL- 
L.\  E  (-arnm).  :i  town  of  Etrnria,  on  the  coasl 
between  Alsium  and  the  Tiber,  colonized  by 
the  Romans,  n.<i.  [24.r,. 


FRENT.5.N1  (-5rum),  a  Samnite  people 
dwelling  on  the  coasl  of  the  Adriatic,  from 
the  river  Sagrns  on  the  NT.  (and  subsequently 
almost  as  ,'.u-  N.  as  from  the  Aternus)  to  the 
river  Frento  on  the  8.,  from  which  they  de 
rived  their  name.  They  submitted  i"  the 
Romans  In  b.o.  S04. 

FRENTO  (•dnis:  Fortore),  a  river  In  Italy, 
forming  the  bonndary  between  the  Frentam 
and  Ipnlia,  and  falling  Into  the  Adriatic  Sea, 

FRISll  (-..nun),  a  people  In  Germany,  In- 


FROXTINUS. 


170 


GAIUS. 


habiting  the  coast  from  the  E.  mouth  of  the 
Rhine  to  the  Araisia  {Ems),  and  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Brueteri.  In  the  5th  century 
they  joiued  the  Saxons  aud  Angli  in  their  in- 
vasion of  Britain. 

FRONTINUS,  SEX.  JULIUS  (-i),  governor 
of  Britain  (\.t>.  75-78),  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  conquest  of  the  Silures.  He 
was  the  author  of  two  treatises  that  are  still 
extant— one  on  the  art  of  war,  and  another 
on  the  Roman  aqueducts.  He  was  nomina- 
ted Curator  Aquarum,  or  Superintendent  of 
the  Aqueducts,  in  !)7  :  died  m  106. 

FRONTO  (-onis),  M.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a 
celebrated  rhetorician  in  the  reigns  of  Hadri- 
an and  ML  Aurelius,  born  at  Cirta  in  Kumidia. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  M. 
Aurelius  and  L.Verus,  and  was  rewarded  with 
wealth  and  honors.  A  few  fragments  of  his 
works  are  extant. 

FRUSINO  (-onis),  a  town  of  the  Hernici  in 
Latium,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  colony. 

FTTCENTIS,  FUCEXTIA.     [Aiba,  No.  1.] 

FUCINTJS  LACUS  {Lago  di  Celano  or  Ca- 
pistrano),  a  large  lake  in  the  centre  of  Italy 
and  in  the  country  of  the  Marsi,  about  SO 
miles  in  circumference,  into  which  all  the 
mountain  streams  of  the  Apennines  flow.  As 
the  waters  of  this  lake  frequently  inundated 
the  surrounding  country,  the  emperor  Clau- 


dius constructed  an  emissarium  or  artiflcia1 
channel  for  carrying  off  the  waters  of  the  lake 
into  the  river  Liris.    This  emissarium  is  near- 
ly perfect:  it  is  almost  3  miles  in  length. 
FIJFIUS  CALENUS.     [Calentjs.] 
FULVIA  (-ae).    (1)  The  mistress  of  Q.  Ca- 
rlos, one  of  Catiline's  conspirators,  who  di- 
vulged the  plot  to  Cicero.— (2)  A  daughter  of 
M.  Fnlvius  Bambalio  of  Tusculum,  and  suc- 
cessively the  wife  of  P.  Clodius,  C.  Scriboniur 
Curio,  aud  M.  Antony ;  died  b.c.  40. 
FULVIUS  FLACCUS.     [Flacccb.] 
FULVIUS  NOBILIOR.     [Nobiliok.] 
FUNDANIUS  (-i),  a  writer  of  comedies, 
praised  by  Horace. 
FUNDI  (-drum:  Fondi),  an  ancient  town  iD 
'  Latium  on  the  Appia  Via,  at  the  head  of  a 
narrow  bay  of  the  sea,  running  a  considerable 
way  into  the  land,  called  the  Laoub  Funha- 
I  sirs.  The  surrounding  country  produced  good 
I  wine. 

FURCULAE  CAUDIXAE.     [Catjihum.] 
FURIAE.     [Ecmen-ipes.] 
FURlUS  BIBACULUS.     [Bihacdxus.] 
FfjRlUS  CAMILLUS.    [Camillcs.] 
FUSCUS  ARISTIUS  i-i),  a  friend  of  the 
poer  Horace,  who  addressed  to  him  an  ode 
and  uj  epistle. 


G. 


GlBALI  (-orum),  a  people  iu  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  whose  chief  town  was  Auderitum 
(Anterieux). 

GABII  (-orum),  a  town  in  Latium,  on  the 
Lacus  Gabiuus  between  Rome  and  Praeneste, 
a  colony  from  Alba  Longa ;  and  the  place, 
according  to  tradition,  where  Romulus  was 
brought  up.  It  was  taken  by  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus  bv  stratagem,  aud  was  in  ruins  in  the 
time  of  "Augustus.  The  ductus  Gabinus,  a 
peculiar  mode  of  wearing  the  toga  at  Rome, 
appears  to  have  been  derived  from  this  town. 
In  its  neighborhood  are  the  stone  quarries 
from  which  a  part  of  Rome  was  built. 

GABINIUS,  A.  (-i),  tribune  of  the  plebs 
b.c.  60,  when  he  carried  a  law  conferring  upon 
Pompey  the  command  of  the  war  against  the 
pirates,"  and  consul  in  5S,  when  he  took  part 
in  the  banishment  of  Cicero.  Iu  57  he  went 
to  Syria  as  proconsul,  and  restored  Ptolemy 
Auletes  to  the  throne  of  Egypt,  in  opposition 
to  a  decree  of  the  senate.  On  his  return  to 
Rome  iu  54  he  was  accused  both  of  majestas 
and  repetundae.  He  was  defended  by  Cicero. 
He  was  condemned  on  the  latter  clause,  and 
went  into  exile.  In  the  civil  war  he  fought 
on  the  side  of  Caesar.  He  died  about  the  end 
of  u.c.  48. 

GADlRA,  a  large  fortified  city  of  Pales- 
tine, situated  on  an  eastern  tributary  of  the 
Jordan. 

GADES  (-ium  :  Cadiz),  a  very  ancient  town 
in  Hispania  Baetica,  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  their  com- 
merce in  the  W.  of  Europe,  situated  on  a 


small  island  of  the  same  name  (/.  dc  Leon), 
separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow 
channel.  Herodotus  says  (iv.  S)  that  the  isl- 
and of  Erythla  was  close  to  Gadeira ;  whence 
most  later  writers  supposed  the  island  of  Ga- 
des  to  be  the  same  as  the  mythical  island  of 
Erythia,  from  which  Hercules  carried  off  the 
oxen  of  Geryon.  Its  inhabitants  received  the 
Roman  franchise  from  Julius  Caesar. 

GAEA  (-ae)  or  GE  (-es),  called  TELLUS  by 
the  Romans,  the  personification  of  the  earth, 
is  described  as  the  first  being  that  sprung 
from  Chaos,  and  gave  birth  to  Uranus  (Heav- 
en) and  Pontus  (Sea).  By  Uranus  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  the  Titans,  who  were 
hated  by  their  father.  Ge  therefore  concealed 
them  in  the  bosom  of  the  earth  ;  and  she 
made  a  large  iron  sickle,  with  which  Cronos 
(Saturn)  mutilated  Uranus.  Ge  or  Tellus  was 
regarded  by  both  Greeks  and  Romans  as  one 
of  the  gods  of  the  nether  world,  aud  hence  is 
frequently  mentioned  where  they  are  in- 
voked. 

GAKTULIA  (-ae),  the  interior  of  N.  Africa, 
S.  of  Mauretania,  Numidia,  and  the  region 
bordering  on  the  Syrtes,  reaching  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  on  the  \V.,  and  of  very  indefinite 
extent,  towards  the  E.  and  S.  The  pure  Gae- 
tiili  were  not  an  Aethiopic  (£.  e.  negro),  but  a 
Libyan  race,  and  were  most  probably  of  Asi- 
atic origin.  They  are  probably  the  ancestors 
of  the  Berbers. 

GAIT'S  or  CilUS  ,-\\  a  celebrated  Roman 
jurist,  who  wrote  under  Antoninus  Pins  and 
M.  Aurelius.    One  of  his  chief  works  was  an 


GALANTIIIS. 


171 


GALINTHIAS. 


elementary  treatise  on  Roman  law,  entitled 
Tnstitutumes,  in  4  books,  which  was  the  ordi- 
nary test-book  used  by  those  who  were  com- 
mencing the  study  of  the  Roman  law,  until 
the  compilation  of  the  Institutiones  of  Jus- 
tinian. It  was  lost  for  centuries,  until  dis- 
covered by  Niebuhr  in  1S16  at  Verona. 

GiLANTHIS.     [Galintiiiab.] 

GALATEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Nereus  and 
Doris.     [Aois.] 

GALATIA  or  -IA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  composed  of  parts  ofPhrygiaand  Cap- 
padocia,  and  bounded  on  the  W~,  S.,  and  S.E. 
By  those  countries,  and  on  the  N.E.,  N.,  and 
N.W.  by  Pontus,  Paphlagonia,  and  Bithynia. 
It  derived  its  name  from  its  inhabitants,  who 
were  Gauls  that  had  invaded  and  settled  in 
Asia  Minor  at  various  periods  during  the  3d 
century  b.o.  They  speedily  overran  all  Asia 
Minor  within  the  Taurus,  and  exacted  tribute 
from  its  various  princes  ;  but  Attains  I.  gained 
a  complete  victory  over  them  (b.o.  230),  and 
compelled  them  to  settle  down  within  the 
limits  of  the  country  thenceforth  called  Gala- 
tia,  and  also,  on  account  of  the  mixture  of 
Greeks  with  the  Celtic  inhabitants,  which 
speedily  took  place,  Graeco-Galatia  and  Gal- 
lograecia.  The  people  of  Galatia  adopted  to 
a  great  extent  Greek  habits  and  manners 
and  religious  observances,  but  preserved  I  heir 
own  language.  They  retained  also  their  po- 
litical divisions  and  forms  of  government. 
They  consisted  of  3  great  tribes — the  Tolisto- 
bogi,  the  Trocmi,  and  the  Tectosages  each 
subdivided  into  4  parts,  called  by  the  Greeks 
Tetrarchies.  At  the  head  of  each  of  these  12 
tetrarchies  was  a  chief  or  tetrarch.  At  length 
one  of  the  tetrarchs,  Dmoi  ai:i  :-,  was  reward- 
ed for  his  services  to  the  Romans  in  the  Mith- 
ridatic  war  by  the  title  of  Uiiiu'.  together  with 
a  grant  of  PontUS  and  Armenia  .Minor;  and 
after  the  death  of  his  successor,  Amyntas, 
Galatia  was  made  by  Augustus  a  Roman 
province  (b.o.  25).  Its  only  important  cities 
were— in  theS.W.,  I'issim  s,  the  capital  of  the 
Tolistobogi;  in  the  centre'  Anoyea,  il 
tal  of  the  TeCtOSages  ;  and  in  the  N.  I-;.,  T AVI- 
UM, tin;  capital  of  the  Trocmi.  From  the 
Epistle  of  st.  Paul  to  the  Galatians.  we  learn 
tli  it.  th.  (  in  i:  1 1  m  . tin  .-cii. ■.•<  in  (  :i  i  ii  con- 
sisted in  great  part  of  Jewish  converts. 


peror 


GALBA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 

family  in  the  Sulpieia  gens.  -(1)  P.  8|  mi.  n  - 
<  Iai.ba,  I  wire  e,, 11  siil,  B.O.  -1 1  and  200,  and  in 
both    consulships    carried    on     war    against 

Philip,  king  of  Macedonia. — (2)Seb.Si  lpk  tns 
K 


Galba,  praised  by  Cicero  on  account  of  hi* 
oratory,  praetor  in  151,  when  he  treacherously 
murdered  a  large  number  of  Lusitanians,  and 
consul  in  144.— (3)  Sisu.  Suxpicius  Galba,  Ro- 
man emperor,  June,  a.d.  68,  to  January,  a.i>. 
60,  was  born  b.o.  3.  After  his  consulship  he 
had  the  government  of  Gaul,  a.i>.  3!>,  where 
he  carried  on  a  successful  war  against  the 
Germans,  and  restored  discipline  among  the 
troops.  Nero  gave  him,  in  a.t>.  61,  the  gov- 
ernment of  HispaniaTarraconensis,  where  he 
remained  for  S  years.  When  Nero  was  mur- 
dered, Galba  proceeded  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  acknowledged  as  emperor.  But  his  se- 
verity and  avarice  soon  made  him  unpopular 
with  the  soldiers,  by  whom  he  was  murdered, 
at  the  instigation  of  Otho. 

GlLENUS,  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  commonly 
called  G.w.kn,  a  very  celebrated  physician, 
born  at  Pergamum,  a.i>.  130.  He  was  care- 
ful.y  educated  by  his  father,  Nicon,  who,  in 
consequence  of  a  dream,  chose  for  him  the 
profession  of  medicine.  This  subject  he  first 
studied  at  Pergamum,  afterwards  at  Smyrna, 
Corinth,  and  Alexandria.  He  practiced  in 
his  native  city,  and  at  Rome,  where  he  at- 
tended the  emperors  M.  Amelias  and  1..  \  e- 
rus.  He  died  about  A.D.  200,  at  the  age  ofTO, 
in  the  reign  of  Septimius  Severns.  He  wrote 
a  great  number  of  works  on  medical  and  phil- 
osophical subjects.  There  are  still  extant  83 
treatises  which  are  acknowledged  to  be  his, 
besides  many  that  are  spurious  or  doubtful. 

GALEPSUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  Toronaic  gulf. 

GALERlUS  MAXIM  i.\  NTS.  [MAXIMU- 
MS. | 

<•  tLESUS  (-i),  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Italy, 
flowing  into  the  gulf  of  Tarentum  through 
the  meadows  when-  the  sheep  grazed  whoso 
wool  was  so  celebrated  in  nnl  iquity. 

GALfiUS  (-i),  that,  is,  "the  lizard,"  son  oi 

Apollo  and  Themislo,  from   Whom  the  GaLK- 

Dtar,  a  family  of  Sicilian  soothsayers,  derived 

their  origin.  The  principal  seat' ol  the  Gale- 
olae  was  the  town  of  Hybla,  which  was  hence 

called  Gam  oi  is  or  Gale  \  i  is. 

GlLlLAEA  (-ae),  at  the  birth  of  Christ 
was  the  N.-m08l  of  the  8  divisions  o|'  Pales- 
tine \V.  of  the  .Ionian.      lt<  inhabitants  were 

a  mixed   rare  of  Jews,  Syrians   I'l Ili- 

cians,  Greeks,  and  others,  and  were  there- 
fore despised  by  i  he  Jew    of  Jndaea, 

GALINTHIAS  i  .m!i  |  ot  i.  m.wtiiis 
(-Idis),  daughter  of  Proetti  ofThebe  ,aud 
a  fi  iend  of  Alcmeue.  When  Alcmi 
on  the  point  of  giving  birth  io  Berenice, 
and  i he  Moerae  .nnl  [ lit 1 1 > [ae,  at  the  n  • 
quest  of  Hera  (Juno),  were  endeavoi  In  rn 
delay  the  birth,  < lallnthlas  suddenly  rush- 
ed in  with  the  r.ii  e  rcj that    \ 

q birth  to  a  i  on.    The  hostile  god- 

dess urpi  i-ed  ai  this  Informa 

tion  that  tii<-.  ih oppi  ii  theii  at  ei      Thus 

the  charm  was  broken,  ami  Alemene  wa* 
e  birth  to  II.!.  ill..   .     'the  delud- 
ed goddi  ivenged  'he  dei  epl  ion  practiced 

upon    them    by    luelainoi  , ,  oitliitiH 

into  a  weasel  .-,,..  \./.     i lecate,  howevet 

pity  upon  her,  and  made  her  her  attendant. 


GALLAECIA. 


172 


GALL  US. 


and  Hercules  afterwards  erected  a  sanctuary 
to  her. 

GALLAECIA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the  Gal- 
>aeoi  or  Cai.i.aeci  in  the  N.  of  Spain,  be- 
tween the  Astures  and  the  Durius.  Its  in- 
habitants were  some  of  the  most  uncivilized 
in  Spain.  They  were  defeated  with  great 
slaughter  by  D." Brutus,  consul  b.c.  13S,  who 
obtained  inconsequence  the  surname  of  Gal- 
laeeus. 

GALLIA  (-ae),  in  its  widest  acceptation, 
indicated  all  the  land  inhabited  by  the  Galli 
or  Celtae,  but,  in  its  narrower  sense,  was 
applied  to  two  countries: — (1)  Gali.ia,  also 
called  Gallia  Tuansalpina  or  Gai.t.ia  Ui.te- 
biok,  to  distinguish  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina, 
or  the  N.  of  Italy.  In  the  time  of  Augustus 
it  was  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Pyrenees  and 
the  Mediterranean ;  on  the  E.  by  the  river 
Varus  and  the  Alps,  which  separated  it  from 
Italy,  and  by  the  river  Rhine,  which  separat- 
ed it  from  Germany ;  on  the  N.  by  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  and  the  English  Channel ;  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Atlantic:  thus  including  not 
only  the  whole  of  France  and  Belgium,  but  a 
part  of  Holland,  a  great  part  of  Switzerland, 
and  all  the  provinces  of  Germany  W.  of  the 
Rhine.  The  Greeks,  at  a  very  early  period, 
became  acquainted  with  the  S.  coast  of  Gaul, 
where  they  founded,  in  b.o.  COO,  the  important 
town  of  Massii.ia.  The  Romans  commenced 
the  conquest  of  Gaul  is.o.  1-25,  and  a  few  years 
afterwards  made  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
country  a  Roman  province.  In  Caesar's  Com- 
mentaries the  Roman  province  is  called  sim- 
ply Provimia,  in  contradistinction  to  the  rest 
of  the  country :  hence  comes  the  modern  name 
of  Provence.  The  rest  of  the  country  was  sub- 
dued by  Caesar  after  a  struggle  of  several 
years  (5S-50).  At  this  time  Gaul  was  divided 
into  3  parts — Aquitania,  Celtica,  and  Belyica— 
according  to  the  3  different  races  by  which  it 
was  inhabited.  The  Aquitania  dwelt  in  the 
S.W.,  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Gartim- 
na;  the  Celtae,  or  Galli  proper,  in  the  centre 
and  W.,  between  the  Garumna  and  the  Se- 
quana  and  the  Matroua ;  and  the  Belgae  in 
the  N.E.,  between  the  two  last-mentioned 
rivers  and  the  Rhine.  Of  the  many  tribes 
inhabiting  Gallia  Celtica,  none  were  more 
powerful  than  the  Aedui,  the  Seqnani,  and 
the  Helvetii.  Augustus  divided  Gaul  into  4 
provinces :  1.  Gallia  Xarbonensis,  the  same 
as  the  old  Provincia.  2.  G.  Aquitanica,  which 
extended  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Liger. 
8.  G.  Lugdunensis.  the  country  between  the 
Liger,  the  Sequana,  and  the  Arar,  so  called 
from  the  colony  of Lugduuum  {Lyons),  found- 
ed by  Munatius  Plancus.  4.  G.  Belgica,  the 
country  between  the  Sequana,  the  Arar,  and 
the  Rhine.  Shortly  afterwards  the  portion 
of  Belgica  bordering  on  the  Rhine,  and  in- 
habited by  German  tribes,  was  subdivided 
into  2  new  provinces,  called  Germania  Prima 
and  Secunda,  or  Germania  Superior  and.  In- 
ferior. The  Latin  language  gradually  became 
the  language  of  the  inhabitants,  and  Roman 
civilization  took  deep  root  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  The  rhetoricians  and  poets  of  Gaul 
occupy  a  distinguished  place  in  the  later  his- 
tory of  Roman  literature.    On  the  dissolution 


of  the  Roman  empire,  Gaul,  like  the  other 
Roman  provinces,  was  overrun  by  barbari- 
ans, and  the  greater  part  of  it  finally  became 
subject  to  the  Prauci  or  Franks,  under  their 
king  Clovis,  about  a.m.  496. — (2)  Gallia  Cis- 
alpina, also  called  G.  Citehior  and  G.  To- 
gata,  a  Roman  province  in  the  N.  of  Italy, 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Liguria  and  Gal- 
lia Narbonensis  (from  which  it  was  separated 
by  the  Alps),  and  on  the  N.  by  Rhaetia  and 
Noricum;  on  the  E.  by  the  Adriatic  and  Ve- 
netin  (from  which  it.  was  separated  by  the 
Athesis),  and  on  the  S.  by  Etruria  and"  Uni- 
bria  (from  which  it  was  separated  by  the  river 
Rubicon).  It  was  divided  by  the  Po  into 
Gali.ia  Transpakana,  also  called  Italia 
Transpadana,  in  the  N.,  and  Gallia  Cispa- 
tiama,  in  the  S.  It  was  originally  inhabited 
by  Ligurians,  Umbrians,  Etrnscans,  and  other 
races;  but  its  fertility  attracted  the  Gauls, 
who  at  different  periods  crossed  the  Alps, 
and  settled  in  the  country,  after  expelling  the 
original  inhabitants.  After  the  1st  Punic 
war  the  Romans  conquered  the  whole  conn- 
try,  and  formed  it  into  a  Roman  province. 
The  inhabitants,  however,  did  not  bear  the 
yoke  patiently,  and  it  was  not  till  after  the 
final  defeat  of  the  Boii  in  191  that  the  country 
became  submissive  to  the  Romans.  The  most 
important  tribes  were:  In  Gallia  Transpada- 
na, in  the  direction  of  \V.  to  E.,  the  Tadeini, 
Salassi,  Limci,  Insuhres,  Cenomani  ;  in  G. 
Cispadana,  in  the  same  direction,  the  Boil* 
Linuones,  Senones. 

GALLIENUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  a.d. 
260-268,  succeeded  his  father  Valerian,  when 
the  latter  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Persians 
in  260.  Gallienus  was  indolent,  profligate, 
and  indifferent  to  the  public  welfare ;  and  his 
reign  was  one  of  the  most  ignoble  and  disas- 
trous in  the  history  of  Rome.  Numerous 
usurpers  sprung  up  in  different  parts  of  the 
empire,  who  are  commonly  distinguished  as 
The  Thirty  Tyrants.  Gallienus  was  slain  by 
his  own  soldiers  in  2CS,  while  besieging  Mi- 
lan, in  which  the  usurper  Atireolus  had  taken 
refuge. 

GALLINA.RIA  (-ae).  (1)  An  island  off  the 
coast  of  Liguria,  celebrated  for  its  number  of 
hens,  whence  its  name.— (2)  Sii.va,  a  forest 
of  pine-trees  near  Cumae  in  Campania. 

GALLOGRAECIA.    JGalatia.] 

GALLUS,  C.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  in  Forum  Julii  (Frejus)  in  Gaul, 
about  b.c.  66,  went  to  Italy  at  an  early  age, 
and  rose  to  distinction  under  JuliusCaesaraud 
Augustus.  He  was  appointed  by  the  latter 
the  first  prefect  of  the  province  of  Egypt ;  but 
having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Augustus 
while  he  was  in  Egypt,  the  senate  sent  him 
into  exile ;  whereupon  he  put  an  end  to  his 
life,  b.c.  26.  Gallus  lived  on  intimate  terms 
with  Asinius  Pollio,  Virgil,  Varus,  and  Ovid, 
and  the  latter  assigns  to  him  the  first  place 
among  the  Roman  elegiac  poets.  All  hia 
productions  have  perished. 

GALLUS,  TREBONIANUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  a.d.  251-254.  and  the  successor  of 
Decius,  purchased  a  peace  with  the  Goths  >'U 
very  dishonorable  terms,  and  was  afterwards 
put  to  death  by  his  own  soldiers. 


GALLUS. 


173 


GEDROSIA. 


GALLUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Galatia,  falling 
into  the  Sangarius,  near  Pessinus.  From  it 
the  priests  of  Cybele  are  said  to  have  obtained 
their  name  of  Galli. 

GANDARIDAE,  GANDARITAE,  or  GAN- 
DARAE  (-arum),  an  Indian  people,  in  the 
middle  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  rivers 
Acesines  (Cltenab)  and  Ilydraotes  (Ravee), 
whose  king,  at  the  time  of  Alexander's  inva- 
sion, was  a  cousin  and  namesake  of  the  cele- 
brated Porus. 

GANGES  (-is)t  the  greatest  river  of  India, 
which  it  divided  into  the  2  parts  named  by 
the  ancients  India  intra  Gangem  (Ilindo.stan), 
and  India  extra  Gangem  (Burmah,  Cochin 
China,  Siam,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula).  It 
rises  in  the  highest  part  of  the  Emodi  Montes 
(Himalaya),  and  Hows  by  several  mouths  into 
the  head  of  the  Gaugeticus  Sinus  (Bay  of  Ben- 
gal). The  knowledge  of  the  ancients  respect- 
ing it  was  very  imperfect. 

GlNl'MEDES  (-is),  son  of  Tros  and  Cal- 
lirrhoe*,  and  brother  of  Ilus  and  Assaracus, 
was  the  most  beautiful  of  all  mortals,  and 
was  carried  off  by  the  gods  that  he  might  fill 
the  cup  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  live  among  the 
immortal  gods.    This  is  the  Homeric  account ; 


foul   othi  i-  traditions  rive  different   details. 

He  is  called  the  son  either  of  Lao 'Ion,  or 

of  tins,  or  of  Erichthonins,  <>v  of  Assaracue. 
Later  writere  Btate  thai  Zeus  hlmBelfcai  i  led 
him  off,  in  the  form  of  an  eagle,  or  by  meane 
of  his  eagle.  There  N,  farther,  no  agreement 
as  to  the  place  where  the  event  occurred; 


though  later  writers  usually  represent  him  as 
carried  off  from  Mount  Ida.  Zeus  compen- 
sated the  father  for  his  loss  by  a  pair  of  di- 
vine horses.  Astronomers  placed  Ganymedes 
among  the  stars  under  the  name  of  Aquarius. 
His  name  was  sometimes  corrupted  iu  Latin 
into  Catamitus. 

GARAMANTES  (-urn),  the  S.-most  people 
known  to  the  ancients  in  N.  Africa,  dwelt  far 
S.  of  the  Great  Syrtis  iu  the  region  called 
Phazania  (Fezzan),  where  they  had  a  capital 
city,  Gariima.  They  are  mentioned  by  He- 
rodotus as  a  weak,  unwarlike  people. 

GARGiNUS  MONS  (Monte  Ganjano),  a 
mountain  and  promontory  in  Apulia,  on 
which  were  oak  forestB. 

GARGARA  (-orum),  the  S.  summit  of  Mount 
Ida,  iu  the  Troad,  with  a  city  of  the  same 
name  at  its  foot. 

GARGETTUS  (-i),  a  demus  in  Attica,  on 
the  N.W.  slope  of  Mount  Hymettus ;  the 
birthplace  of  the  philosopher  Epicurus. 

GARITES  (-urn),  a  people  iu  Aquitania, 
neighbors  of  the  Ausci. 

GAROCELI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  near  Mount  Cenis. 

T  GARUMNA  (-ae :  Garonne),  one 
of  the  chief  rivers  of  Gaul,  rising  in 
the  Pyrenees,  flowing  N.W. through 
Aquitania,  and  becoming  h  bay  of 
the  sea  below  Bordigala  (Bordeaux). 
GARUMNI  (-orum),  a  people  in 
Aquitania,  on  the  Garumna. 

GAl'GXMELA  (-orum),  a  village 
in  Assyria,  the  scene  of  the  last  bat- 
tle between  Alexander  and  Darius. 
B.C.  331,  commonly  called  the  battle 
of  Abbet.  \. 

GAURTJS  MONS,  GATJRiNUS 
or-NIM.,  a  volcanic  range  of  mount- 
ains in  Campania,  between  Cumae 
ami  Neapolis,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Puteoli,  producing  good  wine, 
and  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Sammies  by  ]\i .  Valerius  Corvus, 
b.<  .343. 

<;.\za  (-ae),  the  last  city  on  the 
S.W.  frontier  of  Palestine,  and  the 

key   of  the  Country   on   the   side   of 

Egypt,  stood  on  .'in  eminence  about 

'2  miles  from  the  sea,  and  WBB  u-iv 

strongly  fortified,  n  w&e  one  of  the 
:.mi  i.  of  the  Pliilisl ines,  and  was 
taken  by  Alexander  t lie  < ireat  aft- 
er an  obstinate  defense  of  several 
months. 
GfiBENN  \  MONS.  [Ci  i 
i.i  DB  i  :  '.  te),  the  farthest 
l>ro\  [nee  of  the  Persian  empire  on 
the  s.  is.,  .■mi]  one  oft  lie  Milnln  Islono 

of  Ariana,  i" de  i  on  I  lie  w.  by 

Carmania,  <>n  the  V  by  I traugiana 
and  Arachosia,  on  the  I-:.  by  hei i.i  or,  a  thi 
country  about  the  lower  course  of  the  Indus 
was  called,  [ndo-Scythia,  and  on  the  s.  i>\  the 

Male    Krvt  hi.ieiim,    or    Indian    <  >>  em.      h    is 

known  in  history  chiefly  through  the  dt  !  1 1  - 
suffered  forwent  of  water,  iu  pa  sing  through 

it,  by  the  army  of  Alexander. 


GELA. 


174 


GENIUS. 


GELA  (-ae),  a  city  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sicily, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  founded  by  Rho- 
dians  from  Lindos,  and  by  Cretans,  b.o.690. 
It  soon  obtained  great  power  and  wealth  ; 
and,  in  5S2,  it  founded  Agrigentum.  Gelon 
transported  half  of  its  inhabitants  to  Syra- 
cuse: the  place  gradually  fell  into  decay,  "and 
in  the  time  of  Augustus  was  not  inhabited. 
The  poet  Aeschylus  died  here. 

GELDTTBA  (-ae :  Gelb,  below  Cologne),  a 
fortified  place  of  the  Ubii,  on  the  Rhine,  in 
Lower  Germany. 

GELLIUS,  AULUS  (-i),  a  Latin  grammari- 
an, who  lived  about  a.d.  117-180.  He  wrote 
a  work,  still  extant,  containing  numerous  ex- 
tracts from  Greek  and  Roman  writers,  which 
he  called  Xoctes  Atticae,  because  it  was  com- 
posed near  Athens,  during  the  long  nights  of 
winter. 

GELON  (-ouis),  tyrant  of  Gela,  and  after- 
wards of  Syracuse,  became  master  of  his  na- 
tive city,  b.o.  491.  In  485  he  obtained  the 
supreme  power  in  Syracuse,  and  henceforth 
endeavored,  in  every  possible  way,  to  enlarge 
and  enrich  it.  In  480  he  gained  a  brilliant 
victory  at  Himera  over  the  Carthaginians, 
■*ho  had  invaded  Sicily  with  an  immense 
army,  ou  the  very  same  day  as  that  of  Salamis. 
He  died  in  475,  after  reigning  7  years  at  Syra- 
cuse. He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  singular 
leniency  and  moderation,  and  as  seeking  in 
every  way  to  promote  the  welfare  of  his  sub- 
jects. 

GELONI  (-i>rum),  a  Scythian  people,  dwell- 


ing in  Sarmatia  Asiatica,  to  the  E.  of  the  river 
Tanals  {Don). 

GEMONIAE  (scalae)  or  GEMONlI  (gra- 
dus),  a  flight  of  steps  cut  out  of  the  Aventine, 
down  which  the  bodies  of  criminals  strangled 
in  the  prison  were  dragged,  and  afterwards 
thrown  into  the  Tiber. 

GENlBUM  or  CENlBUM  (-i :  Orleans),  a 
town  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  on  the  N.  bank, 
of  the  Ligeris,  the  chief  town  of  the  Carnutes,' 
subsequently  called  Civitas  Aurelianorum,  or 
AurelianensisLrbs,  whence  its  modern  name. 

GENAUNI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Vindelicia, 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Alpine  valley  now 
called  Valle  di  Xon,  subdued  by  Drusus. 

GENEVA  or  GENAVA  (-ae:  Geneva),  the 
last  town  of  the  Allobroges,  on  the  frontiers 
of  the  Helvetii,  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Rhone,  at  the  spot  where  the  river  flowed  out 
of  the  Lacus  Lemannus.  There  was  a  bridge 
here  over  the  Rhone. 

GENITRIX  (-icis),  that  is,  "  the  mother," 
used  by  Ovid,  as  a  surname  of  Cybele,  in  the 
place  of  mater,  or  magna  mater;  but  it  is  bet- 
ter known  as  a  surname  of  Venus,  to  whom 
Caesar  dedicated  a  temple  at  Rome,  as  the 
mother  of  the  Julia  gens. 

GENIUS  (-i),  a  protecting  spirit,  analogous 
to  the  guardian  angels  invoked  by  the  Church 
of  Rome.  The  belief  in  such  spirits  existed 
both  in  Greece  and  at  Rome.  The  Greeks 
called  them  Daemons  (dainoves) ;  and  the 
poets  represented  them  as  dwelling  on  earth, 


(A  M>>suic,  from  Pompeii.) 


GENSERIC. 


175 


GERMANICUS. 


unseen  by  mortals,  as  the  ministers  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  and  as  the  guardians  of  men  and  of 
justice.  The  Greek  philosophers  took  up  this 
idea,  and  taught  that  daemons  were  assigned 
to  men  at  the  moment  of  their  birth, "that 
they  accompanied  men  through  life,  and  after 
death  conducted  their  souls  to  Hades.  The 
Romans  seem  to  have  received  their  notions 
respecting  the  genii  from  the  Etruscans, 
though  the  name  Genius  itself  is  Latin  (con- 
nected with  gi-gn-o,  gerirui,  and  equivalent  in 
meaning  to  generator,  or  father).  According 
to  the  opinion  of  the  Romans,  every  human 
being  at  his  birth  obtained  a  genius,  whom 
he  worshiped  as  sanctus  et  nanctissimus  deiw, 
especially  on  his  birthday,  with  libations  of 
wine,  incense,  and  garlands  of  flowers.  The 
bridal  bed  was  sacred  to  the  genius;  on  ac- 
count of  his  connection  with  generation,  and 
the  bed  itself  was  called  lectus  genialis.  On 
other  merry  occasions,  also,  sacrifices  were  of- 
fered to  the  genius,  and  to  indulge  in  merri- 
ment was  not  uufrequently  expressed  by  ge- 
nio  indulgere,  genium  curare  or  placare.  Ev- 
ery place  had  also  its  genius.  The  genii  are 
usually  represented  in  works  of  art  as  winged 
beings.  The  genius  of  a  place  appears  in  the 
form  of  a  serpent  eating  fruit  placed  before 
him. 

GENSERIC,  king  of  the  Vandals,  and  the 
most  terrible  of  all  the  barbarian  invaders  of 
the  empire.  In  a.j>.  429  he  crossed  over  from 
Spain,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  whole 
of  N.  Africa.  In  455  he  took  Some,  and  plun- 
dered it  for  14  days.  He  died  in  477,  at  a 
great  age.  lie  was  an  Arian,  and  persecuted 
Sis  Catholic  subjects. 

GENTIUS  (i),  kin-  of  the  Ulyrians,  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  b.o.  168. 

GENUA  (-ae:  Genoa),  an  important  com- 
mercial town  in  Lignria,  situated  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  Ligurian  gulf  (Gulf  of  Qi  ttoa 
and  subsequently  a  Roman  inunieipiuin. 

GBNtJSUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Greek  Illyria,  N. 
of  the  Apsus. 

GEPlDAE  (-arum),  a  Gothic  people,  who 
fought  under  Attila,  and  afterwards  settled 
in  Dacia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube.  They 
were  conquered  by  the  Langobardi  or  Lom- 
bards. 

G8RAESTUS  (-i),  a  promontory  and  har- 
bor at  the  s.  extremity  of  Kuboea,  with  a  cel- 
ebrated temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune). 

GSRANEA  (-ae),  a  range  of  monn tains, 
running  along  the  W.  coast  of  Megarls,  ter- 
minating in  the  promontory  Olmiue  in  the 
Corinthian  territory. 

<;RKKNf.\  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  In  Messe- 

nia,  l he  birthplace  of  Nestor,  who  is  hence 
called  Gerenian. 

GERGOVlA  (-ae).  (1)  A  fortified  town  of 
the  Arverni  in  Gaul,  situated  cm  a  high  and 

Ini essible  hill,  W.  or  8.W.  of  the  Blaver 

(AUier),  probably  in  the  neighborhood  oftbe 
modern  ci<-rrrxmt.  —  (l)  A  town  of  tin-  Boll  in 

Gaul,  of  uncertain  ,-iie. 

QERllANlA  (-ae),  a  country  hounded  by 
the  Rhine  on  the  \\\,  by  the  Vistula  ami  the 
Carpathian  mountains  on  the  K..  hv  the  Dan- 
ube on  the  S.,  and  by  the  German  '  ><  eau  and 


the  Baltic  on  the  N.  It  thus  included  much 
more  than  modern  Germany  on  the  N.  and 
E.,  but  much  less  in  the  W.  and  S.  The  N. 
and  N.E.  of  Gallia  Belgica  were  likewise 
called  Germania  Prima  and  Secunda  under 
the  Roman  emperors  [Gallia]  ;  and  it  was 
in  contradistinction  to  these  provinces  that 
Germania  proper  was  also  called  Germania 
Magna,  or  G.  Tuansrhknana,  or  G.  Barbara. 
The  inhabitants  were  called  Germani  by  the 
Romans.  Tacitus  says  that  Germani  was  the 
name  of  the  Tuugri,  who  were  the  first  Ger- 
man people  that  crossed  the  Rhine ;  and  as 
these  were  the  first  German  tribes  with  which 
the  Romans  came  in  contact,  they  extended 
the  name  to  the  whole  nation.  The  Germans 
were  a  branch  of  the  great  Indo-Germanic 
race,  who,  along  with  the  Celts,  migrated  into 
Europe  from  the  Caucasus,  and  the  countries 
around  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas,  at  a  pe- 
riod long  anterior  to  historical  records.  They 
are  described  as  a  people  of  high  stature  and 
of  great  bodily  strength,  with  fair  complex- 
ions, blue  eyes,  aud  yellow  or  red  hair.  Many 
of  their  tribes  were  nomad,  and  every  year 
changed  their  place  of  abode.  The  men' found 
their  chief  delight  in  the  perils  and  excite- 
ment of  war.  The  women  were  held  in  high 
honor.  Their  chastity  was  without  reproach. 
Both  sexes  were  equally  distinguished  for 
their  unconquerable  love  of  liberty.  In  each 
tribe  we  find  the  people  divided  into  4  class- 
es ;  the  nobles,  the  freemen,  the  freedmen  or 
vassals,  and  the  slaves.  A  king  or  chief  was 
elected  from  among  the  nobles— his  authority 
was  very  limited,  and  in  case  of  war  breaking 
out  was  often  resigned  to  the  warrior  that 
was  chosen  as  leader.  The  Germani  first  ap- 
pear in  history  in  the  campaigns  of  the  ( 'im- 
bri  andTeutones  (n.o.  if,:!),  the  latter  of  whom 
were  undoubtedly  a  Germanic  people.  [Teu- 
ton! s.j  Campaigns  against  the  Germans 
were  carried  on  by  Julius  Caesar,  53-63;  by 
Drusus,  12-9;  by  varus,  mosl  unsuccessfully, 
a.i).  9;  aud  by  Germanicns,  who  was  gaining 
continued  victories  when  recalled  by  Tiberius, 
a.i).  id.  No  further  attempts  were  made  by 
i he  Romans  to  conquer  Germany.  They  hail 
rather  to  defend  their  own  empire  from  the 
invasions  of  i he  various  German  tribes,  espe- 
cially against  the  2  powerful  confedi 
of  the  Alemanni  and  Franks  [Alkmanni; 
I  |  :   and    in    the    lib    anil    .Mb    centuries 

ihe  Germans  obtained  possession  of  some  of 
the  fairest,  province-  of  Hie  empire.  —  The 
Germans  are  divided  by  Tacitus  Into  '■'•  greal 
tribes:  i  Ingacvones,  on  the  ocean.  •_'.  Her- 
miones.  inhabiting  the  central  pari-.  :;.  lata* 
vonet,  in  the  remainder  of  Germany,  conse- 
quently in  ihe  k.  and  s.  parts.  To  these  we 
ought  to  add  Me'  Inhabitants  oftbe  Scandina- 
vian peninsula,  the  Hilleviones,  divided  into 
the  Sinonee  ami  Bitone 

GBRMiNlCUS  |  i.,  CAESAR 
of  Nero  Claudius  Drasne  and  Antonio,  daugh- 
ter of  ihe  triumvir  Antony,  was  born  n. e.  I.'>. 
He  was  adopted  by  hi     uncle  Tiberius  iii  tin' 
lifetime   of  AngUStUS,   ami    was   raised   at   an 

early  age  i"  the  honors  of  the  state.    Be  a 
sisted  Tiberias  in  his  war  against  the  Pai - 

iiiaiis   and    Dalmatians    (\.n.   7    In,  and   <Jer- 

maue  (it,  12).    lie  had  the  command  of  tho 


GERRA. 


17G 


GLAUCUS. 


legions  in  Germany  when  the  alarming  mu- 
tiny broke  out  among  the  soldiers  in  I 
ny  and  Illyricum  upon  the  death  of  Augus- 
tus (14).  After  restoring  order  among  the 
troops,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  conquest  of 
Germany,  and  carried  on  the  war  with  such 
vigor  and  success  that  he  needed  only  an- 
other year  to  reduce  completely  the  whole 
country  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe. 
But  the  jealousy  of  Tiberius  saved  Germany. 
He  recalled  Germanicus  to  Rome  (IT),  and 
gave  him  the  command  of  all  the  Eastern 
provinces;  but  at  the  same  time  he  placed 
Cu.  Piso  over  Syria,  with  secret  instructions 
to  check  and  thwart  Germanicus.  German- 
icus died  in  Syria  in  19,  aud  it  was  believed 
both  by  himself  aud  by  others  that  he  had 
been  poisoned  by  Piso.    He  was  deeply  la- 


near  its  months:  but  in  the  time  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great  thev  dwelt  beyond  this  river 
and  N.  of  the  TriballL 

GIGANTES  (-urn),  the  giants,  sprang  from 
the  blood  that  fell  from  Uranus  upon  tLe 
earth,  so  that  Ge  (the  earth)  was  their  mother. 
They  are  represented  as  beiugs  of  a  mon- 
strous size,  with  fearful  countenances  and  the 
tails  of  dragons.  They  made  an  attack  upon 
heaven,  being  armed  with  huge  rocks  and 
trunks  of  trees ;  but  the  gods,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Hercules,  destroyed  them  all,  and 
buried  many  of  them  under  Aetna  and  other 
volcanoes.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  most 
writers  place  the  giants  in  volcanic  districts; 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  story  of  their  con- 
test with  the  gods  took  its  origin  from  vol- 
canic convulsions. 


Gigantes. 


meuted  by  the  Roman  people ;  and  Tiberius 
was  obliged  to  sacrifice  Piso  to  the  public  in- 
dignation. [Piso.]  By  Agrippina  he  had  9 
children,  of  whom  the  most  notorious  were 
the  emperor  Caligula,  aud  Agrippina;  the 
mother  of  Nero.  Germanicus  was  an  author 
of  some  repute.  He  wrote  several  poetical 
works,  most  of  which  are  lost. 

GERRA,  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Arabia, 
and  a  great  emporium  for  the  trade  of  Arabia 
and  India,  stood  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Arabia 
Felix.  The  inhabitants,  called  Gerraei,  were 
said  to  have  been  originally  Chaldaeans  who 
were  driven  out  of  Babylon. 

GERYOX  (-dnis)  or  GERYoXES  (-ae),  son 
of  Cnrysaor  and  Callirrhoe,  a  monster  with  3 
heads,"or,  according  to  others,  with  3  bodies 
united  together,  was  a  king  in  Spain,  and  pos- 
sessed magnificent  oxen,  which  Hercules  car- 
ried away.    [Heecct.es.] 

GESORIACUM  (-i :  Boulogne),  a  port  of  the 
Morini  in  Gallia  Belgica,  at  which  persons 
nsnally  embarked  to  cross  over  to  Britain  ;  it 
was  subsequently  called  Boxonia,  whence  its 
modem  name. 

GETA  (-ae).  SEPTlMlUS  (-i),  brother  of 
Caracalla,  by  whom  he  was  assassinated,  A.r>. 
212.     [Caeaoalla.] 

GETAE  (-arum),  a  Thracian  people,  called 
Daci  by  the  Romans.  Herodotus  and  Thu- 
cydides  place  them  S.  of  the  Ister  (Danube), 


GIGONUS,  a  town  and  promontory  of 
Macedonia  on  the  Thermaic  gulf. 

GLABRIO  (-onis),  ACILIUS  (-i).  (1)  Con- 
sul, b.c.  191,  when  he  defeated  Antiochus  at 
Thermopylae.  —  (2)  Praetor  urbanus  in  70, 
when  he  presided  at  the  impeachment  of  Ver- 
res,  and  consul  in  07.  and  subsequently  the 
successor  of  L.  Lucullns  in  the  command  of 
the  war  against  Mithridates.  in  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  superseded  by  Cn.  Pompey. 

GLXNIS  (-is),  more  usually  written  Clanib. 

GLAPHYRA.     [Aecuei.aus,  No.  6.] 

GLAUCE  (-es).  (1)  One  of  the  Nereides, 
the  name  Glance  being  only  a  personification 
of  the  color  of  the  sea. — (2)  Daughter  of  (ic- 
on of  Corinth,  also  called  Creusa.    [Creon.] 

GLATJCTJS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Potniac.  son  of  Sisy- 
phus and  father  of  Bellerophontes,  torn  to 
pieces  by  his  own  mares  because  he  had  de- 
spised the  power  of  Aphrodite  (Venus).— (2) 
Sou  of  Hippolochus,  and  grandson  of  Beller- 
ophontes,  who  was  commander  of  the  Lycians 
in  the  Trojan  war.  He  was  connected  with 
Diomedes  by  ties  of  hospitality:  and  when 
they  recognized  one  another  in  the  battle, 
they  abstained  from  fighting,  and  exchanged 
arms.  Glaucns  was  slain  by  Ajax. — (3)  One 
of  the  sons  of  the  Cretan  king  .Minos  by  Pa- 
Biphae  or  Crete.  When  a  boy  he  fell  into  a 
cask  full  of  honey,  and  was  smothered.  He 
was  discovered  by  the  soothsayer  Polyidos 


GLYCERA. 


177 


GORGON  ES. 


of  Argos,  who  was  pointed  ont  by  Apollo  for 
this  purpose.  Minos  theu  required  him  to 
restore  his  son  to  life.  Being  unable  to  do 
this,  he  was  buried  with  Glaucus,  when  a  ser- 
pent revealed  a  herb  which  restored  the  dead 

body  to  life (4)  Of  Authedou  in  Boeotia,  a 

fisherman,  who  became  a  sea-god  by  eating  a 
part  of  the  divine  herb  which  Cronos  (Saturn) 
had  sown.  It  was  believed  that  Glaucus  vis- 
ited every  year  all  the  coasts  and  islands  of 
Greece,  accompanied  by  marine  monsters, 
and  gave  his  prophecies."  Fishermen  and  Bail- 
ors paid  particular  reverence  to  him,  and 
watched  his  oracles,  which  were  believed  to 
be  very  trustworthy.— (5)  Of  Chios,  a  statu- 
ary in  metal,  distinguished  as  the  inventor 
of  the  art  of  soldering  metals,  nourished  n.o. 
490. 

GLYCERA  (-ae),  "the  sweet  one,"  a  favor- 
ite name  of  courtesans. 

GNOSUS,  GNOSSDS.    [Cnosus.] 

GOLGI  (-drum),  a  town  in  Cyprus,  of  un- 
certain site,  a  Sicyonian  colony,  and  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus). 

GOMPHI  (-orum),  a  town  in  llestiaeotis  in 
Thessaly,  a  strong  fortress  on  the  confines  of 
Epirns,  commanding  the  chief  pass  between 
Tnessaly  and  Epirus. 

GONN1  (-ornm),  GONNUS  (-i),  a  strongly 
for  -Mi  i  t  v.  n  of  the  Ftrrhasbi  in  In  ssily, 
on  the  river  Peneus  and  at  the  entrance  of 
the  vale  of  Tempo. 

GORDllNUS,  M.  ANTONlUS(-i),  the  name 
of3  Roman  emperors — father,  son,  and  grand- 
son.   The  father  was  a  man  distinguished  by 

intellec I  and  moral  excellence,  and  had 

governed  Africa  for  many  years,  when  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  al  the  age  of  so.  He  as- 
sociated his  sou  with  him  in  the  empire,  bnl 
reigned  only  two  months.  His  son  was  slain 
in  battle-,  and  be  thereupon  pul  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  \.n.  238,  His  grandson  wa  pi 
claimed  emperor  by  the  soldiers  in  Koine  in 
\.i:  238,  after  the  murder  of  Balbinue  and 
Pupienus,  all  hough  be  was  uol  moi  e  than  I 
years  old.  He  reigned  6  years,  from  238  to 
'211.  when  he  was  assassinated  by  Mi-iili'ii- 
in  Mesopotamia. 

QORDlUM  i  -i  I,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Phrygia,  situated  ou  the  Sangarius,  the  royal 
residence  of  the  kings  of  the  dynasty  of  Gor- 
dius,  and  the  scene  of  Alexander's  celebrated 
exploit  of"  cutting  the  Qordian  knot."  [Qoe- 
nins.] 

QORDIUS  <-i.au  ancient  king  of  Phrygia, 
and  father  of  Midas,  was  originally  a  poor 
peasant,    internal  disturbances  having  brok- 
,i  out  in  Phrygia, an  oracle  Informed  the  in- 
mts  iii.ii  ,i  wagon  would  bring  i bem  a 
king,  who  would  pul  an  end  to  their  troubles. 
i    afterwards    Gordins   suddenly    ap- 
peared riding  in  his  wagon  in  the  Assembly 

of  the  people,  who  -    i  acknowledged  him 

nx  kin  oul  of  gratitude,  dedicated 

hi-  ''h  ii  ;o|   i  ,  /,-ii~  (Jupiter),  in  the  acropolis 

of  Gordium.    The  pole  was  fastened  to  the 
yoke  by  a  knoi  of  bark;  and  an  oracle  de- 
clared thai  whosoever  should  untie  the  knol 
K2 


should  reign  over  all  Asia.  Alexander,  on 
his  arrival  at  Gordium,  cut  the  knot  with  his 
sword,  and  applied  the  oracle  to  himself. 

GORDYENE  or  CORDUENE  (-es),  a  mount- 
ainous district  in  the  S.  of  Armenia  Major, 
between  the  Arsissa  Palus  {Lake  Van)  and 
the  Gordyaei  Montes  (Mountains  of  Kurdis- 
tan). Its  warlike  inhabitants,  called  Gordy- 
aei, or  Cordneui,  were  no  doubt  the  same 
people  as  the  Cabduciu  of  the  earlier  Greek 
geographers,  and  the  modern  Kurds. 

GORGE  (-es),  daughter  of  Oeneus  and  sis- 
ter of  Dei  an  Ira,  both  of  whom  retained  their 
original  forms  when  their  other  sisters  were 
metamorphosed  by  Artemis  (Diana)  into  birds. 

GORGIAS  (-ae).  (1)  Oi  Leontini  in  Sicily, 
a  celebrated  rhetorician  and  sophist,  born 
about  n.o.  4S0,  and  lived  upwards  of  100  years. 
In  i$.o.  427  he  was  sent  by  his  fellow-citizens 
as  embassador  to  Athens,  for  the  purpose  of 
soliciting  its  protection  against  Syracuse.  A 
dialogue  of  Plato  bears  his  name.  Gorgias 
wrote  several  works,  which  arc  lost,  with  the 
exception  of  two  declamations— the  Apology 
of  Palamedes,  and  the  Encomium  on  Helena, 
the  genuineness  of  which,  however,  is  doubt- 
ful.— (2)  Of  Athens,  gave  instruction  in  rhet- 
oric to  young  M.  Cicero  when  he  was  at  Ath- 
ens. 

GORGONES  (-urn),  the  name  of  3  frightful 
maidens— Stheno,  Euryat.h,  and  Mkhusa  - 
daughters  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto,  whence  they 
are  sometimes  called  Phorovdes.  Later  tra- 
ditions placed  them  in  Libya.  Instead  of 
hair,  their  heads  were  covered  with  hissing 
serpents  ;  and  they  had  wings,  brazen  claws, 
and  enormous  teeth.  Medusa,  who  alone  of 
the  sisters  was  mortal,  was,  according  to  some 
legends,  at  first  a  beautiful  maiden,  but  her 
hair  was  changed  into  serpents  by  Athena 
(Minerva),  in  consequence  of  her  having  be- 
come by  Poseidon  (Neptune)  the  mother  of 
Chrysaor  and  Pegasns,  in  one  of  Uhena's 
temples.    Her  head  now  became  so  fearful 

that  every  one  who  looked  at  it  was  Changed 

Into  stone.    Hence  the  greal  difficulty  whii  b 

I'd  sen-  had  in  killing  her.  [PrbSI  06.]  Athe- 
na afterwards  placed  the  head  in  the  centre 
of  her  shield  or  breastplate. 


•i  hi-  Gorgon  M 


GORTYN. 


178 


GRAEAE. 


GORTYN,  GORTYNA,  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient cities  in  Crete,  on  the  river  Lethaeus,  90 
stadia  from  its  harbor  Leben,  and  130  stadia 
from  its  other  harbor  Matalia. 

GORTYNIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Emathia  in 
Macedonia,  of  uncertain  site. 

GOTHI  (-Orum),  GOTHONES,  GUTTONES 
j-um),  a  powerful  German  people,  who  orig- 
inally dwelt  on  the  Prussian  coast  of  the  Bal- 
tic at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  but  afterwards 
migrated  S.  At  the  beginning  of  the  3d  cent- 
ury they  appear  on  the  coasts  of  the  Black 
Sea,  and  in  a.d.  '272  the  emperor  Aurelian  sur- 
rendered to  them  the  whole  of  Dacia.  About 
this  time  we  rind  them  separated  into  2  great 
divisions — the  Ostroeoths  or  E.  Goths,  and 
the  Visigoths  or  W.  Goths.  The  Ostrogoths 
settled  in  Moesia  and  Pannonia,  while  the 
Visigoths  remained  N.  of  the  Danube.  The 
Visigoths,  under  their  king  Alaric,  invaded 
Italy,  and  took  and  plundered  Rome  (410).  A 
few  years  afterwards  they  .-ettled  permanent- 
ly in  the  8.W.  of  Gaul,  and  established  a 
kingdom  of  which  Tolosa  was  the  capital. 
Thence  they  invaded  Spain,  where  they  also 
founded  a  kingdom,  which  lasted  more  than 
2  centuries,  till  it  was  overthrown  by  the 
Arahs.  The  Ostrogoths  meantime  extended 
their  dominions  almost  up  to  the  gates  of 
Constantinople;  and  under  their  king,  The- 
odoric  the  Great,  thev  obtained  possession  of 
the  whole  of  Italy  (41»3).  The  Ostrogoths  em- 
braced Christianity  at  an  early  period;  and 
it  was  for  their  use  that  Ulphilas  translated 
the  sacred  Scriptures  into  Gothic,  in  the  4th 
century. 

GOTHINI,  a  Celtic  people  in  the  S.E.  of 
Germany,  subject  to  the  Quadi. 

GRACCHUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Sempronia  gens. — (1)  Tin.  Sem- 
pbonius  Gkac  'iius,  a  distinguished  general  in 
the  2d  Punic  war.  In  b.o.  212  he  fell  in  battle 
against  Mago,  at  Campi  Veteres,  in  I.ucania. 
His  body  was  sent  to  Hannibal,  who  honored 
it  with  a  magnificent  burial. — (2)  Tin.  Sem- 
pkonius  Gracchus,  distinguished  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  tribunes  Tiberius  and  Caius  Grac- 
chus. For  public  services  rendered  when 
tribune  of  the  pleb<  (1ST)  to  P.  Scipio  Africa- 
nus,  he  was  rewarded  with  the  hand  of  his 
youngest  daughter,  Cornelia.  He  was  twice 
consul  and  once  censor.  He  had  12  children 
by  Cornelia,  all  of  whom  died  at  an  early  age, 
except  the  two  tribunes,  and  a  daughter,  Cor- 
nelia, who  was  married  to  P.  Scipio  Africanus 
the  younger. — (3)  Tut.  Sempbonius  Gt'.Aconr/s, 
elder  son  of  No.  2,  lost  his  father  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  educated,  together  with  his 
brother  Caius,  by  his  illustrious  mother,  Cor- 
nelia, who  made  it  the  object  of  her  life  to 
render  her  sons  worthy  of  their  father  and  of 
her  own  ancestors.  The  distressed  condition 
of  the  Roman  people  deeply  excited  the  sym- 
pathies of  Tiberius.  He  had  observed  with 
grief  the  deserted  state  of  some  parts  of  the 
country,  and  the  immense  domains  of  the 
wealthy,  cultivated  only  by  slaves;  and  he 
resolved  to  use  every  effort  to  remedy  this 
state  of  things  by  endeavoring  to  create  an 
industrious  middle  class  of  agriculturists,  and 
to  put  a  check  upon  the  unbounded  avarice 


of  the  ruling  party.  With  this  view,  when 
tribune  of  the  plebs,  133,  he  proposed  a  bill 
for  the  renewing  and  enforcing  of  the  Licin- 
ian  law,  which  enacted  that  no  citizen  should 
hold  more  than  500  jugera  of  the  public  land. 
He  added  a  clause,  permitting  a  father  of  2 
sons  to  hold  250  jugera  for  each ;  so  that  a 
father  of  two  sons  might  hold  in  all  1000  juge- 
ra. To  this  measure  the  aristocracy  offered 
the  most  vehement  opposition  ;  nevertheless, 
through  the  vigor  and  energy  of  Tiberius,  it 
was  passed,  and  triumvirs  were  appointed  for 
carrying  it  into  execution.  These  were  Tib. 
Gracchus;  App.  Claudius,  his  father-in-law; 
and  his  brother,  C.  Gracchus.  About  this 
time  Attalus  died,  and  on  the  proposition  of 
Gracchus  his  property  was  divided  among  the 
poor,  that  they  might  purchase  fanning  im- 
plements, etc.  When  the  time  came  for  the 
election  of  tribunes  for  the  following  year, 
Tiberius  again  offered  himself  as  a  candidate  ; 
but  in  the  very  midst  of  the  election  he  was 
publicly  assassinated  by  P.  Scipio  Nasica.  He 
was  probably  about  35  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  Tiberius  was  a  sincere  friend 
of  the  oppressed,  and  acted  from  worthy  mo- 
tives, whatever  his  political  errors  may  have 
been.  Much  of  the  odium  that  has  been 
thrown  upon  him  and  his  brother  has  risen 
from  a  misunderstanding  of  the  Roman  agra- 
rian laws.  <— (4)  C.  Sempkonids  Geacohus, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  123.  His  reforms  were  far  more  exten- 
sive than  his  brother's,  and  such  was  his  in- 
fluence with  the  people  that  he  carried  all  he 
proposed;  and  the  senate  were  deprived  of 
some  of  their  most  important  privileges.  His 
first  measure  was  the  renewal  of  the  agrarian 
law  of  his  brother.  He  also  enacted  that  the 
judices,  who  had  hitherto  been  elected  from 
the  senate,  should  in  future  be  chosen  from 
the  equites  ;  and  that  in  every  year,  before 
the  consuls  were  elected,  the  senate  should 
determine  the  2  provinces  which  the  consuls 
should  have.  Cains  was  elected  tribune  a 
second  lime,  122.  The  senate,  finding  it  im- 
possible to  resist  the  measures  of  Caius,  re- 
solved to  destroy  his  influence  with  the  peo- 
ple. For  this  purpose  they  persuaded  M. 
Livius  Drusus,  one  of  the  colleagues  of  Caius, 
to  propose  measures  still  more  popular  than 
those  of  Caius.  The  people  allowed  them- 
selves to  be  duped  by  the  treacherous  agent 
of  the  senate,  and  the  popularity  of  Caius 
gradually  waned.  He  failed  iu  obtaining  the 
tribnneship  for  the  following  year  (121);  and 
when  his  year  of  office-  expired,  his  enemies 
began  to  repeal  several  of  his  enactments. 
Caius  appeared  in  the  lorum  to  oppose  these 
proceedings,  upon  which  a  riot  ensued,  and 
while  his  friends  fought  in  his  defense  he  fled 
to  the  grove  of  the  Furies,  where  he  fel.  by 
the  hands  of  his  slave,  whom  he  had  com- 
manded to  put  him  to  death.  About  3000  of 
his  friends  were  slain,  and  many  were  thrown 
into  prison,  and  there  strangled. 

GRlDIVUS  (-i),  i.  e.  the  marching  (proba- 
bly from  gradior),  a  surname  of  Mars,  who  is 
hence  called  gradivus pater  and  rex  gradivux. 
Numa  appointed  12  Salii  as  priests  of  this  god 

GRAEAE  (-arum),  that  is,  "the  old  worn 


GRAECIA. 


179 


GUGERNI. 


eu,"  daughters  of  Phorcys  aud  Ccto,  were  3 
in  number  —  Pephredo,  Enyo,  aud  Dino,  also 
called  Phorcydes.  They  had  gray  hair  from 
their  birth  ;  and  had  only  one  tooth  and  one 
eye  in  common,  which  they  borrowed  from 
each  other  when  they  wanted  them. 

GRAECIA  (-ae)  or  HELLAS  (-ados),  a 
country  in  Europe,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
were  called  Graeci  or  Heu.knes.  Among 
the  Greeks  Hellas  did  not  signify  any  partic- 
ular country,  bounded  by  certain  geographical 
limits,  but  was  used  iu  general  to  signify  the 
abode  of  the  Hellenes,  wherever  they  might 
happen  to  be  settled.  Thus  the  Greek  colo- 
nies of  Cyrene  iu  Africa,  of  Syracuse  in  Sici- 
ly, of  Tarentum  in  Italy,  and  of  Smyrna  in 
Asia,  are  said  to  be  in  Ilellas.  In  the  most 
Hucieut  times  Hellas  was  a  small  district  of 
Phthiotis  in  Tbessaly.  As  the  inhabitants 
of  this  district,  the  Hellenes,  gradually  spread 
uver  the  surrounding  country,  their  name  was 
adopted  by  the  other  tribes,  till  at  lenglh  the 
whole  of  the  N.  of  Greece  from  the  Cerauuian 
mid  Cambunian  mountains  to  the  Corinthian 
isthmus  was  designated  by  the  name  of  Hel- 
las. Peloponnesus  was  generally  spoken  of, 
luring  the  flourishing  times  of  Greek  inde- 
pendence, as  distinct  from  Hellas  proper ;  but 
subsequently  Peloponnesus  and  the  Greek 
islauds  were  also  included  under  the  general 
name  of  Hellas,  in  opposition  to  the  land  of 
Me  barbarians.  The  Romans  called  the  land 
if  the  Hellenes  GraeTia  (whence  we  have  de- 
rived the  name  of  Greece),  probably  from 
(heir  first  becoming  acquainted  with  the  tribe 
)f  the  Graeci,  who  appear  at  an  early  period 
:ohave  dwelt  on  the  W.  coast  of  Epirus.  The 
greatest  length  of  Greece  proper  from  Mount 
jlympus  to  Cape  Taeuarua  is  about  '2.r»o  En- 
glish miles;  its  greatest  breadth  from  the  \V, 
soast  of  Acarnania  to  Marathon  in  Attica  is 

ibont  180  miles.      Its   area    is   somewhat    less 

ban  that  of  Portugal.  On  the  N.  ii  was  sep- 
irated  by  the  Cambunian  and  Cerauuian 
nountains  from  Macedonia  ami  [llyria;  and 
>n  tin-  other :;  sides  it  is  bounded  by  the  sea, 
lamely,  by  the  Ionian  sea  on  ihe  \\'..  and  bj 

be  Aegaean  on  the E.  and  8.    It  is  o fthe 

nost  mountainous  countries  of  Europe,  and 
tossesses  few  extensive  plains  and  few  con- 
.unions  valleys.  The  inhabitants  were  thus 
lepnrated  from  one  another  by  barriers  which 
t  was  not  easy  to  surmount,  and  uric  natu- 
rally led  to  form  separate  political  cominuni- 
ies.  At  a  later  time  the  N.  of  Greece  watt 
generally  divided  into  10  districts:  Krims, 
I  ill  m  ai.ia,  AOARNANIA,  A.ETOMA,  DOBIB,  L/O- 
IR] ■..  PliOOIS,  BOROTIA,  ATTIOA,  and   MrOARIB. 

I'heS.  of  Greece  or  Peloponnesus  was  usually 
livided  into  iu  districts  likewise:  Cobihthia, 
■iicvoMA,  I'iii.iasia,  Aoiiaia,  Ems, Mri  i  la, 
Laoonia,  Cykubia,  A  rooms,  and  Arcadia. 
^  1 1  account  of  the  geography,  early  inhabit- 
mis,  and  history  of  each  of  these  districts  iH 
riven  in  separate  articles.  The  most  celebra- 
ed  ofthe  original  inhabitants  ofGreece  were 
in-  Pelasgians,  from  whom  a  considerable 
>art  of  the  Greek  population  was  nndonbt- 
sdly  descended.  [Pblabgi.  ]  The  Hellenes 
raced  their  origin  to  a  mythical  ancestor 
ilellen,  from  whose  sons  ami  grandsons  they 
ivere  divided  Into  the  4  great  tribe    of  Do- 


rians, Aeolians,  Achaeans,  and  Ionians.  [Hel, 
lrn.] 

GRAECIA  MAGNA  or  G.  MAJOR,  a  name 
given  to  the  districts  in  the  S.  of  Italy  in- 
habited by  the  Greeks.  This  name  was  never 
used  simply  to  indicate  the  S.  of  Italy  ;  it  was 
always  confined  to  the  Greek  cities  and  their 
territories,  and  did  not  include  the  surround- 
ing districts  inhabited  by  the  Italian  tribes. 
It  appears  to  have  been  applied  chiefly  to  the 
cities  on  the  Tarentine  gulf — Tarentum,  Sy- 
baris,  Croton,  Caulonia,  Siris  (Heraclea),  Me- 
tapontum,  Loiri,  and  Rhegium  ;  but  it  also 
included  the  Greek  cities  on  the  W.  coast, 
such  as  Cumae  and  Neapolis.  Strabo  ex- 
tends the  appellation  even  to  the  Greek  cities 
of  Sicily. 

GRAMPIUS  MONS  (Grampian  Hills),  a 
range  of  mountains  in  Britannia  Barbara  or 
Caledonia,  separating  the  Highlands  and  Low- 
lands of  Scotland.  Agricola  penetrated  a6 
far  as  these  mountains,  and  defeated  Galga- 
cus  at  their  foot. 

GRANICUS  (-i),  a  small  river  of  Mysia, 
rising  in  Mount  Ida,  and  falling  into  the  Pro- 
pontis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  K.  of  Priapus  :  mem- 
orable as  the  sceue  of  the  victory  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great  over  the  Persians  (h.o.  334), 
and,  in  a  less  degree,  for  a  victory  ol'Lucullus 
over  Mithridates,  b.o.  73. 

GRATIAE.     [Ciiariteb.1 

GRATIANUS  (-i),  emperor  of  the  Western 
empire,  a.d.  3G7-3S3,  son  of  Valentinian  I. 
He  was  deposed  and  slain  by  the  usurper 
Maximtis. 

GH  Vlirs  FALTSCUS  (-1),  a  contemporary 
of  Ovid,  and  the  author  of  an  extant  poem  on 
the  chase. 

GRiVISCAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  city  of 
Elruria,  subject  to  Tarqiiinii,  and  colonized 

by   the   Romans    no.  is:;.      It    was  situated   in 

the  Maremraa,  and  its  air  was  unheulthy, 
whence  Virgil  calls  ii  intempestae  Graviscae, 

GRUDll  (Hiriim),  a  people  in  Gallia  Belgi- 
<a,  subject  to  the  Nervii,  N.  of  the  Scheldt. 

GRUMENTUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  interior 
of  Lucania,  on  the  road  from  Beneventum  to 
Heraclea. 

GRYLLUS  (-i),  elder  son  ofXenophon,  fell 
at  ihe  battle  of  Mantinea,  b.o.  862,  after  be 
bad,  according  to  some  accounts,  given  Epam- 
inondas  his  mortal  wound. 

grvnTA  (-ae)  or  -ITJM  (-i),  an  ancient 
city  in  the  S.  of  Mysia.  celebrated  for  its  tem- 
ple and  oracle  of  Apollo,  who  is  hence  called 
Orynaeus  Apollo. 

GKYI'S  (^pis)<n  GRYPHUS(-i),  a  griffin,  a 
fabulous  animal,  with  the  body  of  a  lion  aim 
tin:  head  and   WingS  of  an  eagle,  dwelling  in 

the  Rhipaean  mountains,  between  the  Hyper- 
boreans and  the  one-eyed  Arlmaspians,  and 

guard  in;'  the  gold  of  the  North.  The  Arimas- 
pians  mounted  on  horseback,  and  attempted 
to  steal  Ihe  gold,  and  hence  arose  the  hostil- 
ity between  the  hor  o  and  the  griffin.    The 

belief  in  ;'i  Iffln!  came  I'i  lint  the  Ka  I.  where 
they  are  mentioned  aniOUg  the  fabulous  ani- 
mal-  wlin  h    'Manic,!  i  In-  gold  of  India. 

<;t  GERN1  oi  GUBERN1  (-«rmn),a  people 


GULUSSA. 


180 


HADRIAN  US. 


of  Germany,  who  crossed  the  Rhine,  and  set- 
tled on  its  left  bank,  between  the  Ubii  and 
Batavi. 

GULUSSA  (-ae),  a  Nnmidian,  2d  son  of  Ma- 
sinissa,  and  brother  to  Micipsa  and  Mastana- 
bal.     He  left  a  son,  named  Massiva. 

GUTTONES.     [Gotiii.] 

GYARUS  (-i)  or  GYAKA  (-orom),  one  of 
the-  Cyclades,  a  small  island  S.W.  of  Andros, 
poor  and  unproductive,  and  inhabited  only 
by  fishermen.  Under  the  Roman  emperors  it 
was  a  place  of  banishment. 

GYAS  or  GYES,  or  GYGES  (-ae),  son  of 
Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  one  of  the 
giants  with  100  hands,  who  made  war  upon 
the  gods. 

GYGAEUS  LACUS,  a  small  lake  in  Lydia, 
N.  ofSardis. 

GYGES  (-ae),  the  first  king  of  Lydia  of  the 
dynasty  of  the  Mermnadae,  dethroned  Can- 
daules  and  succeeded  to  the  kingdom,  as  re- 
lated under  C and. ui.es.  He  reigned  u.o.  716- 
678.  He  sent  magnificent  presents  to  Delphi, 
and  the  "riches  of  Gyges"  became  a  proverb. 


GYLIPPUS  (-i),  a  Spartan,  son  of  Cleandri- 
das,  sent  as  the  Spartan  commander  to  Syra- 
cuse to  oppose  the  Athenians,  b.o.  414.  Un- 
der his  command  the  Syracusaus  annihilated 
the  great  Athenian  armament,  and  took  De- 
mosthenes and  Nicias  prisoners,  413.  In  4"4 
he  was  commissioned  by  Lysander,  after  the 
capture  of  Athens,  to  carry  home  the  treas- 
ure;  but  by  opening  the  seams  of  the  sacks 
underneath,  he  abstracted  a  considerable  por- 
tion. The  theft  was  discovered,  and  Gylip- 
pus  went  into  exile. 

GYMNESIAE.     [Bat/f.arf.s.] 

GYXDES  (-ae),  a  river  of  Assyria,  rising  in 
the  country  of  the  Matieni  (in  the  mouutnine 
of  Kurdistan),  and  flowing  into  the  Tigris,  cel- 
ebrated through  the  story  that  Cyrus  the 
Great  drew  off  its  waters  by  300  channels. 

GYRTON  (-onis),  GYRTONA  (-ae),  an  an- 
cient towii  in  Pelasgiotis  in  Thessaly,  on  the 
Peneus. 

GYTHEUM,  GYTHIUM  (-i),  an  ancient 
sea-port  town  of  Laconia,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  Laconian  bay,  S.W.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Eurotas. 


H. 


HADES  or  AIDES  (-ae),  or  PLUTO  (-Onis), 
the  god  of  the  nether  world.  In  ordinary  life 
he  was  usually  called  Pluto  (the  giver  of 
wealth),  because  people  did  not  like  to  pro- 
nounce the  dreaded  name  of  Hades  or  Aides. 
The  Roman  poets  use  the  names  Dib,Oeoo8, 
and  Tartakus,  as  synonymous  with  Pluto. 
Hades  was  the  son  of  Cronus  (Saturn)  and 
Rhea,  and  brother  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Po- 
seidon (Neptune).  His  wife  was  Persephone 
or  Proserpina,  the  daughter  of  Demetcr, 
whom  he  carried  oft'  from  the  upper  world,  as 
is  related  elsewhere.  [See  p.  141.]  In  the 
division  of  the  world  among  the  3  brothers, 
Hades  obtained  the  nether  world,  the  abode 
of  the  shades,  over  which  he  ruled.  His  char- 
acter is  described  as  tierce  and  inexorable, 
whence  of  all  the  gods  he  was  most  hated  by 
mortals.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  and 
Persephone  consisted  of  black  sheep  :  and  the 
person  who  offered  the  sacrifice  had  to  turn 
away  his  face.  The  ensign  of  his  power  was 
n  stuff,  with  which,  like  Hermes,  he  drove  the 
shades  into  the  lower  world.  There  he  sat 
upon  a  throne  with  his  consort  Persephone. 
He  possessed  a  helmet  which  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible,  and  which  he  sometimes 
lent  to  both  gods  and  men.  Like  the  other 
tie  was  ii»t  a  faithful  husband:  the  Fu- 
ries are  calledhis  daughters  ;  the  nymph  Min- 
tho,  whom  he  loved,  was  metamorphosed  by 
Persephone  into  the  plant  called  mint  ;  and 
the  nymph  Leuce,  whom  he  likewise  loved, 
was  changed  by  him  after  death  into  a  white 
poplar.  Being  the  king  of  the  lower  world, 
Pluto  is  the  giver  of  all  the  blessings  that 
come  from  the" earth:  hence  he  gives  the  met- 
als contained  in  the  earth,  and  is  called  Pluto. 
In  works  of  art  he  resembles  his  brothers 
Zens  and  Poseidon,  except  that  his  hair  falls 
over  his  forehead,  and  that  his  appearance  is 


dark  and  gloomy.     His  ordinary  attributes 
are  the  key  of  Hades  and  Cerberus. 


Hades.     (From  a  Statue  in  the  Vatican.) 

HADRIA.    [ArntiA.] 

IIADRIAXOPoLIs  (-is:  Adrianople),  a 
town  in  Thrace,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ile- 
brus,  in  an  extensive  plain,  founded  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian. 

HADRIANUS.  p.  AELIUS  <-i),  usually 
called  Hadrian,  Roman   emperor,  a.d.  117- 


HADRUMETUM. 


181 


HAMAXOBII. 


13S,  was  born  at  Rome,  a.t>.  76.  He  enjoyed 
the  favor  of  Plotina,  the  wife  of  Trajan,  and 
mainly  through  her  influence  succeeded  to  the 
empire.  He  speut  the  greater  part  of  his  reigu 
in  traveling  through  the  provinces  of  the  em- 
pire, in  order  that  he  might  personally  inspect 
their  condition.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Athens,  which  was  his  favorite  city,  and  with 
whose  language  and  literature  he  was  inti- 
mately acquainted.  In  his  reign  the  Jews  re- 
volted, and  were  not  subdued  till  after  a  fierce 
straggle,  which  lasted  3  years.  Hadrian  was 
succeeded  by  Antoninus  Pins,  whom  he  had 
adopted  a  few  months  previously.  The  reign 
of  Hadrian  was  one  of  the  happiest  periods 
in  Roman  history.  His  policy  was  to  preserve 
peace  with  foreign  nations,  and  to  promote 
the  welfare  of  the  provinces.  He  erected 
many  magnificent  works  in  various  parts  of 
the  empire,  and  more  particularly  at  Athens. 
There  are  still  extensive  remains  of  his  mag- 
nificent villa  at  Tibur,  where  numerous  works 
of  ancient  art  have  been  discovered.  His 
mausoleum,  which  he  built  at  Rome,  forms 
tlic  groundwork  of  the  present  castle  of  St. 
Angelo. 

HADRUMETUM  or  ADRl'METUM  (-i),  a 
nourishing  city  founded  by  the  Phoenicians 
in  N.  Africa,  and  the  capital  of  Bycazcna  un- 
der the  Romans. 

HAEMON  (-onis).  (1)  Son  ofPelasgus  and 
father  of  Thessalus,  from  whom  the  ancient 
name  of  Thessaly,  Haemonia  or  Armonia, 
was  believed  to  be  derived.  The  Roman  po- 
ets frequently  use  the  adjective  Haemoniw 
as  equivalent  to  Thessalian.-  -(2)  Son  of  Creon 
of  Thebes,  was  in  love  with  Antigone,  and 
killed  himself  on  hearing  that  she  was  con- 
demned by  his  father  to  be  entombed  alive. 

HAE.MoNlA.    [Harmon,  No.  1.] 

HAEMUS  i-i;  Balkan),  a  lofty  range  of 
mountains  separating  Thrace  and  Moesia. 
The  name  i-  probably  connected  with  the 
Grei  is  xeifiwv  and  the  Latin  hiems;  and  the 
mountains  were  so  called  on  account  of  their 
cold  and  snowy  climate.  The  pass  over  them 
most  nsed  in  antiquity  was  in  the  W.  part  of 
tlic  range,  railed  "Sncci"  or  "Succornm  an- 
gnstiae,  also  "Porta  Trajani"  (Sultis  Der- 
between  Philippopolis  ami  Serdica. 

iiAi.ksa  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of 

on  the  river  II  w  i   i :-.  founded  by  tin' 

Greek  mercenaries  of  Archonides,  a  chief  of 

the  Siculi,  and  originally  called  Aroiioniwon. 

iiAi.ksi  s  '-:,,  a  chief  of  the  Aurnucans 
ami  Oscans,  the  son  of  a  soothsayer,  and  an 
ally  of  Turnus.  slain  by  Evnnder.  He  came 
to  Italy  from  Argot  u  Grei  e,  n  hem  e  he  i- 
called  Agamemnon in  ,  Atridi  .  or  Argolicus. 
He  i-  said  to  have  founded  Pal 

II A l.f ACM5N  (-onis:  i'  /  a  ■•  linpor- 
lant  rivet  in  M  icedonia,  1 1  lug  in  I  he  Tym- 
phaean  mountains,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
Eordneii  and  Plei  in,  and  railing  into!  he 
Thermalc  gulf.  <  taesar  incorrectly  mn  I 
i  he  boundary  between  Mace  louia  and  i  hi 
saly. 

H.\Lf  wnus  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  B  e- 
otia,  s.  of  tin'  lake  Copals,  destroyed  by 
Xerxes  in  his  invasion  oi  Greece  (n.o.  180), 


but  afterwards  rebuilt.  Under  its  walls  Ly- 
sander  lost  his  life  (395). 

H ALIAS  (-ados),  a  district  on  the  coast 
of  Argolis  between  Asine  and  Hermione,  so 
called  because  fishing  was  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  its  inhabitants.  Their  town  was  called 
Haxiae  or  Halieb. 

HlLlCARNASSUS  (-i :  Budrwn),  a  cele. 
brated  city  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  C'aria,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Cos. 
It  was  founded  by  Dorians  from  Troezene. 
With  the  rest  of  the  coast  of  Asia  Miuor  it 
fell  under  the  dominion  of  the  Persians,  at  an 
early  period  of  whose  rule  Lygdamis  made 
himself  tyrant  of  the  city,  and  founded  a  dy- 
nasty which  lasted  for  some  generations.  His 
daughter  Artemisia  assisted  Xerxes  in  his 
expedition  against  Greece.  Halicamassus  was 
celebrated  for  the  Mausoleum,  a  magnificent 
edifice  which  Artemisia  II.  built  as  a  tomb  for 
her  husband  Mausolus  (n.c.  352),  and  which 
was  adorned  with  the  works  of  the  most  em- 
inent Greek  sculptors  of  the  age.  Fragments 
of  these  sculptures,  which  were  discovered 
built  into  the  walls  of  the  citadel  of  Budrum, 
are  now  in  tin-  British  Museum.  Halicarnas- 
stis  was  the  birthplace  of  the  historians  11k 
kodotds  and  Dionysids. 

BALICYAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  the  N.W. 
of  Sicily,  between  Eutella  and  Lilybaeura, 
long  in  the  possession  of  the  Carthaginians, 
ami  in  Cicero's  time  a  municipium. 

HALIRRHOTHlUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  ami  Euryte,  attempted  to  violate 
Alcippe,  daughter  of  Airs  (Mars)  and  Agratl- 
los,  but  was  .-lain  by  Ares.  Ares  was  brought 
to  trial  by  Poseidou  for  this  murder,  on  the 
lull  at  Athens,  which  was  hence  called  Are- 
opagus, or  the  Hill  of  Ares. 

HALIZONES  (-um),  a  people  of  Bitliynia, 
with  a  capital  city  Alybe. 

BALONESUS  i-i),  an  island  of  the  Aegaean 
sea,  off  the  coast  of  Thessaly,  and  E.  ofScia- 
thoe  and  Peparethos,  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name  upon  it.  Tin1  possession  of  i  his  island 
occasioned  great  disputes  between  Philip  and 
the  Athenians:  there  is  a  speech  on  t ti i>  miI>- 
jecl  anion:'  the  extant  orations  of  Demosthe- 
nes, but  it  was  probably  written  by  Hegeaip- 

piis. 

llAl.vcus  (  i),  a  river  in  the  s.  of  Sicily, 
flowing  into  tiir  sen  near  Beraclea  Minon. 

IIM.VS  (-j  -:  Kizil-Irmak,  i.  e.  the  Red  Riv- 
er), tin'  greatest  river  "(  Asia  Mi ■,  rii 

tlm  Anti-Taui us  range  i  f  mountains,  on  the 

borders  of  Armenia  Ml '  and  Poutus,  and 

after  flowing  through  Cuppadocia  ami  Qala- 
iia.  and  dividing  Paphlagonin  from  Ponttis, 
falling  Into  the  Euxfne  sea  between  simmr 
and  Amlsus.    In  early  times  ii  divided  the 

Indo-European    races    Which    peopled    the   \V. 

pari  of  \  i.i  M  im  ir  from  the  Semitic  i  Syro- 
Arabian)  races  of  the  rest  of  8. W.  Asia;  and 
id!  he  Lydian  empire  from  i  he  Me- 
di    Persiau. 

II  \MAI>l;\    J.DES       |\vMi'UM.| 

II  \M  WI'I'I'S    (-1),    a    small    tOWl Hie 

coast  ot  the  Ti 

ii  am  \  \''ii:n  '  Orum),n  people  In  Eti 
Snrmntla,  In  the  neighbor!] I  of  the  Pains 


HAMILCAR. 


182 


HANNIBAL. 


Maeotis,  were  a  nomad  race,  as  their  name 
signifies. 

HAMILCAR  (-iiris),  the  name  of  several 
Carthaginian  general*,  of  whom  the  most  cel- 
ebrated was  Hamilcar  Barca,  the  father  of 
Hannibal.  The  surname  Barca  probably  sig- 
nified "  lightning."  It  was  merely  a  personal 
appellation,  and  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  a 
family  name,  though  from  ihe  great  distinc- 
tion that  this  Hamilcar  obtained  we  often 
find  the  name  of  Barciue  applied  either  to  his 
family  or  to  his  party  in  the  state.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian forces  in  Siuty  in  the  ISth  year  of  the  1st 
Punic  war,  "247  At  this  time  the  Romans 
were  masters  ol  almost  the  whole  of  Sicily ; 
but  ho  maintained  himself  for  years,  notwith- 
standing all  the  efforts  of  the  Romans  to  dis- 
lodge him,  first  on  a  mountain  named  Hercte, 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  ol  Panormus, 
and  subsequently  on  the  still  stronger  posi- 
tion of  Mount  Eryx.  After  the  great  naval 
defeat  of  the  Carthaginians  by  Lntatius  Catu- 
lus  (241),  which  brought  the  1st  Punic  war  to 
an  end,  he  had  to  carry  on  war  in  Africa  with 
the  Carthaginian  mercenaries,  whom  he  sub- 
dued after  a  struggle  of  3  years  (240-238). 
Hamilcar  then  crossed  over  into  Spain,  in  or- 
der to  establish  a  new  empire  tor  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  that  country.  In  the  course  of 
nearly  9  years,  he  obtained  possession  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  Spain,  partly  by  force 
of  arms  and  partly  by  negotiation.  He  fell 
in  battle  against  the  Vettoiies  in  229.  lie  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  by  his  son-in-law 
Hasdrubal.  He  left  3  sons— Hannibal,  Has- 
drubal,  and  Mago. 

HANNIBAL  (-alis),  a  common  name  among 
the  Carthaginians,  signifying  "the  grace  or 
favor  of  Baal ;"  the 
final  syllable,  bal, 
having  reference  to 
this  tutelar  deity  of 
the  Phoenicians.  The 
most  celebrated  per- 
son of  this  name  was 
the  son  of  Hamilcar 
Barca.  He  was  born 
h.  <:.  247.  He  was  only 
9  years  old  when  his 
father  took  him  with 
him  into  Spain,  and 
made  him  swearupon 
the  altar  eternal  hos- 
tility to  Rome.  Child 
as  he  then  was,  Han- 
nibal never  forgot  his 
vow,  and  his  whole 
life  was  one  contin- 
ual struggle  against 
the  power  and  dom- 
Hannibal.  ination    of  Rome. 

Though  only  18  years 
oid  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death  (229),  he 
had  already  displayed  so  much  courage  and 
capacity  for  war  that  lie  was  intrusted  by 
Hasdrnbal  (the  son-in-law  and  successor  of 
Hamilcar)  with  the  chief  command  of  most 
of  the  military  enterprises  planned  by  that 
general.  He  secured  to  himself  the  devoted 
attachment  of  the  army  under  his  command; 


and  accordingly,  on  the  assassination  of  Has- 
drubal (221),  the  soldiers  unanimously  pro- 
claimed their  youthful  leader  commander-in- 
chief,  which  the  government  of  Carthage  forth- 
with ratified.  Hannibal  was  at  this  time  in 
the  20th  year  of  his  age.  In  2  campaigns  he 
subdued  all  the  country  S.  of  the  Iberus,  with 
the  exception  of  the  wealthy  town  of  Saguu- 
tum.  In  the  spring  of  219  he  proceeded  to 
lay  siege  to  Saguutum,  which  he  took  after  a 
desperate  resistance,  which  lasted  neany  8 
months.  Saguntum  lay  S.  of  the  Iberus,  and 
was  therefore  not  included  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  treaty  which  had  been  made  be- 
tween Hasdrnbal  and  the  Romans;  but  as  it 
had  concluded  an  alliance  with  the  Romans, 
the  latter  regarded  its  attack  as  a  violation  of 
the  treaty  between  the  2  nations.  On  the  fall 
of  Saguntum,  the  Romans  demanded  the  sur- 
render of  Hannibal ;  when  this  demand  was 
refused,  war  was  declared  :  and  thus  began 
the  long  and  arduous  struggle  called  the  2d 
Punic  war.  In  the  spriug  ~bf  21S  Hannibal 
quitted  his  winter-quarters  at  New  Carthage 
and  commenced  his  march  for  Italy,  across 
the  Pyrenees,  and  through  Gaul  to  the  foot 
of  the  Alps.  He  probably  crossed  the  Alps 
by  the  pass  of  the  Little  St.  Bernard,  called  in 
antiquity  the  Graian  Alps.  Upon  reaching 
the  N.  of  Italy  he  encountered  the  Roman 
army  under  the  command  of  the  consul  P. 
Scipio.  He  defeated  the  latter,  first  on  the 
river  Ticinus,  and  secondly  in  a  more  decisive 
engagement  upon  the  Trebia.  After  passing 
the  winter  in  the  N.  of  Italy  among  the  Gaul- 
ish tribes,  he  marched  early  in  217  into  Etru- 
ria  through  the  marshes  oil  the  banks  of  the 
Arno.  In  struggling  through  these  marshes 
his  army  suffered  severely,  and  he  himself 
lost  the  sight  of  one  eye  by  an  attack  of  oph- 
thalmia. The  consul  Flaminius  hastened  to 
meet  him,  and  a  battle  was  fought  on  the  lake 
Trasimenus,  in  which  the  Roman  army  was 
destroyed,  and  the  consul  himself  was  slain. 
The  Romans  had  collected  a  fresh  army,  and 
placed  it  under  the  command  of  the  dictator 
Fabius  Maximus,  who  prudently  avoided  a 
general  action,  and  only  attempted  to  harass 
and  annoy  the  Carthaginian  army.  Mean- 
while the  Romans  had  made  great  prepara- 
tions for  the  campaign  of  the  following  year 
(216).  The  2  new  consuls,  L.  Aeniilius  Paulus 
and  C.  Terentius  Varro,  marched  into  Apulia 
at  the  head  of  an  army  of  little  less  than 
90,000  men.  To  this  mighty  host  Hanuibal 
gave  battle  in  the  plains  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Aufidus,  just  below  the  town  of  Can- 
nae. The  Roman  army  was  again  annihila- 
ted: the  consul  Aemilius  Paulus  and  a  great 
number  of  the  most  distinguished  Romans 
perished.  This  victory  was  followed  by  the 
revolt  from  Rome  of  most  of  the  nations  in 
the  S.  of  Italy.  Hannibal  established  his  army 
in  winter-quarters  in  Capua,  which  had  es- 
poused his  side.  Capua  was  celebrated  for  its 
wealth  and  luxury,  and  the  enervating  effect 
which  these  produced  upon  the  army  of  Han- 
nibal became  a  favorite  theme  of  rhetorical 
exaggeration  in  later  ages.  The  futility  of 
such  declamations  is  sufficiently  shown  by  t lie 
simple  fact  that  the  superiority  of  that  army 
in  the  field  remained  as  decided  as  ever.    Stii.' 


HANNIBAL. 


183 


HARMODIUS. 


it  may  be  truly  said  that  the  winter  spent  at 
Capua,  216-215,  was  in  great  measure  the  turn- 
ing-point of  Hannibal's  fortune.  The  experi- 
ment of  what  he  could  effect  with  his  single 
army  had  now  been  fully  tried,  and,  notwith- 
standing all  his  victories,  it  had  decidedly 
failed  ;  for  Rome  was  still  unsubdued,  and 
still  provided  with  the  means  of  maintaining 
a  protracted  contest.  Prom  this  time  the  Ro- 
mans in  great  measure  changed  their  plan  of 
operations,  and,  instead  of  opposing  to  Han- 
nibal one  great  army  in  the  field,  they  hemmed 
in  his  movements  on  all  sides,  and  kept  up 
an  army  in  every  province  of  Italy,  to  thwart 
the  operations  of  his  lieutenants.  In  the  sub- 
sequent campaigus,  Hannibal  gained  several 
victories  ;  but  his  forces  gradually  became 
more  and  more  weakened  ;  and  his  only  ob- 
ject now  was  to  maintain  his  ground  in  the 
S.  until  his  brother  Hasdrubal  should  appear 
in  the  N.  of  Italy,  an  event  to  which  he  had 
long  looked  forward  with  anxious  expecta- 
tion. In  207  Hasdrubal  at  length  crossed  the 
Alps  and  descended  into  Italy;  but  he  was 
defeated  and  slain  on  the  Metaurus.  [Has- 
DiioiiAL.]  The  defeat  and  death  of  Hasdru- 
bal was  decisive  of  the  fate  of  the  war  in  It- 
aly. From  this  time  Hannibal  abandoned  all 
thoughts  of  offensive  operations,  and  collecl- 
ed  together  his  forces  within  the  peninsula  of 
Bruttiuin.  In  the  fastnesses  of  that  wild  and 
mountainous  region  he  maintained  his  ground 
for  nearly  4  years  (207-203).  He  crossed  over 
to  Africa  towards  the  end  of  203  in  order  in 
oppose  1'.  Seipio.  In  the  following  year  (202) 
the  decisive  battle  was  fought  near  Zama. 
Hannibal  was  completely  defeated,  with  great 
loss.  All  hopes  of  resistance  were  now  at  an 
end,  and  he  was  one-  of  the  first  to  nrge  tin- 
necessity  of  an  immediate  peace.  The  treaty 
between  Rome  and  (artliage  was  not  finally 
concluded  until  the  next  year  (201).  By  this 
treaty  Hannibal  saw  the  object  of  bis  whole 
life  frustrated,  and  Carthage  humbled  before 
her  rival.  .Some  veins  afterwards  In'  was 
compelled,  by  the  "jealousy  of  the  Romans, 
and  by  the  enmity  of  a  powerful  party  at  Car- 
tbage,  to  flee  from  his  native  city,  lie  took 
refuge  at  the  court  of  Antiochus  ill.,  king  of 
Syria,  who  was  at  this  time  (193)  on  tin-  eve 
of  war  with  Home.  Hannibal  in  vain  urged 
the  necessity  of  carrying  the  war  at  once  into 
Italy,  instead  of  awaiting  the  Romans  in 
Greece.  On  the  defeat  of  Antiochus  (190),  the 
surrender  of  Hannibal  was  one  of  the  condi- 
tions of  the  peace  granted  to  the  king.  Han- 
nibal, however,  foresaw  bis  danger,  and*flcd 
to  Prasias,  king  of  Bithynia.  lien-  lie  found 
Cor  some  yean  a  roenre  asylum;  bul  the  Ro- 
mans could  not  be  at  ease  so  long  as  he  lived ; 
find  T.  Qnintius  Plaminluns  was  at  length 
dispatched  to  the  court  of  Prusias  to  demand 
tin-  surrender  of  the  fugitive.  The  Bithyuian 
king  was  unable  io  resist;  anil  Hannibal, 
perceiving  that  flight  was  impossible,  took 
poison,  to  avoid  failing  Into  the  hands  of  his 
enemies,  about  the  year  183.  of  Hannibal's 
abilities  as  a  general  it  is  unnecessary  to 
speak;  but  in  comparing  Hannibal  with  any 
other  of  the  great  leaders  of  antiquity,  we 
must  ever  bear  in  mind  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances in  which  he  was  placed.    Feebly  and 


grudgingly  supported  by  the  government  at 
home,  he  stood  alone,  at  the  head  of  an  army 
composed  of  mercenaries  of  many  nations. 
Yet  not  only  did  he  retain  the  attachment  of 
these  men,  unshaken  by  any  change  of  for- 
tune, for  a  period  of  more  than  15  years,  but 
he  trained  up  army  after  army  ;  and  long  after 
the  veterans  that  had  followed  him  over  the 
Alps  had  dwindled  to  an  inconsiderable  rem- 
nant, his  new  levies  were  still  as  invincible  as 
their  predecessors. 

HANNO  (-onis),  a  name  common  among 
the  Carthaginians.  The  chief  persons  of  this 
name  were:  (1)  Surnamed  the  Great,  appar- 
ently for  his  successes  in  Africa,  though  we 
have  no  details  of  his  achievements.  He  was 
the  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party,  and,  as 
such,  the  chief  adversary  of  Hamilcar  Barca 
and  his  family.  On  all  occasions,  from  the 
landing  of  Barca  in  Spain  till  the  return  of 
Hannibal  from  Italy,  a  period  of  above  35 
years,  Hanno  is  represented  as  thwarting  the 
measures  of  that  able  and  powerful  family, 
and  taking  the  lead  in  opposition  to  the  war 
with  Rome.  —  (2)  A  Carthaginian  navigator, 
of  uncertain  date,  under  whose  name  we  pos- 
sess a  Periplus,  which  was  originally  written 
in  the  Punic  language,  and  afterwards  trans- 
lated into  Greek.  It  contains  an  account  of 
a  voyage  undertaken  beyond  the  Pillars  of 
Hercnles,  in  order  to  found  Liby-Phoenician 
towns. 

HARMA  (-drum),  a  small  place  in  Boeotia, 
near  Tanagra. 

IIARMATfJS  (-untie),  a  city  and  promon- 
tory on  the  cast  of  Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Sinus  Elaiticus. 

HARMODIUS  (-i)  and  AKISToGTTON 
(-onis),  two  noble  Athenians,  murderers  of 
HipparChUS,  In-other  of  the  tyrant  Hippias,  in 
b.o.  r j  1 4 .  Aristogiton  was  strongly  attached 
to  the  young  and  beautiful  Harmodius,  who 
returned  bis  affection  with  equal  warmth. 
Hipparchns  endeavored  to  withdraw  the 
youth's  love  to  himself,  and.  failing  in  this, 

resolved  to  avenge  the  Blight  by  pm ting  upon 
him  a  public  insult.  Accordingly,  be  took 
care  that  the  sister  of  Harmodius  should  be 

summoned  to  bear  one  of  ibe  sacred  baskets 
in   some   religious  procession,  and   when   she 

presented  herself  for  the  purpose,  he  caused 
her  to  be  dismissed  and  declared  unworthy 

of  the  honor.    This  fresh  insult  determined 

tin-  2  friends  to  slay  both  llipparclius  and  his 

brother  Hippias  as  well.  They  communica- 
ted their  plot  to  a  few  friends,  and  selected 

f.ir  their  enterprise  the  day  of  the  festival  of 

the  great  1'analbenaea,  the Iv  day  on  which 

they  could  appear  in  arms  without  exciting 
suspicion.  When  the  appointed  time  arrived, 
the  2  chief  connpirators  observed  one  of  their 

accomplices    in    conversation    with    Hippias. 

Believing,  therefore,  thai  they  wen-  betrayed, 
they  slew  Hipparchns.    Harmodlous  " 
mediately  cut  down  by  the  guards.    Aristogi- 
ton til  first  escaped,  but  was  afterwards  tak- 
en, and  died  by  lortuie  ;   bill  be  died  «  IthoUl 

n  sealing  any  of  the  name,  of  the  conspira- 
tors. I*' ■  years  after  this  Hippias  was  ex- 
pelled, and  thenceforth  Harmodius  and  ArlS- 

toglton  obtained  among  the  Athenians  of  all 


IIAHMOXIA. 


184 


HECATE. 


succeeding  generations  the  character  of  pa- 
triots, deliverers,  and  martyrs.  To  be  born 
of  their  blood  was  esteemed  among  the  high- 
est of  honors,  and  their  descendants  enjoyed 
an  immunity  from  public  burdens. 

HARMONlA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Ares  (Mars 
and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  given  by  Zens  (.Jupi- 
ter) to  Cadmus  as  his  wife.  On  the  wedding- 
day  Cadmus  received  a  present  of  a  necklace, 
which  afterwards  became  fatal  to  all  who 
possessed  it.  Harmonia  ace  mpanied  Cad- 
mus when  lie  was  obliged  to  quit  Thebes, 
and  shared  his  fate.    [Cadmus.] 

HARPAGlA  (-ae)  or  -IUM  (-i),  a  small 
town  in  Mysia,  between  Cyziens  and  Priapus, 
the  scene  of  the  rape  of  Ganymedes,  accord- 
ing to  some  legends. 

HARPAGUS  (-i),  a  noble  Median,  who  is 
said  to  have  preserved  the  infant  Cyrus.  He 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  generals  of  Cyrus, 
and  conquered  the  Greek  cities  of  Asia  Minor. 

HARPALrS  (-i),  a  Macedonian,  appointed 
by  Alexander  the  Great  superintendent  of 
the  royal  treasury,  with  the  administration  of 
the  satrapy  of  Babylon.  Having  embezzled 
large  sums  of  money,  he  crossed  over  to  Greece 
iu  ji.e.  324,  and  employed  his  treasures  in 
gaining  over  the  leading  men  at  Athens  to 
support  him  against  Alexander  and  his  vice- 
gerent, Antipater.  He  is  said  to  have  cor- 
rupted Demosthenes  himself. 

HARPALA'CE  (-es),  daughter  of  Harpaly- 
cus,  king  in  Thrace,  brought  up  by  her  father 
as  a  warrior. 

HARPASl'S  (-i).  (1)  A  river  of  Caria,  fiow- 
iiiL'  N.  into  the  Maeander. — (2)  A  river  of  Ar- 
menia Major,  flowing  S.  into  the  Araxes. 

HARPYIAE  (-arum-i,  the  Harpies,  that  is, 
Robbers  or  Spoilers,  described  by  Homer  as 
carrying  off  persons,  who  had  utterly  disap- 
peared. Thus  they  are  said  to  have  carried 
off  the  daughters  of  Paudareos,  which  is  rep- 
resented on  one  of  the  Lycian  monuments, 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  Hesiod  repre- 
sents them  as  fair-locked  and  winged  maid- 
ens; but  subsequent  writers  describe  them  as 
disgusting  monsters,  being  birds  with  the 
heads  of  maidens,  with  long  claws,  and  with 
faces  pale  with  hunger.  They  were  sent  by 
the  gods  to  tormentthe  blind  Phineus;  and 
whenever  a  meal  was  placed  before  him,  they 
darted  down  from  the  air,  and  either  carried 
it  off  or  rendered  it  unfit  to  be  eaten.  Phine- 
ii-  was  delivered  from  them  by  Zetes  and  Ca- 
lais, sons  of  Boreas,  and  2  of  "the  Argonauts. 
Later  writers  mention  3  Harpies,  but  their 
names  are  not  the  same  iu  all  accounts.  Vir- 
gil  places  them  in  the  islands  called  Stropha- 
des,  in  the  Ionian  sea,  where  they  took  up 
their  abode  after  they  had  been  driven  away 
from  Phineus. 

HARtTDES  (-urn),  a  German  people  in  the 
army  of  Ariovistus  (b.c.  5S),  supposed  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Ch  akuixks,  who  arc  placed  in 
the  Chersonesas  Cimbrica. 

HASDRUBaL  (-alis),  a  Carthaginian  name, 
probably  signifying  one  whose  help  is  Baal. 
The  chief  persons  of  this  name  are:  (1)  The 
son-in-law  of  Hamilcar  Barca.  on  whose 
death,  in  229,  he  succeeded  to  the  command 


in  Spain.  He  founded  New  Carthage,  and 
concluded  with  the  Romans  the  celebrated 
treaty  which  fixed  the  Iberus  as  the  boundary 
between  the  Carthaginian  and  Roman  domin- 
ions. He  was  assassinated  by  a  slave,  whose 
master  he  had  put  to  death  (2-21),  and  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  by  Hannibal.— 
(2)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  and  brother  of 
Hannibal.  When  Hannibal  set  out  fir  Italy 
(•218  .  Hasdrubal  was  left  in  the  command  in 
Spain,  and  there  fought  for  some  years  against 
the  2  Scipios.  In  207  lie  crossed  the  Alps  and 
inarched  into  Italy,  in  order  to  assist  Hanni- 
bal ;  but  he  was  defeated  on  the  Metaurus  by 
the  consuls  C.  Claudius  Nero  and  M.  Livius 
Salinator,  his  army  was  destroyed,  and  he 
himself  fell  in  the  battle.  His  head  was  cut 
off  and  thrown  into  Hannibal's  camp. — (3) 
Son  of  Gisco,  one  of  the  Carthaginian  gener- 
als in  Spain  during  the  2d  Punic  war,  who 
must  be  distinguished  from  the  brother  of 
Hannibal  above  mentioned. 

HEBE  (-es),  called  JfjVENTAS  (-atis)  by 
the  Romans,  the  goddess  of  youth,  was  ;l 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  of  Hera  (Ju- 
no). She  waited  upon  the  gods,  and  rilled 
their  cups  with  nectar,  before~Ganymedes  ob- 
tained this  office.  She  married  Hercules  after 
he  was  received  among  the  gods,  and  bore  to 
him  2  sons.  Later  traditions  represent  her 
as  a  divinity  who  had  it  in  her  power  to  make 
aged  persons  young  again.  At  Rome  there 
were  several  temples  of  Juventas. 

HEBRON  (-finis),  a  city  in  the  S.  of  Judaea, 
the  first  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  David,  who 
reigned  there  7;  years,  as  kiiiLT  of  Judah  only. 

HEBRL'S  (-i:  Maritza),  the  principal  river 
in  Thrace,  rising  iu  the  mountains  of  Scomi- 
ns  and  Rhodope,  and  falling  into  the  Aegae- 
au  sea  near  Aenos,  after  forming  by  another 
branch  an  estuary  called  Strntoris  Laocs. — 
The  Hebrus  was  celebrated  in  Greek  legends. 
On  its  banks  Orpheus  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  Thracian  women  ;  and  it  is  frequently 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  worship  of 
Dionysus. 

HECALE  (-es),  a  poor  old  woman  who  hos- 
pitably received  Theseus  when  he  had  gone 
out  to  hunt  the  Marathonian  bull. 

HECiTAEUS  (-i),  of  Miletus,  one  of  the 
earliest  and  most  distinguished  of  the  Greek 
historians  and  geographers.  In  u.c.  500  he 
endeavored  to  dissuade  his  countrymen  from 
revolting  from  the  Persians.  Previously  to 
this 'he 'had  visited  Egypt  and  many  otl.tr 
countries.    His  works  have  perished. 

HECATE  (-es),  a  mysterious  divinity,  com- 
monly represented  as  a  daughter  of  Pei  -  -< 
or  Perses  and  Asteria,  and  hence  called  Per- 
seis.  She  was  oue  of  the  Titans,  and  the  only 
one  of  this  race  who  retained  her  power  un- 
der the  rule  of  Zeus  (Jupiter).  She  was  hon- 
ored by  all  the  immortal  gods,  and  the  ex- 
tensive povi  er  possessed  by  her  was  probably 
the  reason  that  she  was  subsequently  identi- 
fied with  several  other  divinities.  Hence  she 
is  said  to  have  been  Selene  or  Luna  in  heav- 
en. Artemis  or  Diana  on  earth,  and  Pc: 
ne  or  Proserpina  in  the  lower  world.  Being 
thus,  as  it  were,  a  threefold  goddess,  she  is 


Heue.    (After  Canova.) 


HECATOMPYLOS. 


185 


HELENA. 


described  with  3  bodies  or  3  heads.  Hence 
her  epithets  Tergemina,  Tri/ormis,  Triceps, 
etc  She  took  an  active  part  in  the  search 
after  Proserpina,  and  when  the  latter  was 
found,  remained  with  her  as  her  attendant 
and  companion.  She  thus  became  a  deity  of 
the  lower  world,  and  is  described  in  this  ca- 
pacity as  a  mighty  and  formidable  divinity. 
She  was  supposed  to  send  at  night  all  kinds 
of  demons  and  terrible  phantoms  from  the 
lower  world.  She  taught  sorcery  and  witch- 
craft, and  dwelt  at  places  where  two  roads 
crossed,  on  tombs,  and  near  the  blood  of  mur- 
dered persons.  She  herself  wandered  about 
with  the  souls  of  the  dead,  and  her  approach 
was  announced  by  the  whining  and  howling 
of  dogs.  At  Athens,  at  the  close  of  every 
month,  dishes  with  food  were  set  out  for  her 
at  the  points  where  two  roads  crossed;  and 
this  food  was  consumed  by  poor  people.  The 
sacrifices  offered  to  her  consisted  of  dogs, 
boney,  and  black  female  lambs. 


.-<.\Wi,t  <H.  4-  rTTfa 


Haeale.    (Cwuei,  MaMom  Rotnanum,  vol.  1,  tav.  21.) 

BSCATOMPfXOS  (-1),  a  city  in  the  middle 
of  Parthia,  enlarged  by  Scleucus,  anil  :i f I <-i- 
wards  used  by  the  Parthian  kings  as  a  royal 
residence. 

BfiClTONNHSl  f-orum),  that  is,  the  loo 
Islands,  the  name  of  a  group  of  small  Islands 
between  Lesbos  and  the  coasl  of  A  col  in. 

HECTOE  (-6rls),  the  chief  hero  of  the  Tro- 
jans in  their  war  with  the  Greeks,  was  the 
eldest  -'in  of  Priam  and  Becuba.  the  bosband 
of  Andromache,  and  father  of  Scamandrius. 
lie  fought  with  the  braves)  of  the  Greeks, 
and  at  length  slew  Pntroclus,  tbe  friend  of 
Achillea  The  death  >>(  his  friend  i 
Achilles  to  the  fight  The  other  Trojans  fled 
before  him  into  the  city.    Hector  alone  re- 


mained without  the  walls,  though  his  parents 
implored  him  to  return  ;  but  when  he  saw 
Achilles,  his  heart  failed  him,  and  he  took 
to  flight.  Thrice  did  he  race  round  the  city, 
pursued  by  the  swift- footed  Achilles,  and 
then  fell  pierced  by  Achilles's  spear.  Achil- 
les tied  Hector's  body  to  his  chariot,  and  thus 
dragged  him  into  the  camp  of  the  Greeks: 
but  later  traditions  relate  that  he  first  dragged 
the  body  thrice  round  the  walls  of  Ilium.  At 
the  command  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  Achilles  sur- 
rendered the  body  to  the  prayers  of  Priam, 
who  buried  it  at  Troy  with  great  pomp.  Hec- 
tor is  one  of  the  noblest  conceptions  of  the 
poet  of  the  Iliad.  He  is  the  great  bulwark 
of  Troy,  and  even  Achilles  trembles  when  he 
approaches  him.  He  has  a  presentiment  of 
the  fall  of  his  country,  but  he  perseveres  in 
his  heroic  resistance,  preferring  death  to  slav- 
ery and  disgrace.  Besides  these  virtues  of  a 
warrior,  he  is  distinguished  also  by  those  of  a 
man :  his  heart  is  open  to  the  gentle  feelings 
of  a  son,  a  husband,  and  a  father. 

HECUBA  (-ae)  and  HECUBE  (-es),  daugh- 
ter of  Dytnas  in  Phrygia,  or  of  Cisseus,  king 
of  Thrace.  She  was  the  wife  of  Priam,  king 
of  Troy,  to  whom  she  bore  Hector,  Paris,  and 
many  other  children.  After  the  fall  of  Troy 
she  was  carried  away  as  a  slave  by  the  Greeks. 
On  the  coast  of  Thrace  she  revenged  the  mur- 
der of  her  son  Polydorus  by  slaying  Polymes- 
tor.  [Polydobhs.]  She  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  dog,  and  leaped  into  the  sea  at  a  place 
called  Cynossema,  or  "the  tomb  of  the  dog." 

IIKGKSlxrs  (-i),  of  Pergamum,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Brander,  and  the  immediate  prede- 
cessor of  C'arneades  In  the  chair  of  the  Acad- 
emy, flourished  abont  n.o.  185. 

BEGESIPPTJS  (-i),an  Athenian  orator,  and 
a  contemporary  of  Demosthenes,  to  whose 
political  party  he  belonged.  The  grammari- 
ans ascribe  to  him  the  oration  on  Halonesus, 
which  has  come  down  to  us  under  the  namu 
of  Demosthenes. 

BfiLENA  (-ae)  and  BBLBNE  (-es),  dangh. 
ter  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  and  Leda,  and  sister  of 
Castor  and  Pollux  (the  Dioscuri*.  She  was 
of  surpassing  beauty.  In  her  youth  she  was 
carried  off  by  Theseus  and  PfrithoUE  to  At- 
tica.  When  Theseus  was  absent  in  Hades, 
Castor  and  Pollux  undertook  an  expedition 
to  Attica  to  liberate  their  sister.    Athens  « as 

taken,  Helen  delivered,  and  Aethra,  the  moth, 
er  of  TheseUS,  made  prisoner,  and  curried  as 
a   Blave  Of  Helen   to  Sparta.     On   her   return 

home  she  was  sou-lit  in  marriage  by  the  no- 
blest chiefs  from  all  parts  of  Greece,  she 
chose  Menelaoe  for  her  husband,  and  bei  nine 
by  him  the  mother  of  Bermione.  she  was 
subsequently  seduced  by  Paris,  and  carried 

Off tO  Troy.      [  For  details,  see  PaHIS  and  M  i  ,n- 

ii  a  us.  I  'I'lic  t  Ireek  chiefs  who  had  been  her 
suitors  resolved  to  revenge  her  abduction, 
and  accordingly  sailed  against  Troy.  Bence 
arose  the  celebrated  Trojan  war,  which  lasted 

111  years.      During  the  course   "I   the   War   -he 

is  represented  at  showing  great  sympathy 
with  the  Greeks.  After  the  'hath  of  Pari  . 
toward-  the  end  of  the  war,  she  married  his 
in-other  Deiphobus,  On  tbe  capture  of  Troy, 
which  she  is  said  to  have  favored,  she  be- 


HELENA. 


18G 


HELIOS. 


trayed  Deiphobus  to  the  Greeks,  and  became 
reconciled  to  Menelaus,  whom  she  accompa- 
nied to  Sparta.  Here  she  lived  with  him  for 
Borne  years  in  pence  and  happiness.  The  ac- 
counts of  Helen's  death  differ.  According  to 
the  prophecy  of  Proteus  in  the  Odyssey,  Men- 
elaus and  Heleu  were  not  to  die,  but  the  gods 
were  to  conduct  them  to  Elysium.  Others 
relate  that  she  and  Menelauswere  buried  at 
Therapne  in  Lacouia.  Others,  again,  relate 
that  after  the  death  of  Menelaus  she  was 
driven  out  of  Peloponnesus  by  the  sons  of  the 
latter,  and  fled  to  Rhodes,  where  she  was  tied 
to  a  tree  and  strangled  by  Polyxo:  the  Rho- 
dians  expiated  the  crime  by  dedicating  a  tem- 
ple to  her  under  the  name  of  Helena  Dendri- 
tis.  According  to  another  tradition  she  mar- 
ried Achilles  in  the  island  of  Leuce,  and  bore 
him  a  son,  Euphorion. 

HELENA,  FLAVIA  JULIA  (-ae),  mother 
of  Constantine  the  Great,  was  a  Christian, 
and  is  said  to  have  discovered  at  Jerusalem 
the  sepulchre  of  our  Lord,  together  with  the 
wood  of  the  true  cross. 

HELENA  (-ae),  a  small  and  rocky  island, 
between  the  S.  of  Attica  and  Ceos,  formerly 
called  Cranae. 

HELENUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  neenba, 
celebrated  for  his  prophetic  powers.  lie  de- 
serted his  countrymen  and  joined  the  Greeks. 
There  are  various  accounts  respecting  his  de- 
sertion of  the  Trojans.  According  to  some 
he  did  It  of  his  own  accord ;  according  to 
others,  he  was  ensnared  by  Ulysses,  who  was 
anxious  to  obtain  his  prophecy  respecting  the 
fall  of  Troy.  Others,  again,  relate  that,  on 
the  death  of  Paris,  Helenus  and  Deiphobus 
contended  for  the  possession  of  Helena,  and 
that  Helenus,  being  conquered,  fled  to  Mount 
Ida,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Greeks.  After  the  fall  of  Troy  he  fell  to  the 
8hare  of  Pyrrhus.  He  foretold  to  Pyrrhus  the 
sufferings  "which  awaited  the  Greeks  who  re- 
turned home  by  sea,  and  prevailed  upon  him 
to  return  by  land  to  Epirus.  After  the  death 
of  Pyrrhus  he  received  a  portion  of  that  coun- 
try, and  married  Andromache.  When  Aeneas 
in  his  wanderings  arrived  in  Epirus,  he  was 
hospitably  received  by  Helenus. 

HELlADAE  (-arum)  and  HELIADES  (-urn), 
the  sons  and  daughters  of  Helios  (the  Sun). 
The  name  Heliades  is  given  especially  to  Pha- 
ethusa,  Lampetie,  and  Phoebe,  the  daughters 
of  Helios  and  the  nymph  Clymene,  and  the 
sisters  ofPhaethon.  "They  bewailed  the  deatli 
of  their  brother  Phaethon  so  bitterly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Eridauus  that  the  gods  in  com- 
passion changed  them  into  poplar-trees  and 
their  tears  into  amber.     [Eridancs.] 

IlELICE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Lycaou, 
beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  Hera,  out  of  jeal- 
ousy,  metamorphosed  her  into  a  she-bear, 
whereupon  Zeus  placed  her  among  the  stars, 
under  the  name  of  the  Great  Bear.— (2)  The 
ancient  capital  of  Achaia,  swallowed  up  by 
an  earthquake,  together  with  Bura,  u.c.  373. 

HELICON  (-onis),  a  celebrated  range  of 
mountains  in  Boeotia,  between  the  lake  Co- 
pais  and  the  Corinthian  gulf,  covered  with 
snow  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  sacred  to 


Apollo  and  the  Muses ;  the  latter  are  hence 
called  Eellcontddes  and  Helbcdnldes.  Here 
sprung  the  celebrated  fountains  of  the  Muses, 
Aganippe  and  Hippoorene. 

HELlODORUS  (-i).  (1)  A  rhetorician  at 
Rome  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  whom  Horace 
mentions  as  the  companion  of  his  journey 
to  Brundusium.  —  (2)  A  Stoic  philosopher  at 
Rome,  who  became  a  delator  in  the  reign  of 
Nero. 

HELIOGABlLUS.     [Elaoabalus.] 

HELlOPOLIS  (-is:  i.  e.  tlie  City  of  Vie 
Sun).  (1)  (Heb.  Baalath :  Baalbek,  Ru.),  a 
celebrated  city  of  Syria,  a  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Baal,  one  of  whose  symbols  was 
the  sun.  Hence  the  Greek  name  of  the  city. 
It  was  situated  in  the  middle  of  Coele-Syria, 
at  the  W.  <bot  of  Anti-Libanus,  and  was  a 
place  of  great  commercial  importance,  being 
on  the  direct  road  from  Egypt  and  the  Red 
Sea,  and  also  from  Tyre  to  Syria,  Asia  Minor, 
and  Europe.  Its  ruins,  which  are  very  ex- 
tensive and  magnificent,  are  of  the  Roman 
period. — (2)  O.  T.  On:  a  celebrated  city  of 
Lower  Egypt,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Pelusiac 
branch  of  the  Nile,  a  little  below  the  apex  of 
the  Delta,  and  a  chief  seat  of  the  Egyptian 
worship  of  the  sun.  Its  priests  were  re- 
nowned for  their  learning. 

HELIOS  (-i),  called  SOL  (-oils)  by  the 
Romans,  the  srod  of  the  sun.    He  was  the  son 


Helios  (the  Sun).    (Coin  of  Rhodes,  in  the  British 
Museum.) 

of  Hyperion  and  Thea,  and  a  brother  of  Se- 
lene "and  Eos.  From  his  father,  he  is  fre- 
quently called  Hypebionidbs,  or  Htpkrion, 
the  latter  of  which  is  an  abridged  form  of  the 
patronymic,  IIyperionion.  Homer  describes 
Helios  as  rising  in  the  E.  from  Oceanus,  trav- 
ersing the  heaven,  and  descending  in  the 
evening  into  the  darkness  of  the  W.  and 
Oceanrts.  Later  poets  have  marvelously  em- 
bellished this  simple  notion.  They  tell  of  a 
magnificent  palace  of  Helios  in  the  E.,  from 
which  he  starts  in  the  morning  in  a  chariot 
drawn  by  four  horse*.  They  also  assign  him 
a  second  palace  in  the  W.,  and  describe  his 
horses  as  feeding  upon  herbs  growing  in  the 
islands  of  the  Blessed.  Helios  is  describe!  as 
the  god  who  sees  and  hears  every  th'iiLr.  and 
as  thus  able  to  reveal  to  Hephaestus  (Vulcan) 
the  faithlessness  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  and 


IIELLANICUS. 


187 


HEPHAESTION. 


to  Demeter  (Ceres)  the  abdnction  of  her 
daughter.  At  a  later  time  Helios  became 
identified  with  Apollo,  thongh  the  2  gods 
were  originally  quite  distinct.  The  island  of 
Thrinacia  (Sicily)  was  sacred  to  Helios,  and 
there  he  had  flocks  of  sheep  and  oxen,  which 
were  tended  by  his  daughters  Phaetnsa  and 
Lampetia.  He  was  worshiped  in  many  parts 
of  Greece,  and  especially  in  the  island  of 
Rhodes,  where  the  famons  Colossus  was  a 
representation  of  the  god.  The  sacrifices 
offered  to  him  consisted  of  white  rams,  boars, 
bulls,  goats,  lambs,  and  especially  white 
horses,  and  honey.  Among  the  animals  sa- 
cred to  him,  the  cock  is  especially  mentioned. 
HELLANICUS,  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  "the  early  Greek  histo- 
rians, was  bom  about  n.c.  4'.iG,  and  died  411. 
All  his  works  have  perished. 
HELLAS,  HELLENES.  [Gkaewa.] 
HELLE  (-es),  daughter  of  Athamas  and 
Nephele,  and  sister  of  Phrixns.  When  Phrix- 
us  was  to  be  sacrificed  [Phkixtjs],  Nephele 
rescued  her  2  children,  who  rode  away  through 
the  air  upon  the  ram  with  the  golden  fleece, 
the  gift  of  Hermes  ;  but,  between  Sigenm  and 
the  Chersonesus,  Helle  fell  into  the  sea,  which 
was  thence  called  the  sea  of  Helle  (Ilellespon- 

tlt«). 

HELLEN  (-enos),  son  of  Deucalion  and 
Pyrrha,  and  father  of  Aeolus,  Doras,  and 
Xtithus.  He  was  king  of  Phthia  in  Thessaiy, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Aeolus.  He 
was  the  mythical  ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes  : 
from  his  2  sons  Aeolns  and  Dorns  were  de- 
scended the  Aeoliane  and  Dorians  ;  and  from 
his  2  grandsons  Achaeus  and  Ion,  the  sons  of 
Xuthus,  the  Achaean-  and  Eoniaus. 

HELLESPONTTJS  (-i :  Strait  of  the  Darda- 
nelles), tin-  long,  narrow  -trail  connecting  the 
Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmara)  with  1 1 1 1  -  Aegaean 
eea.  The  length  of  the  strait  is  about  50 
miles,  and  the  width  varies  from  6  miles  at 
the  upper  end  to  2  at  the  lower,  and  in  some 
places  it  is  only  1  mile  wide,  or  even  less. 
The  narrowest  part  is  between  the  ancient 
cities  of  Sestcs  and  Abydt/B,  where  Xerxes 
made  his  bridge  of  boats  [  Xy.v.xv.h],  and  where 
the  legend  related  that  Leander  swam  across 
to  visit  Hero.  [Lbakdeb.]  The  name  of  the 
Hellespont  (<.&  tbe  Sea  of  Helle)  was  derived 
from  the  story  ofHelle'8  being  drowned  in  it. 
[Hmi]  The  Hellespont  was  the  boundary 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  dividing  the  Thracian 
Chersonese  in  the  former  from  the  Troad  and 
the  territories  of  Abydus  and  LampsaciU  in 
the  inter.  The  district  just  mentioned,  on 
the  s.  side  of  the  Hellespont,  was  also  called 
Hellespont  us,  anditsiuhahitftntsHellespontit 

HKLi.uMftNCM  f-i),  a  sea-port  town  ofthe 
Acarnanians  on  the  Island  of  Lencas. 

H&I&RUS  or  BfiLORTJM  (-i),  a  town  on 
the  K.  coast  of  Sieilv,  S.  of  Syracuse,  at  the 
mouth  ofthe  river  Helorus. 

HfiLOS.  (1)  A  town  in  Laconia,  on  the 
coast,  in  a  marshy  situation,  whence  its  name 
(^\m=marKh).  it,  was  commonly  said  thai 
the  Spartan  Blares,  railed  Heloti  i 
were  originally  the  Achaean  Inhabitant  of 
this  town,  who  were  reduced  by  the  Dorian 


conquerors  to  slavery ;  but  this  account  of 
the  origin  of  the  Helotes  seems  to  have  been 
merely  an  invention,  in  consequence-  of  the 
similarity  of  their  name  to  that  of  the  town 
of  Helos. — (2)  A  town  or  district  of  Elis  on 
the  Alpheus. 

HELVECONAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Ger- 
many, between  the  Viadtis  and  the  Vistula, 
S.  of  the  Rugii  and  N.  of  the  Burguudionea, 
reckoned  by  Tacitus  among  the  Ligii. 

HELVETII  (-orum),  a  brave  and  powerful 
Celtic  people,  who  dwelt  between  M.  Juras- 
sus  (Jura),  the  Lacus  Lemannns  (Lake  of  Ge- 
neva), the  Rhone,  and  the  Rhine  as  far  as  the 
Lacus  Brigantinus  (Lake  of  Constance).  Their 
country,  called  Ager  Helvetic-rum  (but  never 
Helvetia),  thus  corresponded  to  the  W.  part 
of  Switzerland.  Their  chief  town  was  A"ts- 
ticum.  They  were  divided  into  4  pagi  or  can- 
tons, of  which  the  Pagus  l'igurlnuft  was  the 
most  celebrated.  The  Helvetii  are  first  men- 
tioned in  the  war  with  the  Cimbri.  In  b.o. 
10T  the  Tigurini  defeated  and  killed  the  Ro- 
man consul  L.  Cassias  LoDginus,  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  while  another  division  of  the  Helvetii 
accompanied  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  in  their 
invasion  of  Gaul.  Subsequently  the  Helvetii 
invaded  Italy  along  with  the  Cimbri ;  and  re- 
turned home  in  safety,  after  the  defeat  ofthe 
Cimbri  by  Marius  and  Catulus  in  101.  About 
40  years  afterwards  they  resolved,  upon  the 
advice  of  Orgetorix,  one  of  their  chiefs?  to 
migrate  from  their  conntry  with  their  wives 
and  children,  and  seek  a  new  home  in  the 
more  fertile  plains  of  Gaul.  In  58  they  en- 
deavored to  carry  their  plan  into  execution, 
but  they  were  defeated  by  Caesar,  and  driven 
back  into  their  own  territories.  The  Romans 
now  planted  colonics  and  built  fortresses  in 
their  country  (Noviodunnm,  Vindonissa, 
Aventicum),  and  the  Helvetii  gradually  adopt- 
ed the  customs  and  language  of  their  con- 
querors. 

IIKLVIA  (-ae),  mother  of  the  philosopher 

Sknkoa. 

I1KI.VIDIUS  PRISCUS.     [Pitieous.] 

HKI.VII  (-6rum),  a  people  in  Gaul,  between 
the  Rhone  and  .Mount  Ccbcnna,  which  sepa- 
rated them  from  the  Arverni,  were  for  a  long 
time  subject  to  Massilia,  but  afterwards  be- 
longed to  the  province  of  Gallia  N'arhoneusis. 
Their  conntry  produced  good  wine. 

IIKI.VIUS  CINNA     rCiN*A.) 

HftNfiTI  (-orum),  an  ancient  people  in 
Paphlagonia,  dwelling  on  the  river  Partbe- 
nius,  fought  on  the  side  of  Priam  against  tho 
Greeks,  but  had  disappeared  before  the  his- 
torical times.  They  were  regarded  by  many 
ancient  writers  as  the  ancestors  ofthe  Venea 

in  Italy.      [Vkmkti.] 

HENlOCHI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Colchis, 
N.  ofthe  I'basis,  notorious  as  pirates. 

HENNA.    iKnna.] 

HKi'HAKS'iioN  (-.mis),  a  Macedonian, 
celebrated  at  the  friend  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  with  whom  he  had  been  brought  up. 
He  died  ;»t  Bcbatana,  n,o.  825)  to  the  great 
grief  of  Alexander. 


HEPHAESTUS. 


1! 


HERA. 


HEPHAESTUS  (-i),  called  VULCANUS  (-i) 
by  the  Etonians,  the  god  of  fire.  He  was,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  of  Hera  (Juno).  Later  traditions  state 
that  he  had  no  father,  and  that  Hera  gave 
birth  to  him  independent  of  Zeus,  as  she  was 
jealous  of  Zens  having  given  birth  to  Athena 
(Minerva)  independent  "of  her.  He  was  born 
lame  and  wTeak,  and  was  in  consequence  so 
much  disliked  by  his  mother  that  she  threw 
him  down  from  Olympus.  The  marine  divin- 
ities, Thetis  and  Eurynome,  received  him.  and 
he  dwelt  with  them"  for  9  years  in  a  grotto, 
beneath  Oceanus.  He  afterwards  returned  to 
Olympus,  and  he  appears  in  Homer  as  the 
great  artist  of  the  gods  of  Olympus.  Although 
he  had  been  cruelly  treated* by  his  mother,  he 
always  showed  her  respect  and  kindness; 
and  on  one  occasion  took  her  part  when  she 
was  quarreling  with  Zeus,  which  so  much  en- 
raged the  father  of  the  gods  that  he  seized 
Hephaestus  by  the  leg,  and  hurled  him  down 
from  heaven.  Hephaestus  was  a  whole  day 
falling,  but  in  the  evening  he  alighted  in  the 
island  of  Lemnos,  where  he  was  kindly  re- 
ceived by  the  Sintians.  Later  writers  describe 
his  lameness  as  the  consequence  of  this  fall, 
while  Homer  makes  him  lame  from  his  birth. 
He  again  returned  to  Olympus,  and  subse- 
quently acted  the  part  of  mediator  between 
his  parents.  On  that  occasion  he  offered  a 
cup  of  nectar  to  his  mother  and  the  other 
gods,  who  burst  out  into  immoderate  laughter 
on  seeing  him  busily  hobbling  from  one  god 
to  another.  Hephaestus  appears  to  have  been 
originally  the  god  of  fire  simply;  but  as  fire 
is  indispensable  in  working  metals,  he  was 
afterwards  regarded  as  an  artist.  His  palace 
in  Olympus  was  imperishable  and  shining  like 
stars.  It  contained  his  workshop,  with  the 
anvil  and  20  bellows,  which  worked  spontane- 
ously at  his  bidding.  All  the  palaces  in  Olym- 
pus were  his  workmanship.  He  made  the 
armor  of  Achilles  ;  the  fatal  necklace  of  Har- 
monia ;  the  fire-breathing  bulls  of  Aeetes, 
king  of  Colchis,  etc.    In  later  accounts  the 


VnlMn  forging  a  Thunderbolt.      (From  an  antique  Ro- 
man Gem.) 


Cyclops  are  his  workmen  and  servants,  and 
his  workshop  is  no  longer  in  Olympus,  but  in 
some  volcanic  island.  In  the  Iliad  the  wife 
of  Hephaestus  is  Chans;  in  Hesiod,  Aglaia, 
the  youngest  of  the  Charites  ;  but  in  the 
Odyssey,  as  well  as  in  later  accouuts,  Aphro- 
dite (Venus)  appears  as  his  wife.  Aphrodite 
proved  faithless  to  her  husband,  and  was  in 
love  with  Ares  (Mars),  the  god  of  war;  but 
Helios  (the  Sun)  disclosed  their  amours  to 
Hephaestus,  who  caught  the  guilty  pair  in  an 
invisible  net,  and  exposed  them  to  the  laugh- 
ter of  the  assembled  gods. — The  favorita 
abode  of  Hephaestus  on  earth  was  the  island 
of  Lemnos :  but  other  volcanic  islands  also, 
such  as  Lipara,  Hiera,  Imbros,  and  Sicily,  arc 
called  his  abodes  or  workshops.  The  Greeks 
frequently  placed  small  dwarf-like  statues  of 
the  god  near  the  hearth.  During  the  best 
period  of  Grecian  art  he  was  represented  as 
a  vigorous  man  with  a  beard,  and  is  charac- 
terized by  his  hammer  or  some  other  instru- 
ment, his  oval  cap,  and  the  chiton,  which 
leaves  the  right  shoulder  and  arm  uncovered. 
—The  Roman  Vulcanus  was  au  old  Italian 
divinity.     [Vulcanus.] 

HERA  (-ae)  or  HERE  (-es),  called  JUNO 
by  the  Romans.  The  Greek  Hera,  that  is, 
Mistress,  was  a  daughter  of  Cronos  (Saturn) 
and  Rhea,  and  sister  aud  wife  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter). According  to  Homer,  she  was  brought 
up  by  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  afterwards 
became  the  wife  of  Zeus,  without  the  knowl- 
edge of  her  parents.  Later  writers  add  that 
she,  like  the  other  children  of  Cronos,  was 
swallowed  by  her  father,  but  afterwards  re- 
stored. In  the  Iliad,  Hera  is  treated  by  the 
Olympian  gods  with  the  same  reverence  as 
her  husband.  Zeus  himself  listens  to  her 
counsels,  and  communicates  his  secrets  to 
her.  She  is,  notwithstanding,  far  inferior  to 
him  in  power,  and  must  obey  him  uncondi- 
tionally. She  is  not,  like  Zeus,  the  queen  of 
gods  and  men,  but  simply  the  wife  of  the  su- 
preme god.  The  idea  of  her  being  the  queen 
of  heaven,  with  regal  wealth  and  power,  is 
of  much  later  date.  Her  character,  as  de- 
scribed by  Homer,  is  not  of  a  very  amiable 
kind;  and  her  jealousy,  obstinacy,  and  quar- 
relsome disposition  sometimes  make  her  hus- 
band tremble.  Hence  arise  frequent  disputes 
between  Hera  and  Zeus  ;  and  on  one  occasion 
Hera,  in  conjunction  with  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Athena  (Minerva),  contemplated  putting 
Zeus  into  chains.  Zeus,  in  such  cases,  not  only 
threatens,  but  beats  her.  Once  he  even  hung 
her  up  in  the  clouds,  with  her  hands  chained, 
and  with  two  anvils  suspended  from  her  feet ; 
and  on  another  occasion,  when  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan)  attempted  to  help  her,  Zeus  hurled 
him  down  from  Olympus. — By  Zeus  she  was 
the  mother  of  Ares  (Mars),  Hebe,  and  He- 
phaestus.— Hera  was,  properly  speaking,  the 
only  really  married  goddess  among  the  Olym- 
pians, for  the  marriage  of  Aphrodite  (Venus) 
with  Hephaestus  can  scarcely  be  taken  into 
consideration.  Hence  she  is  the  goddess  of 
marriage  and  of  the  birth  of  children,  and  is 
represented  as  the  mother  of  the  Ilithyiae. — 
She  is  represented  in  the  Iliad  riding  in  a 
chariot  drawn  by  -  horses,  in  the  harnessing 
and  unharnessing  of  which  she  is  assisted  by 


LIbah  ot  Beba  (Juno).    (Supposed  to  he  from  a  Statue  of  Polydctus.    Naples.) 

L 


HERACLEA. 


ISO 


HERCULES. 


(Juno).  (Vuconti,  Mob. 

Clem.,  vol.  4,  tav.  3.) 


Hebe  and  the  Horae. 
Owing  to  the  judg- 
ment (if  Paris  [Paris], 
she  was  hostile  to  the 
Trojans,  and  in  the 
Trojan  war  she  ac- 
cordingly sided  with 
the  Greeks.  She  per- 
secuted all  the  chil- 
dren of  Zeus  by  mortal 
mothers,  and  hence 
appears  as  the  enemy 
of  Dionysus  (Bacchus), 
Hercules,  and  others. 
—Hera  was  worship- 
ed in  many  parts  of 
Greece,  but  more  espe- 
cially at  Argos,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  which 
she  had  a  splendid 
temple,  on  the  road  to 
Mycenae.  She  had  also 
a  splendid  temple  in 
Samoa.  —The  worship 
of  the  Roman  Juno  is 
spoken  of  in  a  separate 
article.  [Jmso.]  Hera 
was  usually  represent- 
ed as  a  majestic  wom- 
an of  mature  age,  with 
a  beautiful  forehead, 
large  and  widely  open- 
ed eyes,  and  with  a  grave  expression  com- 
manding reverence.  Her  hair  was  adorned 
with  a  crown  or  a  diadem.  A  veil  frequently 
hangs  down  the  back  of  her  head,  to  charac- 
terize her  as  the  bride  of  Zens,  and  the  dia- 
dem, veil,  sceptre,  and  peacock  are  her  ordi- 
nary attributes. 

HERACLEA  (-ae),  that  is,  the  city  of  Hera- 
cles or  Hercules,  was  the  name  of  several 
cities.  I.  In  Europe.  (1)  In  Lucatiia,  on  the 
river  Siris,  founded  by  the  Tarentines. — (2) 
In  Acarnania,  on  the  Ambracian  gulf. — (3) 
The  later  name  of  Perinthns  in  Thrace.  I  I'i:- 
BIKTHD8.]  -(4)  II.  Lynobsi  IS  also  called  Pela- 
L'onia,  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Via  Egoatia,  W. 
of  the  Erigon,  the  capital  of  one  or  the  l  dis- 
tricts Into  which  Macedonia  was  divided  by 
the  Romans.— (5)  II.  Mxnoa,  on  the  8.  coast 
of  Sicily,  at  the  month  of  the  river  Balycus, 
between  Agrigentnm  and  Selinns.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  it  was  founded  by  Minos 
when  be  pnrsned  Daedalus  to  Sicily,  and  it 
may  have  been  an  ancient  colony  of  the  Cre- 
tans.   It  was  colonized  by  the  inhabitants  of 

Selinns,   and    its    original    n.nii"    was    MitlOO, 

which  It  continued  to  hear  till  aboul  b.o.000, 

when  the  town  was  taken  by  the  Lacedaemo- 
nian s,  under  Enryleou,  who  changed  II  □  imi 
Into  that  of  llirnrhii.  It  fell  at  an  early  pe- 
riod into  tin'  hand-  of  the  Carthaginians,  and 

remained  in  their  power  till  the  conquest  of 

Sicily  by  tie-  Romans.  '  I  wi  ■■  i  u  \,  in  Mace- 
donia, a  town  Of  the  Sinti,  on  the  lefi   bank 

oft  lie  Strvmon,  rounded  by  Amynta-.  brother 
of    Philip.       '"7i    II.   Tl:  M  III  ,l  \  I  .    ill    'lie 

[Tbaohib.]  II.  In  Arfa.  (1)  II.  Pontic*,  a 
city  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  I'mitus  Knxinus, 

on  the  coa  t  of  Bithynia,  in  the  territory  of 
the  Mariandynl,  founded  about  a.  a  5150,  by 
colonists  from  Megara  and  from  Tanagra,  iii 


Boeotia. — (2)  II.  ad  Latmtjm,  a  town  of  Ionia, 
S.E.  of  Miletus,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Latin1.:-, 
and  upon  the  Sinus  Latmicns;  former'y  called 
Latmus.  Near  it  was  a  cave,  with  the  tomb 
of  Endymion. 

HERACLEUM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
the  Delta  of  Egypt,  a  little  W.  of  Canopus: 
from  which  the  Canopic  mouth  of  the  Nile 
was  often  called  also  the  Heracleotic  mouth. 
HERACLIDAE  (-5rum),  the  descendants 
of  Heracles  or  Hercules,  who,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Dorians,  conquered  Peloponnesus 
80  years  after  the  destruction  of  Troy,  or  u.o. 
1104,  according  to  mythical  chronology.  In 
this  invasion  they  were  led  by  Temenus, 
Cresphontes,  and  Aristodemus,  the  three  sons 
of  Aristomachus.  Aristodemus  died  before 
entering  Peloponnesus,  but  his  twin  sons  re- 
ceived his  share  of  the  conquest.  Tcmenns 
obtained  Argos ;  Procles  and  Eurysthcus,  the 
eons  of  Aristodemus,  Lacedaemon  ;  and  Cres- 
phontes, Messenia.  This  legend  represents 
the  conquest  of  the  Achaean  population  by 
Dorian  invaders,  who  henceforward  appear 
as  the  ruling  race  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

HERACLIDES  (-ae)  PONTICUS,  so  called 
because  he  was  born  at  lleraclca,  in  Pontus, 
was  a  Greek  philosopher,  and  a  disciple  of 
Plato  and  Aristotle.  He  wrote  several  works, 
almost  all  of  which  are  lost. 

HERACLTTrs  (-i).  (1)  Of  Ephesus.  a  phi- 
losopher of  the  Ionian  school,  flourished  about 
h.c.  513.  He  considered  tire  to  be  the  prima- 
ry form  of  all  matter.  — (2)  An  Academic  phi- 
losopher of  Tyre,  a  friend  of  Antiochu. ,  and 
a  pupil  of  Clitomachus  ami  Philo. 

HERAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Arcadia,  on  the 
riL'lit  bank  of  the  AlphuUS,  near  the  borders 
ofElis. 

HERAE1  Months,;,  range  of  mountains 
in  Sicily,  running  from  the  centre  of  the  isl- 
and 8.E.,  anil  ending  in  the  promontory  Pa- 
chvnum. 
HiRAEUM.  [Argos.] 
HERBITA,  a  town  in  Sicily,  N.  of  Agyri- 
um,  in  the  mountains,  the  residence  of  the 
tyrant  Archonides. 

"  IIEIM  ifJLiNSTJM  or  IIKi;<  f LAMM  (-i), 
an  anclenl  city  in  Campania,  near  the  coast, 
between  Neapolis  and  Pompeii,  was  origin- 
ally founded  bv  the  Oscans,  was  nexl  in  pos- 
•  .■■-  on  of  tie-  Tyrrhenians,  and  subsequently 
was  chiefly  inhabited   by  Greeks     it    was 

taken  by  tiie  Romans  in  the  Social  war  (ii.o. 
89,88),  and  was  colonized  by  them.  In  a.i>. 
63  a  reat  part  of  it  was  destroy  ed  by  an 
like;  and  in  T'.i  it  was  overwhelmed, 
along  w  ii  h  Pompeii  ami  Stablae,  bj  I  hi 

eruption   of  Mount  Vesuvius.      Il    WBI 

under  Bhowers  of  ashes  and  stream?  of  lava, 

from  TO  to  Kill  feet  under  the  pi  cm  n  I   surface 

of  the  ground.    On  its  site  Btnnd  the  i lern 

Portici  and  pari  of  the  villa  re  "i  /,■. .  ina    Th( 
ancient  city  was  accidentally   dl  covered  I13 
the  sinking  of  a  well   "1    1  i '20     and 
buildings  and  woi  k-  of  ait  have  bi  en  ■  ■ 
ered  at  the  pin  e. 

11 1: 1  - «  ii.ks  (-la  ami  I),  called  HER  \- 
CLES  bj  He'  Greeks,  the  most  celebrated  of 
all  the  heroes  of  antiquity.      According   to 


HERCULES. 


190 


HERCULES. 


Head  of  Hercules.     (From  a  Statue  in  the  British 
Museum.) 

Homer,  Hercnles  was  the  son  of  Zens  (Jupi- 
ter) by  Alcmene,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon,  of 
Thebes  in  Boeotia.  Zens  visited  Alcmene  in 
the  form  of  Amphitryon,  while  the  latter  was 
absent,  warring  against  the  Taphians ;  and 
pretending  to  be  her  husband,  he  became  by 
her  the  father  of  Hercnles.  On  the  day  on 
which  Hercnles  was  to  be  born,  Zens  boasted 
of  becoming  the  father  of  a  hero  destined  to 
rnle  over  the  race  of  Perseus,  who  was  the 
grandfather  both  of  Amphitryon  and  Alc- 
mene. Hera  (Juno)  prevailed  upon  him  to 
swear  that  the  descendant  of  Perseus,  born 
that  day,  should  be  the  ruler.  Thereupon 
she  hastened  to  Argos,  and  there  caused  the 
wife  of  Sthenelns,  the  son  of  Perseus,  to  give 
birth  to  Enrysthens;  whereas  she  delayed 
the  birth  of  Hercules,  and  thus  robbed  him 
of  the  empire  which  Zens  had  destined  for 
him.  Zeus  was  enraged  at  the  imposition 
practiced  upon  him,  but  conld  not  violate 
his  oath.  Alcmene  brought  into  the  world  2 
boys,  Hercules,  thff  son  of  Zeus,  and  Iphi- 
cles,  tin:  son  of  Amphitryon,  who  was  one 
night  yonuger  than  Hercules.  As  he  lay  in 
his  cradle,  Hera  sent  2  serpents  to  destroy 
him,  but  the  infant  hero  strangled  them  with 
his  own  hands.  As  he  grew  up  he  was  in- 
structed by  Amphitryon  in  driving  the  char- 
iot, by  Autolyeus  in  wrestling,  by  Eurytus  in 
archery,  by  Castor  in  fighting  in  heavy  ar- 
mor, and  by  Linus  in  singing  and  playing 
the  lyre.  Linus  was  killed  by  his  pupil  with 
the  lyre,  because  he  had  censured  him  ;  and 
Amphitryon,  to  prevent  similar  occurrences, 
sent  him  to  feed  his  cattle.  In  this  manner 
he  spent  his  life  till  his  18th  year.  His  first 
great  adventure  happened  while  he  was 
watching  the  oxen  of  his  father.  A  huge 
lion,  which  haunted  Mount  Cithaeron,  made 
great  havoc  among  the  flocks  of  Amphitryon 
andThespius  (or  Thestins),  king  ofThespiae. 
Hercules  promised  to  deliver  the  country  of 
the  monster;  and  Thespius,  who  had  f>0 
daughters,  rewarded  Hercules  by  making 
him  his  guest,  so  long  as  the  chase  lasted, 
and  by  giving  up  his  daughters  to  him.  Her- 
cnles slew  the  lion,  and  henceforth  wore  its 
skin  as  his  ordinary  trarment,  and  its  mouth 
and  head  as  his  helmet.  Others  related  that 
the  lion's  skin  of  Hercules  was  taken  from 
the  Nemean  lion.  He  next  defeated  and 
killed  Erginns,  king  of  Orchomenos,  to  whom 
the  Thebaus  used  to  pay  tribuU.    In  this  bat- 


tle Hercules  lost  his  father  Amphitryon  j  but 
Creon  rewarded  him  with  the  hand  of  his 
daughter,  Megara,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  several  children.  The  gods  made 
him  presents  of  arms,  and  he  usually  carried 
a  huge  club,  which  he  had  cut  for  himself  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Nemea.  Soon  after- 
wards Hercnles  was  driven  mad  by  Hera, 
and  in  this  state  he  killed  his  own  children 
by  Megara  and  2  of  Iphicles's.  In  his  grief  he 
sentenced  himself  to  exile,  and  went  to  Thes- 
pius, who  purified  him.  He  then  consulted 
the  oracle  of  Delphi  as  to  where  he  should 
settle.  The  Pythia  first  called  him  by  the 
name  of  Hercnles— for  hitherto  his  name  had 
been  Alcides  or  Alcaens — and  ordered  him  to 
live  at  Tiryns,  and  to  serve  Enrysthens  for 
the  space  of  12  years,  after  which  he  should 
become  immortal.  Hercules  accordingly 
went  to  Tiryns,  and  did  as  he  was  bid  by 
Eurystheus.  The  accounts  of  the  12  labors 
which  Hercules  performed  at  tl  e  bidding  of 
Eurystheus  are  found  only  in  the  later  writ- 
ers. The  only  one  of  the  12  lab  us  mentioned 
by  Homer  is  his  descent  into  me  lower  world 
to  carry  off  Cerberus.  We  also  find  in  Homer 
the  fight  of  Hercules  with  a  sea-monster  ;  his 
expedition  to  Troy  to  fetch  the  horses  which 
Laomedon  had  refused  him  ;  and  his  war 
against  the  Pylians,  when  he  destroyed  the 
whole  family  "of  their  king  Tseleus,  with  the 
exception  of  Nestor.  The  12  labors  are  usu- 
ally arranged  in  the  following  order:  (1) 
The  fight  with  the  Nemean  lion.  The  valley 
of  Nemea,  between  Cleonae  and  Phlius,  was 
inhabited  by  a  monstrous  lion,  the  offspring 
of  Typhon  and  Echidna.  Eurystheus  ordered 
Hercnles  to  brinir  him  the  skin  of  this  mon- 
ster. After  using  in  vain  his  club  and  arrows 
against  the  lion,  he  strangled  the  animal  with 
his  own  hands,  and  returned  to  Tiryns  car- 


Hercules 


Roman  Lamp.) 


rving  the  dead  lion  on  his  shoulders.  — (2) 
'I'll,-  fight  against  tin'  Lernean  hydra.  This 
monster,  like  the  lion,  was  the  offspring  of 
Typhon  and  Echidna,  and  was  brought  up  by 
Hera.  It  ravaged  the  comitry  of  Lerna,  near 
Argos,  and  dwelt  in  a  swamp  near  the  well 
of  Amymone.  It  had  nine  heads,  of  which 
the  middle   one    was    immortal.     Hercnles 


Tub  Faknkhf.  Hkkoui.ks.    (Naples.) 


HERCULES. 


191 


HERCULES. 


struck  off  its  heads  with  his  club  ;  but  in  the 
place  of  the  head  he  cut  off,  2  new  ones  grew 
forth  each  time.  However,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  his  faithful  servant  Iolaus,  he  burned 
away  the  heads  of  the  hydra,  and  buried  the 
ninth,  or  immortal  one,  under  a  huge  rock. 
Having  thus  conquered  the  monster,  he  poi- 
soned his  arrows  with  its  bile,  whence  the 
wounds  inflicted  by  them  became  incurable. 
— (3)  Capture  of  the  Arcadian  staci.  This  an- 
imal had  golden  antlers  and  brazen  feet. 
Hercules  was  ordered  to  bring  the  animal 
alive  to  Eurystheus.  He  pursued  it  in  vain 
for  a  whole  year;  at  length  he  wounded  it 
with  an  arrow,  caught  it,  and  carried  it  away 
on  his  shoulders. — (4)  Destruction  of  the  JEry- 
manthian  boar.  This  animal,  which  Hercules 
was  also  ordered  to  bring  alive  to  Eurysthe- 
ns,  had  descended  from  Mount  Erymanthus 
into  Psophis.  Hercules  chased  it  through 
the  deep  snow,  and  having  thus  worn  it  out 
he  caught  it  in  a  net,  and  carried  it  to  Eurys- 
theus. Other  traditions  place  the  hunt  of  the 
Erymanthiau  boar  in  Thessaly.  It  must  be 
observed  that  this  and  the  subsequent  labors 
of  Hercules  are  connected  with  certain  sub- 
ordinate labors,  called  Parerga.  The  first  of 
these  is  the  fight  of  Hercules  with  the  cen- 
taurs. In  his  pursuit  of  the  boar  he  came  to 
the  centaur  Pholus,  who  had  received  from 
Dionysus  (Bacchus)  a  cask  of  excellent  wine. 
Hercules  opened  it,  contrary  to  the  wish 
of  his  host,  and  the  delicious  fragrance  at- 
tracted the  other  centaurs,  who  besieged 
the  grotto  of  Pholus.  Hercules  drove  them 
away  ;  they  fled  to  the  house  of  Chiron  ;  and 
Hercules,  eager  in  his  pursuit,  wounded  Chi- 
ron, his  old  friend,  with  one  of  his  poisoned 
arrows;  in  consequence  of  which  Chiron 
died.  [CutuoN.]  Pholus  likewise  was 
wounded  by  one  nf  the  arrows,  which  by  ac- 
cident fell  on  his  foot  and  killed  him. — (5) 
Cleansing  of  the  stables  ofAugeas.  Eurysthe- 
us imposed  upon  Berculesthe  task  of  cleans- 
ing in  one  day  the  stalls  of  Augeas,  king  of 
Elis.  Augeas  had  a  herd  of  3000  oxen,  whose 
stalls  had  not  been  cleansed  for  30  years. 
Hercules,  without  mentioning  the  command 
of  Eurystheus,  went  to  Augeae,  and  offered 
to  cleanse  his  stalls  in  one  day  if  he  would 
give  him  the  10th  part  of  his  cattle.  Angeas 
agreed  to  the  terms  j  and  Hercules,  after  tak- 
ing Phylens,  the  son  of  Augeas,  as  his  wit- 
ness, turned  the  rivers  Alphens  and  JVneus 
through  ttic  stalls,  which  were  thus  cleansed 
in  a  single  day.  lint  Augeas,  who  learned 
that  Berculee  had  undertaken  the  work  by 
the  command  of  Eurystheus,  refused  to  give 

him  tlie  reward.  His  sun  I'hvleus  then  lime 
witness  against  his  father,  who  exiled  him 
from  Elis.  At  a  later  t  ime  Hercules  invaded 
Elis,  and  killed  Augeas  and  his  sons.  After 
this  he  is  said  to  have  founded  I  lie  Olympic 
games,  c,)  Destruction  of  tin  Stumpnaltan 
hints.  These  voracious  birds  had  been 
brought,  up  by  Ares.  They  had  brazen  claws, 
Wings,  and  beaks,  used  their  feathers  as  ar- 
rows, and  ate  human  flesh.  They  dwelt,  on 
a  lake  near  StymphaliH,  in  Arcadia,  from 
which  Hercules  was  ordered  bj  Eurystheus 
to  expel  them.  When  Hercules  undertook 
the  task,  Athoua  provided  him  with  a  brazen 


rattle,  by  the  noise  of  which  he  startled  the 
birds  ;  and,  as  they  attempted  to  fly  away,  he 
killed  them  with  his  arrows.  According  to 
some  accounts,  he  only  drove  the  birds  away, 
and  they  appeared  again  in  the  island  of  Are- 
tias,  where  they  were  found  by  the  Argo- 
nauts.— (7)  Capture  of  the  Cretan  bull.  The 
bull  had  been  sent  out  of  the  sea  by  Posei- 
don, that  Minos  might  offer  it  in  sacrifice. 
But  Minos  was  so  charmed  with  the  beauty 
of  the  animal  that  he  kept  it,  and  sacrificed 
another  in  its  stead.  Poseidon  punished 
Minos  by  driving  the  bull  mad,  and  causing 
it  to  commit  trreat  havoc  in  the  island.  Her- 
cules was  ordered  by  Eurystheus  to  catch 
the  bull,  which  he  succeeded  in  doing.  He 
brought  the  bull  home  on  his  shoulders ;  but 
he  then  set  the  animal  free  aga:.n.  The  bull 
now  roamed  through  Greece,  and  at  last  came 
to  Marathon,  where  we  meet  it  again  in  the 


(^8^\ 

i 

^"T>4rA. 

J3tz\ 

^^^S 

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YuflB 

|i 

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M¥^i 

ktf          i    A 

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JJ 

0 

Herculu  and  Hull.    (Fron 


ellefln  the  Vatti 


story  of  Theseus. — (8)  Capture  if  Die  moras 
of  the  Thracian  Viomedes,  This  Dlomedes, 
king  of  the  Bistones  iii  Thrace,  led  his  horses 
with  human  flesh.  Eurystheus  ordered  Her- 
cules to  bring  him  these  animals.  With  a 
few  companions,  hi'  seized  the  animals,  and 
conducted  them  to  the  sea-coast  Hut  here 
he  was  overtaken  by  the  Bistones,  During 
the  fight,  he  Intrusted  the  mares  p,  his  friend 
AbderUB,  Who  was  devoured  by  them.  Her- 
cules defeated  the  Bistones,  killed  Dlomedes, 

Whose  body  he  threw  before  the  mai'e--,  built 

the  i  own  of  Abdera  in  honor  of  his  unfortu 

nate  friend,  and  then  returned  lo  Km  v   theUfi 

Willi  the  m, 'Hi's,  which  had  heroine  I  ami'  alter 

eating  the  Seen  of  their  master.  The  mares 
were  aftero  ard  1 1  el  free,  and  were  dei  tro3  ed 
on  MountOlympus  by  wild  beasts.  {9) Seizure 
of  the  girdle  of  the  ijiurn  of  tht  Am 
Hippolyte,  the  queen  of  the  Amazons,  pos- 
sessed a  girdle,  which  she  had  received  from 
Arcs.  Adnieie,  tin'  daughter  of  Eurystheus, 
wished  to  obtain  this  girdle;   and  Hercules 


HERCULES. 


192 


HERCULES. 


was  therefore  sent  to  fetch  it.  After  various 
adventures  in  Europe  and  Asia,  he  at  length 
reached  the  country  of  the  Amazons.  Hip- 
polyte  at  first  received  him  kindly,  and  prom- 
ised him  her  girdle;  but  Hera  having  excited 
the  Amazons  against  him,  a  contest  ensued, 
in  which  Hercules  killed  their  queen.  He 
then  took  her  girdle,  and  carried  it  with  him. 
On  his  way  home  he  landed  in  Troas,  where 
he  rescued  Hesione  from  the  monster  sent 
against  her  by  Poseidon  ;  in  returu  for  which 
service  her  father,  Laomedon,  promised  him 
the  horses  he  had  received  from  Zeus  as  a 
compensation  for  Ganymedes.  But,  as  La- 
omedon did  not  keep  his  word,  Hercules  on 
leaving  threatened  to  make  war  against 
Troy,  a  threat  which  he  afterwards  carried 
into  execution. — (10)  Capture  of  the  oxen  of 
Geryones  in  Erythia.  Geryones,  the  monster 
with  3  bodies,  lived  ij  the' fabulous  island  of 
Erythia  (the  reddish),  so  called  because  it  lay 
in  the  W-,  under  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun. 
This  island  was  originally  placed  off  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  but  was  afterwards  identified 
either  with  Gades  or  the  Balearic  islands. 
The  oxen  of  Geryones  were  guarded  by  the 
giant  Eurytion  aiid  the  two-headed  dog  Or- 
thrus  :  and  Hercules  was  commanded  by  Eu- 
rysthens  to  fetch  them.  After  traversing 
various  countries,  he  reached  at  length  the 
frontiers  of  Libya  and  Europe,  where  he 
erected  2  pillars  (Calpe  and  Abyla)  on  the  2 
sides  of  the  strait  of  Gibraltar,  which  were 
hence  called  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Being 
annoyed  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  Hercules 
shot  at  Helios  (the  sun),  who  so  much  ad- 
mired his  boldness  that  he  presented  him 
with  a  golden  cup  or  boat,  in  which  he  sailed 
to  Erythia.  He  there  slew  Enrytion  and  his 
dog,  as  well  as  Geryones,  and  sailed  with  his 
booty  to  Tartessus,  where  he  returned  the 
golden  cup  (boat)  to  Helios.  Ou  his  way 
home  he  passed  through  Gaul,  Italy,  Illyri- 
cum,  and  Thrace,  and  met  with  numerous 
adventures,  which  are  variously  embellished 
by  the  poets.  Many  attempts  were  made  to 
deprive  him  of  the"  oxen,  but  he  at  length 
brought  them  in  safety  to  Eurysthens,  who 
sacrificed  them  to  Hera. — (11)  'Fetching  the 
golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides.  This  was  par- 
ticularly difficult,  since  Hercules  did  not  know 
where  to  find  them.  They  were  the  apples 
which  Hera  had  received  at  her  wedding 
from  Ge  (the  Earth),  and  which  she  had  in- 
trusted to  the  keeping  of  the  Hesperides  and 
the  dragon  Ladon,  on  Mount  Atlas,  in  the 
country  of  the  Hyperboie;n:>.  [Hi-teripes.] 
On  arriving  at  Mount  Atlas,  Hercnles  sent 
Atlas  to  fetch  the  apples,  and  in  the  mean 
time  bore  the  weight  of  heaven  for  him.  At- 
las returned  with  the  apples,  but  refused  to 
take  the  burden  of  heaven  on  his  shoulders 
again.  Hercules,  however,  contrived  by  a 
stratagem  to  get  the  apples,  and  hastened 
away.  On  his  return  Eurysthens  made  him 
a  present  of  the  apples;  but  Hercules  dedi- 
cated them  to  Athena  (Minerva),  who  restored 
them  to  their  former  place.  Some  traditions 
add  that  Hercules  killed  the  dragon  Ladon. 
— (12)  liringing  Cerberus  from  thelou-er  world. 
This  was  the  most  difficult  of  the  12  labors 
of  Hercules.    He  descended  into  Hades,  near 


d  the  Itcsiierides.  (From  a  Bass-relief  at  Ro 


Taenarum  in  Laconia,  accompanied  by  Her- 
mes (Mercury)  and  Athena.  He  delivered 
Theseus  and  Ascalaphus  from  their  torments. 
He  obtained  permission  from  Pluto  to  carry 
Cerberus  to  the  upper  world,  provided  he 
could  accomplish  it  without  force  of  arms. 
Hercules  succeeded  in  seizing  the  monster 
and  carrying  it  to  the  upper  world  ;  and  after 
he  had  shown  it  to  Eurysthens,  he  carried  it 
back  again  to  the  lower  world.  Besides 
these  12  labors,  Hercules  performed  several 
other  feats  without  being  commanded  by 
Eurysthens.  Several  of  them  were  interwov- 
en with  the  12  labors,  and  have  been  already 
described  j  those  which  had  no  connection 
with  the  12  labors  are  spoken  of  below.  Aft- 
er Hercules  had  performed  the  12  labors  he 
was  released  from  the  servitude  of  Eurysthe- 
ns, and  returned  to  Thebes.  He  there  gave 
Megara  in  marriage  to  Iolaus  :  and  he  wished 
to  gain  in  marriage  for  himself  Iole,  the 
daughter  of  Eurytus,  king  of  Oechalia.  Eu- 
rytus promised  his  daughter  to  the  man  who 
should  conquer  him  and  his  sons  in  shooting 
with  the  bow.  Hercules  defeated  them  ;  but 
Eurytus  and  his  sons,  with  the  exception  of 
Iphitns,  refused  to  give  Iole  to  him,  because 
he  had  murdered  his  own  children.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  killed  his  friend  Iphitns  in  a 
fit  of  madness.  Though  purified  from  th;s 
murder,  he  was,  nevertheless,  attacked  Ivy  a 
severe  illness.  The  oracle  at  Delphi  declared 
that  he  would  be  restored  to  health  if  he 
would  serve  3  years  for  wages,  aud  surrender 
his  earnings  to  Eurytus,  as  an  atonement  for 
the  murder  of  Iphitus.  Thereupon  he  became 
a  servant  of  Omphale,  queen  of  Lydia  and 
widow  of  Tmolus.  Later  writers  "describe 
Hercules  as  living  effeminately  during  his 
residence  with  Omphale:  he  spun  wool,  it  is 
said,  and  sometimes  put  on  the  gav"i"-  ts  of 


HERCULES. 


I9i 


HERCULES. 


a  woman,  while  Omphale  wore  his  lion's  skiu. 
According  to  other  accounts  he  nevertheless 
performed  several  great  feats  during  this 
time.  He  undertook  an  expedition  to  Col- 
chis, which  brought  him  into  connection  with 
the  Argonauts  ;  he  took  part  in  the  Calydo- 
nian  hunt,  and  met  Theseus  on  his  landing 
from  Troezeue  on  the  Corinthian  isthmus! 
When  the  time  of  his  servitude  had  expired, 
he  sailed  against  Troy,  took  the  city,  and 
killed  Laomedon,  its  king.  It  was  "about 
this  time  that  the  gods  sent  for  him  in  order 
to  tight  against  the  Giants.  [Gig antes.] 
Soon  after  his  return  to  Argos  he  marched 
against  Augeas,  as  has  been  related  above. 
He  then  proceeded  against  Pylos,  which  he 
took,  and  killed  the  whole  family  ofNeleus, 
with  the  exception  of  Nestor.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Calydon,  where  he  obtained  Deia- 
nira, the  danghter  of  Oeneus,  for  his  wife, 
after  fighting  with  Achelous  for  her.  [Dkia- 
ni3a  ;  Ai-iiKi.ors.]  After  Hercules  had  been 
married  to  Deianira  nearly  3  years,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  at  a  banquet  in  the  house  of 
Oeneus  the  boy  Eanomus.  In  accordance 
with  the  law,  Hercules  went  into  exile,  tak- 
ing with  him  his  wife,  Deianira.  On  their 
road  they  came  to  the  river  Evenus,  across 
which  the  centaur  Nessus  carried  travelers 
for  a  small  sum  of  money.  Hercules  himself 
forded  the  river,  but  gave  Deianira  to  Nessus 
to  carry  across.  Nessus  attempted  to  outrage 
her:  Hercules  heard  her  screaming,  and  shot 
an  arrow  into  the  heart  of  Nessus.  The  dy- 
ing centaur  called  nut  to  Deianira  to  take  his 
blood  with  her,  as  it  was  a  sure  means  of  pre- 
serving the  love  of  her  husband.  After  this 
he  took  up  hi-  abode  at  Trachis,  whence  he 
marched  against  Eurytns  of  Oechalia.  He 
took  Oechalia,  killed  Eurytns  and  ins  sons, 
and  carried  off  his  daughter  [ole  as  a  prison- 
er. On  bis  return  home  he  lauded  al  Ceuae- 
u in,  a  promontory  ofEuboea,  erected  an  altar 
to  /ens,  and  scut  hi-  companion,  Lichas,  to 
Trachis,  in  order  to  fetch  him  a  wbl 
ment,  which  he  intended  to  use  daring  the 
sacrifice.  Deianira,  afraid  lesl  [ole  should 
snpplant  her  in  the  affections  of  her  Jmsband, 
-I  the  white  garment  he  had  demanded 

in  the  iih.od  of  Nessus.    'lii;-  bl I  bad  I  eeu 

poisoned  by  the  arrow  with  which  Hi 
bad  shot.  Nessus;  and,  accordingly,  as  soon 
as  tin-  garment  became  warm  on  the  body  of 
Hercules,  the  poison  penetrated  into  all  his 
limbs,  and  caused  iiim  the  most  excruciating 
agony.     lie  seized   Lichas   by  Ins  feet,  ami 

threw    into    the    sea.       He    wieiehed    off  the 

garment,  but  it  stuck  to  hi-  flesh,  and  with  it 
he  tore  away  whole  pieces  from  his  body.  In 
ttn-  stale  he  was  conveyed  to  Trachis.  Deia- 
nira,  on  seeing  what  she  had  au wittingly 
done,  banged  herself.  Hercules  commanded 
IIvlius,  tj i r-  eldest  son  I'.  Del  tnira,  to  marry 

Iole  a-  BOOfl  M  lii    should  ai  rive  nt  tie 

manhood.  He  then  ascended  Mount  Oeto. 
raised  a  pile  of  wood,  on  which  be  placed 

on  lire. 
When  the  pile  Was  burning,  a  cloud  came 
down  from  heaven,  and,  amid  peals  of  thun- 
der, carried  him   to  <  tlympns, 

honored  with  immortalu 
to  Hera,  and  mart  Bebe. 

L8 


He  was  iu  course  of  time  worshiped  through- 
out all  Greece,  both  as  a  god  aud  as  a  hero. 
His  worship,  however,  prevailed  more  ex- 
tensively among  the  Dorians  than  among 
any  other  of  the  Greek  races.  The  sacrifices 
offered  to  him  consisted  principally  of  bulls, 
boars,  rams,  and  lambs.  The  works  of  art 
iu  which  Hercules  is  represented  are  extreme- 
ly numerous;  but  whether  he  appears  as  a 
child,  a  youth,  a  struggling  hero,  or  as  the 
immortal"  inhabitant  of  Olympus,  bis  charav- 
ter  is  always  one  of  heroic  strength  and  en- 
ergy. The  finest  representation  of  the  hero 
that  has  come  down  to  us  is  the  so-called 
Faruese  Hercules.  The  hero  is  resting,  lean- 
ing on  his  right  arm,  and  his  head  reclining 
on  his  left  hand:  the  whole  figure  is  a  most 
exquisite  combination  of  peculiar  softness 
with  the  greatest  strength.  The  worship  of 
Hercules  at  Home  and  in  Italy  is  connected 
by  Roman  writers  with  the  hero's  expedition 
to  fetch  the  oxen  of  Geryoues.  They  stated 
that  Hercules,  on  his  return,  visited  Italy, 
where  he  abolished  sacrifices  among  the  Sa- 
bines.  established  the  worship  of  lire,  anil 
slew  Cants,  a  robber,  who  had  stolen  his 
oxen.  [Ga.008.]  The  aborigines,  and  espe- 
cially Bvander,  honored  Hercules  with  di- 
vine" worship:  and  Hercules,  in  return, 
taught  them  the  way  in  which  he  was  to  be 
worshiped,  and  intrusted  the  care  of  his  wor- 
ship to'two  distinguished  families,  the  Potitii 
and  Pinarii.  [Pinabia  Gi.ns.]  At  Home 
Hercules  was  connected  with  the  Muses, 
whence  he  is  called  Mtisaintin,  and  was  rep- 
resented with  a  lyre,  of  which  there  is  no 
trace  in  Greece.  The  Greeks  and  Romans 
\  e  the  name  of  Hercules  to  heroes  dis- 
tinguished by  their  bodily  strength  among 


Hcrculci  carrying  ThtoVMi 


HERCULES. 


194 


HERMES. 


other  nations  of  the  ancient  work!.  Thus  we 
find  mention  of  the  Egyptian,  Indian,  and 
Phoenician  Hercules. 

HERCULES  (-is  and  i),  son  of  Alexander 
the  Great  by  Barsine,  the  widow  of  the  Rho- 
diau  Meninon,  murdered  by  Polysperchon, 
m.  o.  310. 

HERCtLIS  COLUMNAE.    [Abvla  ;  Cal- 

PK.] 

HERCtJLIS  MONOECI  PORTUS.  [Mo- 
noecus.] 

HERCULIS  PORTUS.     [Cosa.] 

HERCtJLIS  PROMONTORIUM  (C.  Sparti- 
vento),  the  most  southerly  point  of  Italy  in 
Bruttium. 

HERCYNIA  SILVA  <-ae),  an  extensive 
range  of  mountains  in  Germany,  covered 
with  forests,  described  by  Caesar  as  9  days' 
journey  in  breadth,  and  more  than  60  days' 
journey  in  length,  extending  E.  from  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  Helvetii,  Nemetes,  and  Raura- 
ci,  parallel  to  the  Danube,  to  the  frontiers  of 
the  Dacians.  Lender  this  general  name  Cae- 
sar appears  to  have  included  all  the  mount- 
ains and  forests  in  the  S.  and  centre  of  Ger- 
many. The  name  is  still  preserved  in  the 
modern  Harz  and  Erz. 

HERUONIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Apulia, 
destroyed  by  Hannibal. 

HERILLUS  (-i),  of  Carthage,  a  Stoic 
philosopher,  the  disciple  of  Zeuo  of  Cit- 
tium. 

HERMAEUM  (-i).  or,  in  Latin,  MER- 
CURII  PROMONTORIUM  {Cape  Bon), 
the  extreme  N.E.  point  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian territory,  opposite  to  Lilybaeum,  the 
space  between  the  two  beiug  the  shortest 
distance  between  Sicily  and  Africa. 

HERMAG5RAS  (-ae).  (1)  Of  Temnos, 
a  distinguished  Greek  rhetorician  of  the 
time  of  Cicero,  belonging  to  the  Rhodian 
school  of  oratory.  —  (2)  A  Greek  rheto- 
rician, who  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome  in 
the  time  of  Augustus. 

HERMAPHRODITUS  (-i),  son  of  Her- 
mes and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  and  conse- 
quently great-grandson  of  Atlas,  whence 
he  is  called  A  tlantiad.es  or  A  tlantin.s.  He 
had  inherited  the  beauty  of  both  his 
parents,  and  thus  excited  "the  love  of  the 
nymph  of  the  fountain  of  Salmacis,  near 
Halicarnassus.  She  tried  in  vain  to  win 
hia  affections :  and  as  he  was  one  day 
bathing  in  the  fountain,  she  embraced 
him,  and  prayed  to  the  gods  that  she 
might  be  united  with  him  forever.  The 
gods  granted  her  request,  and  the  bodies 
of  the  youth  and  the  nymph  became  united 
together,  but  retained  the  characteristics  of 
oath  sex. 

HERMES  (  ae),  called  MERCURIUS  (-i)  by 
the  Romans.  The  Greek  Hermes  was  a  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Maia,  the  daughter  of 
Atlas,  and  was  born  in  a  cave  of  Mount  Cyl- 
lene  in  Arcadia,  whence  he  is  called  Atlnnti- 
ades  or  Cyllenius.  A  few  hours  after  his  birth 
he  displayed  his  natural  propensities:  escap- 
ing from  his  cradle,  ho  went  to  Pieria,  and 


carried  off  some  of  the  oxen  of  Apollo,  which 
he  drove  to  Pylos.  He  then  returned  to  Cyl- 
lene,  and  finding  a  tortoise  at  the  entrance 
of  his  native  cave,  he  placed  strings  across  its 
shell,  and  thus  invented  the  lyre,  on  which 
he  immediately  played.  Apollo,  by  his  pro- 
phetic power,  had  meantime  discovered  the 
thief,  and  went  to  Cyllene  to  charge  Hermes 
with  the  crime.  His  mother,  Maia,  showed 
to  the  god  the  child  in  its  cradle ;  but  Apollo 
carried  the  boy  before  Zeus,  who  compelled 
him  to  restore  the  oxen.  But  when  Apollo 
heard  the  sounds  of  the  lyre,  he  was  so 
charmed  that  he  allowed  Hermes  to  keep  the 
animals,  and  became  his  friend.  Zeus  made 
Hermes  his  herald,  and  he  was  employed  by 
the  gods,  and  more  especially  by  Zeus,  on  a 
variety  of  occasions  which  are  lecorded  in 
ancient  story.  Thus  he  led  Priam  to  Achil- 
les to  fetch  the  body  of  Hector ;  tied  Ixion  to 
the  wheel ;  conducted  Hera  (Juno),  Aphro- 
dite (Venus),  and  Athena  (Minerva)  to  Paris  ; 
rescued  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  after  his  birth 
from  the  flames;  sold  Hercules  to  Omphale; 
and  was  ordered  by  Zeus  to  carry  off  Io,  who 
was  metamorphosed  into  a  cow,  and  guarded 
by  Argus,  whom  he  slew.  [Argus.]  He  was 
also  employed  by  the  gods  to  conduct  the 
shades  of  the  dead  from  the  upper  into  the 


Hermes  (Mercury)  bearing  the  Cflduceus. 


lower  world.  Being  the  herald  of  the  gods, 
he  is  the  god  of  eloquence,  since  the  heralds 
are  the  public  speakers  in  the  assemblies  and 
on  other  occasions.  He  was  also  the  god  of 
prudence  and  cunning,  both  in  words  and 
actions,  and  even  of  fraud,  perjury,  and  theft. 
Being  endowed  with  this  shrewdness  and  sa- 
gacity, he  was  regarded  as  the  author  of  a 
variety  of  inventions,  such  as  the  lyre  and 
syrinx,  the  alphabet,  numbers,  astronomy, 
music,  the  art  of  righting,  gymnastics,  the  cut 


HERMINIUS. 


195 


HERO. 


tivation  of  the  olive-tree,  measures,  weights, 
aud  many  other  things.  From  being  the  her- 
ald of  the  gods,  he  was  regarded  as  the  god 
of  roads,  who  protected  travelers;  and  nu- 
merous statues  of  him,  called  Hermae,  were 
erected  on  roads,  and  at  doors  and  gates.  He 
was  also  the  god  of  commerce  and  of  good 
luck,  and  as  such  presided  over  the  game  of 
dice.  Hermes  was  believed  to  have  been  the 
inventor  of  sacrifices,  and  hence  was  the  pro- 
tector of  sacrificial  animals.  For  this  reason 
he  was  especially  worshiped  by  shepherds, 
and  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  Pan  and 
the  nymphs.  Hermes  was  likewise  the  pa- 
tron of  all  the  gymnastic  games  of  the  Greeks. 
All  gymnasia  were  under  his  protection  ;  anil 
the  Greek  artists  derived  their  ideal  of  ine 
god  from  the  gymnasium,  and  represented 
him  as  a  youth  whose  limbs  were  beautifully 
and  harmoniously  developed   by   gymnastic 


Id  n-i.    (Men  tirv i. 
(Plttara  e  Bronii  d'En  1.4,1  ...  31.) 

exercises.  The  most  ancient  seal  of  tin.  wor- 
ship "f  Hen is  Arcadia,  the  land  of  his 

birth,  whence  his  worship  was  carried  to 
Athens,  and  ultimately  spread  through  all 
Greece.    Thefestiva  d in  his nonor 

wei  e  called  ffei ./"<.  •'.  Among  the  tilings  sa- 
cred  i"  iiim  wei  e  I  he  palm-i  rec,  I  in1  tortoise. 
the  nnmber  I,  and  several  kinds  of  fish ;  and 
the  sacrifices  offered  in  him  consisted  "f  In- 
cense, boney,  rakes,  pigs,  and  especially 
lambs  ami  Voting  goats.  The  principal  attri- 
bute- of  Hermes  are:  1.  A  traveling  nat  with 
id  brim,  w  hich  in  Inter  times  was 
adorned  with  2  small  wings.    '-'.  Thi 

Which  he  bore  as  a  her.-, hi,  and  had  red 

from  Apollo.  In  late  works  ofarl  tin.  white 
ribbons  which  surrounded  the  herald's  Btaff 
were  changed  into  2  serpents.  3.  The  san- 
o8s  land  and 
sea  with  the  nl   '.'. in.!,  and   which 

were  provided   al    the  ankles  with 
whence  he  is  called  alipes.    The  Roman  Mkr- 
ei  bibb  Is  spol  . tely. 

HERMINIUS  (-i)  MONS  [8Urra  de  la  i- 


trella),  the  chief  mountain  in  Lnsitania,  S.  of 
the  Dtiritts. 

HERMlONE  (-es).  (1)  The  beautiful  daugh- 
ter of  Menelaus  and  Helena.  She  had  been 
promised  in  marriage  to  Orestes  before  the 
Trojan,  war,  but  Menelaus  after  his  return 
home  married  her  to  Xeoptolemus  (Pyrrhus). 
Afterthe  murder  of  the  latter  [Nkoptoi.iimi  b], 
Hermione  married  Orestes,  and  bore  him  a 
son,  Tisameuus.— (2)  A  town  of  Argolis,  but 
originally  independent  of  Argos,  was  situated 
on  a  promontory  on  the  E.  coast,  and  on  a 
bay  of  the  sea,  which  derived  its  name  from 
the  town  (Hermionicus  Sinus).  It  was  orig- 
inally inhabited  by  the  Dryopes. 

HERMlSNES.     [Gekmania.] 

HERMOCRATES,  one  of  the  Syracusan 
generals,  when  the  Athenians  attacked  Syra- 
cuse, B.c.  414.  He  was  banished  by  the  Syra- 
cusans  (410),  and  having  endeavored  to  effect 
his  restoration  by  force  of  arms,  was  slain, 
407. 

HEKMOGENES,  a  celebrated  Greek  rheto- 
rician, was  a  native  of  Tarsus,  and  lived  in 
the  reign  of  M.  Aurelius,  a.h.  101-180.  Sev- 
eral of  his  works  are  extant. 

HERMOGENES,  M.  TIGELLIUS  (-i),  a  no- 
torious detractor  of  Horace,  who  calls  him, 
however,  nptimus  cantor  ,  t  modulator. 

HERMOLATJS  (-i),  a  Macedonian  youth, 
and  a  page  of  Alexander  the  Great,  formed  a 
conspiracy  against  the  kind's  life,  ij.o.  :;•_'", 
but  the  plot  was  discovered,  ami  Hermolaus 
and  his  accomplices  were  stoned  to  death  by 
the  Macedonians. 

IIEKMoPOLIS  (-is),  i.  e.  "the  city  of  Her- 
mes (Mercury)."  (l)  Parva,  a  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  stood  upon  the  canal  which  connei  led 
the  Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile  with  the  lake 
Mareotis.-  (2)  Magna,  an  ancient  city  in  Mid- 
dle Egypt,  stood  on  the  \v.  I. .oik  of  the  Nile, 
a  little  below  the  confines  of  rjppev  Egypt. 

HERMUNDfJRI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most 
powerful  nations  of  Germany,  belonged  to  the 
:  race,  and  dwelt  between  the  Maine 
and  the  Danube. 

HERMD8  f-i),  a  considerable  river  of  Asia 
Minor, rising  in  Mount  Dindymene,  and  after 
Mowing  through  the  plain  of  Sardis,  falling 
into  the  gulf  or  Smyrna,  between  Smyrna  ami 
ea.  It  formed  the  boundary  betw ecu 
Aeolifl  ami  Ionia. 

HERNlCl  '-..rum  ,a  people  iii  Latium, be- 
longing to  the  Sabine  race,  who  inhabited  the 

i itains  of  the  a  pen  nine-  he!  wee  n  the  lake 

Fucinus  and  the  river  Trerue,  and  were  bound 
ed  on  the  N.  by  the  Marsi  ami  Aeqni,  and  on 
the  S.  by  111*-   Volsci.     Their  chief  town   w  i- 

Anaqnia.  They  were,  a  brave  mid  warlike 
people,  ami  long  offered  a  formic! 

.■one  to  tin-  I;., mans.     The   I 

i viih  them  on  equal  terms  In  the  Sd 
consulship  oisp.  ( lassins,  it.  a  186.  They  were 
finally  subdued  by  the  Romans,  306. 

IIKI'tH.    [Lkakdbe.] 

HSRO  (-iii  .    i"  ''H'   mat hematician, 

was  a  i  I  lived  in  the 

..f  the  Ptolemies   Philadelnhus  and 

i    .  ■   ■  tea  (h.o.  285  222).    lie  i«  celebrated  on 


HERODES. 


196 


HERODOTUS. 


account  of  his  mechanical  inventions.    Sev- 
eral of  his  works  are  extant. 

HERODES  (-is),  commonly  called  Herod. 
(1)  Surnamed  the  Great,  king  of  the  Jews, 
was  the  sou  of  Antipater.  He  received  the 
kingdom  of  Judaea  from  Antony  and  Ocia- 
vian  in  b.c.  40.  He  possessed  a  jealous  tem- 
per and  ungovernable  passions.  He  put  to 
death  his  beautiful  wife,  Mariamne,  whom  L<j 
suspected  without  cause,  of  adultery,  and  with 
whom  he  was  violently  in  love;  and  at  a 
later  period  he  also  put  to  death  his  two  sons 
by  Mariamue,  Alexander  and  Arfstobulus. 
His  government,  though  cruel  and  tyrannical, 
was  vigorous.  Iu  the  last  year  of'his  reign 
Jesus  Christ  was  born  ;  and  it  must  have 
been  on  his  death-bed  that  he  ordered  the 
massacre  of  the  children  at  Bethlehem.  He 
died  in  the  37th  year  of  his  reign,  and  the  70th 
of  his  age,  b.c.  4.*— (2)  Herodes  Antipas,  son 
of  Herod  the  Great  by  Malthace,  a  Samaritan, 
obtained  the  tetrarchy  of  Galilee  and  Peraea 
on  his  father's  death,  while  the  kingdom  of 
Judaea  devolved  on  his  elder  brother,  Arche- 
laus.  He  married  nerodias,  the  wife  of  his 
half-brother,  Herod  Philip,  she  having,  iu  de- 
fiance of  the  Jewish  law,  divorced  her  first 
husband.  He  was  deprived  of  his  dominions 
by  Caligula,  and  sent  into  exile  at  Lyons,  a.d. 
39.  It  was  this  Herod  Antipas  who  impris- 
oned and  put  to  death  John  the  Baptist,  who 
had  reproached  him  with  his  unlawful  con- 
nection with  Herodias.  It  was  before  him 
also  that  Christ  was  sent  by  Pontius  Pilate 
at  Jerusalem,  as  belonging  to  his  jurisdiction, 
on  accountof  his  supposedGalilaean  origin. — 
(3)  Herodes  Agrippa.  [Agrippa.]  — (4)  He- 
bodes  Attiocs,  the  rhetorician.    [Atticub.] 

HEKODIANUS  (-i),  the  author  of  an  extant 
history,  in  the  Greek  language,  of  the  Roman 
empire  in  S  books,  from  the  death  of  M.  Au- 
relius  to  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of 
Gordiauus  III.  (a.d.  1S0-23S). 

HERODOTUS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian,  and 
the  father  of  history,  was  born  at  Halicarnas- 
sus,  a  Doric  colony  in  Ca- 
ria,  b.c.  4S4.  He  belonged 
to  a  noble  family  at  Hali- 
carnassus.  He  was  the  son 
of  Lyxes  and  Dryo  ;  and 
the  epic  poet  Panyasis  was 
one  of  his  relations.  He- 
rodotus left  his  native  city 
at  an  early  age,  in  order  to 
escape  from  the  oppressive 
government  of  Lygdamis, 
the  tyrant  of  Halicaruassus, 
who  put  to  death  Panyasis. 
He  probably  settled  at  Sa- 
mos  for  some  time,  and 
there  became  acquainted 
with  the  Ionic  dialect ;  but 
he  spent  many  years  in  his 
extensive  travels  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa.  At  a  later  time  he  returned 
to  Halicarnassus,  and  took  a  prominent  part 
in  expelling  Lygdamis  from  his  native  city. 


Herodotu*. 


*  The  death  of  Herod  took  place  in  the  same  year  with 
the  actual  birth  of  Christ,  as  is  mentioned  above,  but  it  is 
well  known  that  this  is  to  be  placed  4  years  before  the  date 
in  general  use  as  the  Christian  era. 


Subsequently  he  again  left  Halicarnassus,  and 
settled  at  Thurii,  an  Athenian  colony  in  Ita- 
ly, where  he  died.  Whether  he  accompanied 
the  first  colonists  to  Thurii  in  443,  or  followed 
them  a  few  years  afterwards,  can  not  be  de- 
termined with  certainty.  It  is  also  disputed 
where  Herodotus  wrote  his  history.  Lucian 
relates  that  Herodotus  read  his  work  to  the 
assembled  Greeks  at  Olympia,  which  was  re- 
ceived with  such  universal  applause  that  the 
9  books  of  the  work  were  in  consequence 
honored  with  the  names  of  the  9  Muses.  The 
same  writer  adds  that  the  young  Thucydides 
was  present  at  this  recitation,  and  was  moved 
to  tears.  But  this  celebrated  story,  which 
rests  upon  the  authority  of  Lucian  alotse, 
must  be  rejected  for  many  reasons.  Nor  is 
there  sufficient  evidence  in  favor  of  the  tra- 
dition that  Herodotus  read  his  work  at  the 
Panathenaea  at  Athens  in  446  or  445,  and  re- 
ceived from  the  Athenians  a  reward  of  10  tal 
ents.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  wrote  his 
work  at  Thurii,  when  he  was  advanced  in 
years ;  though  he  appears  to  have  been  col- 
lecting materials  for  it  during  a  great  part  of 
his  life.  It  was  apparently  with  this  view 
that  he  undertook  his  extensive  travels 
through  Greece  and  foreign  countries;  and 
his  work  contains  on  almost  every  page  the 
results  of  his  personal  observation  and  in- 
quiries. There  was  scarcely  a  town  of  any 
importance  in  Greece  Proper  and  on  the 
coasts  of  Asia  Minor  with  which  he  was  not 
perfectly  familiar.  In  the  N.  of  Europe  he 
visited  Thrace  and  the  Scythian  tribes  on  the 
Black  Sea.  In  Asia  he  traveled  through  Asia 
Minor  and  Syria,  and  visited  the  cities  of 
Babylon,  Ecbatana.  and  Susa.  He  spent  some 
time  in  Egypt,  and  traveled  as  far  S.  as  Ele- 
phantine. The  object  of  his  work  is  to  give 
an  account  of  the  struggles  between  the 
Greeks  and  Persians.  He  traces  the  enmity 
between  Europe  and  Asia  to  the  mythical 
times.  He  passes  rapidly  over  the  mythical 
ages  to  come  to  Croesns,  kin"  of  Lydia,  who 
was  known  to  have  committed  acts'of  hostil- 
ity against  the  Greeks.  This  induces  him  to 
give  a  full  history  of  Croesus  and  of  the  king- 
dom of  Lydia.  The  conquest  of  Lydia  by  the 
Persians  under  Cyrus  then  leads  him  to  relate 
the  rise  of  the  Persian  monarchy  and  the 
subjugation  of  Asia  Minor  and  Babylon.  The 
nations  which  are  mentioned  in  the  course 
of  this  narrative  are  again  discussed  more  or 
less  minutely.  The  history  of  Cambyses  and 
his  expedition  into  Egypt  induce  him  to  en- 
ter into  the  details  of  Egyptian  history.  The 
expedition  of  Darius  against  the  Scythians 
causes  him  to  speak  of  Scythia  and  the  N.  of 
Europe.  In  the  mean  timethe  revolt  of  thelo- 
nians  breaks  out,  which  eventually  brings  the 
contest  between  Persia  and  Greece  to  an  end. 
An  account  of  this  insurrection  is  followed 
by  the  history  of  the  invasion  of  Greece  by 
the  Persians;  and  the  history  of  the  Persian 
war  now  inns  in  a  regular  channel  until  the 
taking  of  Sestos  by  the  Greeks,  b.c.  47S,  with 
which  event  his  work  concludes.  Iu  order 
to  form  a  fairjudgment  of  the  historical  value 
of  the  work  of  Herodotus,  wo  must  distin- 
guish between  those  parts  in  which  he  speaks 
from  his  own  observations  and  those  iu  which 


HEROPOLIS. 


11)7 


HESTIA. 


he  merely  repeats  what  he  was  told  by  priests 
and  others.  Iu  the  latter  case  he  was  un- 
doubtedly often  deceived  ;  but  whenever  he 
speaks  from  his  own  observations,  he  is  a  real 
model  of  truthfulness  and  accuracy;  anil  the 
more  the  countries  which  he  describes  have 
been  explored  by  modern  travelers,  the  more 
tirmly  has  his  authority  been  established.  The 
dialect  in  which  he  wrote  is  the  Ionic,  inter- 
mixed with  epic  or  poetical  expressions,  and 
sometimes  even  with  Attic  and  Doric  forms. 
The  excellences  of  his  style  consist  in  its  an- 
tique and  epic  coloring,  its  transparent  clear- 
ness, and  the  lively  flow  of  the  narrative. 

HER0P5LIS  (-is)  or  HERO  (-us),  a  city  in 
jowei  Egypt,  standing  on  the  border  of  the 
desert  E.  of  the  Delta,  upon  the  canal  con- 
necting the  Nile  with  the  W.  head  of  the  Red 
Sea,  which  was  called  from  it  Sinus  Heroupo- 
liiicus. 

HlROSTRATUS  (-i),  an  Ephesian,  who  set 
fire  to  the  temple  of  Artemis  at  Ephesus  on 
the  same  night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was 
born,  js.o.  u5G,  in  order  to  immortalize  him- 
self. 

HERSE  (-es),  daughter  of  Ceerops  and  sis- 
ter of  Agraulos,  beloved  by  Hermes.  Re- 
specting her  story,  see  Ageaulos. 

HERSILIA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  Romulus,  wor- 
shiped after  her  death  under  the  name  of  Hora 
or  Horta. 

HERVLI  or  ERULI  (-orttm),  a  powerful 
German  race,  who  are  said  to  have  come  orig- 
inally from  Scandinavia,  attacked  the  Roman 
empire  on  its  decline.  Under  the  command 
of  Odoacer,  who  is  said  to  have  been  an  He- 
rulian,  they  destroyed  the  Western  empire, 
A.n.  47fi. 

IIKSJOIH'S  (-i),  one  of  the  earliest  Greek 
poets,  frequently  mentioned  along  with  Ho- 
mer. As  Homer  represents  the  ionic 
of  poetry  in  Asia  Minor,  so  Hesiod  repi 
the-  Boeotian  school  of  poetry.  The  only 
points  of  resemblance  between  the  2  schools 
consists  in  their  versification  and  dialect  In 
other  respects  they  entirely  differ.  The  Ho- 
meric school  takes*  for  its  subject  the  restless 
activity  of  the  beroic  age,  while'  the  Hesiodic 

turns  its  attention  to  the  quiet  pursuits  of  or- 
dinary life,  I.,  tin'  origin  of  the  world,  the 
gods  and  hen. <.     II*    rod  lived  about  a 
ury  later   than   Boiner,  and   is   placed  about 
B.o.  785.    \\e  learn  from  hie  own  poem  on 
Works  "/,./  Days  that  he  wan  born  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Ascra  in  Boeotia,  whither  his  father 
had  emigrated  from  the  Aeolian  Cyme  in  Asia 
Minor.    After  the  death  of  hie  father  he  was 
involved  in  a  dispute  with  his  brothel  Pei  i 
abont  his  small  patrimony,  which  was 
ad  in  favor  of  his  brother,    lie  then  emigrated 
to  Orchomenos,  where  be  spent  the  remaindei 

of  his  life.     This  is  all  that  can  he  said  with 

certainty  ahonl  the  life  of  Hesiod.  Many  of 
the  stories  related  abont  him  refer  to  hli 
school  of  poetry,  and  not  to  the  poel  ; 
ally.  In  this  light  we  may  regard  the  tradi- 
tion that  Hesiod  had  a  poetical  Contest  with 
If. in':,   which   is    said   to   have    taken    place 

either  at  i  bale's  or  Aulis.  The  two  principal 
works  of  Hesiod.  which  have  come  down  to 


us,  are  his  Works  and  Dayx,  containing  ethical, 
political,  and  economical  precepts,  and  a  The- 
ogony,  giving  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
world  and  the  birth  of  the  gods. 

HESIONE  (-es),  daughter  of  Laomedon, 
king  of  Troy,  was  chained  by  her  father  to  a 
rock,  in  order  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea-mon- 
ster, that  he  might  thus  appease  the  anger 
of  Apollo  and  Poseidon.  Hercules  promised 
to  save  her  if  Laomedon  would  give  him  the 
horses  which  he  had  received  from  Zeus  as  a 
compensation  for  Ganymedes.  Hercules  killed 
the  monster,  hut  Laomedon  refused  to  keep 
his  promise.  Thereupon  Hercules  took  Troy, 
killed  Laomedon,  and  gave  Hesione  to  his 
friend  and  companion  Telamou,  to  whom  she 
bore  Teucer.  Her  brother  Priam  sent  Ante- 
nor  to  claim  her  back,  and  the  refusal  on  the 
part  of  the  Greeks  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  Trojan  war. 

HESPERIA  (-ae),  the  Western  land  (.from 
e'ffirepov,  reaper),  the  name  given  by  the  Greek 
poets  to  Italy,  because  it  lay  W.  of  Greece. 
In  imitation  of  them,  the  Roman  poeti 
the  name  of  Hesperia  to  Spain,  which  they 
sometimes  called  Ultima  Hesperia,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Italy,  which  they  occasionally 
called  Hesperia  Magna. 

HESPEIUDES  (-urn),  the  celebrated  guard- 
ians of  the  golden  apples  which  Ge  (Earth) 
gave  to  Hera  at  her  marriage  with  Zeus.  Ac- 
cording to  some  they  were  the  daughters  of 
Atlas  and  Hesperis  (whence  their  names — 
Atlantides  or  llespcride.-) ;  but  their  parent- 
age is  differently  related  by  others.  Some 
traditions  mentioned  3  Hesperides,  viz.,. I.  lie, 
Arethusa,  and  Hesperia;  others  4,  Aegis, 
Orytheia,  Hestia,  and  Arethusa;  and  others, 
again, ".  In  the  earliest  legends  they  are  de- 
bci  Ibed  as  living  on  the  river  Oceauus,  in  the 
extreme  W.  j  but  they  were  afterwards  placed 
near  .Mount  Atlas,  and  in  other  parts  of  Libya. 
They  were  assisted  in  watching  the  golden 
apples  by  the  dragon  Ladon.     I;  was  one  of 

the  labors  of  Hercules  to  obtain  possession 
of  these  apples.    [See  p.  192.] 

HESPERlDTJM  INsu.ak.    [Hbspkbiom.] 

HESPSRIS.    [iiiuiNioE.] 

HESPfiRlUM  (-i:  C.  Verde  or  i:  Roxo),  a 
headland  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  was  one 
of  the  farthest  points  along  thai  coasl  to 
which  the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  extend- 
ed. At  a  day's  journey  from  it  was  n  group 
of  islands  called  Hi  bpi  bidt  u  I  i  lab,  wrong- 
ly identified  by  some  with  the'  l'\.i  lunatae 
insulae;  they  are  cither  the  Cape  de  Verde 
islands,  or,  more  probably,  the  Bissagot,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  '.'/  " 

HE8PBRU8  (-1),  the  evening  star,  sou  of 
'  and  i  lo  -  \  in  "i  a  i,  of  <  lephalus  and 
Bos,  or  of  Atlas.  He  was  also  regarded  a-s 
me  at  the  morning  star.    [Looiri  a.  i 

IIKstia  (-ae).  called  "TEST  \  i  at  by  ihe 
Romans,  the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  or,  rather. 
of  ihe  tire  burning  on  the  hearth,  was  one  of 

the    19   great    divinities   of  the   Greeks.      She 

wiih  a  daughter  of  Cronos  (Saturn)  and  Rhea, 

and,  accordin  •  to  c mon  tradition,  was  the 

flrst-born  ol  Rhea,  and  consequent^  the  Hi  bI 
of  the  children  swallowed  by  Cronos.    She 


HESTIAEOTIS. 


198 


HIMERA. 


was  a  maiden  divinity; 
and  when  Apollo  and  Po- 
seidon (Neptune)  sued 
for  her  hand,  she  swore 
by  the  head  of  Zens  to 
remain  a  virgin  forever. 
As  the  hearth  was  looked 
upon  as  the  centre  of 
domestic  life,  so  Hestia 
was  the  goddess  of  do- 
mestic life,  and,  as  such, 
was  believed  to  dwell  in 
the  inner  part  of  every 
house.  Being  the  god- 
dess of  the  sacred'fire 
of  the  altar,  Hestia  had 
a  share  in  the  sacrifices 
offered  to  all  the  gods. 
Hence  the  first  part  of 
every  sacrifice  was  pre- 
sented to  her.  Solemn 
oaths  were  sworn  by  the 
goddess  of  the  hearth  ; 
and  the  hearth  itself 
was  the  sacred  asy- 
lum where  suppli- 
ants implored  the 
protection  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  house.  A  town  or  city  is 
only  an  extended  family,  and  therefore 
had  likewise  its  sacred  hearth.  This  pub- 
lic hearth  usually  existed  in  the  prytane- 
um  of  a  town,  where  the  goddess  had  her 
especial  sanctuary.  There,  as  at  a  private 
hearth,  Hestia  protected  the  suppliants. 
When  a  colony  was  sent  out,  the  emi- 
grants took  the  tire  which  was  to  burn 
on  the  hearth  of  their  new  home  from 
that  of  the  mother  town.  The  worship  of 
the  Roman  Vesta  is  spoken  of  under  Vesta. 

HESTIAEOTIS  (-is).  (1)  The  N.W.  pari 
of  Thessaly.  [Thebsai.ia.]— (2)  Or  Histiaka, 
a  district  in  Euboea.  [Euboea.] 
HETRICtJLUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Brnttii. 
HIBERNIA  (-ae),  also  called  IERNE. 
IVEKNA,  or  JUVERNA  (-ae),  the  island  of 
Ireland,  appears  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  the  inhabitants  of  its  S.  coast,  called  Ju- 
verni  ;  but  its  original  name  was  probably 
Bergion  or  Vergion.  It  is  mentioned  by  Cae- 
sar :  but  the  Romans  never  made  any  attempt 
to  conquer  the  island,  though  they  obtained 
some  knowledge  of  it  from  the  commercial 
Intercourse  which  was  carried  on  between  it 
and  Britain. 

HIKMPSAL  (-alia).  (1)  Son  of  Micipsa, 
king  of  Numidia,  and  grandson  ofMasinissa, 
murdered  by  Jngurtha,  soon  after  the  death 
of  Micipsa,  n.o.  118. — (2)  King  of  Nilmidia, 
grandson  or  great-grandson  ofMasinissa,  and 
father  of  Juba,  appears  to  have  received  the 
sovereignty  of  part  of  Numidia  after  the  Jn- 
eurthiue  war.  He  was  expelled  from  his 
kingdom  by  On.  Domitins  Ahenobarbus,  the 
leader  of  the  Marian  party  in  Africa,  but  was 
restored  by  Pompey  in  81.  Hiempsal  wrote 
some  works  in  the  Punic  language,  which  are 
■cited  bv  Sallnst. 

IIIERAPOLIS  (-is).  (1)  A  city  of  Great 
Phrygia,  near  the  Maeander,  was  an  early 
seat  of  Christianity,  and  is  mentioned  in  St. 


Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Colossians.—{2)  Formerly 
Bambyoe,  a  city  in  tin'  N.E.  of  Syria,  one  of 
the  chief_seats  of  the  worship  of  Astarte. 

HlERON  (-Onis).  (1)  Tyrant  of  Syracuse 
(n.o.  47S-407),  and  brother  of  Gelon,whom  he 
succeeded  in  the  sovereignty.  He  gained  a 
great  victory  over  the  Etruscan  fleet,  near  Co- 
mae, b.o.  474.  He  was  a  patron  of  literature; 
and  the  poets  Aeschylus,  Pindar,  and  Simon- 
ides  took  up  their  residence  at  his  court.— (2) 
King  of  Syracuse  (n.c.  270-'210),  a  noble  Syra- 
cusan,  descended  from  the  great  Gelon,  was 
vo'.mtarily  elected  king  by  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, after  his  defeat  of  the  Mamertines,  in 
n.o.  270.  He  sided  with  the  Carthaginians  at 
the  commencement  of  the  first  Punic  war  (n.o. 
'204),  but  in  the  following  year  he  concluded 
a  peace  with  the  Romans  ;  and  from  this  time 
till  his  death,  a  period  of  little  less  than  half 
a  century,  he  continued  the  steadfast  friend 
and  ally  of  the  Romans.  He  died  in  216,  at 
the  age  of  92.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
grandson,  Hieronymus. 


Coin  o.f  Ilieron. 


HIERONYMUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Cardia,  accom- 
panied Alexander  the  Great  to  Asia,  and 
after  the  death  of  that  monarch  (b.c.  323) 
served  under  his  countryman  Eumeues.  He 
afterwards  fought  under  Antigonus,  his  son 
Demetrius,  and  grandson  Antigonus  Gonatas. 
He  survived  Pyrrhus,  and  died  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  104.  Hieronymus  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  events  from  the  death  of  Alexan- 
der to  that  of  Pyrrhus,  which  is  lost.  —  (2) 
King  of  Syracuse,"  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
Hierbn  If.,  n.o.  210,  at  15  years  of  age,  and 
was  assassinated  after  a  short  reign  of  only 
13  months.— (3)  Of  Rhodes,  a  peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, and  a  disciple  of  Aristotle. 

HiEROSOLYMA.     [Jekcsai-em.] 

HILLEVIONES.     [Germama.] 

I1TMERA  (-ae).  (1)  (Fiume  Salao),  one  of 
the  principal  rivers  in  the  S.  of  Sicily,  at  one 
time  the  boundary  between  the  territories  of 
the  Carthaginians  and  Syracusans,  receives 
near  Ennathe  water  of  a  salt  spring,  and 
hence  has  salt  water  as  far  as  its  mouth. — 
(2)  A  smaller  river  in  the  N.  of  Sicily,  flowing 
into  the  sea  between  the  towns  of  Himera 
and  Thermae.— (3)  A  celebrated  Greek  city 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  W.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Himera  [No.  2],  was  founded  by  the 
Chalcidians  of  Zancle.  b.o.  648,  and  afterwards 
received  Dorian  settlers,  so  that  the  inhabit 
ants  spoke  a  mixed  dialect,  partly  Ionic  (Chal 
cidian),  and  partly  Doric.  In  n.c.  4 < >'J  it  wai 
taken  by  the  Carthaginians,  and  leveled  ti 


HIPPARCHUS. 


199 


HISPALIS. 


the  ground.  It  was  never  rebuilt ;  bat  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  river  Himera  the  Car- 
thaginians founded  a  new  town,  which,  from 
a  warm  medicinal  spring  in  its  neighborhood, 
was  called  Tih.rmai:.  The  poet  Stesichorus 
was  born  at  the  ancient  Himera,  and  the  ty- 
rant Agathocles  at  Thermae. 

HIPPARCHUS  (-i).  (l)  Son  of  Pisistratus. 
[Pibistuatidak.] — (2)  A  celebrated  Greek  as- 
tronomer, a  native  of  Nicaea  in  Bithynia, 
who  flourished  n.o.  160-145,  and  resided  both 
at  Rhodes  and  Alexandria.  The  catalogue 
which  Hipparchus  constructed  of  the  stars  is 
preserve  J  by  Ptolemy. 

HIPPIAS  (-ae).  "(1)  Son  of  Pisistratus. 
[Pisistratidae.]  — (2)  A  celebrated  Sophist, 
was  a  native  of  Elis,  and  the  contemporary 
of  Socrates. 

HIPPO  (-onis).  (1)  II.  Regius,  a  city  on  the 
coast  of  Numidia,  once  a  royal  residence,  and 
afterwards  celebrated  as  the  bishopric  of  St. 
Augustine. — (2)  H.  Diabmiytus  oi-Zabitus,  a 
city  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Carthaginian  ter- 
ritory W.  of  Utica.— (3)  A  town  of  Hie  Carpe- 
tani  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  S.  of  Tole- 
tum. 

HIPPOCOON  (-ontis),  son  ofOebalus  and 
Batea.  After  his  father's  death  he  expelled 
his  brother  Tyndareus,  in  order  to  seci'  e  the 
kingdom  to  himself;  but  Hercules  led  I'yn- 
dareus  back,  and  slew  Hippocoon  and  his 
sons. 

HIPPOCRATES  (is),  the  most  celebrated 
physician  of  antiquity,  was  bom  in  the  island 
of  < ''is,  about  u.o.  460.  He  wrote,  taught,  and 
practiced  his  profession  at  home;  traveled  in 
different  parts  of  the  continent  of  Greece ; 
and  dierl  at  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  about  357,  al 
the  age  of  loi.  He  had  two  sons,  Thessalus 
and  Dracon,  and  a  son-in-law,  Polybus,  all 

of  whom  followed  the  same  profession.      The 

writings  which  have  come  down  to  ae  under 
the  name  of  Hippocrates  were  composed  by 
several  different  persons,  and  are  of  very  dif- 
ferent merit. 

HIPPOCRENE  !-cs),  the  "Fountain  of  the 
Horse,"  was  a  fountain  iu  Mount   Helicon  in 

Boeotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  said  to  have  been 
produced  bj  the  horse  Pegasus  striking  the 
ground  with  his  feet. 

HIPPODlMlA  (-ae).  (l)  Daughter  ofOe- 
nomaus,  kii>Lr  of  Pisa  in  Ells.  [Oenomaus 
and  Prlops.  i  (2)  Wife  of  Pirithone,  al  whose 
uuptials  took  place  the  celebrated  battle  be- 
tween the  Centaurs  and  l.apilhae.  |  PlBlTHO- 
i  '    ! 

HHToiatF;  (-es).  (i)  Daughter  of  Ares 
and  Otrera,  was  qneeu  of  the  Amazons,  and 

of  Autiope   and   Mel ■iiiippc.      She  wore 

a  gi  die  given  to  her  by  her  fathei  i  and  w  hen 
Hercules  rami:  to  fetch  this  gli  die,  he  lew 
her.  According  to  another  tradition,  Hipnol- 
yte,  with  an  army  of  Amazons,  marched  into 
Attica,  to  take  vengeance  on  Theseui  for  hav- 
ing carried  off  An  tiope;  but  being  conquered 
bj  Theseus,  she  fled  to  Uegara,  when 
died  of  grief,     [n  some  accounts  Hippolyte, 

and    not    Antlope,  i-    said    U)   ha\e    been    ma, 

ried  to  Theseus.— (2)  Or  Astydamia,  wife  of 
Acaatus,  fell  in  love  with  Peleus.    fA< 


HIPPOLtTUS  (-i),  son  of  Theseus  by  Hip- 
polyte, queen  of  the  Amazons,  or  by  her  sis- 
ter Antiope.  Theseus  afterwards  married 
Phaedra,  who  fell  in  love  with  Hippolytus; 
but  as  her  offers  were  rejected  by  her  step- 
son, she  accused  him  to  his  fathei'  of  having 
attempted  her  dishonor.  Theseus  thereupon 
cursed  his  son,  and  devoted  him  to  destruc- 
tion; and,  accordingly,  as  Hippolytus  was 
riding  in  his  chariot  along  the  sea-coast,  Po- 
seidon sent  forth  a  bull  from  the  water,  at 
which  the  horses  took  fright,  overturned  the 
chariot,  and  dragged  Hippolytus  along  the 
ground  till  he  was  dead.  Theseus  afterwards 
learned  the  innocence  of  his  son,  and  Phae- 
dra, in  despair,  made  away  with  herself.  Ar- 
temis i  Diana)  induced  Aesculapius  to  restore 
Hippolytus  to  life  again;  and,  according  to 
Italian  traditions,  Diana,  having  changed  his 
name  to  Virbius,  placed  him  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  nymph  Egeria,  in  the  grove  of 
Aricia,  in  Latium,  where  he  was  honored  \\  ith 
divras  worship.  Horace,  foil:  wing  the  more 
ancient  tradition,  says  that  Diana  could  not 
restore  Hippolytus  to  life. 

HIPPOMENES  (-is),  (i)  Son  of  Megareus, 
and  great-grandson  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
conquered  Atalanta  in  a  foot-race.  [Ata- 
i.anta,  No.  '2.] — (2)  A  descendant  of  Codrus, 
the4th  and  last  of  the  decennial  archons.  [li- 
censed at  the  barbarous  punishment  which  he 
inflicted  on  his  daughter,  the  Attic  nobles  de- 
posed him. 

HllToNAX  (-actis),  of  Ephesus,  a  Greek 

lamliic  poet,  nourished  u.O.  -Mi''  520.  He  was 
eel  el  I  rated  for  the  hit  terness  of  h  is  sal  i  res. 

HIPPONiCUS.  [Cm. i. ias  ami  HlPrONIOUS.] 

HIPP0NI1  M.    IVnto.] 

IllPPfJNOUS.     |l!i:i.ia:i:oruoN.] 
IIIPI'OTAllKS  (-ae),  son  of  Ilippotes,  that 

is.  a eoi  i is.    Hence  the  Aeoliaelnsulae are  call- 
ed Hippotadae  regnu/m, 
HIPP0TH5US  (-i),  son  ofCercyon,  and  fa- 

I  her  i  if  AepytUS,  king  of  Arcadia. 

HIRPINI  (-orum),  a  Samnite  people,  dwell- 
ing in  the  8.  oi  Sainniiim.  between  Apulia, 

I, mania,  and  Campania.  Their  chief  town 
was  A  cot  i.  \m im. 

HIRTIUS  (-i),A..a  Mend  of  Cnesar  the  dic- 
tator, and  consul  with  Pause,  u.o.  48.     1 1  in  ins 

and  his  colleague  fell  al  the  battle  of  Mulina, 
flghtillg  airainsl   Antony.      [AUGUSTUS.]     Hir- 

tius  divides  with  Opplus  the  claim  to  the  nu- 
thoiship  of  the  8th  hook  of  the  Gallic  war,  as 
woii  as  to  thai  of  the  histories  of  the  Alex- 
andrian. African,  and  Spanish  wars,  ll  is  not 
Impossible  that  he  wrote  the  flrsl  three,  but 
he  certainly  did  uol  write  the  Spanish  war. 

HISPiLIS  (-Is),  more  rarely  HI8PlL(-oliBi 
Seville),  a  town  of  the  'funic! am  in  Hispania 
B  Miii,  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  situated 
on  the  lefl  bank  of  the  Baetis,  and  In  reality 
a  sea  port,  lor.  although  600  stadia  fr the 

sea,  the  ri\er  is  navigable  for  the  lii     ■ 

•  i    up  to  i he  town.    Dnder  the  Ri >i 
was  an  important  place;  under  the  Goths  and 
Vandal    t  be  chief  tow  n  In  t  lie  s.  ol  Spain  ; 

and  under  the  Arabs  I  he  capital  of  a  Separate 

kingdom. 


HISPANIA. 


200 


HISTIAEUS. 


HISPANIA  (-ae :  Spain),  a  peninsula  in  the 
S.W.  of  Europe,  conuected  with  the  hind  only 
on  the  N.E.,  where  the  Pyrenees  form  its 
boundary,  and  surrounded  on  all  other  sides 
by  the  sea,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Cantabrian 
sea.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  no  accu- 
rate knowledge  of  the  country  till  the  time 
of  the  Roman  invasion  in  the  2d  Punic  war. 
It  was  first  mentioned  by  Hecataeus  (about 
jt.c  500)  under  the  name  of  Iberia;  but 
this  name  originally  indicated  only  the  E. 
coast ;  the  W.  coast  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Her- 
cules was  called  Tartessis  (Taprrivcrli).  It  was 
called  by  the  Greeks  Iberia,  a  name  usually 
derived  from  the  river  Iberus,  and  by  the 
Romans  Hispania.  i^pain  was  celebrated  in 
antiquity  for  its  mineral  treasures.  Gold  was 
found  in  abundance  in  various  parts  of  the 
country ;  and  there  were  many  silver  mines, 
of  which  the  most  celebrated  were  near  Car- 
thago Nova,  Ilipa,  Sisapon,  and  Castillo.  The 
precious  stones,  copper,  lead,  tin,  and  other 
metals,  were  also  found  in  more  or  less  abun- 
dance. The  most  .ancient  inhabitants  of  Spain 
were  the  Iberi,  who  dwelt  on  both  sides  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and  were  found  in  the  S.  of 
Gaul  as  far  as  the  Rhone.  Celts  afterwards 
crossed  the  Pyrenees,  and  became  miugled 
with  the  Iberi,  whence  arose  the  mixed  race 
of  the  Celtiberi,  who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  high 
table  land  in  the  centre  of  the  country.  [Cf.l- 
tiheei.]  But  besides  this  mixed  race  of  the 
Celtiberi,  there  were  also  several  tribes,  both 
of  Iberians  and  Celts,  who  were  never  united 
with  one  another.  The  unmixed  Iberians, 
from  whom  the  modern  Basques  are  descend- 
ed, dwelt  chiefly  in  the  Pyrenees  and  on  the 
coasts,  and  their  most  distinguished  tribes 
were  the  Astcbes,  Cantauri,  Yacoaei,  etc. 
The  unmixed  Celts  dwelt  chiefly  on  the  river 
Anas,  and  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  country, 
orGallaecia.  Besides  these  inhabitants,  there 
were  Phoenician  and  Carthaginian  settle- 
ments on  the  coasts,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant were  Gai>es  and  Caktiiago  Nova  ;  there 
were  likewise  Greek  colonies,  such  as  E-uro- 
riae  and  Sagcntim:  and  lastly  the  conquest 
of  the  country  by  the  Romans  introduced 
many  Romans  among  the  inhabitants,  whose 
civilization  and  language  gradually  spread 
over  the  whole  peninsula.  Under  the  empire 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  Latin  writers 
were  natives  of  Spain,  such  as  the  two  Sen- 
ecas,  Lucan,  Martial,  Qnintilian,  Silius  Itali- 
cus,  Pomponius  Mela,  Prudontins,  and  others. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Spain  were  a 
proud,  brave,  and  warlike  race;  lovers  of 
their  liberty,  and  ready  at  all  times  to  sacri- 
fice their  lives  rather  than  submit  to  a  foreign 
master.  The  history  of  Spain  begins  with 
the  invasion  of  the  country  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians, li.o.  23S.  Under  the  command  of  Ila- 
milcar  (23S-229),  and  that  of  his  son-in-law  and 
successor,  Hasdrnbal  (22S-221),  the  Carthagi  n- 
ians  conquered  the  greater  part  of  the  S.E. 
of  the  peninsula  as  far  as  the  Iberus :  and 
Hasdrnbal  founded  the  important  city  of  Car- 
thago Nova.  These  successes  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians excitec1  the  jealousy  of  the  Romans  j 
and  a  treat}'  was  made  between  the  two  na- 
tions abont  22S,  by  which  the  Carthaginians 
bound  themselves  not  to  cross  the  Iberus. 


The  town  of  Saguntum,  although  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  river,  was  under  the  protection  of 
the  Romans  j  and  the  capture  of  this  town  by 
Hannibal,  in  210,  was  the  immediate  cause  of 
the  2d  Punic  war.  In  the  course  of  this  war 
the  Romans  drove  the  Carthaginians  out  of 
the  peninsula,  and  became  masters  of  their 
possessions  in  the  S.  of  the  country.  But 
many  tribes  in  the  centre  of  the  country  re- 
tained their  independence  ;  and  those  in  the 
N.  and  N.W.  of  the  country  had  been  hitherto 
quite  unknown  both  to  the  Carthaginians  and 
Romans.  There  now  arose  a  long  and  bloody 
struggle  between  the  Romans  and  the  various 
tribes"iu  Spain,  and  it  was  nearly  2  centuries 
before  the  Romans  succeeded  in  subduing  en- 
tirely the  whole  of  the  peninsula.  The  Cel- 
tiberians  were  conquered  by  the  elder  Cato 
(195),  and  Tib.  Gracchus,  the  father  of  the  2 
tribunes  (179).  The  Lusitaniaus,  who  long 
resisted  the  Romans  under  their  brave  leader 
Viriathns,  were  obliged  to  submit,  about  the 
year  137,  to  D.  Brutus,  who  penetrated  as  far 
as  Gallaecia;  but  it  was  not  till  Numantia 
was  taken  by  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger, 
in  133,  that  the  Romans  obtained  the  undis- 
puted sovereignty  over  the  various  tribes  in 
the  centre  of  the  country,  and  of  the  Lusita- 
nians  to  the  S.  of  the  Tagus.  Julius  Caesar, 
after  his  praetorship,  subdued  the  Lnsitanians 
N.  i.f  the  Tagus  (60).  The  Cantabri,  Astures, 
and  other  tribes  in  the  mountains  of  the  N., 
were  finally  subjugated  by  Augustus  and  his 
generals.  The  Romans  had,  as  early  as  the 
end  of  the  2d  Punic  war,  divided  Spain  into 
2  provinces,  separated  from  one  another  by 
the  Iberus,  and  called  Hispania  CUerior  anil 
Hispania  Ulterior,  the  former  being  to  the  E. 
and  the  latter  to  the  W.  of  the  river.  In  con- 
sequence of  there  being  2  provinces,  we  fre- 
quently find  the  country  called  Hiyaniae. 
The  provinces  were  governed  by  2  proconsuls 
or  2  propraetors,  the  latter  of  whom  also  fre- 
quently bore  the  title  of  proconsuls.  Augus- 
tus ma"de  a  new  division  of  the  country,  and 
formed  3  provinces — Tarraconensti,  Baetica, 
and  Lusitania.  The  province  Tarraconensis, 
which  derived  its  name  from  Tarraco,  the 
capital  of  the  province,  was  by  far  the  largest 
of  the  3,  and  comprehended  the  whole  of  the 
N.,  W.,  and  centre  of  the  peninsula.  The 
province  Baetica,  which  derived  its  name  from 
the  river  Baetis,  was  separated  from  Lusitania 
on  the  N.  and  YV.  by  the  river  Anas,  and  from 
Tan  aconensis  on  the  E.  by  a  line  drawn  from 
the  river  Anas  to  the  promontory  Charidemus 
in  the  Mediterranean.  The  province  Lusi- 
tania corresponded  very  nearly  in  extent  to 
the  modern  Portugal.  In  Baetica,  Cordoba 
or  Hispalis  was  the  seat  of  government;  in 
Tarraconensis,  Tarraco ,  and  in  Lusitania,  Au- 
gusta Emerita.  On  the  fall  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire Spain  was  conquered  by  the  Vandals, 
a.t>.  409. 

H1STIAEA.     [Hestiaeotis.] 

HISTIAEUS  (-i),  tyrant  of  Miletus,  was 
hit  with  the  other  Ionians  to  guard  the 
bridge  of  boats  over  the  Danube 'when  Da- 
rius invaded  Scythia  (is.c.  513).  He  opposed 
the  proposal  of  Miltiades,  the  Athenian,  to 
destroy  the  bridge,  and  leave  the  Persians  to 
their  fate,  and  was  in  conseqneuce  rewarded 


IIOMERUS. 


201 


IIOMERUS. 


by  Darius  with  a  district  in  Thrace,  where  he 
built  a  town  called  Myrcinus,  apparently  with 
the  view  of  establishing  an  independent  king- 
dom. This  excited  the  suspicions  of  Darius, 
who  invited  Histiaeus  to  Susa,  where  he 
treated  him  kindly,  but  prohibited  him  from 
returning.  Tired  of  the  restraint  in  which 
he  was  kept,  he  induced  his  kinsman  Aris- 
tagoras  to  persuade  the  Ionians  to  revolt, 
hoping  that  &  revolution  in  Ionia  might  lead 
to  his  release.  His  design  succeeded.  Da- 
rius allowed  Histiaeus  to  depart  (496)  on  his 
engaging  to  reduce  Ionia.  Here  Histiaeus 
threw  off  the  mask,  and  carried  on  war 
against  the  Persians.  He  was  at  length  tak- 
en prisoner,  and  put  to  death  by  Artapher- 
ces,  satrap  cf  Ionia. 

H5MERUS  (-i),  the  great  epic  poet  of 
Greece.  His  poems  formed  the  basis  of 
Greek  literature.  Every 
Greek  who  had  received 
a  liberal  education  was 
perfectly  well  acquainted 
with  them  from  his  child- 
hood, and  had  learned 
them  by  heart  at  school ; 
but  nobody  could  state 
any  thing  certain  about 
their  author.  His  date 
and  birthplace  were 
equally  matters  of  dis- 
pute. Seven  cities  claim- 
ed Homer  as  their  coun- 
tryman (Smyrna,  Rho- 
dns,  Colophon,  Salamis, 
Chios,  Argos,  Athcnae)  ; 
but  the  claims  of  Smyrna 


and  Chios  are  the  most  plausible.  The  best 
modern  writers  place  his  date  about  b.o.  S5<>. 
With  the  exception  of  the  simple  fact  of  his 
being  an  Asiatic  Greek,  all  other  particulars 
respecting  his  life  are  purely  fabulous.  The 
common  tradition  related  that  he  was  the  son 
of  Maeou  (hence  called  Maeonides  vates),  and 
that  in  his  old  age  he  was  blind  and  poor. — 
Homer  was  universally  regarded  by  the  an- 
cients as  the  author  of  the  2  great  poems  of 
the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey.  Such  continued 
to  be  the  prevalent  belief  in  modern  times, 
till  the  year  1795,  when  the  German  profess- 
or F.  A.  Wolf  wrote  his  famous  Prolegome- 
na, ra  which  he  endeavored  to  show  that 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  were  not  two  complete 
poems,  but  small,  separate,  independent  epic 
songs,  celebrating  single  exploits  of  the  he- 
roes, and  that  these  lays  were  for  the  first 
time  written  down  and  united,  as  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey,  by  Pisistratus,  the  tyrant  of 
Athens.  This  opinion  gave  rise  to  a  long 
and  animated  controversy  respecting  the  or- 
igin of  the  Homeric  poems,  which  is  not  yet 
settled,  and  which  probably  never  will  be. 
The  following,  however,  may  be  regarded  as 
the  most  probable  conclusion.  An  abundance 
of  heroic  lays  preserved  the  tales  of  the  Tro- 
jan war.  These  unconnected  soul's  were, 
for  the  first  time,  united  by  a  great  genius 
called  Homer,  and  he  was  the  one  individual 
who  conceived  in  his  mind  the  lofty  idea  of 
that  poetical  unity  which  we  must  acknowl- 
edge and  admire  in  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 
Bui  as  writing  was  not  known,  or  at  least 
little  practiced,  in  the  aire  in  which  Homer 
lived,  it  naturally  followed  that  in  such  long 


OIKQYMENH   XPONOSIAIAIOAYSZEIAOMHPOI   MY60X 

Homer  enthroned. 


HOMOLE. 


202 


HORATIA. 


works  many  interpolations  were  introduced, 
and  that  they  gradually  became  more  and 
mure  dismembered,  and  thus  returned  into 
their  original  state  of  separate  independent 
songs.  They  were  preserved  by  the  rhapso- 
dists,  who  were  minstrels,  and  who  sang  lays 
at  the  banquets  of  the  great  and  at  public  fes- 
tivals. Solon  directed  the  attention  of  his 
countrymen  towards  the  unity  of  the  Homeric 
poems':  but  the  unanimous  voice  of  antiquity 
ascribed  to  Pisistratas  the  merit  of  having 
collected  the  disjointed  poems  of  Homer,  and 
of  having  first  committed  them  to  writing. 
The  ancients  attributed  many  other  poems  to 
Homer  besides  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey; 
but  the  claims  of  none  of  these  to  this  honor 
can  stand  investigation.  The  hymns  which 
still  bear  the  name  of  Homer  probably  owe 
their  origin  to  the  rhapsodists.  llatrachomy- 
omachia,  or  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  an 
extant  poem,  and  the  Margites,  a  poem  which 
is  lost,  and  which  ridiculed  a  man  who  was 
said  to  kuow  many  things  and  who  knew  all 
badly,  were  both  frequently  ascribed  by  the 
ancients  to  Homer,  but  were  clearly  of  later 


cation  of  honor  at  Rome,  to  whom  temples 
were  built  both  by  Marcellus  and  by  Marins, 
close  to  the  temples  of  Honos.  Marcellus 
also  built  one  to  Virtus  ;  and  the  two  deities 
are  frequently  mentioned  together. 

HONORIUS  FLAVIUS  (-i),  Roman  em- 
peror of  the  West,  a.d.  395-423,  was  the  2d 
son  of  Theodosins  the  Great.  In  his  reigu 
Alaric  took  and  plundered  Rome. 

HORAE  (-arum),  daughters  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Themis,  the  goddesses  of  the  order 
of  nature  and  of  the  seasons,  who  guarded 
the  doors  of  Olympus,  and  promoted  the  fer- 
tility of  the  earth  by  the  various  kinds  of 
weather  which  they  gave  to  mortals.  At 
Athens  2  Horae,  Thallo  (the  Hora  of  spring) 
and  Carpo  (the  Hora  of  autumn),  were  wor- 
shiped from  very  early  times ;  but  they  are 
usually  represented  as  three  or  four  in  num- 
ber. Hesiod  gives  them  the  names  of  A'<- 
nomia  (good  order),  Dice  (justice),  and  Irene 
(peace).  In  works  of  art  the  Horae  are  rep- 
resented as  blooming  maidens  or  youths, 
carryingthe  d'ft'erent  products  of  the  seasons. 


Horae  (Seasons).    (From  a  Bass-relief  at  Rome.) 


origin. — The  Odyssey  was  evidently  com- 
posed after  the  Iliad  ;  and  many  writers  main- 
tain that  they  are  the  works"  of  2  different 
authors.  But  it  has  been  observed,  in  replv, 
that  there  is  not  a  greater  difference  in  the' 2 
poems  than  we  often  find  in  the  productions 
of  the  same  man  in  the  prime  of  life  and  in 
old  age  ;  and  the  chief  cause  of  difference  in 
the  2  poems  is  owing  to  the  difference  of  the 
subject.  The  Alexandrine  grammarians  paid 
great  attention  to  the  text  of  the  Homeric 
poems  :  and  the  edition  of  the  Iliad  and  the 
Odyf  -'•>•  by  Aristarchns  has  been  the  basis  of 
the  text  to  the  present  day. 

HOMOLE  (-es).  (1)  A  lofty  mountain  in 
Thessaly,  near  Tempe,  with  a  sanctuary  of 
Pan.— (2)  Or  HoMoi.irjM  (-i),  a  town  in  Mag- 
nesia in  Thessaly,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ursa, 
near  the  Peueus. 

HONOR  or  IlONOS  (-Oris),  the  personifl- 


HORATIA  GENS,  one  of  Tne  most  ancient 
patrician  srentes  at.  Rome.  3  brothers  of  this 
race  fought  with  the  Cariatii,  3  brothers  from 
Alba,  to  determine  whether  Rome  or  Alba 
were  to  exercise  the  supremacy.  The  battle 
was  long  undecided.  2  of  the  Horatii  fell; 
but  the  3  Curiatii,  though  alive,  were  severely 
wounded.  Seeing  this,  the  surviving  Hora- 
tius,  who  was  still  unhurt,  pretended  to  fly, 
and  vanquished  his  wounded  opponents  by 
encountering  them  severally.  He  returned 
in  triumph,  bearing  his  threefold  spoils.  _  As 
be  approached  the  C'apene  gate  his  sister 
Horatia  met  him,  and  recognized  on  his 
shoulders  the  mantle  of  one  of  the  Curiatii, 
her  betrothed  lover.  Her  importunate  grief 
drew  on  her  the  wrath  of  Horatius,  who 
Stabbed  her,  exclaiming.  "So  perish  every 
Roman  woman  who  bewails  a  foe."  For 
this  murder  he  was  adjudged  by  the  duum- 
viri to  be  scourged  with  covered  head,  and 


HORATIUS. 


203 


HORATIUS. 


hanged  on  the  accursed  tree.  Horatins  ap- 
pealed to  his  peers,  the  burghers  or  populus  j 
and  his  father  pronounced  him  guiltless,  or 
he  would  have  punished  him  by  the  paternal 
power.  The  populus  acquitted  Horatins,  but 
prescribed  a  form  of  punishment.  With  veil- 
ed head,  led  by  his  father,  Horatins  passed 
under  a  yoke  or  gibbet— tigillum  sororium, 
"sisters'  gibbet." 

HORATIUS  COCLES.     [Cooi.es.] 

HORATIUS  FLACCUS,  Q.  (-i),  the  poet, 
was  born  December  Stb,  i;.o.  65,  at  Venusia 
in  Apulia.  His  father  was  a  libertiuus  or 
freedmau.  He  had  received  his  manumission 
before  the  birth  of  the  poet,  who  was  of  in- 
genuous birth,  but  who  did  not  altogether 
escape  the  taunt  which  adhered  to  persons 
even  of  remote  servile  origin.  His  father's 
occupation  was  that  of  collector  (coaetor) 
either  of  the  indirect  taxes  farmed  by  the 
publicans  or  at  sales  by  auction.  With  the 
profits  of  his  office  he  had  purchased  a  small 
farm  in  the  neighborhood  of  Venusia,  where 
the  poet  was  born.  The  father  devoted  his 
whole  time  and  fortune  to  the  education  of 
the  future  poet.  Though  by  no  means  rich, 
he  declined  to  send  tin'  young  Horace  to  the 
common  school,  kept  in  Venusia  by  one  Fla- 
vins, to  which  the  children  of  the  rural  aris- 
tocracy resorted.  Probably  about  his  12th 
year  his  father  carried  him  to  Rome,  to  re- 
ceive the  usual  education  of  a  knight's  or  sen- 
ator's sou.  He  frequented  the  best  schools 
in  the  capital.  One  of  these  was  kept  by 
Orbilins,  a  retired  military  man,  whose  flog- 
ging propensities  have  been  immortalized  by 
hi-  pupil.  In  in-  i  -ih  year  Horai  e  proceeded 
to  Athens,  in  order  to  continue  his  studies  at 
that  seat  of  learning.  When  Brutus  came  to 
Athens  after  the  death  of  Caesar,  Horace 
joined  his  army,  and  received  at  once  the 
rank  of  a  military  tribune,  and  the  command 
of  a  legion.  He  was  present  al  the  battle  of 
I'hilippi,  and  shared  in  the  flight  of  the  re- 
publican army,    [n  one  of  his  poems  he  pla; 

fully  alludes  I"  bis  tlii'lil  and  throwing  away 

his  shield.    He  now  resolved  i"  devote  him- 

i-ell    tO    more    peaceful    pni'SnitS,    and    having 
obtained  his  pardon,  he  ventured  al  once  to 
return  to  Rome.     He  had  losl  all  hi-  1 
life  ;    hi-  paternal  estate  had  been  -wept  away 

in  the  general  forfeiture  ;  bnt  he  was  enabled, 
however,  to  obtain  sufficient  money  to  pur- 
chase a  clerkship  in  the  quaestor's  office. 
and  on  the  profit-  of  that  place  he  managed 
to  live  with  the  nine.  I  frugality.  Meant  line 
some  of  in-  poeim  infracted  the  notice  of  \  a- 
rins  and  Virgil,  who  introduced  him  to  Mae 
cena  ■  ■  (9  i  lorai  e  soon  became  the 
friend  of  Maecenas,  and  this  friendship 
quickly  ripened  Into  intimacy.  In  a  year  or 
er  the  commencement  of  their  friend- 
ship '":  Horace  ai  i  ompanied  111  p  itron  on 
t  hit  ionrnej  to  Brnndusium  so  u  ;reenbly 
described  in  the  5th  satire  of  the  1st  book. 
Abonl  the  year  84  Maecenas  bestowed  npoii 
the  poet  a  Sabine  farm  sufficient  to  maintain 
him  in  ea-e,  comfort,  and  even  in  content 
(satis  b  '  ■  i  )  during  t  be  i  e  I 

of  his  life.  The  situation  of  this  Sabine  fill  in 
was  in  the  valley  of  Ustlca,  within  view  oi  the 


mountain  Lucretilis,  and  near  the  Digentia, 
about  15  miles  from  Tibur  (Tivoli).  A  site 
exactly  answering  to  the  villa  of  Horace,  and 
on  which  were  found  ruins  of  buildings,  has 
been  discovered  in  modern  times.  Besides 
this  estate,  his  admiration  of  the  beautiful 
scenery  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tibur  inclined 
him  either  to  hire  or  to  purchase  a  small  cot- 
tage in  that  romantic  town  ;  and  all  the  later 
years  of  his  life  were  passed  between  these 
two  country  residences  and  Rome.  He  con- 
tinued to  five  on  the  most  intimate  terms 
with  Maecenas;  and  this  intimate  friendship 
naturally  introduced  Horace  to  the  notice  of 
the  other  great  men  of  his  period,  and  at 
length  to  Augustus  himself,  who  bestowed 
upon  the  poet  substantial  marks  of  his  favor. 
Horace  died  on  Nov.  IT,  n.o.  8,  aged  nearly 
57. — Horace  has  described  his  own  person: 
He  was  of  short  stature,  with  dark  eyes  and 
dark  hair,  but  early  tinged  with  gray.  In  his 
youth  be  was  tolerably  robust,  but"  suffered 
from  a  complaint  in  his  eyes.  In  more  ad- 
vanced life  he  grew  fat,  and  Augustus  jested 
about  his  protuberant  belly.  His  health  was 
not  always  good,  and  he  seems  1"  have  in- 
clined to"  be  a  valetudinarian,  His  habits, 
even  after  he  became  richer,  were  generally 
frugal  and  abstemious  ;  though  on  occasions, 
both  in  youth  and  maturer  age,  he  seem-  to 
have  indulged  in  conviviality.  lie  liked 
choice  wine,  and  in  the  society  of  friends 
scrupled  not  to  enjoy  the  luxuries  of  his  i  ime. 
He  was  never  married.— The  philosophy  of 
Horace  was  that,  of  a  man  of  the  world. '  lie 
playfully  alludes  to  his  Epicureanism,  but  it. 
was  practical  rather  than  speculative  Epicu- 
reanism. His  mind,  indeed,  was  not  in  the 
least  speculative.     Common-life  wi-doin  was 

his  study,  and  to  this  he  brought  a  quickness 
of  observation  and  a  sterling  common-sense 

which    have  made   hi-   works  the  delight   of 

practical  men.  The  Odes  of  Horace  want  the 
higher  inspirations  of  h  ric  verse ;  but  as 
works  of  refined  nrt,oftne  most  skillful  fe- 
licities of  language  and  of  measure,  of  trans- 
lucent expression  and  of  agreeable  Images, 

embodied  in  word-  which  imprint  I  bene  el  1 1 

indeliblj  on  the  memory,  they  are  unrivaled. 
— In  the  Sat  1 1  es  of  Horace  there  is  none  of  the 
lofty  moral  indignation,  tint  fierce  vehemence 
of  invective,  which  characterized  the  later 

satirists.  1 1  is  the  folly  rather  I  ban  the  wick- 
edne-s  of  vice  which  he  toadies  with  such 
playful  skill.     Not  him.'  can  surpass  tin1  kecu- 

iii  of  hi-  observation,  or  bis  ease  of  e\ 
ii :  ii  i-  the  tin.  i  i .  medy  of  manners, 
in  a  descriptive  instead  ofa  dramatic  form, 
in  the  lipodes  there  Is  bitterness  provoked, it 
Bhould  seem,  by  some  personal  haired  or 
sen  '"i'  injury,  and  the  ambition  of  imitating 
Archilocha  ;  hut  in  these  he  seems  to  have 
exhau  ted  all  the  malignity  and  violence  "f 
hi-  temper.  Bnt  I  he  /  /.<  .".  at  c  I  be  mo  I 
pci  feci  of  i  in   Horal  Inn  poel  ry,  the  poel 

tie i  B    and    BOCiel  v,    the    I"    ml  \    of   u  iiicli 

in  :i  kind  of  ideal  1 1    of  ci  mmi  m    ensi 

and   practical   w  i-dom.      The   title   of  the   .1  it 

of  Poetry  I'm-  the  Epistle  to  the  Pii  ns  is  as 
old  as  Qnintilinn,  bnt  it  i-  now  a"1  ced  that  ii 
was  not  intended  for  a  complete  theorj  ■•!  I  bt 
hi.    ii  i-  conjectured  with 


IIORTA. 


L-'O-t 


HYBLA. 


ability  that  it  was  intended  to  dissuade  one 
of  the  younger  Pisos  from  devoting  himself 
to  poetry,  for  which  he  had  little  genius,  or 
at  least  to  suggest  the  difficulties  of  attaining 
to  perfection.— The  chronology  of  the  Hora- 
tian  poems  is  of  great  importance,  as  illus- 
trating the  life,  the  times,  and  the  writings 
of  the  poets.  The  1st  book  of  Satires,  which 
was  the  first  publication,  appeared  about u.o. 
35,  in  the  30th  year  of  Horace. — The  2d  book 
of  Satires  was  published  about  33,  in  the  32d 
year  of  Horace. — The  Epodes  appeared  about 
31,  in  the  34th  year  of  Horace.— The  3  first 
books  of  the  Odes  were  published  about  24  or 
23,  in  the  41st  or  42d  year  of  Horace.— The 
1st  book  of  the  Epistles  was  published  about 
20  or  19,  in  the  45th  or  46th  year  of  Horace.— 
The  Carmen  Seculare  appeared  in  IT,  in  the 
4-th  year  of  Horace.— The  4th  book  of  the 
Odes  was  published  in  14  or  13,  in  his  51st  or 
52d  year. — The  dates  of  the  2d  book  of  Epis- 
tles "and  of  the  An  Poctica  are  admitted  to 
be  uucertain,  though  both  appeared  before  the 
poet's  death,  b.c.  8. 

HORTA  (-ae)  or  HORTANUM  (-i),  a  town 
in  Etruria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Nar  and  the 
Tiber,  so  called  from  the  Etruscan  goddess 
Horta,  whose  temple  at  Rome  always  re- 
mained open. 

HORTEXSIUS,  Q.  (-i),  the  orator,  was 
born  in  is.c.  114,  eight  years  before  Cicero. 
At  the  early  age  of  19  he  spoke  with  great 
applause  in  the  forum,  and  at  once  rose  to 
eminence  as  an  advocate.  In  the  civil  wars  he 
joined  Sulla,  and  was  afterwards  a  constant 
supporter  of  the  aristocratical  party.  His 
chief  professional  labors  were  in  defending 
men  of  this  party  when  accused  of  malad- 
ministration and  extortion  in  their  provinces, 
or  of  bribery  and  the  like  in  canvassing  for 
public  honors.  He  had  no  rival  in  the  forum 
till  he  encountered  Cicero,  and  he  long  ex- 
ercised an  undisputed  sway  over  the  courts 
of  justice.  In  81  he  was  quaestor;  in  T5 
aedile;  in  72  praetor;  and  in  69  consul  with 
Q.  Caecilius  Metellus.  He  died  in  50.  The 
eloquence  of  Hortensius  was  of  the  florid  or 
(as  it  was  termed)  "Asiatic"  style,  titter  for 
hearing  than  for  reading.  His  memory  was 
so  ready  and  retentive  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  able  to  come  out  of  a  sale-room 
and  repeat  the  auction-list  backwards.  His 
action  was  very  elaborate  ;  and  the  pains  he 
bestowed  in  arranging  the  folds  of  his  toga 
have  been  recorded  by  ancient  writers.  Ros- 
cius,  the  tragedian,  used  to  follow  him  into 
the  forum  to  take  a  lesson  in  his  own  art. 
He  possessed  immense  wealth,  and  had  sev- 
eral splendid  villas. — His  son,  Q.  Hortensius 
Hobtalus,  was  put  to  death  by  M.  Antony 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi. 

HORUS  (-i),  the  Egyptian  god  of  the  sun, 
who  was  also  worshiped  in  Greece  and  at 
Rome. 

HOSTILIA  (-ae),  a  small  town  in  Gallia 
Cisalpiua,  on  the  Po,  and  on  the  road  from 
Mutina  to  Verona;  the  birthplace  of  Corne- 
lius Nepos. 

HOSTILIUS  TULLTJS.     [Tcllus  Hostil- 

1C8.] 


HTJNNI  (-orum),  an  Asiatic  people  who 
dwelt  for  some  centuries  in  the  plains  of  Tar- 
tary,  and  were  formidable  to  the  Chinese 
empire  long  before  they  were  known  to  the 
Romans.  A  portion  of  the  nation  crossed 
into  Europe,  and  were  allowed  by  Valens  to 
settle  in  Thrace,  a.d.  376.  Under  their  king, 
Attila  (a.d.  434-453),  they  devastated  the 
fairest  portions  of  the  empire  ;  but  a  few 
years  after  Attila's  death  their  empire  was 
completely  destroyed. 

HYlCINTHUS  (-i),  son  of  the  Spartan 
king  Amyclas,  was  a  beautiful  youth,  beloved 
by  Apollo  and  Zephyrus.  He  returned  the 
love  of  Apollo  ;  but  as  he  was  once  playing  at 
quoits  with  the  god,  Zephyrus,  out  of  jeal- 
ousy, caused  the  quoit  of  Apollo  to  strike  the 
head  of  the  youth  and  kill  him  on  the  spot. 
From  the  blood  of  nyacinthus  there  sprang 
the  flower  of  the  same  name  (hyacinth),  on 
the  leaves  of  which  appeared  the  exclamation 
of  woe,  AI,  AI,  or  the  letter  Y,  being  the  ini- 
tial of  'YaKtidor.  According  to  other  tradi- 
tions, the  hyacinth  sprang  from  the  blood  of 
Ajax.  Hyaciuthus  was  worshiped  at  Amy- 
clae  as  a  hero,  and  a  great  festival,  Hyacin- 
thia,  was  celebrated  in  his  honor. 

HYADES  (-urn),  that  is,  the  Rainers,  the 
name  of  nymphs  forming  a  group  of  7  stars 
in  the  bead  of  Taurus.  Their  names  were 
Ambrosia,  Eudora,  Pedile,  Coronis,  Pulijxn, 
Phyto,  and  Thyetne  or  Dicne.  Their  number, 
however,  is  diifferently  stated  by  the  ancient 
writers.  They  were  intrusted  by  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter) with  the  care  of  his  infant  son  Diony- 
sus (Bacchus),  and  were  afterwards  placed 
by  Zeus  among  the  stars.  The  story  which 
made  them  the  daughters  of  Atlas  relates 
that  their  number  was  12  or  15,  and  that  at 
first  5  of  them  were  placed  among  the  stars 
as  Hyades,  and  the  7  (or  10)  others  after- 
wards, under  the  name  of  Pleiades,  to  reward 
them  for  the  sisterly  love  they  had  evinced 
after  the  death  of  their  brother  Hyas,  who 
had  been  killed  in  Libya  by  a  wild  beast. 
The  Romans  derived  their  name  from  St,  a 
pig,  and  translated  it  by  Sundae.  The  most 
natural  derivation  is  from  veiv,  to  rain,  as  the 
constellation  of  the  Hyades,  when  rising  si- 
multaneously with  thesuu,  announced  rainy 
weather.  Hence  Horace  speaks  of  the  tristes 
Hyades. 

HYAMPOLIS  (-is),  a  town  in  Fhocis,  E. 
of  the  Cephissus,  near  Cleonae,  founded  by 
the  Hyantes,  destroyed  by  Philip  and  the 
Amphictyons. 

HYANTES  (-um),  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  Boeotia,  from  which  country  they  were 
expelled  by  the  Cadmeans.  Part  of  the  Hy- 
antes emigrated  to  Phocis,  where  they  found- 
ed Hyampolis,  and  part  to  Aetolia.  The  po- 
ets use  the  adjective  Uyantius  as  equivalent 
to  Boeotian. 

IIYAS  (-antis),  son  of  Atlas,  and  father  or 
brother  of  the  Hyades. 

HYBLA  (-ae),  3  towns  in  Sicily.  (1)  Ma- 
job,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Aetna  and  ou 
the  river  Symaethus.  was  originally  a  town 
of  the  Siculi.— (2)  Mlnor,  afterwards  called 


HYCCARA. 


205 


HYPERIDES. 


Megara.— (3)  Hf.raea,  in  the  S.  of  the  island, 
on  the  road  from  Syracuse  to  Agrigeutuin. 
It  is  doubtful  from  which  of  these  3  places 
the  Ilyblaean  honey  came,  so  frequently  men- 
tioned by  the  poets. 

HYCCiRA  (-drum),  a  town  of  the  Sicani 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  W.  of  Panormns, 
taken  by  the  Athenians, "and  its  inhabitants 
sold  as  slaves,  b.o.  415.  Among  the  captives 
was  the  beautiful  Timandra,  the  mistress  of 
Alcibiades  and  the  mother  of  Lais. 

BYDASPE8  (-ae  or  is:  Mum),  the  N.- 
most  of  the  5  great  tributaries  of  the  Indus, 
which,  with  the  Indus  itself,  water  the  great 
plain  of  N.  India,  which  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Himalaya  range,  and  which  is  now 
called  the  Punjab,  i.  e.  5  rivers.  The  Hydas- 
pes  falls  into  the  Acesiues  (Chenab),  which 
itself  falls  into  the  Indus.  The  epithet  "  fabu- 
losus,"  which  Horace  applies  to  the  Bydas- 
pes,  refers  to  the  marvelous  stories  current 
among  the  Romans,  who  knew  next  to  noth- 
ing about  India  ;  and  the  "Medus  Hydaspes" 
of  Virgil  is  merely  an  example  of  the  vague- 
ness with  which  the  Roman  poets  refer  to 
the  countries  beyond  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
empire. 

HYDRA.     [IlF.ucur.Es'.] 

IIYDREA  (-ae:  Hydra),  a  smnll  island  in 
the  L'ulf  of  Hennione  off  Argolis,  of  no  im- 
portance in  antiquity,  but  the  inhabitants  of 
Which  in  modern  times  played  a  distinguished 
part  in  the  war  of  Greek  independeuce,  and 
are  some  of  the  best  sailors  in  Greece. 

BYDRTJNTUM  (-i)  or  BYDRtfS  (-untis: 
Otranto),  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of 
Calabria,  situated  on  the  8.E.  coast,  near  a 
mountain  of  the  same  name:  it  had  a  good 
harbor,  from  which  personsfrequcntlycrossed 
over  to  Bpirus. 

EYGIKA,  also  called  EYGEA  or  BYGIA 
(-ne),  the  goddess  of  health,  and  a  daughter 
of  Aesculapius,  though  some  traditions  make 
her  the  wife  of  the  latter.  In  works  of  art 
sin-  is  represented  as  a  virgin  dressed  in  a 
long  robe,  and  feeding  a  serpent  from  a  cup. 

BYLAEUS  (-i),  that  is,  the  Woodman,  the 
name  of  an  Arcadian  centaur  who  was  slain 
by  Atalante  when  he  pursued  her.  Accord- 
ing to  some  legends  Bylaeus  fell  in  the  fighl 
ngainst  the  Lapithae,  .'in'!  act  ording  to  others 

he  WB8  one  of  the  centa'ir-  -lain  by  BerCUleS. 

llfl.A.s  (-ae),  a  beautiful  youth,  beloved 
by  Hercules,  whom  h<-  accompanied  in  the 
Argonautic  expedition.  Bavins  gone  on 
shore  on  the  coasl  of  Mysia  to  thaw  water, 
be  was  carried  off  by  tin;  Naiads,  and  lh-i- 
cules  long  sought  for  hitn  in  vain. 

IIVU;    -'"-  ,  a  gmall  town  in   Boeotla,  situ- 
ated on  the  lake  Hvi.ii  r,   (vhil  b    d 
after  this  town. 

IIYLFas  (-ne),  a  river  in  Bruttinm,  Bepa- 
raiinL'  tin'  territot  ies  of  Sybaris  ami  <  Iroton. 

II  VI.  If  K.        [|h, ,,■:.] 

IIYI.U  S  -i  .  eon  of  Ben  Dies  by  DelanTrn, 
and  husband  of  [ole.  Along  with  tie-  other 
sons  of  Hercules,  he  was  expelled  from  Pel 

oponnestis  by  Eurystheus,  ami  tool. 
at  Athene.     Be  was  slain  in  battle  1' 


inns,  king  of  Arcadia,  when  he  attempted 
afterwards  to  enter  Peloponnesus. 

IIYLLUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Lydia,  falling  into 
the  Ilermus  on  its  N.  side. 

HYMEN  or  HYMENAEUS  (-i),  the  god  ol 
marriage,  was  conceived  as  a  handsome  youth, 
and  invoked  in  the  hymeneal  or  bridal  soul'. 
The  name  originally  designated  the  bridal 
song  itself,  which  was  subsequently  personi- 
fied. His  parentage  is  differently  stated,  but 
he  is  usually  called  the  son  of  Apollo  and  a 
Muse.  He  is  represented  in  works  of  art  as 
a  youth,  but  taller  and  with  a  more  serious 
expression  than  Eros  (Amor),  and  carrying  iu 
his  hand  a  bridal  torch. 

HYMETTUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Attica, 
about  3  miles  S.  of  Athens,  celebrated  for  its 
marble  and  its  honey. 

HYPACYRIS,  HYPACARIS,  or  PACi- 
RIS  (-is),  a  river  iu  European  Sartnatia,  flow- 
ing through  the  country  of!  lie  nomad  Scythi- 
ans, and  falling  into  the  Sinus  Carciuites  in 
the  Euxine  Sea. 

BYPAEPA  (-r.rum),  a  city  of  Lydia,  on 
the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Tmolus,  near  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Caister. 

IlYPANIS  (-is:  Bog),  a  river  in  European 
Sarmatia,  falling  into  the  Euxine  Sea  W.  of 
the  Borysthenes. 

IlYPATA  (-drum),  a  town  of  the  Aenianes 
in  Thessaly,  S.  of  the  Spercheus,  whose  in- 
habitants were  notorious  for  witchcraft. 

BYPERBOLUS  (-i),  an  Athenian  dema- 
gogue in  the  I'cloponnesiau  war,  of  servile 
origin.  In  order  to  get  rid  either  of  Nicias 
or  Alcibiades,  Byperbolus  called  for  the  cx- 
ercise  of  the  ostracism.     Hut  the  parties  en- 

I  combined  to  defeat  hitn,  and  the 
vote  of  exile  fell  on  Byperbolus  himself:  an 
application  of  that  dignified  punishment  by 
which  it  was  thought  to  have  been  so  debased 
that  the  use  of  it  was  never  recurred  to. 
Some  years  afterwards  he  was  murdered  by 

II  Ch8  at  Sa s.  i:.o.  411. 

BYPERBORBI  or  -KI  (-flrum),  a  fabulous 

people,  supposed  to  live  in  a  state  of  perfect 
bappineBS,  in   a   land   of  perpetual   sunshine, 

beyond  the  .v.  wind;  whence  their  name 
(vvepBopeot,  tr.  iirip  and  Boptat).  The  poets 
u  e  tie-  term  Hyperborean  to  mean  only  most 
northerly,  as  when  Virgil  and  Horace  speak 
id'  the    Hyperboreae    orae    ami    Hyperborei 

in,, if, i.       The   fable  of  the    1 1  \  pe  rlioi  ea  lis   may 

probably  he  regarded  as  one  of  the  forms  in 
which  the  tradition  of  an  original  period  of 
Innocence  ami  happinei    exi  ted  ; tng  tho 

nations  of  the  ancient  world. 

BYPERBORfil  .montiis  was  originally 
the  mythical  name  of  an  imaginary  range  of 

mountains   in    the    N.  of  the   earth,  and   was 

afterwards  applied  by   the   g< raphe      to 

various  chains,  as,  for  example,  the  Cauca- 
Rhipael  Monte  .  and  others. 

BYFBRIDES I  PI  RlDl  9     I i  of 

the  to  An lc  orators,  wn     i      end  of  D 

theUCS,  and  one  Of  the  Naders  of  the  popular 

i'.  the  emissarie    of 

Anupater,  at  the  end  of  the  Lamian  v.  i 
:;:•.'.'.    None  of  his  orations  are  extant 


HYPERION. 


206 


IARDANES. 


HYPERION  (-onis),  a  Titan,  son  of  Uranus 
(Heaven}  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  father  of  Helios 
(the  Sun),  Selene  (the  Moon),  and  Eos  (Auro- 
ra). Helios  himself  is  also  called  Hyperion, 
which  is  a  contraction  of  the  patronymic  By- 
perionion.     [Helios.] 

HYPERMNESTRA  (-ae).  (1)  Mother  of 
Amphiaraus. —  (2)  One  of  the  daughters  of 
Danaus  and  wife  ofLynceus.    [Danaub;  Lyn- 

CI'.l'S.] 

HYPHASIS    or   HYPiSIS    or   HYPiNIS 

(-is),  a  river  of  India,  falling  into  the  Acesines. 

HYPSIPYLE  (-es),  daughter  of  Thoas,  king 
of  Lemnos,  saved  her  father  when  the  Leni- 
nian  women  killed  all  the  men  in  the  island. 
When  the  Argonauts  landed  there,  she  bore 
twin  sons  to  Jason.  The  Lemnian  women 
subsequently  discovered  that  Thoas  was  alive, 
whereupon  they  compelled  Hypsipyle  to  quit 
the  island.  On  her  flight  she  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  pirates  and  sold  to  the  Nemean  king, 
Lycurgus,  who  intrusted  to  her  care  his  son 
Archemorus  or  Opheltes.     [Arciikmoecs.] 

HYRCAXIA  (-ae),  a  province  of  the  ancient 
Persian  empire,  ou  the  S.  and  S.E.  shores  of 
the  Caspian  or  Hyrcaniau  sea,  and  separated 
by  mountains  on  "the  YV\,  S.,  and  E.  from  Me- 
dia, Parthia,  and  Margiaua.  It  flourished  most 
under  the  Parthians,  whose  kings  often  re- 
sided in  it  during  the  summer. 

HYRCANUM  or  -IUM  MARE.  [Caspium 
Mabe.] 


HYRCANUS  (-i).  (1)  Joannes,  prince  and 
high-priest  of  the  Jews,  was  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Simon  Maccabaeus,  tire  restorer  of 
the  independence  of  Judaea.  He  succeeded 
to  his  father's  power  u.c.  135,  and  died  in  106. 
Although  he  did  not  assume  the  title  of  king, 
he  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
monarchy  of  Judaea,  which  continued  in  his 
family  till  the  accession  of  Herod.  —  (2)  High- 
priest  and  king  of  the  Jews,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Alexander  Jannaeus  and  his  wife  Al- 
exandra, and  was  frequently  engaged  in  war 
with  his  brother  Aristobulus.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  Augustus,  is.o.  30.  He  was  succeed- 
ed in  the  kingdom  by  Herod. 

HYRIE  (-es).  (1)  A  town  in  Boeotia  near 
Tanagra.  —(2)  A  town  in  Apulia.     [Up.ia.] 

HYRMINE  (-es),  a  town  in  Elis,  mentioned 
by  Homer. 

nYRTACUS  (-i),  a  Trojan,  to  whom  Priam 
gave  his  flrst  wife  Arisba  when  he  married 
Hecuba.  Homer  makes  him  the  father  of 
Asius, called  Efyrtdcides. — In  VirLril,Nisusaud 
Hippocoon  are  also  represented  as  sous  of 
Hyrtacns. 

HYSIAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Argolis, 
S.  of  Argos,  destroyed  by  the  Spartans  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war. — (2)  A  town  in  Boeotia, 
E.  i  f  Plataeae,  called  by  Herodotus  a  demaa 
of  Attica,  but  probably  belonging  to  Plataeae. 

1IYSTASPES  (-is),  father  of  the  Persian 
king  Darius  L 


1. 


IACCHUS  (-i),  the  solemn  name  of  Bac- 
chus in  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  whose  name 
was  derived  from  the  boisterous  song  called 
Iacchus.  In  these  mysteries  Iacchus  was  re- 
garded as  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  De- 
meter  (Ceres),  and  was  distinguished  from 
the  Theban  Bacchus  (Dionysus),  the  son  of 
Zeus  and  Semele.  Iu  some  traditions  Iacchus 
is  even  called  a  son  of  Bacchus,  but  iu  others 
the  two  are  identified. 

IADERA  or  IADER,  a  town  on  the  coast 
of  IUyricum. 

IALYSUS  (-i),  one  of  the  3  ancient  Dorian 
cities  in  the  island  of  Rhodes,  stood  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  the  island,  about  60  stadia  S.W. 
of  Rhodes. 

IAMBLICHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Neo-Pla- 
tonic  philosopher  in  the  reign  of  Constantine 
the  Great  Among  his  extant  works  is  a  life 
of  Pythagoras. 

1AMNIA  (-ae:  O.  T.  Jabneel,  Jabueh),  a 
considerable  city  of  Palestine,  between  Dios- 
polis  and  Azotus,  near  the  coast,  with  a  good 
harbor. 

IAMUS  (-i),  son  of  Apollo  and  Evadne,  re- 
ceived the  art  of  prophecy  from  his  father, 
and  was  regarded  as  the  ancestor  of  the  fa- 
mous family  of  seers  the  Iamidae  at  Olym- 
pia. 

IAXTHE.     [Irms.] 

IA.PETUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Titans,  son  of 
Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  father 


of  Atlas,  Prometheus,  Epimetheus,  aud  Me- 
noetius.  He  was  imprisoned  with  Cronus 
(Saturnus)  in  Tartarus.  His  descendants — 
Prometheus,  Atlas,  and  others  —  are  often 
doi:_rnated  by  the  patronymics  Iiipetidae  (as), 
I&petiontdae  (en),  and  the  feminine  l'ip>0- 
onis. 

IAPYDES  (-um),  a  warlike  aud  barbarous 
people  iu  the  N.  of  IUyricum,  between  the 
rivers  Arsia  and  Tedanius.  were  a  mixed  race, 
partly  Illyrian  and  partly  Celtic,  who  tattooed 
their  bodies.  They  were  subdued  by  Augus- 
tus.    Their  country  was  called  Iapydia. 

IAPYGIA  (-ae),  the  name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  the  S.  of  Apulia,  from  Tarentum 
and  Brnndnsium  to  the  Prom.  Iapygiuw  C. 
Leuea),  though  it  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
whole  of  Apulia.  [Apui.ta.]  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  mythical  Iapyx. 

IAPYX  (-ygis).  (1)  Son  of  Lycaou  and 
brother  of  Dannius  and  Peucetins,  who  went 
as  leaders  of  a  colony  to  Italy.  According  to 
others  he  was  a  Cretan  and  a  son  of  Daeda- 
lus.—(2)  The  W.N.  W.  wind,  blowing  off  the 
coast  of  Iapygia  (Apnlia),  in  the  S.  of  Italy. 
and  consequently  favorable  to  persons  cross- 
ing over  to  Greece. 

IARBAS  or  niARBAS  (-ae),  king  of  the 
Gaetulinns,  and  son  of  Jupiter  Amnion  by  a 
Libyan  nymph,  sued  in  vain  for  the  hand  of 
Dido  in  marriage.     [Dino.] 

lARDANES.  king  of  Lydia,  and  father  of 
Omphale,  who  is  hence  called  Ian 


IARDANES. 


207 


ICHTHYOPIIAGI. 


CMPi  M  A  M  JUKJyJtA  :x  *X.U 


IARDANES  or  IARDANTJS  (-i).  (1) 
A  river  in  Elis.— (2)  A  river  in  the  N.  of 
Crete,  which  flowed  near  the  town  Cydo- 
nia. 

IASION  (-onis),  liSIUS,  or  IXSUS  (-i). 
(1)  Sou  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Electra,  he- 
loved  by  Demeter  (Ceres),  who  became  by 
him  the  mother  of  Pluton  or  Plutus  in 
Crete.  From  Iasion  came  the  patronymic 
Asides,  a  name  given  to  Palinnrus,  as  a  de- 
scendant of  Atlas.— (2)  Father  of  Atalante, 
who  is  hence  called  Idsis. — (3)  A  city  of 
Caria,  founded  by  Argives  and  farther  col- 
onized by  Milesians,  situated  on  the  Ias- 
siws  or  Iassicus  Sinus,  to  which  it  gave  its 
uame. 

IASTS.    [Iasius.] 

IAZYOES  (-um),  a  powerful  Sannatian 
people,  who  originally  dwelt  on  the  coast 
of  i  lie  rmi! us  Kuxinns  and  the  Palus  Mae- 
otis,  but  in  the  reign  of  Claudius  settled 
near  the  Quadi  in  Dacia,  in  the  country 
bounded  by  the  Danube,  the  Theiss,  and 
the  Sarmatian  mountains. 

IBERIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  name  given  by 
the  Greeks  to  Spain.  [Hispania.  ] — (2) 
(Part  of  Georgia)  A  country  of  Asia,  in  the 
centre  of  the  isthmus  between  the  Black  and 
Caspian  seas,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Cau- 
casus, on  the  W.  by  Colchis,  on  the  E.  by  Al- 
bania, and  on  the  S.  by  Armenia.  It  was  sur- 
rounded on  every  side  by  mountains,  and  was 
famed  for  a  fertility  of  which  its  modern 
name  (from  Teapyot)  remain-;  a  witness,  its 
inhabitants,  Ibbbes  or  Iiskiu,  were  more  civ- 
ilize i  than  iheir  neighbors  in  Colchis  and  Al- 
bania. Their  chief  employment  was  agri- 
culture. The  Bomans  first  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  country  through  the  expedition 
of  Pompey,  in  u.o.  65.  No  connection  can  be 
ii'  iced  between  the  Iberians  of  Asia  and  those 
ol  Spain. 

lliKKis  (-i:  Ebro),  the  principal  river  in 
the  N.K.  of  Spain,  rising  among  the  mount- 
ains of  the  Cantabri,  and  falling  into  the 
Mediterranean  ueai  Dertosa,  after  forming  a 
delta. 

TIivi  i  -  '.reek  lyric  poet  of  Rh<  fi- 

iitii,  speni  the  besl  pan  of  bis  life  al  Samo  . 
at  the  courl  of  Polycrates,  abonl  b.o.840.  It 
is  related  that  traveling  through  a  desert 
place  ae  ir  I  lorintb,  he  was  murdered  by  rob- 
bers, bill  before  he  died  lie  called  upon  n  flock 
of  ci  ane  thai  happened  to  fly  over  him  to 
avenge  his  death.  Soon  afterwards,  when 
the  people  ol  I  lorint  h  wei  e  at  sembled  in  the 
the. lire,  •  he  cranes  appeared  ■  and  om 
nun  derers,  who  happened  to  be  present,  cried 

out  involuntarily,  "  Behold  the         

I  by  ens :"  and  I  bn     ■■-  ere  thi     ml  aoi     of  the 
ci  one  detected. 

ICABITJS  (-1)  or  ICXBUS  (  i).  (l)  An 
Athenian,  who  hospitably  i  eceived  1 1 
in  Attica,  and  w  i-  tnughi  in  rel nrn  i be  cull i 
ration  ol  the  t  ine,  Icarlu  wa  lain  b 
:mis  who  had  become  intoxicated  by  some 
wine  which  he  had  given  them,  and  who 
i  that  they  had  bi  i  I  by  him. 

}|is  daughter  Erigone.  after  a  long 
found  his  grave,  to  which  Bhe  tva    couducti  d 
M 


MMMMM:MM 


ting  Ic 


by  his  faithful  dog  Maera.  From  grief  she 
huii";  herself  on  the  tree  under  which  he  was 
buried.  Zeus  (Jupiter),  or  Dionysus,  placed 
her  and  Icarius  among  the  star*,  making  Erig- 
one the  Virgin,  [carius  Bodies  or  Arcturus, 
and  Maera  Procyon.  or  the  little  dog.  Hence 
the  latter  is  called  tearius  eanis.  (2)  A  Lace- 
daemonian, son  of  Peiieres  and  Gorgoph6nej 
or  brother  of  Tyndareus,  grandson  of  Perie- 
ii",  ami  son  of  oeha lus.  He  promised  to  give 
his  daughter  Penelope  to  the  hero  u  ho  i  h  aid 
rnin  pier  in  a  foot-race;  but  when  Ulysse  won 
the  prize  he  tried  to  persuade  her  to  remain 

with  him.      Ulysses  allowed  her  to  do  af   -he 

plea  ed,  whereupon  she  covered  in  r  face  with 
i"  i  veil  to  hide  her  blushes,  i  hue  intimating 
thai  she  would  follow  her  husband. 

[C  \1M  S  (  i),  a  - t  Daedalus.      I  Dai  DA- 

ICARUS  (-i)  or  It  tBl  \  -ae),  an  island  of 
i  lie  Aegneau  sea;  one  of  the  Sporades,  W.  of 
Samoa.  Its  common  name,  and  thai  of  the 
surrounding  sea,  icarlum  Mare,  were  derived 
from  the  myth  ofloAitus.  Ii  was  flrsl  colo- 
nized by  the  Milesians,  bul  ai'  i  i  tvardi  be- 
h>n  ;ed  to  the  Samiau  . 

[Ci  ii  S  (-i),  a  Irleud  of  Horace,  who  ad 
dn  ed  to  him  an  ode,  in  w  hicli  the  noel  rep 
rehend  delii  atelj  bl  fi  iend'o  Inordinate  de- 
sire for  wealth. 

|i  t.\  I  i  Srum),  a  powei  in  I  people  In  Brll 
ain.  dwelling  N.  of  i be  Ti  Inobautei ,  In  the 
modern  counties  of  Suffolk  nnd  Norfolk 
Their  revoll  I  i  im  I  he  Romans,  under  thel 
heroic  queen  BoadicCn  I  celebrated  In  hit 
lory.    |  Boa \.  i     Their  chief  town   was 

\   I     .  I   \    I .    I     . . .  |    I    M     I   ■  | 

Norwich. 
|i  III  II  Vi'ii'ti  MM     Drum,  i.  e.  1     ' 

vague  descriptive  m given  by  the 

ancient  matt  of 

a  la  and  Afi  Ii  a,  of  whom  they  knew  but  lit 
tie.    Thus  we  flnd  [chthyophngi:   I,  in  the 


[CILIUS. 


'20  8 


ELIONA. 


extreme  S.B.  of  Asia,  in  the  conntry  of  the 
Sinae;  2,  on  the  coast  of  Gedrobia  ;  3,  on  the 
N.K.  coast  of  Arabia  Felix;  4,  in  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  above  Egypt;  5,  on 
the  W.  roast  of  Africa. 

[CILIUS  [-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated  ple- 
beian family,  the  most  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  which  was  Sp.  Icilius,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  b.o.  456  and  455.  lie  was  one  of  the 
chief  leaders  in  the  outbreak  against  the  de- 
cemvirs, 44'.'.  Virginia  having  been  betrothed 
to  him.     [Vibgini  •..; 

[C0NI0"M  ,.■:  Koniyeh),  the  capital  of  Ly- 
iii  Asia  Minor,  was,  when  visited  by 
St.  Paul,  a  nourishing  city. 

IDA  (-ae).  (1)  A  mountain  range  of  Mysia, 
in  Asia  .Minor,  celebrated  in  mythology  as  the 
scene  of  the  rape  of  Ganymede  (hence  called 
Idaeus  puer)  and  of  the*  judgment  of  Paris 
(hence  called  Idaeus  Judex).  In  Homer  the 
summit  of  Ida  is  the  place  from  which  the 
gods  watch  the  battles  in  the  plain  of  Troy. 
It  is  an  ancient  scat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele, 
who  obtained  from  it  the  name  of  Idaea  Ma- 
ter.— (2)  A  mountain  in  the  centre  of  Crete, 
closely  connected  with  the  worship  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  who  is  said  to  have  beeu  brought 
up  in  a  cave  in  this  mountain. 

IDAEI  DACTVLI.     [Da.  tvi.i.] 

IDALll'M  (-i),  a  town  in  Cyprus,  sacred  to 
Venus,  who  hence  bore  the  surname  Idalia. 

IDAS  (-ae),  son  of  Aphareus  and  Arene, 
and  brother  of  Lynceus.  From  the  name 
of  their  father.  Idas  and  Lyncens  are  called 
Apharetidae  or  Apharidae.  Apollo  was  iu 
love  with  Marpessa,  the  danghter  of  Evenus, 
but  Idas  carried  her  off  in  a  winged  chariot 
which  Poseidon  (Neptune)  had  given  him. 
The  lovers  fought  for  her  possession  :  but 
3  ip  ei  separated  them,  and  left  the 
decision  with  Marpessa,  who  chose  Idas,  from 
fear  lest  Apollo  should  desert  her  if  she  grew 
old.  The  Apharetidae  also  took  part  in  the 
Calydonian  limit,  and  in  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts.  But  the  most  celebrated  part  of 
thetr  story  is  their  battle  with  the  Dioscuri — 
Castor  anil  Pollux —  which  is  related  else- 
where [p.  150]. 

IDISTAVISUS  CAMPUS,  a  plain  in  Ger- 
many near  the  Weser,  probably  iu  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Porta  Westphaliea,  memora- 
ble for  the  victory  of  Germauicus  over  the 
Chernsci,  a.i>.  16. 

IDMON  (-ouis).  (1)  Father  of  Arachne,  a 
native  of  Colophon . — (2)  Son  of  Apollo  and 
n  as  a  soothsayer,  and  ac- 
companied the  Argonauts,  although  iie  knew 
beforehand  that  death  awaited  him.  He  per- 
ished in  the  conntry  of  the  Mariandynians. 

IDOMENE!  S  (-  -  ,  son  of  the 

Cretan  Deucalion,  and  grandson  of  Minos 
and  Pasiphae,  was  king  of  Crete.  He  is 
sometimes  called  Lyctnus  or  Cnosmts,  from 
the  Cretan  towns  of  Lyctus  and  Cnossus.  He 
led  the  Cretans  against  Troy,  and  was  one  of 
the  bravest  heroes  iu  the  Trojan  war.  He 
rowed  to  sacrifice  to  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
whatever  he  should  first  meet  on  his  landing, 
if  the  god  would  graut  him  a  safe  return. 
riiis  was  his  own  sou,  whom  he  accordingly 


sacrificed.  As  Crete  was  thereupon  visiter. 
by  a  plague,  the  Cretans  expelled  Idomeueiis, 
who  went  to  Italy,  where  he  settled  in  Ca- 
labria. 

IDUMAEA  (-ae),  the  Greek  form  of  the 
Scriptural  name  Ebom.  Iu  the  O.  T.,  Edom  is 
the  district  of  Mount  Seir,  that  is,  the  mount- 
ainous region  extending  from  the  Dead  Sea 
to  the  E.  head  of  the  Ked  Sea.  The  decline 
of  the  kingdom  of  Judaea  enabled  the  Edom- 
ites  to  extend  their  power  over  the  S.  part  of 
Judaea  as  far  as  Hebron,  while  their  original 
territory  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Na- 
bathaeau  Arabs.  Thus  the  Idumaea  of  the 
later  Jewish  and  of  the  Roman  history  is  the 
S.  part  of  Judaea,  and  a  small  portion  of  the 
>»'.  of  Arabia  Petraea,  extending  from  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  \V.  side  of  Mount  Seir. 
Autipater,  the  father  of  Herod  the  Great,  was 
au  Idumaean.  The  Roman  writers  of  the 
Augustan  and  of  later  acres  use  Idumaea  and 
Judaea  as  equivalent  terms.  B  .tb  the  old 
Edomites  and  the  later  Idumaeans  were  a 
commercial  people,  and  carried  on  a  great 
part  of  the  traffic  between  the  East  aud  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 

IDYIA  (-ae),  wife  of  the  Colchiau  kinc 
Aeetes,  and  mother  of  Medea. 

1ETAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  the  interior  of 
Sicily,  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  S.W 
of  Macella. 

I<;iI.irM  (-i :  Giglio),  a  small  island  off  the 
Etruscan  coast,  opposite  Cosa. 

IGTJYJUM  (-i :  Gubbio  or  hunubw).  an  im- 
portant town  in  Umbria,  on  the  S.  .-lope  of 
the  Apennines.  On  a  mountain  near  this 
town  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  Jupiter,  in 
the  ruins  of  which  were  discovered  T  brazen 
tables,  covered  with  Umbrian  inscriptions, 
and  which  are  still  preserved  at  Gubbio. 
These  tables,  frequently  called  the  Fnnubian 
Tables,  contain  more  than  1000  Umbrian 
words,  and  are  of  great  importance  for  a 
knowledge  of  the  ancient  languages  of  Italy. 

ILAIRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Leucippus  and 
Philodice,  and  sister  of  Phoebe.  The  2  sis- 
ters are  frequently  mentioned  by  the  poets 
under  the  name  of  Lettcippidae.  Both  were 
carried  off  by  the  Dioscuri,  and  Ilaira  became 
the  wife  of  Castor. 

ILERA( !( »NES,  ILERCAONENSES,  or  IL- 
LURGAVONENSES  (-urn),  a  people  iu  His- 
pania Tarraconensis  on  theW.  coast  between 
the  Iberus  aud  Mount  Idubeda.  Their  chief 
town  was  Dii:  I 

ILERDA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Ilergctes  in 
Hispauia  Tarraconensis,  situated  on  a  height 
above  the  river  Sicoris  (Segre),  which  was 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  was  here 
that  Afranius  and  Petreius,  the  legates  ot 
Pompey,  were  defeated  by  Caesar  (u.c.  49). 

ILEKUETES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Ilispanh 
Tarraconensis,  between  the  Iberus  aud  the 
Pyrenees. 

ILIA  or  RHEA  SILVIA.    [Romulus.] 

I  MENSES,  an  ancieut  people  in  Sakmnia. 

ILIONA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hec- 
uba, wife  ofPolymnestor  or  Polymestor,  king 
of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  to  whom  sh< 


ILIONEUS. 


209 


IN  AC  HI'S. 


bore  a  son,  Deipylus.  As  to  her  connection 
with  Polydorus,  see  Poi.ydoeus. 

ILlOXEUS  (-i-i,  Cos,  or  C-ds),  a  son  of  Nio- 
be,  whom  Apollo  would  have  liked  to  save, 
because  he  was  praying;  but  the  arrow  was 
in)  lunger  under  the  control  of  the  god.    [Xi- 

OBK.] 

ILIPA,  a  town  in  Ilispania  Baetica,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Baetis,  which  was  navigable 
to  this  place  with  small  vessels. 

ILISSUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Attica.  ri.~i ti lt 
on  the  N.  slope  of  Mount  Hymettus,  flowing 
through  the  E.  side  of  Athens,  and  losing  it- 
self in  the  marshes  in  the  Athenian  plain. 

ILITHYIA  (-ae),  the  goddess  of  the  Greeks 
who  aided  women  in  childbirth.  In  the  Iliad 
the  Ilithyiae  (in  the  plural)  are  called  the 
daughters  of  Hera  (Juno) ;  but  in  the  Odys- 
sey and  in  later  poets  there  is  only  one  god- 
dess  of  this  name. 

ILIUM.     [Tkoas.] 

ILLIBERIS  (-is).  (1)  (Tech),  called  Tiohis 
or  Tecucm  by  the  Romans,  a  river  in  Gallia 
Narbonen8is  in  the  territory  of  the  Sardoues, 
rising  in  the  Pyrenees  and  falling,  after  a 

short  course,  into  the  Mare  Qallicnm (2) 

(Elne  .  a  town  of  the  Sautone8,  on  the  above- 
mentioned  river,  at  t lie  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 
Constantine  changed  its  name  into  Helena, 
whence  the  modern  Elite. 

ILLITURGIS  or  ILI.ITTRGI.an  important 
town  of  the  Turduli  in  Ilispania  Tarrat 
sis,  Bitnated  on  a  steep  rock  near  the  Baetis. 

ILLTlUcr.M  (-i)  or  ILLT'RIS  (-Idis),  more 
rarely  II.I.vi;;  \  -ae),  was,  in  its  widest  sig- 
nification, all  the  land  \V.  of  Macedonia  and 
K.  of  Italy  ami  lihuctia,  extending  S.  as  far 
as  Epirus  ami  N.  as  far  as  the  valleys  of  the 
Savns  ami  Dravus,  and  the  junction  of  these 
rivers  with  the  Danube.  The  country  was 
divided  into  two  parts:  I.  (ixybis  Babbaba 
or  Romana,  the  Roman  province  of  [m.hm- 
i  i  'i.  extended  along  the  Adriatic  Sea  from 

It  llj     [stria),  from  which  it  was  separated  by 

Hie  river  Drilo,  and  was  bound- 
ed on  i in'  i:.  by  i  and  Moesin  Supe- 
rior, from  whit  ii  it  was  separated  by  the  i>ri- 
nus,  and  on  the  X.  bv  Pannonin,  from  which 
it  was  separated  by  the  Dravus.  It  thns  com- 
prehended a  part  of  ile'  modern  Croatia,  Hie 
whole  of  Dalmatia,  aim n  I  the  whole  of  Bos- 
nia, and  a  pai  i  oi  ilbania.  U  was  divided  in 
ancient  times  into  :;  districts:  iapydia,  the 
interior  of  the  country  on  the  N.,  from  the 
Arsia  to  the  'i'edanine  [Iapydrs];  Liburnln, 
along  tie-  coai  I  fi  nm  I  he  A  la  to  1  be  Tiiius 
[Libubni]  ;  and  Dalmatia,  8.  of  Liburuia, 
along  the  coast  from  the  TitiUS  to  die  Drilo. 
[Dalhai  i  s.  i  'fie-  Liburnlaus  submitted  al 
in  early  day  to  the  Romans :  but  it  wee  not 
till  after  the  conqnest  of  the  Dalmal Ian  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus  that  the  entire  country 
was  organized  a-  a  Roman  province.  From 
tin-  tine'  tie  M  rians,  and  "  peel  ally  the  Dal- 
matians, formed  an  important  part  of  tie' 
Roman  legions.  II.  I  i.i.-.  i:  i  s  QbaJEOA,  or  1 1.- 
i.vi-.ia  proper,  also  called  Epibcs  Nova,  ex- 
tended from  ile-  Drilo, along  the  Adriatic,  to 
the  (  erauiiian  mountains,  which  separated  it 
from  EpirUB  proper;   it   was  bounded  on  Me 


E.  by  Macedonia.  It  thus  embraced  the  greater 
part  of  the  modern  Albania.  Its  inhabitants 
were  subdued  by  Philip,  the  father  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great;  but  after  the  death  of  the 
latter  they  recovered  their  independence.  At 
a  later  time  the  injury  which  the  Roman 
trade  suffered  from  their  piracies  brought 
against  them  the  arms  of  the  republic.  Their 
queen  Teuta  was  defeated  by  the  Romans, 
and  compelled  to  pay  an  annual  tribute,  u.n. 
229.  The  Illyrians  were  again  conquered  by 
the  consul  Aemilins  Paulus,  219.  Their  king 
Gen  tins  formed  an  alliance  with  Perseus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  against  Rome;  but  he 
was  conquered  by  the  praetor  L.  Auicius,  in 
the  same  year  as  Perseus,  168;  whereupon 
Illyria,  as  well  as  Macedonia,  became  subject 
to  Rome.  The  Illyrian  tribes  were  all  more 
or  less  barbarous."  They  were  probably  of 
the  same  origin  as  the  Thracians,  but  some 
Celts  were  mingled  with  them. 

ILUS  (-i),  sou  ofTros  ami  CallirrhoS  great- 
grandson  of  Dardanus;  whence  he  is  called 
Dardanides.  lie  was  the  father  of  Laomedon 
and  the  grandfather  of  Priam.  He  was  be- 
lieved to  be  the  founder  of  [lion,  which  was 
also  called  Troy,  after  his  father. 

ILVA.     [Aethalia.] 

ILVATES  (-um),  a  people  in  Liguria,  S.  of 
tie   Po,  iii  the  modern  Montfen <</. 

IM.U'IIAliA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Sicily,  in  the 
I [ei  e  an  mountains. 

IMAL's  (-ii,  the  name  of  a  great  mountain 
range  of  Asia,  is  one  of  those  terms  which 
the  ancient  geographers  appear  to  have  used 
indefinitely,  fn-  want  of  ex  ict  knowledge. 
in  it-  most  definite  application,  it  appears  to 
mean  the  W.  pari  of  Hie  Uimala  •<■.  between 
the  Paropamisus  and  the  Emodi  Montes :  but 
when  it  is  applied  to  some  great  chain,  ex- 
tending  much  Farther  to  the  N.  and  dividing 
Scythia  into  -'  parts— Scythla  intra  [inaum 
ami  Scythia  extra  Imaiiin  it  must  either  be 
understood  to  mean  the  Moubbout  or  Altai 
mountains,  or  else  some  Imaginary 

which  can  not  In-  identified  with  any  a' 

existing  mono 
[MBROS  ■  r  [MBRUS  (-i),  an  island  in  the 

N.    of    the     ,\.  near    the    'Hi 

i  i  bus,  ai i  •>:,  miles  iii  circumft  i 

Like  tin-  neighboring  island  of  Samothrnce, 
it  was  one  of  the  chief  seat-  of  the  worship 
oft  he  <  labiri. 
IN  At 'HIS    (-idis),   a    surname    of    [o,    the 
'i     tei   ol   lea'  hus.    The  god  I  is  m 

also  called  /»<*.  i<<  .  \  ,  cause  she  wai  Idi 
with  to;  and  sometl s  InachU  i-  used  as 

u    with  an   krgive  oi  Qreel    wom 

an. — fnacMdes  in  thi       m  ■•■  <-  in  ed  a  ■ 

a  name  of  Epaphu  ,  a  grandson  of  [nnchus, 
and  also  of  I'. 

■  lie  <  iiy  ot  [nnchus. 

IN  \>   III   -     |  i  t      Soil    of  (lean  , 

Tethys,  and  fill  hi    ol  I  'hi  n  uni  it    ami  to,  was 

the  first  b  He.'  ol   A  | 

his  name  to  I  he  ri'.ei    [unchUS. 

nncients  regarded  him  a-  the  leader  of  an 
I  ti  or  Libyan  colony  on  tho  b  u 

the  [nnchus.— (2)  The  cblel  i  Ii  er  in    \ 
rising  on  lie-  bordi  (  t,  re  eiving 


1NAKIME. 


210 


INUI. 


near  Argos  tlie  small  river  Charadrus,  and 
(ailing into  the  Sinus  Argolicus  S.E.  of  Argos. 
INARIME.     [Aenakia.] 

INAKOS  (-i),  son  of  Psanimitichus,  a  Liby- 
an, and  the  leader  of  a  revolt  of  the  Egyp- 
tians against  the  Persians,  b.o.  461.  He  was 
at  first  saccessfal,  but  was  eventually  defeat- 
ed by  the  Persians,  takeu  prisoner  and  cruci- 
fied, 455. 

INDIA  (-ae),  was  a  name  used  by  the 
Sreeks  and  Rinnans,  much  as  the  modern 
term  East  Indies,  to  describe  the  whole  of 
the  S.E.  part  of  Asia,  including  the  '2  penin- 
sulas of  Hindustan,  and  of  Burmah,  Cochin- 
china,  Siam,  and  Malacca,  and  also  the  isl- 
ands of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  The  direct 
acquaintance  of  the  Western  nations  with 
India  dates  from  the  reign  of  Darius,  the  son 
of  Rystaspes,  who  added  to  the  Persian  em- 
pire a  part  of  its  N.W.  regions,  perhaps  only 
as  far  as  the  Indus,  certainly  not  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  Punjab.  The  expedition  of  Ai.- 
EXAsntit  into  India  first  brought  the  Greeks 
into  actual  contact  with  the  country ;  but  the 
conquests  of  Alexander  only  extended  within 
Sciiide  and  the  Punjab,  as  far  as  the  river 
Htpdabib,  down  which  he  sailed  into  the 
Indus,  and  down  the  Indus  to  the  sea.  The 
Greek  king  of  Syria,  SelencusNicator,  crossed 
the  Hyphasis,  and  made  war  with  the  Prasii, 
a  people  dwelling  on  the  banks  of  the  Upper 
Ganges,  to  whom  he  afterwards  sent  embas- 
-.  Darned  Megasthenes  and  Daimachns, 
who  lived  for  several  years  at  Palibothra, 
the  capital  of  the  Prasii,  and  had  thus  the  op- 
portunity of  obtaining  much  information  re- 
specting the  parts  of  India  about  the  Ganges. 
The  later  geographers  made  two  great  divis- 
of  India,  which  are  separated  by  the 
Ganges,  and  are  called  India  intra  Gangem, 
and  India  extra  Gangem,  the  former  includ- 
ing the  peninsula  of  Hindustan,  the  latter  the 
Burmese  peninsula.  They  were  acquainted 
with  the  division  of  the  people  of  Hindustan 
into  castes,  of  which  they  enumerate  7. 

INDICETAE  or  INDIGETES  (-urn),  a 
people  in  the  N.E.  corner  of  Hispania  Tarra- 
conensis,  close  upon  the  Pyrenees.  Their 
chief  town  was  Emporium. 

INDICES  OCEXNUS.  [Erythraecm 
Mark.] 

INDIGETES  (-urn),  the  name  of  those 
enous  gods  and  heroes  at  Rome  who 
once  lived  on  earth  as  mortals,  and  were 
worshiped  after  their  death  as  gods.  Thus 
Aeneas,  after  his  disappearance  on  the  banks 
of  the  Numicus,  became  a  deus  Fndiges,  pater 
'<■  i,  or  Jupiter  !  dines;  and  in  like  man- 
ner Romulus  became  Quirinus,  and  Latinns 
Jupiter  Latiaris. 

INDUS  (-i).  (1)  A  great  river  of  India, 
I  in  the  table-land  of  Thibet,  and  flowing 
through  the  great  plain  of  the  Punjab  into 
the  Erythraeum  Mare    '  •  .  which 

It  enters  by  several  months.  The  ancient 
name  of  India  was  derived  from  the  native 
name  of  the  Indus  (Sind). — (2)  A  considerable 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  rising  in  Phrygia,  and 
flowing  through  Uaria  into  the  Mediterrane- 
an opposite  to  Rhodes. 


INDUTIOMA.RUS    or    INDUCIOMARUS 

(-i),  one  of  the  leading  chiefs  of  the  Treviii 
in  Gaul,  defeated  and  slain  by  Labienus,  j;.iv 

54.       [ClNGETOBIX.] 

IN  ESSA.     [Aetna,  No.  2.] 

INFERI  (-orum),  the  gods  of  the  nether 
world,  in  contradistinction  from  the  Superi, 
or  the  gods  of  heaven.  But  the  word  triferi 
is  also  frequently  used  to  designate  the  dead, 
and  therefore  comprises  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  lower  world,  both  the  gods,  viz.,  Hades 
or  Pluto,  bis  wife  Persephone  (Proserpina), 
the  Erinnyes  or  Furies,  etc,  arid  also  as  the 
souls  of  departed  men. 

INI- E RUM  MARE.     [Etblria.] 

INGAEVONES.     [Geemania.] 

INGAUNI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Liguria  on 
the  coast,  whose  chief  town  was  Ai.wr.M  I>- 

GATTNUM. 

INO  (-Cis  ;  ace  -6),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia.  and  wife  of  Athamas.    [Athamab.] 

INOUS  (-i),  a  name  both  of  Melicertes  and 
of  Palaemon,  because  they  were  the  sons  of 
Ino. 

INSUBRES  (-itim),  a  Gallic  people,  who 
crossed  the  Alps  and  settled  in  Gallia  Trans- 
padana  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  Their  chief  town 
was  Mkdioi.ancm.  They  were  conquered  by 
the  Romans,  shortly  before  the  commence- 
ment of  the  '2d  Punic  war. 

INTEMELII  (-orum),  a  people  in  Liguria 
on  the  coast,  whose  chief  town  was  Aldu'm 
Intemei.u'.m. 

INTEKAMNA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several 
towns  in  Italy,  so  called  from  their  lying 
between  2  streams.  (1)  (Terni),  in  Umbria, 
situated  on  the  Nar,  and  surrounded  by  a 
canal  flowing  into  this  river,  whence  itsiu- 
habitants  were  called  Interamnatee  Xartes. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Taci- 
tus.— (2)  In  Latium,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Casinus  with  the  Liris,  whence  its  inhabit- 
ants are  called  Interamnatee  Lirinates. 

INTERCATIA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Vaccaei 
in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  on  the  road  from 
Asturica  to  Caesaraugnsta. 

INTERNUM  MARE,  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  extending  on  the  \V.  from  the  Strait  of 
Hercules,  which  separated  it  from  the  At- 
lantic, to  the  coasts  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minoi 
on  the  E.  It  was  called  by  the  Romans 
Mare  Internum  or  InUstinwm  ;  by  the  Greeks 
»']  e<rto  idXaT-a,  or  t)  61-69  SaKaTra,  or,  more 
fully,  h  kvros  'HpaxAeiW  <tt»i\(ui/  SdXaTTa,  and 
by  Herodotns,  ^3e  11  i<i\a-ra  ;  and  from  its 
washing  the  coasts  both  of  Greece  and  Italy, 
it  was  also  called,  both  by  Greeks  and 
Romans,  Our  Sea  («>  i'fierepa  kx0T7a,  .';  xaj' 
ri/uo<  '-.-riXarra,  Man  tVbsrrum).  The  term 
Mare  Mediterranewm  is  not  used  by  the  best 
classical  writers,  and  occurs  first  in  Solinus. 
The  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide  are  perceptible 
in  only  a  few  parts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
such  as  in  the  Syrles  on  the  coast  of  Africa. 
in  the  Adriatic,  etc.  The  different  parts  of 
the  Mediterranean  are  called  by  different 
names,  which  are  spoken  of  in  separate  ar 
tides. 

IN  LI  CASTRUM.     [Cabtrdm,  No.  1.] 


10. 


211 


IPHICRATES. 


IO  (-as),  daughter  of  Inachus,  first  king 
of  Argos,  beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and 
metamorphosed,  through  fear  of  Hera  (Juno) 
into  a  heifer.  The  goddess,  who  was  aware 
of  the  change,  placed  her  under  the  care  of 
hundred-eyed  Argus,  who  was,  however, 
slain  by  Hermes  ("Mercury)  at  the  command 
of  Zeus.  Hera  then  tormented  Io  with  a 
gad-fly,  and  drove  her  in  a  state  of  frenzy 
from  land  to  land,  until  at  length  she  found 
rest  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile.  Here  she  re- 
covered her  original  form,  and  bore  a  son  to 
Zeus,  called Epaphus.  [Ei'Arni'6.]  The  wan- 
derings of  Io  were  very  celebrated  in  antiq- 
uity, and  the  Bosporus  (i.  e.  Ox-ford)  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  her  swimming 
across  it.  According  to  some  traditions,  Io 
married  Ariris  or  Telegonus,  king  of  Egypt, 
aud  was  afterwards  identified  with  the  Egyp- 
tian goddess  Isis.  It  appears  that  Io  was 
identical  with  the  moon ;  whence  she  is  rep- 
resented as  a  woman,  with  the  horns  of  a 
heifer. 

IObATES,  king  of  Lycia.    [Belleeophon.] 

IOL.     [Caebaiiea,  No.  4.] 

IOLAUS  (-i),  sou  of  Iphicles  and  Autome- 
dusa.  Iphicles  was  the  half-brother  of  Her- 
cules, and  Iolaus  was  the  faithful  companion 
and  charioteer  of  the  hero.  Hercules  sent 
him  to  Sardinia  at  the  head  of  his  sons  by 
the  daughters  ofThespiuS;  but  lie  returned 
to  the  hero  shortly  before  his  death,  and  was 
the  rirst  who  offered  sacrifices  to  him  as  a 
demigod.  Iolaus  after  his  death  obtained 
permission  from  the  gods  of  the  nether 
world  to  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Hercules.  He  slew  Eurystheus,  and 
then  returned  to  the  shades. 

IOLCUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  Magnesia 
in  Th<-sa]y,  at  the  top  of  the  Pagaseau  gulf, 
about  a  miii;  from  the  sea.  H  wae  celebrated 
in  mythology  a-  the  residence  of  Peliae  and 
and  a-  the  place  from  which  the  Argo- 
nauts sailed  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

RJLE  if  Bnrytus  of  Oecba- 

lia,  beloved  by  Hercules.    [Heboi  u  s.]    After 
the  death  of  Hercules,  Bhe  married  b 
Hyllus. 

I<).\  (-finis),  the  fabulous  ancestor  of  the 
Ionians,  sun  of  Xuthu-  and  Creusa,  or  of 
Apollo  and  Creusa,  grandson  of  Helen.  Ac- 
cording to  some  traditions  he  reigned  in 
Attica. 

IONIA  (-ae)  and  ioxis  (-Wis)  (Roman 
poet.),  a  distt  lei   "ii  tin-  \v\  coasl   ol 

.Minor,  so  called  from  the  Ionian  Qreeks  who 

ed  it  at  a  time  earlier  than  any  dls- 
tincl  historical  recordi .     The  mythi 

count  of  ■■  Hi' 

thai  .a  con  equeni  e  of  n,  .  tween 

'  lodrus,  king  of  Athen-,  about 
the  succession  to  his  govern 

md  Androi 

h  of  a  new  home,  1  in  years 

after  the  Trojan  war,  or  b.o.  1044.     in  the 
historical  times  we  And  12  great  cities  on  the 

ai'ove-nai I  coasl  claiming  to  be  of  ionic 

origin,  and  all  united  into  one  confedi 

The  district  they  possessed  formed  a  narrow 
Strip  of  coast,  extending  between,  and  some- 


what beyoud,  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  Mean- 
der on  the  S.  and  Hermits  on  the  N.  The 
names  of  the  12  cities,  going  from  S.  to  N., 
were  Miletus,  Mm  b,  Peiene,  Samos  (city 
and  island),  Et'iiEsts,  Colophon,  Lebedcs, 
Teos,  Erytueae,  Chios  (city  aud  island), 
Clazomenae,  and  Phocaea  ;  the  city  of 
Smyrna,  which  lay  within  this  district,  but 
was  of  Aeolic  origin,  was  afterwards  (about 
B.C.  700)  added  to  the  Ionian  confederacy. 
The  common  sanctuary  of  the  league  was  the 
Pauioninm,  a  sanctuary  of  Poseidon  -Nep- 
tune), on  the  promontory  of  Mycule,  opposite 
to  Samos;  and  here  was  held  the  great  na- 
tional assembly  of  the  confederacy,  called 
Panionia.  At  an  early  period  these  cities 
attained  a  high  degree  of  prosperity.  They 
were  first  conquered  by  Croesus,  king  of 
Lydia ;  a  second  time  by  Harpagus,  the  gen- 
eral of  Cyrus,  n.o.  545;  and  having  revolted 
from  the  Persians,  they  were  reconquered  by 
the  latter,  490.  In  no"  country  inhabited  by 
the  Hellenic  race,  except  at  Allien-,  were  the 
refinements  of  civilization,  the  aits,  and  lit- 
erature more  highly  cultivated  than  in  Ionia. 
Out  of  the  long  list  of  the  authors  and  artists 
of  Ionia,  we  may  mention  the  poet.-  Mimner- 
mus  of  Colophon,  and  Anacreon  of  Teos; 
the  philosophers,  Thales  of  .Miletus,  and  An- 
axagoras  ofClazomenae  ■.  the  early  aunalists, 
Cadmus  and  Hecataeus  of  Miletus;  and  the 
painters,  Zeuxis,  Apelles,  and  Purrhasinsr. 
The  important  place  which  some  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Ionia  occupy  in  the  early  history  of 
Christianity  is  attested  by  the  Acta  Of  tht 
Apostles,  and  by  the  epistles  of  St.  Paul  to 
the  Ephesians  and  of  St.  .John  to  the  7 
chinches  of  Asia. 

IONIUM    MARE,  the   sea   between    Italy 
and  Greece  8.  of  the  Adriatic,  beginning  on 

the  W.  at  Hydruntum  in  Calabria,  ami  on  the 
E.  at  Oricus  iii  Epiras,  or  at  the  Cerauniau 

mountains.  In  more  ancient  limes  the 
Adriatic   was   called   the   [oil inn      nil';    while 

at  a  later  time  the  [oninm  Man 
included  in  the  Adrial  Ic.  in  it  widest 
niflcntion  the  Ionium  Mare  Included  the  Mint  e 
Siculurn,  Creticum,  and  Tcarium,  It.-  name 
was  usually  derived  by  the  anci<  uts  from  the 
wanderings  of  Io,  but  it  was  more  probablj 
so  called  from  the  Ionian  colonies  which  set- 
tled in  Cephallenia  and  the  Other  islands  nil 

the  \s'.  coasts  of  i  Jreece. 

[OPHON    (-ontls).  son   of  Sophocles    by 

Nicostrate,  was  a  distinguished  trt 

For  the  celebrated  Btory   <•(  bis   undutifu! 
ust  his  fathei .  oi  t   . 

il'li  i  ,.  Evndne,  a  d 

[phis,  and  n  Ife  of  <   tp 

IIMIK   I.I.S    (-is)    or   IPHICLUS 
Son  of  Amphitryon  and  Alcmcue  of  Thebes 
n  hi-  balf-bi 

II.-   was  Iii  - 1   man  led   I"    \   ■ 

dusa,  the  daughter  of  a  Ic  ithou  ,  bj   whom 
he  became  the  fal her  i  I   i  ■  i  i  d  after- 
wards to  the  yonii  [est  i  Cn  on. 
(2)  Son  of  I'ii  i  if  the 
Argonaut 
in  rum 

[PHICRATES,  a  famous  Athenian  genei  il, 

so.i  of  a  shoemaker,   Inti  o  th« 


IPHIGENIA. 


L'12 


IK  A. 


Athenian  army  the  peltastae  or  targeteers, 
a  body  of  troops  possessing,  to  a  certain 
extent",  the  advantages  of  heavy  and  light 
armed  forces.  This  he  effected  by  substitut- 
ing a  small  target  for  the  heavy  shield,  adopt- 
ing a  longer  sword  imd  spear,  and  replacing 
the  old  coat  of  mail  by  a  linen  corslet.  At 
the  head  of  his  targeteers  he  defeated  and 
nearly  destroyed  a  Spartan  mora,  in  b.o.392, 
an  exploit  which  became  very  celebrated 
throughout  Greece.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cotys,  king  of  Thrace,  and  died  shortly 
befort  848. 

IPHIGENIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Agamem- 
non and  Clytaemnestra,  according  to  the 
common  tradition;  but  daughter  of  Theseus 
and  Helena,  according  to  others.  In  couse- 
qneuce  of  Agamemnon  having  once  killed  a 
hart  in  the  grove  of  Artemis  (Diana),  the 
goddess  in  auger  produced  a  calm  which 
preveuted  the  Greek  fleet  in  Aulis  from  sail- 
ing against  Troy.  Upon  the  advice  of  the 
seer  Calchas,  Agamemnon  proceeded  to  sac- 
riflce  Iphigenia,  in  order  to  appease  the  god- 
dess  :  but  Artemis  put  a  hart  in  her  place, 
and  carried  her  to  Tauris,  where  she  became 
the  priestess  of  the  goddess.  Here  she  aft- 
erward" saved  her  brother  Orestes,  when  he 
was  on  *he  point  of  being  sacrificed  to  Arte- 


mis, and  tied  with  him  to  Greece,  carrying 
off  the  statue  of  Artemis,  iphigenia  was  wor- 
shiped both  in  Athens  and  Sparta;  and  it  is 
probable  that  she  was  originally  the  same  as 
Artemis  herself. 

IPHIMEDIA  (-ae)  or  IPHIMEDE  (-es),  wife. 
of  Aloeus,  became  by  Poseidon  (Neptune)  the 
mother  of  Aloldae,  Otus,  and  Ephialtes. 

IPHIS  (-idis).  (1)  A  youth  iu  love  with 
Anaxarete.  [Anaxarete.] —  (2)  A  Cretar 
girl,  was  brought  up  as  a  boy,  and  being  be 
trothed  to  Ian  the,  was  metamorphosed  by 
Isis  into  a  youth. 

IPHITUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Eurytus  of  Oe 
cbalia,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  afterwards 
killed  by  Hercules.  [HEuour.ES.] — (2)  King 
of  Elis,  who  restored  the  Olympic  games,  and 
instituted  the  cessation  of  all  war  during  their 
celebration,  u.c.  S84. 

IPSUS  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Great  Phrygia, 
celebrated  for  the  great  battle  in  which  Au- 
tigonus  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Seleucus 
and  Lysimachus,  b.c.  301. 

IRA  (-ae),  a  mountain  fortress  in  Messe- 
nia,  memorable  as  the  place  where  Aristo- 
menes  defended  himself  for  11  years  against 
the  Spartans.  Its  capture  by  the  Spartans  iu 
u.c.  COS  put  an  eud  to  the  2d  Messeuian  war. 


Sacrifice  of  Iphigenia.    (From  a  Painting  at  Pompeii.) 


IRENE. 


213 


ISSEDONES. 


IRENE  (-es),  called  PAX  (-acis)  by  the 
Rinnans,  the  goddess  of  peace,  was,  according 
to  Hesiod,  a  daughter  of  Zens  and  Themis, 
aud  one  of  the  florae.  [Hoeae.]  She  was 
worshiped  at  Athens  and  Rome;  and  iu  the 
iatter  city  a  magnificent  temple  was  built  to 
her  by  the  emperor  Vespasian.  Pax  is  rep- 
resented on  coins  as  a  youthful  female,  hold- 
ing in  her  left  arm  a  cornucopia,  and  in  her 
vight  hand  an  olive  branch  or  the  staff  of 
Mercury. 

IRIS  (-is  or  idis).  <1)  Daughter  of  Thau- 
mas  (whence  she  is  called  Thaumantias)  and 
of  Plectra,  and  sister  of  the  Harpies.  In  the 
Iliad  she  appears  as  the  messenger  of  the 
gods;  but  in  the  Odyssey,  Hermes  (Mercury) 
is  the  messenger  nf  the  gods,  and  Iris  is  never 
mentioned,  hi-  was  originally  the  personi- 
fication of  the  rainbow,  which  was  regarded 
as  the  swift  messenger  of  the  gods.  In  the 
earlier  poets  Iris  appears  as  a  virgin  god- 
dess; but  in  the  later  she  is  the  wife  ol  Ze- 
phyrus,  and  the  mother  of  Eros  (Amor). 
Iris  is  represented  in  works  of  art  dressed  in 
a  long  ami  wide  tunic,  over  which  hangs  a 
li'_rht  upper  garment,  with  wihLis  attached  to 
her  shoulders,  carrying  tin'  herald's  staff  in 
her  left  hand,  and  sometimes  also  holding  a 
pitcher. — (2)  (  Veskil-Irmak),  a  considerable 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  rising  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Anti-Taurus,  and  Sowing  through  Pon- 
tus  into  the  Sinus  Amisenus  iu  the  Kuxine. 

[S  Hit  ,  a  city  in  the  S.  of  Mesopotamia, 
S  days'  journey  from  Babylon,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  and  upon  a  little 
river  of  the  same  name.  Iu  its  neighborhood 
were  the  springs  of  asphaltus,  from  which 
was  obtained  the  bitumen  that,  was  used,  in- 
stead  <f  mortar,  in  the  walls  of  Babylon. 

CSAEUS  (-i),  one  of  the  10  Attic  orators, 

Was  born  at  Ciialcis,  and  came  to  Athcn-  at 
an  early  tlge.  He  wrote  judicial  orations  for 
others,  and  established  a  rhetorical  school  at 
Allien-,  in   which   Demosthenes  is  said  to 

lei  .  I     I. ecu    his    nnpjl.       lie   lived    bel  Ween    l;  .'. 

420  and  :;4-^.  Eleven  of  his  orations  an-  ex- 
tant, all  relating  to  questions  of  inheritance : 
they  a n'or  I  considerable  information  n 
brani  b  of  the  Attic  law. 
ES  \  R  \  ii  I  n  a  river  in  Gallia  Nar- 
boneusis.  descending  from  the  Graian  Alps, 
and  flowing  into  the  Rhone  N.  of  Valenl  ia. 

ESAURl  \  (-ae  ,  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
on  i be  V  Bide  off b 

and  Cilicia,  whose  Inhabitants,  the  [sntirl, 
were  daring  robbers,  They  were  defeated  by 
the  Roman  consul,  I..  Servillus,  In  b.o.  7J5,  who 
be  Burname  of  tsau- 
ricus. 

isim'Mi  I  of  Plsidia  In  A'ia 

Mino 

Tsis     is,  nit-,  ...  ■    e  "i  the  chief 

Egyptian  divinities,  wife  of  0  d  moth- 

i  lorus,    si,.-  was  originally  the 

earth,  and  afterwards  of  the  i in, 

■  eeks  Identified  her  both  with  Demeter 

i    with    lo.     |Io.|     Her   worship 

was  introduced  Into  Rome  towards  the  end 

Of    the    republic,   and    b(  popular 

among  the  Romans  under  the  empin 


most  important  temple  of  Isis  at  Rome  stood 
iu  the  Campus  Martins,  whence  she  was  call- 
ed Isis  Campensis.  The  priests  and  servants 
of  the  goddess  wore  linen  garments,  whence 
she  herself  is  called  Linigera. 


Gnostic  Gem  of  Isis,  on  a  Scarabaeus. 


ISMlRUS  (-i)  or  ISMARA  (-drum),  a  town 
in  Thrace, near  Marom  a,  situated  on  a  mount- 
ain of  the  same  name,  which  produced  excel- 
lent wine.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Odyssey  as 
a  town  of  tin'  Cicones.  The  poets  frequently 
ti-c  tin-  adjective  Ismahiis  as  equivalent  to 
Thrncian. 

ISMKN'F;  (-es),  daughter  of  Oedipus  and 
Jocasta,  and  sister  of  Antigone. 

[SMENUS   (-i),  a   small   river   iu    1! >tia, 

rising  in  Mount  Cithaeron,  Mowing  through 
Thebes,  and  falling  into  the  lake  Elylica. 
The  brook  Dirce,  so  celebrated  in  Theban 
story,  Mowed  into  the  l-menus.  Prom  this 
liver  Apollo  was  called  Ism,  iiins. 

ISOCRATKS  (-is),  one  of  the  10  Attic  ora- 
tors, was  born  at  At  lien-  b.o.  436,  anil  received 
a  careful  education.  Among  his  teachers 
were  Gorgias,  Prodicus,  and  Socrates,  lie 
first  taught  rhetoric  in  Chios,  and  afterwards 

at  Alliens.      At   the   latter  place  he  met   with 

•  oeat  success,  ami  gi aiiualiv  acquired  I 
fortune  by  his  profession,   lie  had  100  pupil-, 
every  one  of  whom  paid  him  [000  drachmae. 

if-  also  derived  a  large  Ini e  from  the  ora- 

i  ions  "  bii  h  he  v.  n  iii    for  ol  bers :  but  being 

naturally  timid,  and  of  a  weaUly  const  in,  i , 

he  did  nut  come  forward  a-  a  public  ppenker 

himself,     lie  was  an  ardent  lover  of  hi-  i i- 

tryj   and   accordingly,  when   the   battle   of 

ma  hail  destroyed  the  last  ho] 

fl  I  edom,  lie  put  an  end  lo  his  lite.  i.  , 

■  of '.'-.     I le  took  great  pain-  wit h  i he 
composil  ion  of  in-  orations,  but  hii   t  tyle  i 

J.    Twenty-one  of  his  oi  at  Ion 
come  down  ton-:  of  these  the  most  celebra- 
ted  e   tie-   p  meg]  ric  i  i  nich  he 

:  bat       '    r\  [l 

.  I  r  \ . 

[S8A    I  ae  i    I  •    a      •     mail  Is  laud 
Ad  rial  i 
off  the  coa  I  ol  Dalmatin  '  rived 

it h  name  from  I      i,  danp 

Lesbos,  who  wiie  beloved  by   Apollo.     The 

Island  was  Inhabited  by  n  hard 

ore,  u  hi  m  '■"  i  -  ■   e  much 

[SSEdONES  (-nm),  n  Scythian  tribe  lu 
',',,  at  To  the  Mn     tgetae,  w  hom 

they  le-.  ml, a  ,1  in  their  manmi-.      'I  lev  arc 


issu'us. 


214 


ITALIA. 


uted  as  extending  as  far  as  the  bor- 
dera  of  Serica. 

[SSICUS  SINUS.    [Issrs.] 

[SSUS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Oilic.Hr  n.  ir  the  h:  i5  cf  the  Isoicus  Sinus 
{Gulf  of  Iskenderoon),  and  at  the  N.  foot  of 

the  pass  of  Mount  Amanus,  called  the  Syrian 
Gates;  memorable  for  the  great  battle  in 
which  Alexander  defeated  Durius  Codoman- 
nus  (b. a  333),  which  was  foaglit  in  a  narrow 

valley  near  the  town. 


to  signify  the  whole  country  S.  of  Posidonia 
on  the  W.  and  Tarentum  on  the  E.  Aftei 
the  Romans  had  conquered  Tarentum  and 
the  S.  part  of  the  peninsula,  about  is.c.  272, 
the  name  Italia  had  a  still  further  extension 
given  to  it.  It  then  signified  the  whole  coun- 
try subject  to  the  Romans,  from  the  Sicilian 
straits  as  far  X.  as  the  Arnus  and  the  Rubico. 
The  country  N.  of  these  rivers  continued  to 
be  called  Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Liguria  down 
to  the  end  of  the  republic.  Augustas  was 
the  first  who  extended  the  name  of  Italia  so 


Battle  of  Issus.    (From  a  Mosaic  at  Pompeii.) 


ISTAEVONES.     [Germania.] 
ISTER.     [Danumob.] 
ISTRIA  or  HISTRlA  (-ae),  a  peninsula  at 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  Adriatic,  separated 
from  Venetia  by  the  river  Timavns,  and  from 
Illyricum  by  the  river  Arsia.   Its  inhabitants, 
the  [stei  or  Histui,  were  a  warlike  Illvrian 
race,  who  carried  on  several  wars  with  the 
Romans,  till  their  final  subjugation  by  the 
I  C.  Claudius  Pulcher,  n.c.  ITT.     Their 
iwns  were  Tkkgeste  and  Por.A. 
ISTROPOLIS   (-is),   ISTROS    or    ISTRIA 
(-ae),  a  town  in  Lower  Moesia,  not  far  from 
-ah  of  the  Danube ;  a  colony  from  Mi- 

ITILIA  and  ITALIA  (-ae)  signified,  from 
the  time  of  Angnstns,  the  country  S.  of  the 
Alp8,  which  we  call  Italy.  The  name  Italia 
was  originally  nsed  to  indicate  a  much  more 
limited  ext.-nt  of  country.  Most  of  the  an- 
derived   the  name  from   an   ancient 

I  das:  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
Italia,  or  Vitalia,  as  it  was  also  call. 
the  land  of  the  Itali,  Vitali,  Vitelli,  or  Vituli, 
an  ancient  race,  who  are  better  known  under 
the  name  of  Sicidi.  This  race  was  widely 
spread  over  the  S.  half  of  the  peninsula,  and 
may  be  said  to  have  been  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  a  line  drawn  from  Mount  Garganns  on  the 

I  erracina  on  the  W.  The  Greeks  were 
ignorant  of  this  wide  extent  of  the  name. 

fling  to  them  Italia  was  originally  only 
the  s.-most  part  of  what  was  afterwards  called 
Brnttium,  and  was  bounded  on  the  X.  by  a 
line  drawn  from  the  Lametic  to  the  Scylletic 
gulf.     Ti,.     afterwards  extended  the  name 


as  to  comprehend  the  country  from  the  Mar- 
itime Alps  to  Pola  in  Istria,  both  inclusive. 
Besides  Italia,  the  country  was  called  by  va- 
rious other  names,  especially  by  the  poets. 
These  were  Hespekia,  a  name  which  the 
Greeks  gave  to  it,  because  it  lay  to  the  W.  of 
Greece,  or  Hespekia  Magna,  to  distinguish 
it  from  Spain  [Hespekia],  aud  Satornia,  be- 
cause Saturn  was  said  to  have  once  reigned  in 
Latium.  The  names  of  separate  parts  of  Italy 
were  also  applied  by  the  poets  to  the  whole 
country.  Thus  it  was  called  Of.notria,  orig- 
inally the  land  of  the  Oenotri,  in  the  coun- 
try afterwards  called  Brnttium  and  Lucania; 
ArsoMA,  or  Opjoa  or  Opicia,  originally  tha 
land  of  the  Ausones  or  Ausonii,  Opici  or 
Osci,  on  the  W.  coast,  in  the  country  after- 
wards called  Campania;  Tvkeiienia,  proper- 
ly the  land  of  the  Tyrrheni,  also  on  the  W. 
coast,  N.  of  Ausonia  orOpica,  and  mure  espe- 
cially in  the  country  afterwards  called  Etru- 
ria;  Iapygia,  properly  the  land  of  the  Iapv- 
ges,  on  the  E.  coast,  in*  the  country  afterwards 
called  Calabria;  and  Ombeioa,  the  land  of 
the  Umbri,  on  the  E.  coast,  alongside  of  Etru- 
ria.  Italy  was  never  inhabited  by  one  sintrle 
race.  It  contained  a  great  number  of  differ- 
ent races,  who  had  migrated  into  the  coun- 
try at  a  very  early  period.  The  most  ancient 
inhabitants"  were"  Pelasgians  or  Oenotrians.  a 
branch  of  the  same  great  race  who  originally 
inhabited  Greece  aiid  the  coasts  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor. _  They  were  also  called  Aborigines  and 
Siculi,  who,  as  we  have  already  seen,  were 
the  same  as  the  Vitali  or  Itali.  "At  the  time 
when  Roman  history  begins,  Iialv  was  in- 
habited by  the  following  races.     From  the 


ITALICA. 


215 


IXIOX. 


mouth  of  the  Tiber,  between  its  right  bank 
and  the  sea,  dwelt  the  Etruscans,  who  ex- 
tended as  far  X.  as  the  Alps.  Alongside  of 
these,  between  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber  and 
the  Adriatic,  dwelt  the  Uuibriaus.  To  the  S. 
of  the  Etruscans  were  the  Sacrani,  Casci,  or 
Prisci,  Oscan  tribes,  who  had  been  driven  out 
of  the  mountains  by  the  Sabines,  had  over- 
come the  Pelasgian  tribes  of  the  Siculi,  Ab- 
origines, or  Latins,  and,  uniting  with  these 
conquered  people,  had  formed  the  people 
called  Prisci  Latini,  subsequently  simply 
Latini.  S.  of  these  again,  as  far  as  the  river 
Laus,  were  the  Opici,  who  were  also  called 
Ansones  or  Anranci,  and  to  whom  the  Volsci, 
Sidiciui,  Saticnli,  and  Aequi,  also  belonged. 
The  S.  of  the  peninsula  was  inhabited  by  the 
Oeuotrians,  who  were  subsequently  driven 
into  the  interior  by  the  numerous  Greek  col- 
onics founded  along  the  coasts.  S.  of  the 
Umbrians,  extending  as  far  as  Mount  Garga- 
nus,  dwelt  the  various  Sabellian  or  Sabine 
tribes,  the  Sabiuea  proper,  the  Peligni,  Marsi, 
Marrucini,  Vestini,  and  Hernici,  from  which 
tribes  the  warlike  race  of  the  Samnites  sub- 
sequently sprung.  Prom  Mount  Garganus  to 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  the  ©  mu- 
try  was  inhabited  by  the  Dauuians  or  Apu- 
lians,  Pcucetii,  Messapii,  and  Sallentini.  An 
account  of  these  people  is  given  in  separate 
articles.  They  were  all  eventually  subdued 
by  the  Romans,  who  became  the  masters  of 
the  whole  of  ihe  peninsula.  At  the  time  of 
Augustus  the  following  were  the  chief  divi- 
sions of  Italy,  an  account  of  which  is  also 
given  in  separate  articles:  I.  Uppeb  Italy, 
which  extended  from  the  Alps  to  the  rivers 
Macra  on  the  W.  and  Eublco  on  the  E.  It 
comprehended,  1,  Ligubia  ;  2,  Gallia  Cisal- 
i-ina  ;  8.  Venetia,  including  Carnia;  i.  I 
tbia.  II.  Centeal  Italy,  sometimes 
Italia  Propria  (a  term  not  nsed  by  the  an- 
cients), to  distinguish  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina 
or  Upper  Italy,  and  Magna  Graecia  or  Lower 
Italy',  extended  from  the  ri  ert  Macra  on  the 
W.  and  Rubico  on  the  E.  to  the  riverB  Silarus 
on  the  W.  and  Prento  on  the  E.  II  compre- 
I,  l,  Etbi  m  <. :  -'.  CJmbbta  :  '■'.,  Pioendh  . 
4.  Swi.Mt'.i.  including  the  country  of  the  Sa- 
bini  Yestinl  Mirnicfu-,.  M-irpi  Fel-gm  efc 
.'>.  Latikm  ;  li, Campania.  III.  Lowrb  Italy, 
or  Maona  Gkaeoia,  included  the  rem 
part  of  the  peninsula,  8.  of  the  rivers  8ilarus 
and  Pronto.  It  comprehended,  I,  Apulia,  in- 
cluding ( ialabria •.  2,  Li  oa  .n;  3,  Bei  ptii  u. 
— Angustos  divided  Italy  into  the  following 

11    Regiones:    1,  Latin m    and   Campania;    '.', 

The  land  of  the  Birpini,  Apulia  and  <  ialabria  ; 
".,  Lncania  and  Bruttium  ;  i.  The  land  of  the 
Frentani.  Marrucini,  peligni,  Marsi,  \ 

and   Sr.Iii ii i,  together  with   Saniiiiuin  j    5,   I' 

(eniim;  6,  Urabria  aud  the  di  trlct  ol  Ariml- 
11  inn,  in  what  was  formerly  called  Gallia  Cis- 
alpina :  7,  El  hi  ,  ( laflia  <  lispadana  ;  P, 
Liguria;  10, The  E.  pari  of  Gallia  Transpa- 
■  i.i ii a.  Venetia,  Carnia,  and  [stria;  11, The  w. 
part  nf  Gallia  Transpada 

ITALlCA     (1)  A  town  in  Hi   p    ;.    i    B  II  ■ 

e;,,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Buetl*,  N.W.  of 
HiVpnlis,  founded  by  Scipio  Africanue  In  the 
2d  Panic  war,  who  settled  liere  Mime  of  his 
veteran.-.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  em- 
M  2 


perors  Trajan  and  Hadrian. — (2)  The  name 
giveu  to  Corfiuinm  by  the  Italian  Socii  dur- 
ing their  war  with  Rome.    [Coefixicm.] 

ITALICUS  SILIUS.     [Silks.] 

ITALUS.     [Italia.] 

ITHACA  (-ae),  a  small  island  in  the  Ionian 
sea,  off  the  coast  of  Epirus,  celebrated  as  the 
birthplace  of  l'ly-.-es.  It  is  about  12  miles 
loiigi  and  4  in  it-  greatest  breadth,  and  is  di- 
vided into  2  parts, which  ate  connected  by  a 
narrow  isthmus,  uot  more"  than  half  a  mile 
across.  In  each  of  these  parts  there  is  a 
mountain  ridge  of  considerable  height;  the 
one  in  the  N.  culled  Neritum,  and  the  one  in 
the  S.  fteium.  The  city  of  Ithaca,  the  resi- 
dence of  Ulysses,  was  situated  on  a  precipi- 
tous, conical"  hill,  now  called  Acta,  or  "eagle's 
cliff,"  occupying  the  whole  breadth  or  the 
isthmus  mentioned  above.  Ithaca  is  now 
one  of  the  T  Ionian  islands  under  the  protec- 
tion of  Great  Britain. 

TTIIumk  (-cs),  a  strong  fortress  iii  Messe- 
nia,  situated  on  a  mountain  ofthe  same  name, 

which  afterwards  formed  the  citadel  ofthe 
town  of  Messene.  It  was  taken  by  the  spar- 
tarn-,  u.o.  72:;,  at  the  end  of  the  2d  Messenian 
war,  and  again  in  455,  at  the  end  ofthe  Wi) 
Messeuian  war. 

1TIUS  PORTUS,  a  harbor  of  the  Morinl, 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Gaul,  from  which  I 
set  sail  for  Britain,  probably  \'Usant,  or  HiY- 
Sand,  near  Calais. 

ITON.     [Itonm.] 

ITONlA  (-ae  .  EtONIAS  (-idls),  or  iTu- 
N1S  .-uli.-),  a  surname  of  Athena  (.Minerva), 
derh  id  from  the  town  of  Iton,  in  the  8.  or 
Here  the  goddess  bad 
a  celebrated  sanctuary,  and  hence  is  called 
Tncola  Itoni. 

FrtTRAEA  or  iTVKAKA,  a  district  on  the 
N.K.  borders  of  Palestine,  inhabited  by  an 
Arabian   people  of  warlike  and   predatory 

habits.      AUgUStUG    gave    lluraea.   which    bad 

been  hitherto  ruled  by  Its  native  princes,  to 
the  family  of  Herod.  During  the  ministry 
of  our  Saviour  il  was  governed  by  Philip, 
the  brother  of  Herod  Autipas,  as  tetrarch, 

IT  VS.      [Tli:ii 

iri.is  idi  ,  the  chief  town  In  Ceos ;  the 
birthplace  of  Simonides.    ['  !i  os.  I 

it  i  i  s.  (i)  Son  of  Aeneas,  penally  called 
Ascanln  una.]  — (2)  Eldest  son  of 

.\-raiiiu-,  h  bo  claimed  the  government  of 
l.atimn.  tint  h ae  obliged  to  give  it  up  to  his 

brother  Silvias. 

IXTun  (.,',,.  i be  Lapithae,  son 

of  Phlegj a  ,  ami  the  father  of  Plrithous,    1 1> 

murdered  b  iw,  to 

avoid  paying  the  bridal  gifts  he  had  prom- 

(]   u  hen  no  one  would  pui  il V   1 1 i ill  of 

: hi-  treacherous  nun dei . 

tied  him  up  to  heaven,  and  there  i " ii Ifled  him. 

Bat  Ixioii  was  ungrateful  to  the  rather  ofthe 

ml  attempte  I  to  wli  ol  Hci  n 

intoni 

Hi  [  b        i     m  bei  irae  the 

father  of  a  <  lentaur.    [Ckwtacei.1    [xlou  was 

fearfully  punished   for  bis  Impious  Ingraft 


lXlnXIDES. 


216 


JAMS. 


Ithome,  from  the  Stadium  of  Me;;c 


hide.  His  hands  and  feet  were  chained  by  IXIQNIDES  (-ae),  i.  e.  Pirithous,  the  son 
Hermes  (Mercury)  to  a  wheel,  which  is  said  of  Ixion. — The  Centaurs  are  also  called  /set- 
to  have  rolled  perpetually  in  the  air.  onidiie. 


J. 


JACCET5.NI  (-drum),  a  people  in  Hispania    even  before  Jupiter.    He  opened  the  year  and 


Tarraconensis  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the 
i 

JAXA.     [Jawue,] 

JANlCfLUM.     [Roma.] 

JANUS  -i)  and  JAXA  (-ae\  a  pair  of  an- 
cient Latin  divinities,  who  were  worshiped 


Jantn.     (From  a  Coin  of  Bex.  Pompeius,  in  the  Briti-h 
Mu^um.) 

as  the  sun  and  moon.  The  names  Janus  and 
Jana  are  only  other  forms  of  Dianus  and  Di- 
ana, which  words  contain  the  same  root  ae 
dies,  day.  Janns  occupied  an  important  place 
in  the  Roman  religion.  He  presided  over  the 
beginning  of  every  thing,  and  was  therefore 
always  invoked  first  iu  every  undertaking, 


the  seasons,  and  hence  the  first  month  of  the 
year  was  called  after  him.  lie  was  the  porter 
of  heaven,  and  therefore  bore  the  surnames 
Patulous  or  Patulcius,  the  "opener,"  and 
Clusius  or  Clusivius,  the  "shutter."  On 
earth  also  he  was  the  guardian  deity  of  gates, 
and  hence  is  commonly  represented  with  2 
heads,  because  every  door  looks  2  ways  (Ja- 
nu8  hifrons).  He  is  sometimes  represented 
with  4  heads  (Janus  quadrifrons),  because  he 
presided  over  the. 4  seasons.  At  Rome.  Nu- 
ma  i-  said  to  have  dediruited  to  Janus  the 


Temple  of  Janus  closed,  on  a  Coin  of  Nero. 


JASON. 


217 


JOPPE. 


covered  passage  bearing  his  name,  which  was 
opened  in  tinfes  of  war,  and  closed  in  times 
of  peace.  This  passage  is  commonly,  but  er- 
roneously, called  a  temple.  It  stood  close  by 
the  forum.  It  appears  to  have  been  left  open 
in  war  to  indicate  symbolically  that  the  god 
had  gone  out  to  assist  the  Roman  warriors, 
and  to  have  been  shut  in  time  of  peace  that 
the  god,  the  safeguard  of  the  city,  might  not 
escape.  On  new-year's  day,  which  was  the 
principal  festival  of  the  god,  people  gave 
presents  to  one  another,  consisting  of  sweet- 
meats and  copper  coins,  showing  on  one  side 
the  double  head  of  Janus  and  on  the  other  a 
ship.  The  general  name  for  these  presents 
was  strenae. 

JASuN"  (-onis).  (1)  Son  of  Acson,  and  the 
celebrated  leader  of  the  Argonauts.  His  fa- 
ther, Aeson,  who  reigned  at  Iolctis  in  Thes- 
saly,  was  deprived  of  the  kTTTgrrom  by  his 
half-brother  Pelias,  who  attempted  to  take 
the  life  of  the  infant  Jason.  He  was  saved 
by  his  friends,  and  intrusted  to  the  care  of 
the  Centaur  Chiron.  When  he  had  grown  up 
he  came  to  Iolcus,  and  demanded  the  king- 
dom, which  Pelias  promised  to  surrender  to 
him,  provided  he  brought  the  golden  fleece, 
which  was  in  the  possession  of  king  Aeetes 
in  Colchis,  and  was  guarded  by  an  ever- watch- 
ful dragon.  Jason  willingly  undertook  the 
enterprise,  and  set  sail  in  the  ship  Argo,  ac- 
companied by  the  chief  heroes  of  Greece.  He 
obtained  the  fleece  with  the  assistance  of 
Medea,  whom  he  made  his  wife,  and  along 
with  whom  he  returned  to  Tubus.  The  his- 
tory uf  his  exploits  on  this  enterprise  is  re- 
lated elsewhere.  [Abgonautae.]  In  order 
to  avenge  the  death  of  his  father,  who  had 
been  slain  by  Pelias  during  bis  absence,  Me- 
dea, at  the  instigation  of  Jason,  persuaded 
the  daughters  of  Pelias  to  cnl  their  father  to 
pieces  and  boil  him,  in  order  to  restore  him 
to  youth  and  vigor,  as  she  had  before  changed 
a  nun  into  n  lamb,  by  boiling  the  ram  in  a 
caldron.  Pelins  thus  pei  i  bed  miserably ; 
and  his  sun  Acastus  expelled  Jason  and  Me- 
dea from  [olens.  They  then  weni  to  Coriuth, 
where  they  lived  happily  for  several 
until  Jason  di  I  Medea,  in  order  to  m-..  - 

ry  Qlauce  or  Creasa,  daughter  of  Creon,  the 
king  of  the  country.    Medea 

I  this  insult.  She  sent  Glance  a  poi- 
soued  garment,  which  burned  her  to  death 
when 

in  the  flames.  Medea  also  killed  her  children 
by  J  ison,  and  then  fled  to  Athens  in  a  chariot 

bj   v-  Inge  i   dr  i_ .    The  death  of 

Jason    is  related   -  rding  to 

some,  he  made  away  with  hlmsell  f  om 
according  to  others,  he  was  crushed  by  the 
poo;,  of  the  ship  Argo,  which  fell  upon  hitn 
as  he   -  ider  it.    (2;  Tyrant  of  Phe- 

rae,  was  elected  Tagua  or  gem 

. ,  !!•  .  ::"i  1.     He  possi  ll  pow- 

er, and  aspired  to  the  so-.  ■ .,  i 

but  he  -  i  ited  In  87ft 

JAXARTE8  (-is:  Syr  or  Syh 
river  of  i  enl  ral   \i  In.  flowing  tf.W.  Into  the 
Sea  oj  .1  ral :  the  am  ten  I  It  to  fall 

into  the  V  side  of  the  Cospi  m 
guishing between  the  2  seat>.    it  aivid 


diana  from  Scythia.    On  its  banks  dwelt  a 
Scythian  tribe  called  Jaxartae. 

JERICHO  or  HIERICHUS,  a  city  of  the 
Canaanites,  in  a  plain  on  the  \V.  side  of  the 
Jordan,  near  its  month,  destroyed  by  Joshua, 
but  afterwards  rebuilt. 

JERUSALEM  or  HIEROSOLTMA  (-drum), 
the  capital  of  Palestine,  in  Asia.  It  was  orig- 
inally the  chief  city  of  the  Jebusites,  a  Ca- 
naanitish  tribe,  but  was  taken  by  David  in 
b.o.  1050,  and  was  made  by  him  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Israel.  After  the  division  of 
the  kingdom,  under  Rehoboam,  it  remained 
the  capita]  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah,  until  it 
was  entirely  destroyed,  and  its  inhabitants 
were  earned  into  captivity  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, king  of  Babylon,  n.o.  588.  In  536  the 
Jewish  exiles,  having  been  permitted  by  Cy- 
rus to  return,  began  to  rebuild  the  city  and 
temple  ;  and  the  work  was  completed  in 
about  'J-t  years.  After  the  death  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  Jerusalem  was  subject  first  to 
the  Greek  kings  of  Egypt,  and  afterwards  to 
the  Greek  kings  of  Syria  ;  but  in  i 
of  the  attempts  made  by  Antiochus  IV.  Epiph- 
anes  to  root  out  the  national  religion,  the 
Jews  rose  in  rebellion  under  the  Maccabees, 
and  eventually  succeeded  in  establishing  their 
independence.  Jerusalem  now  became  the 
capital  of  a  separate  kingdom,  governed  by 
the  Maccabees.  Respecting  the  history  of 
this  kingdom,  see  PalaeSTINA.  In  a.h.  "U 
the  rebellion  of  the  Jews  against  the  Romans 
was  put  down,  and  Jerusalem  was  taken  by 
Titus,  after  a  siege  of  several  month-,  and 
was  razed  to  the  ground.  In  consequence  of 
a  new  revolt  of  the  Jews,  the  emperor  Hadri- 
an i esolved  to  destroy  all  vest iges  ol 
national  and  religion-  peculiarities;  and,  as 
mis  to  tbi-  end,  be  established  a  new 
Roman  colony  on  the  ground  where  Jerusa- 
lem hnd  stood,  by  the  name  of  Aklia  Capito- 
la-.  \.  ami  built  a  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitoli- 
the  site  of  the  temple  of  Jerusalem, 
a  o.  135.  The  establishment  of  Christianiij 
as  the  religion  of  the  Roman  empire  restored 
to  .lei  usalem  ite  snered  i  tmrncter.  Jerusalem 
stands  due  w.  of  the  bead  of  the  Dead 
the  distance  of  about  20  miles  (In  a  straight 

mi  a  I I  .  s  miles  from  the  Med 

uean,  on  an  elevated  plat  form,  dividi 

series  of  valleys  from  hills  Which  surround  ii 
Tbis  plat  form  h 

h  ipe  ti  om  \V.  to  E.,  its  hi  In  polm  being 
the  summit  of  Mount  /ion,  in  the  s.w.  cor 

ner  of  the  city,  on  which  i  tood  tfa 

"city  of  David."    The  8.B.  pari  of  the  plat 
firm  i-  occupied  by  the  hiii  called  Morinh, 
on  which  the  temple  stood,  ami  the  B.  pan 
bill  called   icrn     bnl  thi   i 

H   bal  ill  .   d 

general    MllTaee   of  I  be    plal  to!  III.    plob  .1 

up  of  the  vol- 
leys between,    'i  hi  hi    ;hl  ol  Mount  /ion  i^ 

o  ibe  level  of  Hi 
uean,  and   about.  800    feel    above    He 

below. 
JOI   VST]  or  JOi        I  ,  1  ailed 

I    Pll  11     II er,    wile     of    LalUS, 

and  mother  ofOedipus.    [Oi  dipdb.] 

Jol'l'l.    I         ,    JOPP  \     I   00!    '».   'I'.   Japho 


JORDANES. 


218 


JUGURTHA. 


Jaffa),  an  ancient  maritime  city  of  Palestine, 
lying  S.  of  the  boundary  between  Judaea  and 
Samaria. 

JORDANES  (-is:  Jordan),  a  river  of  Pales- 
tine, rising  at  the  s.  foot  of  Mount  llermon 
(the  S.-most  part  of  Anli-Libanns),  flowing 

S.  into  the  Sea  of  Galilee  (Lake  of  Tiberias), 
and  thence  into  the  lake  Aspbaltites  {Dead 
Sea),  where  it  is  finally  lost. 

JSSfiPHUS,  FLAYirS  (-i),  the  Jewish 
historian,  born  at  Jerusalem,  a.t>.  '.VI,  was 
one  of  the  generals  of  the  Jews  in  their  re- 
volt against  the  Romans,  lie  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Vespasian,  who  spared  his  life 
through  tlie  intercession  of  Titus.  Josephus 
thereupon  assumed  the  character  of  a  proph- 
et, and  predicted  to  Vespasian  that  the  em- 
pire should  one  day  be  bis  and  his  son's. 
josephns  was  present  with  Titus  at  the  siege 
of  Jerusalem,  and  afterwards  accompanied 
him  to  Rome.  He  received  the  freedom  of 
the  city  from  Vespasian,  and  was  treated 
with  great  ravor  by  this  emperor,  and  by  his 
snccessorSjTil  tie  and  Domitian.  . 
the  nam;-  ol  endent  of  the 

in  family,  and  died  about  A.l>. 
The  works  of  Josephns  are  written  in  Greek. 
lOSt  important,  entitled  ./•  h  Antiq- 
•  i  20  book-,  gives  an  account  of  Jew- 
ish History  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to 
a.o.  66,  the  commencement  of  the  Jewish 
revolt.  An  account  of  this  revolt  is  given  by 
him  in  I  -  //  U  ry  of  the  Jewish  War,  in  7 
boobs.     In   the   former  of  these  works  he 


seeks  to  accommodate  the  Jewish  religion  ta 
heathen  tastes  and  prejudices. 

JOVIANUS,  FLAVIUS  CLAUDIUS  (-i), 
elected  emperor  by  the  soldiers,  in  June,  a.i>. 
363,  after  the  death  of  Julian  [Ju.ia.nus], 
whom  he  had  accompanied  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Persians.  He  made  peace  with 
the  Persians,  and  died  in  364,  after  a  reign  of 
little  more  than  7  months.  Jovian  was  a 
Christian  ;  but  he  protected  the  heathens. 

JUBA  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Niunidja,  and 
son  of  Hiempsal,  joined  Pompey's  party,  and 
gained  a  victory  over  Curio,  Caesar's  legate, 
n.c.  i'.i.  He  afterwards  fought  along  with 
Scipio  against  Caesar:  and  after  the  battle 
of  Thapsus  (40)  he  put  an  eud  to  his  own  life. 
— (2)  Son  of  the  preceding,  was  a  child  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death,  and  was  carried  by 
Caesar  to  Rome,  where  he  received  an  ex- 
cellent edncatiou.  He  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  day,  and  wrote  nu- 
merous works  on  historical  and  other  sub- 
jects. In  n.c.  30  Augustus  reinstated  him 
in  his  paternal  kingdom  of  Numidia,  and 
gave  him  in  marriage  Cleopatra,  otherwise 
called  Selene,  the  daughter  of  Antony  and 
Cleopatra.  Five  years  afterwards  (25)  Au- 
gustus gave  him  Mauretania  in  exchani 
Numidia,  which  was  reduced  to  a  Roman 
province.     He    died    in   Mauretania,   about 

A.l).  19. 

JUDAEA,  JDDAEI.     [Palakstina  1 
JUGURTHA   (-ae),  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Mastanabal,  and  a  grandson  of  Masinissa 


JULIA. 


219 


JULIANUS. 


He  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  but  was 
brought  up  by  Micipsa  with  his  own  sons, 
Hiempsal  and  Adherbal.  Jugurtha  was  a 
brave,  able,  and  ambitious  prince.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  while  serving 
under  Scipio  against  Numantia,  in  b.o.  134. 
Micipsa,  on  his  death  in  US,  bequeathed  his 
kingdom  to  Jugurtha  and  his  2  sons,  Hiemp- 
sal and  Adherbal,  in  common.  Jugurtha 
aspired  to  the  sole  sovereignty.  He  assassi- 
nated Hiempsal  soon  after  his* father's  death, 
aud  a  division  of  the  kingdom  between  Ju- 
gurtha and  Adherbal  was  then  made  by  the 
Roman  senate;  but  shortly  afterwards  Ju- 
gurtha attacked  Adherbal,  took  him  prisoner, 
and  put  him  to  death  (112).  The  Romans 
hud  previously  commanded  him  to  abstain 
from  hostilities  against  Adherbal;  and  as  he 
had  paid  no  attention  to  their  commands, 
they  now  declared  war  against  him.  The 
consul  L.  Calpurnius  Bestia  was  sent  into 
Africa  (111);  but  by  large  sums  of  money 
Jugurtha  purchased  from  him  a  favorable 
piaic  But  this  disgraceful  proceeding  ex- 
cited the  greatest  indignation  at  Hume.  The 
peace  was  disowned  j  and  the  war  renewed 
under  the  command  of  the  consul  Sp.  Pos- 
tumius  Albinus;  but  during  the  absence  of 
the  consul,  his  brother  Aulas  was  defeated 
by  Jngnrtha  (110).  Next  year  (109)  the  con- 
sul Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  was  sent  into 
Africa  at  the  head  of  a  new  army.  In  the 
course  <jf  2  years  Metellns  frequently  defeat- 
ed Jugurtha",  and  at  length  drove  him  to  take 
refuge  among  the  Gaetulians.  In  lot  Me- 
tellns was  succeeded  in  the  command  by 
Marias.  The  cause  of  Jugurtha  was  now 
supported  by  his  father-in-law,  Bocchus,  king 
•  .f  uanretania;  but  Marias  defeated  their 
united  forces,  ami  Bocchus  purchased  the 
forgiveness  id'  the  Romans  by  surrendering 
hie  son-in-law  to  Sulla,  tic-  quaestor  of  Ma- 
tins (106).  Jugurtha  was  carried  a  prisoner 
to  Rome,  ami  after  adorning  the  triumph  of 
Marias  (Jan.  1,  104),  was  thrown  into  a  dun- 
•_"■■  m,  and  there  Btarved  to  death. 

Jl'lJA  (-ae).  (1)  Aunt  of  Caesar  the  dic- 
tator, and  wife  of  C.  .Matins  the  elder.— (2) 
Mother  of  M.  Antonins,  the  triumvir.— (3) 
Sister  of  ( iaesar  the  dictator,  ami  wife  of  ,\l. 
Atius  Balbus,  by  whom  she  had  Atia,  the 
mother  of  Angnstus.  [Atia.]  (4)  Daughter 
of  Caesar  the  dictator,  by  Cornelia,  was  mar- 
ried to  Cll.  Pompey  in  50,  and  died  in  child- 
bed  in  54.— (5)  Daughter  of  Augustus,  by 
Scribonia,  ami  bis  only  child,  born  in  89,  ami 
thrice  married:  I,  To  M.  Mnrcellns,  her  first 
cousin,  in  25;  2,  Ifter  lii  death  (28),  with- 
out issue,  to  ,\i.  Agrippa,  by  whom  -  he  had 
8  sons,  C!.  and  L.  Caesar,  and  Agrippa  Pos- 
tuimi  biers,  Julia  and  Vc  Inpina ; 

death,  in   12,  to  Tiberius 

Nero,    the    I'lllMI'e    emperor.       Im 

of  her  adaltei les,  Angnslac  ban)  bed  ber  to 
Pandataria,  n  the  coast  of  < lam 

pania,   B.O.  2.      She    was  afterward-    r< 

to  Rhegium.  she  died  in  l.d  14  ton  after 
the  accession  of  Tiberias. — (6)  Daughter  of 
the  preceding,  ami  wife  of  I..  Aemillua  Pan- 
Ins,    she  Inherited  her  mother's  licentions- 

,  ami  was,  in  consequence,  banished  by 

her  grandfather  Augustus  to  the  little  Island 


Tremerus,  on  the  coast  of  Apulia,  a.h.  9. 
She  died  a.i>.  2S.— (7)  Youngest  child  of  Ger- 
manicas  aud  Agrippiua,  pat  to  death  by 
Claudius  at  Messalina's  instigation. —  (8) 
Daughter  of  Drusus  and  Livia,  the  sister  of 
Germauicus,  also  put  to  death  by  Claudius 
at  the  instigation  of  Messaliua,  59. 

JULIA  GENS,  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  houses  at  Rome,  was  of  Alban 
origin,  and  was  removed  to  Rome  by  Ttillus 
Ho'stilius  upon  the  destruction  of  Alba  Lon- 

fa.     It  claimed  descent  from  the  mythical 
qIus,  t he  son  of  Venus  and  Anchises.     The 
most  distinguished  family  in  the  gens  is  that 

JULIANUS,  FLAVll'S  CLAUDIUS,  usu- 


ttllv  called  JULIAN,  and 
APOSTATE,  Roman 
emperor,  a.i>.  361-303. 
He  was  born  at  Con- 
stantinople, A.D.  331, 
and  was  the  sou  of  Ju- 
lius  Constantins,  and 

the     nephew    of    Cou- 

stantine  the  Great. 
Julian  aud  his  elder 
brother,  Gallus,  were 
the  only  members  of 
the    imperial     family 

whose  lives  were  spar- 
ed by  the  sons  of  Con- 
stautine  the  Great,  on 
the  death  of  the  latter 
in  337.  The  2  brothers 
were  educated  with 
care,  and  were  brought 
up  in  the  principles  of 
the  Christian  religion. 
Julian  abandoned 
i  in  istianityiu  hisheart 

at  an  early  period  ;  but 
fear    of    the     emperor 

<  lonstantins  pre\  ented 
him    from   making   an  , 
open  declaration  of  his  _ 

apostasy,      lie  devoted 

himself  with  ardor  t 


-iiiaiaiiicd     the 


Julian  Hi. 


the  study  of  Creek  literal  tire  and  philosophy  ; 
and    among    his    felloW-Stlldentfl    at     Athens 

were  Gregory  ofNazlanzns  and  Basil,  b  'tli  of 
whom  afterwards  became  so  celebrated  in 
the  i  Ihristiat  church.    Julian  did  nol  i emain 

I     \|  hens.      lla\  iiiLT  been  genl    bl 
Stall  till  8  into  (laid  ppoi  '   i  he  i 

carried  on  war  ngainsl  the  latter  for  5 
(366  300    w  ni'  great    ncce    ■     In  860  he  wai 

proclaimed  emperor  by  hie  soldiers  in  I 

and  the  opportune   death   id'  (  loilStMltillS  in 

the  following  year  left  him  the  audi 
master  of  the'  omplre.      lie   now    pnnll  Ij 
avowed  himself  n  pn  ;an.     His  brief  reign 
wa    i  bit  n  i  oci  npiea  by  his  military  prep  ira 

i    i  the  Persians.    In  10 

the  Tigris,  and  marched  Into  the  luti  i  lor  ol 
the  country  In  i  earch  of  I  he  Persian  king 
but  he  was  obliged  to  retreat  In 
of  the  Bufferings  of  his  army  from  waul  ol 

be  was 
attat  ked  by  theP  battle. 

II,.  wa  |  by  Jovian,     [Joi  ■ 

Julian  ■'■'''  "■  work",  many 

of  which  an-  extant    HI     tyleisremn 


JULIUS  CAESAR. 


220 


JUPITER. 


ad  i-  a  close  imitation  of  the  style  of 
sical  Greek  writers. 
JULIUS  CAESAR     [Cmsai:.] 
.iTMA  GENS,  ail  ancient  patrician  house 
:■•  Rome,  to  which  belonged  the  celebrated 
M.  Junius   Brntus,  who  took  such  an  active 
part  in  expelling  the  Tarquins.      But  after- 
wards the  gens  appears  as  only  a  plebeian 
one.    The  chief  families  were  those  of  Buu- 

l  StLANC6. 

JfjNO  -onis  .called  HERA  by  the  Greeks. 
The  Greek  goddess  is  spoken  ofin  a  separate 
article.  iliix.v.]  The  word  ./it-no  contains 
the  same  root  as  Ju-piter.    As  Jupiter  is  the 


Tha  Barberini  Juno.    (Vatican  Museum. 1 


king  of  heaven  and  of  the  gods,  so  Juno  is 
the  queeu  of  heaven,  or  the  female  Jupiter. 
She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  the  queen  of 
heaven  from  early  times,  with  the  surname 
of  Regina.  As  Jupiter  was  the  protector  of 
the  male  sex,  so  Juno  watched  over  the  fe- 
male sex.  She  was  supposed  to  accompany 
every  woman  through  life,  from  the  moment 
of  her  birth  to  her  death.  Hence  she  bore 
the  special  surname  of  VirginaliS  and  Matro- 
na,  as  well  as  the  general  ones  of  Opigena 
and  Sospita;  and  under  the  last-mentioned 
name  she  was  worshiped  at  Lanuvium.  On 
their  birthday  women  offered  sacrifices  to 
Juno,  suruamed  Natalis;  but  the  great  festi- 
val, celebrated  by  all  the  women 
in  honor  of  Juno,  was  called  Ma- 
tronalia,  and  took  place  on  the  1st 
of  March.  From  her  presiding 
over  the  marriage  of  women,  she 
was  called  Juga  or  Jugalis,  and 
had  a  variety  of  other  names,  such 
as  Pronuba,  Cinxia,  Lucina,  etc. 
The  month  of  June,  which  is  said 
to  have  been  originally  called  Ju- 
nonius,  was  considered  to  be  the 
most  favorable  period  for  mar- 
rying. Women  in  childbed  iu- 
voked  Juno  Lucina  to  help  them, 
and  newly  born  children  were 
likewise  under  her  protection; 
hence  she  was  sometimes  con- 
founded with  the  Greek  Artemis 
or  Ilithyia.  Juno  was  further, 
like  Saturn,  the  guardian  of  the 
finances,  aud,  under  the  name  of 
Moneta,  she  had  a  temple  on  the 
Capitoline  Hill,  which  contained 
the  mint. 

JUPITER  (Jovis),  called  ZEUS 
by  the  Greeks.  The  Greek  god 
is  spoken  of  in  a  separate  article. 
[Zeds.]  The  Roman  Jupiter  was 
originally  an  elemental  divinity, 
and  his  name  signifies  the  father 
or  lord  of  heaven,  being  a  con- 
traction of  Dim-in  pater,  or  Dies- 
piter.  Being  the  lord  of  heaven, 
lie  was  worshiped  as  the  god  of 
rain,  storms,  thunder,  and  light- 
nings, whence  he  had  the  epithets 
of  Plurivx,  Fvlgurator,  Tvuitru- 
alis,  Tonans,  and  Fhdminator.  Ik- 
was  the  highest  and  most  power- 
ful amongthe  gods,  and  was  hence 
called  the  Best  and  Most  High 
(Optimus  Maximus).  His  temple 
at  Rome  stood  on  the  lofty  hill  of 
the  Capitol,  whence  he  "derived 
the  surname  of  Capitolinus  aud 
Tarpeius.  He  was  regarded  as 
the  special  protector  of  Rome. 
As  such  he  was  worshiped  by  the 
consuls  on  entering  upon  "their 
office  ;  and  the  triumph  of  a  vic- 
torious general  was  a  solemn  pro- 
cession to  bis  temple.  He  there- 
fore bore  the  surnames  of  Impc- 
rator,  Victor^  Tnvictus,  Stator, 
Opitulw,  Feretriwt,  Praedator, 
Triu „ij:/i(itur.  and  the  like.  Un- 
der all  these  surnames  he  had 


Jvfitkb,    (Vatican  Museum.) 


JUBA. 


221 


JUTURNA. 


temples  or  statues  at  Rome.  Under 
the  name  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  he 
presided  over  the  great  Roman  games  ; 
and  under  the  name  of  Jupiter  Latialis 
or  Latiaris,  over  the  Ferine  Latinae. 
Jnpiter,  according  to  the  belief  of  the 
Romans,  determined  the  course  of  all 
human  affairs.  He  foresaw  the  future ; 
and  the  events  happening  in  it  were 
the  results  of  his  will.  lie  revealed 
the  future  to  man  through  signs  in  the 
heavens  and  the  flight  of  birds,  which 
are  hence  called  the  messengers  of  Ju- 
piter, while  the  god  himself  is  desig- 
nated as  Prodigtalis,  that  is,  the  sender 
of  prodigies.  For  the  same  reason  the 
god  was  invoked  at  the  beginning  of 
every  undertaking,  whether  sacred  or 

Erofane,  together  with  Janus,  who 
lessed  the  beginning  itself.  Jnpiter 
was  further  regarded  as  the  guardian 
of  law,  and  as  the  protector  of  justice 
and  virtue.  He  maintained  the  sanc- 
tity of  an  oath,  and  presided  over  all 
transactions  which  were  based  upon 
faithfulness  and  justice.  Hence  Fides 
was  his  companion  on  the  Capitol, 
along  with  Victoria  ;  and  hence  a  trai- 
tor to  his  country  and  persons  guilty  of  per- 
jury were  thrown  down  from  the  Tarpeian 
rock.- As  Jupiter  was  the  lord  of  heaven,  and 
consequently  the  prince  of  light,  the  white 
color  was  sacred  to  him  :  while  animals  were 
sacrificed  to  him,  his  chariot  was  believed  to 
be  drawn  by  4  while  horses,  his  priests  wore 
white  caps,  and  the  consuls  were  attired  in 
white  when  they  offered  sacrifices  in  the  <  lap- 
itol  the  day  they  entered  on  their  office.  The 
worship  of  Jnpiter  at  Koine  was  under  the 
special  ( •■ire  of  the  Fhluiiii  Ihnlis,  who  was  the 

highest  in  rank  of. -ill  the  flamena. 


JURA  ■>!■  .11  i;  \ssrs  MONS,  a  ran r 

mountains  running  N.of  the  lake  Lemanus 
as  far  as  Augm  ta  Rauracorum  <.i  mini,  near 
/■'"  '■  i.  "ii  tie-  Rhine,  foi  mlng  the  boundary 
between  the  Sequanl  and  Helvetii. 

ji'st i.M.wrs  i-\),  Burnamed  Tm  Qui  n, 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  627-665,  requires 


notice  in  this  work  only  on  account  of  his 
legislation.  He  appointed  a  commission  of 
jurists  to  draw  up  a  complete  body  of  law. 
They  executed  their  task  by  compiling  two 
great  works— one  called  Vigesta  or  Panaectae, 
in  50  books,  being  a  collection  of  all  that  was 
valuable  in  the  works  of  preceding  jurists ; 
and  the  other  called  the  Ju8tinianeu8  <'<><ir.r, 
being  a  collection  of  the  imperial  constitu- 
tions. To  these  two  works  was  subsequent- 
ly added  an  elementary  treatise,  in  i  books, 
under  the  title  of  Tnstitutiones.  Justinian 
subsequently  published  various  new  constitu- 
tions, to  which  hi'  gave  the  name  of  VovelUze 
Constitutiones.  The  -t  legislative  works  of 
Justinian,  the  Tnatitutiones,  Digesta  or  Pan 
dectae,  Codex,  and  Novellae,  are  included  tinder 
the  genera]  name  of  Corpus  JurU  Civili  ,  and 
form  the  Roman  law.  as  received  in  Europe. 

JUSTINUS  (-i),  the  histoi  Ian,  of  uncertain 
date,  is  the  author  of  an  extanl  work  entitled 
Historiarwn  Philippicarwm  ZAbri  A/./r. 
This  work  is  taken  from  the  Hietortae  Phi- 

lippicae  ofTrogue  r peins,  w  bo  lived  in  the 

time  of  Augustus,     The  title  Philippicae  was 
given  to  it  because  iis  main  objeel  «i 

he  history  of  the  Macedonian  monarchy, 
with  all  its  branches :  but  in  the  execul  Ion  •  i 

permitted  himself  t 

In  o  man  i  cut  on  ; hal  i be  woi k 
formed  a  kind  of  universal  history  from  the 
rise  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy  to  the  con 
que  i  "i  the  En  I  by  Rome.  The  orl  nal 
work  ofTrogns,  which  wa  one  eal  value, 
The  woi  k  of  Justin  Is  n"i  so  much 
an  abridgment  of  that  of  Tro  ■  • 

emeu  to  him 
worthy  <>i  being  generally  known. 

JTJTI  i:\  \  •   ..     thi    i.  tintain 

In  Latium,  Cam  one   for  ii 
whose  water  was  nsed  in  V 

pond  in  i  he  foi  am,  betw  een  the  ti  mn 
i   istoi  and  \  eBta,  wa    called  1  n<  ti   Jul  urnae. 
The  nympl i  to  ha  e  bei  it  beloved  by 


JUVENALIS. 


LAP.YNETUS. 


Jupiter,  who  rewarded  her  with  immortality  show.  The  extant  works  ofJnvenal  consist  of 
and  dominion  over  the  waters.  Virgil  calls  J 16  satires,  all  composed  in  heroic  hexameter, 
her  the  sister  of  Tin 

JUVENILIS  (-is  ,  DECfMUS  JUNIUS  (-i), 

the  great    Roman   satirist,  of  whose  life  we 

have  few  authentic  particulars.    His  ancient 

here  relate  thai  he  was  either  the  sou 

or  i! alumnus"  of  a  rich  freedman  ;  that 

he  occupied  himself,  until  he  had  nearly 
reached  the  term  of  middle  life,  in  declaim- 
ing; that,  having  subsequently  composed 
some  clever  lines  upon  Paris  the  pantomine, 
he  was  induced  to  cultivate  assiduously  satir- 
ical compositiou  :  and  that,  in  consequence 
of  his  attacks  upon  Paris  becoming  known  to 
the  court,  the  poet,  although  now  an  old  man 
of  80,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
boily  of  troops  in  a  remote  district  of  Egypt, 
where  he  died  shortly  afterwards.  But  the 
only  facts  with  regard  to  Juvenal  upon  which 
we  can  implicitly  rely  are,  that  he  flourished 
towards  the  close  of  the  first  century;  that 
Aqninum,  if  not  the  place  of  his  nativity,  was 
at  least  his  chosen  residence;  and  that  he  is 
in  all  probability  the  friend  whom  Martial  ad- 
dresses in  :;  epigrams.  Each  of  his  satires  is 
a  finished  rhetorical  essay  — energetic,  glow- 
ing, and  sonorous.  He  denounces  vice  in  the 
'Host  indignant  terms;  but  the  obvious  tone 
of  exaggeration  which  pervades  all  his  invec- 
tives leaves  us  in  doubt  how  far  this  sustain- 
ed passion  is  real,  and  how  far  assumed  for 


JUVENTAS.     [Hebe.] 


L. 


LABDACIDAE.    [Laiipacjs.] 

LABDACUS  (-i),  son  of  the  Theban  king 
Polydorus,  by  Nycteis,  daughter  of  Nyctens. 
Labdacus  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  and 
was  placed  under  the  guardianship  of  Nyc- 
tens, and  afterwards  under  that  of  Lycns,  a 
brother  of  Nycteus.  When  Labdacus  had 
grown  up  to  manhood,  Lycns  surrendered  the 
government  to  him;  and  on  the  death  of 
Labdacus,  which  occurred  soon  after,  Lycus 
undertook  the  guardianship  of  his  son  Laitts. 
the  father  of  Oedipus.  The  name  LabdacMae 
i-  frequently  given  to  the  descendants  of 
Labdacus— Oedipus,  Polynices,  Eteocles,  and 
A  ii  tigo 

LABDALUM.    [Sybaousar.] 

LABB5.TES  (-tini).  a  warlike  people  in 
Dalmatia,  whose  chief  town  was  Scodra,  and 
in  whose  territory  was  the  Labeatis  Pains 
U.nh'  of  Scutari),  through  which  the  river 
Bar  ban  a  runs. 

LABEO  (-onis),  ANTISTlUS  (-i).  (1)  A 
Roman  jurist,  one  of  tie-  murderers  of. Julius 
.  put  an  end  to  his  life  after  the  battle 
of  Philippi,  b.o.  4j.-  (2)  Son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  still  more  eminent  jurist.  He  adopted 
the  republican  opinions  of  his  father, and  was 
in  consequence  disliked  by  Augustus.  It  is 
probable  that  the  /.  nior  of  Horace 

was  a  stroke  leveled  against  the  jurist,  in  or- 
der to  please  the  emperor.  Labeo  wrote  a 
large  number  of  works,  which  are  cited  in  the 
Digest.  He  was  the  founder  of  one  of  the  2 
great  legal  schools  spoken  of  under  Capito. 


LABEPIUS,  DECIMUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
eques,  and  a  distinguished  writer  of  mimes, 
was  bom  about  b.o.  10T,  and  died  in  43,  at 
Puteoli,  in  Campania.  He  was  compelled  by 
Caesar  to  appear  on  the  stage  in  45,  in  order 
to  contend  witli  Syrns,  a  professional  mimns, 
although  the  profession  of  a  mimns  was  in- 
famous ;  but  he  took  his  revenge  by  pointing 
his  wit  at  Caesar. 

LABlCI  or  LAVICI  (-orum :  Colonna),  an 
ancient  town  in  Latium,  on  a  hill  of  the  Alban 
mountain,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  W.  of  Prae- 
neste,  and  N.E.  of  Tnsculnm.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  n.c.  418. 

LABIENUS  (-i).  (1)  T.,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  n.c.  03,  was  a  friend  and  partisan  of 
Caesar,  and  his  chief  legatns  in  his  wars 
against  the  Gauls;  but  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war  in  n.c.  49,  he  went  over  to 
Pompey.  He  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Man- 
ila, in  Spain,  45.— (2)  (,>.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
invaded  Syria  at  the  head  of  a  Parthian  army 
in  4n;  lint  the  Parthians  having  been  defeat- 
ed in  the  following  year  by  P.  Ventidins,  Anto- 
ny's legate,  he  fled  "into  Cilicia,  where  he  was 
apprehended  and  put  to  death. 

LABRAXDA  (-orum),  a  town  in  Carta,  68 
Stadia  X.  ofMylasa,  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 

LABRO(-6nis),asea-portinEtruria,perhap8 
the  same  as  the  modern  Livorno  or  Leghorn. 

LABYNETUS  (-i).  a  name  common  to  sev- 
eral of  the  Babylonian  monarchs,  seems  to 
have  been  a  title  rather  titan  a  proper  name. 


LACEDAEMON. 


223 


LAENAS. 


The  Labynetus  mentioned  by  Herodotus  as 
meditating  a  peace  between  Cyaxares  and 

Alyattes  is  the  same  vvitl\  Nebuchadnezzar. 
The  Labynetus  mentioned  by  Herodotus  as 
a  contemporary  of  Cyrus  and  Croesus  is  the 
same  with  the  Belsiiazzar  of  the  prophet 
Daniel.  By  other  writers  he  is  called  Nabo- 
nariins  or  Xabonidus.  He  was  the  last  king 
of  Babylon. 

LiCfiDAEM<3N.     [Sparta,] 

LACETANI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 

LXCHESIS  (-is),  one  of  the  Fates.    [Moe- 

RAE.] 

LXC'IXIUM  (-i),  a  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Brnttium,  a  few  miles  S.  of  Crotou, 
and  forming  the  W.  boundary  of  the  Taren- 
tine  gulf.  It  possessed  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Juiio,  who  was  worshiped  here  under  the 
surname  of  Lacinia.  The  ruins  of  this  tem- 
ple have  given  the  modern  name  to  the  prom- 
ontory, Capo  dell?  Colonne. 

LACMON  (-onis)  or  LACMTJS  (-i),  the  N. 
part  of  Mount  Pindus,  in  which  the  river 
Aous  takes  its  origin. 

LACONICA  (-ae),  sometimes  called  LACO- 
NIA  (-ae)  by  the  Unmans,  a  country  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Argolis  and 
Arcadia,  on  the  \\".  by  Messenia,  and  on  the 
E.  and  S.  by  the  sea.  Laconica  was  a  long 
valley  running  S. -wards  to  the  sea,  and  in- 
closed by  mountains  on  every  side  except 
the  S.  This  valley  is  drained  by  the  river 
Bnrotas,  which  falls  into  the  I.aconian  golf. 
In  the  upper  part,  the  valley  is  narrow,  and 
near  Spuria  the  mountains  approach  so  close 
to  each  other  as  to  leave  little  more  than 
room  for  the  channel  of  the  river.  Ir  is  for 
this  reason  that  we  find  the  vale  of  Sparta 
called  the  hollow  Lacedaemon.  Below  Sparta 
the  mountains  recede,  and  the  valley  opens 
out  Into  a  plain  of  considerable  extent.    The 

soil  of  this  plain  is  poor,  but  on  the  BlopeS  of 

this  mountain  there  Is  laud  of  considerable 
fertility,  off  the  coast  Bhell-flsh  were  caught, 
whirh  produced  a  purple  dye  inferior  only  to 
the  Tynan.  Laconica  i.>  well  described'  by 
Euripides  as  difficult  of  access  to  an  - 
On  tin'  N.  the  country  could  only  be  Invaded 
by  the  valleys  of  the  Burotas  and  the  Oeuus ; 
the  range  ofTaygetus  formed  .an  almost  In- 
superable barrier  on  the  \V.  ;  and  the  waul 
of  good  harbors  on  the  B.  coast  protected  it 
from  Invasion  by  sea  on  thai  Bide.  Sparta 
was  the  only  town  of  imports In  the  conn- 
try.    [Se \  1:1  s. j    Th''  ni<.  i  ancient    Inhabit- 

r  the  '"'Hi' i  lid  to  have  been 

Cynuriansand  Leleges.  They  were  expelled 
or  conquered  by  the  Achaeans,  who  were  the 
inhabitants  of  tin-  conntry  in  tin-  heroic  age. 
The  Dorians  afterwards  Invaded  Pelopon- 
IK--U  ,  and  bei  ame  the  rulin  i  race  mi  i,  icon 

ica.     Some  of  ti id  Achaean  inhabitants 

were  reduced  to  slavery  ;  but  a 

ofthem  becam  1 1 under 

mi-  of  /•.  rioeci.    The  general  name  fu- 
tile Inhabitants  ie  Laoones  or  Laobtmrmonii  ; 
tun  i  Im'  /'.  rioeci  Me  frequently  cal 
in- in  i,  to  distinguish  them  from  theSparl  in 

LiCONlCUS  sints,  a  gulf  in  the  s.  of 
Peloponnesus,  into  whirh  the  Bttrotas  falls. 


LACYDES  (-is),  a  native  of  Cyrene,  suc- 
ceeded Arcesilaus  as  president  of  the  Acade- 
my at  Athens,  and  died  about  215. 

LADE  (-es),  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Caria,  opposite  to  Miletus,  and  to  the  bay  into 
which  the  Maeander  falls. 

LADAS,  a  swift  runner  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  _ 

LADON  (-onis).  (1)  The  dragon  who 
guarded  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  was 
slain  by  Hercules.  [Hreoulrs.]— (2)  A  river 
in  Arcadia,  rising  nearClitor,  and  falling  into 
the  Alpheus,  between  Heraea  and  l'hrixa.  In 
mythology  Ladon  is  the  husband  ofStympha- 
lis,  and  Either  of  Daphne  and  Metope,— (3)  A 
small  river  in  Elis,  rising  on  the  frontiers  of 
Achaia^and  filling  into  the  Penetis. 

LAEETl-NI  (-orum),  a  people  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Kubricalus,  probably  the 
same  as  the  Lalbtani,  whose  country,  Lalk- 
tania,  produced  good  wine,  and  whose  chief 
town  was  Bauoino. 

LAELAPS  (-apis),  i.  c.  the  storm  wind,  per- 
sonified a-  the  swift  do ■:,  w  hich  Procris  had  re- 
ceived from  Artemis  (Diana),  and  gave  to  her 
husband  Cephalus.  When  the  Tenmessian 
fox  was  sent  to  punish  the  Thebans,  Cephalus 
sent  the  dog  Laelaps  against  the  fox.  The 
dog  overtook  the  fox,  but  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
changed  both  animals  into  a  stone,  which 
was  ihown  in  the  neighborhood  of  Thebes. 

LAELIUS  (-i),  C.  (1)  The  friend  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  who  fought  under  tin- 
latter  in  almost  all  his  campaigns.  He  was 
consul  H.O.  190. — (2)  Surnamed  Sapiens,  son 
of  the  preceding.  His  intimacy  with  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger  was  as  remarkable  as 

his  father's   friendship  With  the  elder,  and  it 

obtained  an  imperishable  monument  in  Cice- 
ro's treatise,  Laelius  give  de  Amicitia.  lie 
was  born  about  186 :  was  tribune  of  the  |>lehs 
in  151,  praetor  in  145,  mid  consul  in  140.  lie 
was  celebrated  for  his  love  of  literature  and 

philosophy,  and    cultivated    the    society    and 

friendship  of  the  philosopher  Panaetius,  of 
the  historian  Polyoins,  and  of  the  poets  Ter- 
ence and  Lncilius.    Lnelins  is  the  principal 

"ii  i  in-  in  Cicero's  dialogue,  DeA  micitia, 

and  is  oi f  the  speakers  in  the  DeSt  nectute, 

and  in  the  /'<■  Republica.  His  two  daughters 
were  married  the  one  to  Q.  Muciue  Scaevola, 
the  augur,  the  other  to  < '.  (Tannins  Strabo, 

I.AKNAS  (-atl8),  the  name  ,,|'a  family  of 
the  |*i, pijj 

eity,  and  haughtiness  of  character.    Thi 
members  of  the  family  wet  ■       I    1 1.  Po 
Larnas,  consul  b.o.  ivj.  at 
bassador  to  Antiochns.  king  of  Syrln 
the  senate  wished  i"  abstain  from  ho 
against  Egypt    Ant  lochtt    win  fu  !  m  irchinjj 
upon    \ii  ...null  la,  n hen   Popllfu     ■  m e  him 
t  lie  letter  of  the  senate,  which  thi 
and  promised  to  take  Into  com  ideral  Ion  w It  h 

-  nds.    Popilius  - 1 i-.-i i  iii"  I-,  dc  ci  Ibed 
with  hi-  cane  a  circle  in  the  sand  round  the 
k i 1 1 •_■■ .  and  ordered  him  not  !■>  stir  on 
befoi e  i"'  iii'  msvi er.    This 

boldnesi  bo  frighte I  \ nl  lot  hu    I bal 

elded  i"  the  demand  of  Koine.— (2)  I*. 

I'.. I'll. II        I  U    after 


LAERTES. 


22-t 


LAODICE. 


the  murder  of  Tib.  Gracchus.    He  was  charged 

by  the  victorious  aristocratical  party  with  ihe 

of  the  accomplices  of  Gracchus  ; 

and  in  this  odious  task  In;  showed  all  the 
hard-heartedness  of  his  family.  He  subse- 
quently  withdrew  himself  by  voluntary  exile 
from  the  vengeance  of  C.  Gracchus,  aud  did 
not  return  to  Koine  till  after  his  death. 

LAERTES  (-ae),  king  of  Ithaca,  son  of 
Acrisius,  husband  of  Anticlea,  and  father  of 
l  ysses  who  is  hence  called  Laeetiabks. 
Some  writers  call  Ulysses  the  son  of  Sisy- 
phus. [Antiot.ka.]  Laertes  took  part  in  the 
( ialydoniau  hunt,  and  in  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts,  lie  was  still  alive  when  L'lysses 
returned  to  Ithaca,  after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

LAERTIUS,  DIOGENES.    [Diogk.neb.] 

LAESTRYGQNES  (-urn),  a  savage  race  of 
cannibals,  whom  Ulysses  encountered  in  his 
wanderings.  They  were  governed  by  Anti- 
phatjbs  and  Lamus.  They  belong  to  mytholo- 
gy rather  than  to  history.  The  Greeks  placed 
them  on  the  E.  coast  o"f  Sicily,  in  the  plains 
of  Leontini,  which  are  therefore  called  Laes- 
trygonii  CampL  The  Roman  poets,  who  re- 
I  the  prom.Circeium  as  the  Homeric  isl- 
and of  Circe,  transplanted  the  Laestrygoues 
to  the  S.  coast  of  Latium,  in  the  neighborhood 
ofFormiae,  which  they  supposed  to  have  been 
built  by  Lamus,  the  kin i_r  of  this  people.  Hence 
Horace  speaks  of  Lae&trygonia  Bacchus  in 
amphora,  that  is.  Formian  wine:  and  Ovid 
calls  Formiae,  Laestrygorm  Lami  Urbs. 

I.AKVI  or  LEVI  (-orum),  a  Ligurian  peo- 
ple in  Gallia  Transpadana,  on  the  river  Tici- 
nus,  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  Marici, 
built  the  town  of  Ticinum  (I'avia). 

LAEVTNUS,  VALERIUS  (-i).  (1)  P.,  con- 
sul b.o.  '-'so.  defeated  by  Pyrrhus  on  the  banks 
of  the  Siris. — (2)  M.,  praetor  in  215,  when  he 
carried  on  war  against  Philip  in  Greece:  and 
consul  in  ■Jin,  when  he  carried  on  the  war  iu 
Sicily,  and  took  Agrigentum. 

LAGUS.     [I'toi.f.m 

LAIS  (-Wis),  the  name  of  two  celebrated 
Grecian  courtesans.  (1)  The  elder,  a  native 
probably  of  Corinth,  lived  in  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  was  celebrated  as 
the  most  beautiful  woman  of  her  age. — (2) 
The  yonnger,  daughter  of  Timandra,  proba- 
bly born  at  Hyccara  in  Sicily.  According  to 
some  accounts  she  was  brought  to  Corinth 
when  7  years  old,  having  been  taken  prisoner 
in  the  "Athenian  expedition  to  Sicily,  aud 
bought  by  a  Corinthian.  This  story,  howev- 
er, involves  numerous  difficulties,  and  seems 
to  have  arisen  from  a  confusion  between  this 
Lai-  and  the  elder  one  of  the  same  name. 

LAiL's  (-i),  kins  of  Thebes,  son  of  Labda- 
cus,  husband  of  Jocasta,  and  father  of  Oedi- 
pus, by  whom  he  was  .-lain.    [Okmpds.] 

LALXGE  (-es).  a  common  name  of  courte- 
sans, from  the  Greek  \a,\u- ./•  prattling,  used 
a6  a  term  of  endearment,  '-little  prattler." 

LALETANI.     [Lakf.tani.] 

LAMACHUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  the  col- 
league of  Alcibiades  and  Nicias  in  the  great 
Sicilian  expedition,  B.O.  415.  He  fell  under 
the  wails  of  Syracuse,  in  a  sally  of  the  be- 
sieged. 


LAMIA  (-ae),  a  female  phantom.  [Empusa.] 

LAMIA  (-ae),  AELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  fam- 
ily, wdiich  claimed  descent  from  the  mythical 
hero,  Lamus.  L.  Aelius  Lamia,  the  friend  of 
Horace,  was  consul  a.h.  3,  and  the  son  of  the 
Lamia  who  supported  Cicero  iu  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy. 

LAMIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Phthiotis,  in  Thes- 
saly,  situated  on  the  small  river  Achelous,  50 
stadia  inland  from  the  Maliac  gulf.  It  has 
given  its  name  to  the  war  which  was  carried 
on  by  the  confederate  Greeks  against  Antip- 
ater  "after  the  death  of  Alexander,  n.c.  323. 
When  Antipater  was  defeated  by  the  confed- 
erates under  the  command  of  Leosthenes,  the 
Athenian,  he  took  refuge  in  Lamia,  where  he 
was  besieged  for  some  mouths. 

LAMPETIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Helios  (the 
Sun),  and_sister  of  Phaethon. 

LAMPONIA  (-ae)  or  -IUM  (-i),  a  city  of 
Mysia,  in  the  interior  of  the  Troad,  near  the 
borders  of  Aeolia. 

LAMPSACUS  (-i),  an  important  city  of 
Mysia  iu  Asia  Minor,  on  the  coast  of  the  Hel- 
lespont; a  colony  of  the  Phocaeans  ;  celebra- 
ted for  its  wine,  and  the  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Priapus. 

LAMUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), and  king  of  the  Laestrygones,  said  to 
have  founded  Formiae  in  Italy.  [Formiaf; 
Lai.stuvgonks.]— (2)  A  river  and  town  of  Ci- 
licia. 

LAXGOBARDI  or  LONGOBATtDI  (orum), 
corrupted  into  LOMBARDS,  a  German  tribe 
of  the  Suevic  race,  dwelt  originally  on  the 
banks  of  the  Elbe,  and  after  many  migrations 
eventually  crossed  the  Alps  (A.n.  5GS),  and 
settled  iu'the  N.  of  Italy,  which  has  ever  since 
received  the  name  of  Lombardy.  The  king- 
dom of  the  Lombards  existed  for  upwards 
of  2  centuries,  till  its  overthrow  by  Charle- 
magne. 

LANtTVlUM  (-i:  Lavigna),  an  ancient  city 
in  Latium.  situated  on  a  hill  of  the  Alban 
Mount,  not  far  from  the  Appia  Via  ;  possessed 
an  ancient  and  celebrated  temple  of  Juno 
Sospita;  and  was  the  birthplace  of  the  em- 
peror Antoninus  Pius. 

LA(5C(50N  (-ontis),  a  Trojan  priest  of  the 
Thvmbraean  Apollo.  He  tried  in  vain  to 
dissuade  his  countrymen  from  drawing  into 
the  city  the  wooden  horse  which  the  Greeks 
had  left  behind  them  wheu  they  pretended 
to  sail  away  from  Troy.  As  he  was  prepar- 
[ng  to  sacrifice  a  bull  to  Poseidon.  2  fearful 
serpents  swam  out  of  the  sea,  coiled  round 
Laocoon  and  his  two  sons,  and  destroyed 
them.  His  death  forms  the  subject  of  a  mag- 
nificent  work  of  ancient  art  preserved  in  the 
Vatican. 

LA5DA.MIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Acastns, 
and  wife  of  Protesilans.  When  her  husband 
was  slain  before  Troy  she  begged  the  gods 
to  he  allowed  to  converse  with  him  for  only 
3  hours.  The  request  was  granted.  Hermes 
(Mercury)  led  Protesilans  back  to  the  upper 
world:  and  when  Protesilans  died  a  second 
time.  Laodamia  died  with  him. 

LAODICE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  and  wife  of  Helicaon.-  (2)  The 


III!  iillllliiiiiilllllillilli 

l.  ■"  ook,    (Gronp  In  the  Vatican.) 


LAODK'EA. 


225 


LAKES. 


name  given  by  Homer  to  the  daughter  of 
Agamemnon  and  Clytaemnestra,  who  is  called 
Electra  by  the  tragic  poets.  [Elzotra.]— (3) 
The  name  of  several  Greek  princesses  of  the 
family  of  the  Seleucidae,  one  of  whom  was 
the  mother  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  the  founder 
of  the  .Syrian  monarchy. 

LAODICEA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several 
Greek  cities  in  A-ia,  called  after  the  mother 
of  Seleucus  I.  Nieator,  and  other  Syrian  prin- 
cesses of  this  name.  (1)  L.  ad  Lycdm,  a  city 
of  Phrygia,  near  the  river  Lycus,  a  tributary 


of  6  ships  against  Troy,  killed  Laomedon, 
with  all  his  sons  except  Priam,  and  gave  He- 
sione  to  Telamon.  Priam,  as  the  sun  of  I.a- 
omedon,  is  called  Laomedontiadbs  ;  and  the 
Trojans,  as  the  subjects  of  Laomedon,  are 
called  Laomkim.ntiaiiae. 

LAPIDEI  CAMPI.  [Cimh  Lat-imi.  ] 
LAPITHAE  (-arum),  a  mythical  people  in- 
habiting t lie  mountains  of  Thessaly,  They 
were  governed  by  Pirithous,  who.  being  a  sou 
of  lxioii.  was  a  half-brother  of  the  Centaurs. 
The  latter  therefore  demanded  their  share  in 


Copper  Coin  ("  Medallion  ")  of  Laodicea  in  Phrygia,  with  Head  of  Commodus,  Triumphal  F}g*nre,aild  Nainj  of  Aeiarch. 


of  the  Maeander,  founded  by  Antiochus  II. 
Theos.  P  became  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing -  itiea  in  Asia  Mi  nor,  and  was  the  -cat  of 
a  il'iuri-him:  Christian  church  as  early  as  the 
apostolic  age.  —  (2)  L.  Combcbta,  u  '■■  tin- 
i, inni;  the  reason  ofthe  epithet  is  doubtful; 
a  city  of  Lycaonia,  X.  <if  [conium.     (  '■ 

Maui:,  a  city  on  the  COa8l    of  Syria,  aboUl   50 

8.  of  Am ioch,  bnill  by  Selencue  I.,  and 
bad  the  besl  harbor  in  Syria.    (4)  L.  ai>  Liba- 
ni  m.  a  city  "i  < loele-Syria,  at  the  N.  e 
to  tin-  narrow  valley,  between  Libauus  and 
Anti-I.ii' 

LAOMEDON  (-ontis),  king  of  Troy, 
Ilus.  and  father  of  Priam,  Hesione,  aud  other 
children.     I'  Apollo, 

wh  >  had  displeased    Zens  ,  were 

do. micd  to    -  in  for  wages.    Ac- 

cordingly, Poseidon  built  tin-  wall-  of  Troy, 
While    Apollo    tended    Hi'-    kind's    Hock-    on 

Mount   Ma.    When  the  tw< da  had  d 

their  work,  Laomedon  refuged  them  the  re- 
ward he  had  promised  them,  and  < 
them  from  ins  dominions.    Thereupon  Po- 

seidoii  -ent  (l  marine  inonMe,  |o  ra\ 
country,  to  which  the  Trojans  were  i 
from  time  to  lime.  |  |  maiden.     On 

one  occasion  it  was  decided  by  lot  thai  Hesi- 
one,  the  daughter  of  Laomedon,  should  be 
the  victim  ;  bill  Bhi  d  bj  Uei  cnle  . 

who  slew  the  monster,  upon  Laomedon  prom- 

o  give  him  the  horses  which  'I  ' 
ome  received  froi  i  2  ■  impeneation 

for  t  taiiymedes.    lint  w  hen  i  he 
slain,   Laomedon    again    broke    hi-    word. 
Tin  ' :  ed  with  a  equ  idron 


their  father's  kingdom  :  and,  a-  their  claims 
were  not  satisfied,  a  war  arose  between  the 
Lapithae  ami  Centaurs,  which,  however,  was 
terminated  by  a  peace.    Hut  when  Pirithous 

married  Ilippodamia,  aud  invited  the  Cen- 
taurs i o  tin'  marriage  feast,  the  latter,  tired  by 
wine,  and  urged  on  by  Arc- 1  Mars),  attempted 
to  carry  oflf  the  bride  ami  the  other  women. 
Thereupon  a  bloody  conflict  ensued,  in  n  hich 
the  Centaur-  were  defeated  bj  the  Lap 
The  Lapithae  arc  said  to  have  been  >'• 
veutorc  of  bits  ami  bridles  for  horses.  It  is 
probable  that  they  were  a  i'eia-'j ian  people, 
wiio  defeated  t he  lei  I  Cei 

compelled  them  to  abandon  Mount  Pellon. 

LAI:  or  LARS  (-tis),  an  ECtrnecan  praeno- 
iii.  n,  borne,  for  in-tan.  < ,  by  Porsena  and  To- 
lumnias.    From  the  Etrnscaue  ii  passed  over 

lo  the   Romans,  whence  we   lead  of  Lai    If 

minins,  who  was  consul  n.o.  n->.    This  word 
i  I. .ni,  kin-,  or  hero  in  the  Btrnscan. 

LARA.      llai:r.M.| 

i.  \  i:  \  \  1 1  \  ...  urn  i,  a  ( siderable  t"»  a 

in  the  8.  ol  Lycaonia,  at  the  \.  fool  of  W 

osed  by  the  (saurian  robbers 
ot  their  strongholds. 
LARENTl  \.    (  \'  n  Labi  wtia.] 
I.  \  i;  i>  ,  mm  ..i   inn  j,   infei  lor  g< 
Rome,  may  he  dlvkl 

publiei.    The  i  u  mur  »  ere 
the  Mane   of  a  bou  e  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
The  Manes  wen 

lie.  |c,l      Willi     the     p  !.     While    I  ll«- 

■.  .Te    I  he    ili\  lllitie       ;  I     I  er    the 

hearth  ami  the  whole  bou  i      II  ».>   only  the 


I.AKINT.M. 


326 


LATIUM. 


•  h1  men  that  were  honored  as 
Lares.  All  the  domestic  Lures  were  headed 
l>v  the  Lar  familiaris,  who  was  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  the  family  ;  he  was  inseparable 
from  the  family  ;  and  wiieu  the  latter  changed 
their  abode,  he  went  with  them.  Among  the 
ubliei  we  have  mention  made  of  Lares 
1  Lares  compitales.  The  former 
were  the  protectors  of  the  whole  city;  the 
latter  were  those  who  [/resided  over  the  sev-  | 
oral  divisions  of  the  city,  which  were  marked 
by  the  compita,  or  the  points  where  two  or 
more  streets  crossed  each  other.  The  images 
of  the  Lares,  iu  great  houses,  were  usually 
in  a  separate  compartment,  called  lararia. 
When  the  inhabitants  of  the  house  took  their 
meals,  some  portion  was  offered  to  the  Lares, 
and  upon  joyful  family  occasions  they  were 
adorned  with  wreaths",  and  the  lararia  were 
thrown  opeu. 

LARXNUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Frentani 
(whence  the  inhabitants  are  sometimes  called 
Frentani  Lariuates),  on  the  river  Tifernus, 
and  near  the  borders  of  Apulia. 

LARISSA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  Pelas- 
gian  places,  whence  Larissa  is  called  in  my- 
thology the  daughter  of  Pelasgus.  (1)  An 
important  town  of  Thessaly  in  Pelasgiotis, 
situated  on  the  Peneus,  iu  an  extensive  plain, 
and  once  the  capital  of  the  Pelasgi. — (2)  Sur- 
named  Ceexias  i  b,  another  important  town  of 
ily  in  Phthiotis,  distant  20  stadia  from 
the  Maliac  gnlf. — (3)  An  ancieut  city  on  the 
coast  of  the  Troad. — (4)  L.  Phbigohxs,  a  city 
on  the  coast  of  Mysia,  near  Cyme,  of  Pelas- 

fiau  origin,  bnt  colonized  by  the  Aeolians. 
t  was  also  called  the  Egyptian  Larissa,  be- 
cause Cyrus  the  Great  settled  in  it  a  body  of 
bis  Egyptian  mercenary  soldiers.  —  (5)  L. 
Ecu i  si  \.  a  city  of  Lydia,  iu  the  plain  of  the 
:. — (5)  In  Assyria,  an  ancient  city  ou 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Tigris,  some  distance  N. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Zabatas  or  Lyeus. 
It  was  deserted  when  Xenophon  saw  it. "  The 
name  Larissa  i-  no  doubt  a  corruption  of 
some  Assyrian  name  (perhaps  Al  - 
which  Xenophon  naturally  confounded  with 
i,  through  his  familial  ity  with  the  word 
as  the  :  -  in  Greece. 

LA  HISSES  (-i  .  a  small  river  forming  the 
boundary  between  Achaia  and  Elis,  and  flow- 
ing into  the  Ionian  sea. 

LiElDS  I. A(Ts  {Lake,  of  Coma),  a  beauti- 
ful lake  in  Gallia  Transpadana  (N.  Italy  .  rnn- 
:  Dm  N.  to  S..  through  which  the  river 
lows.    Pliny  had  several  villas  on  the 
banks  of  the  lake. 

LAKTIA   '.ENS.  patrician,  distinguished 

at  the  beginning  of  the  republic  through  2  of 

its  members,  'I".  Lartius,  the  first  dictator,  and 

Sp.  Lartius,  the  companion  of  Horatius  on 

■den  bridge. 

LiEUNDA  or  I. AHA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Almoii,  the  nymph  who  informed  Juno  of 
the  connection  between  Jupiter  and  Jutnrna : 
hence  her  name  is  connected  with  \a\elv. 
Jupiter  deprived  her  of  her  tongue,  and  or- 
dered Mercury  to  conduct  her  into  the  lower 
world.  On  the  way  thither  Mercury  fell  in 
love  with  her,  and  she  afterwards  gave  birth 
to  2  Lares. 


LARVAE.    [Lkmubbs.] 

I. AS,  an  ancient  town  of  Laconia,  on  tic  E. 
side  of  the  Laconiau  gulf,  10  stadia  from  the 
sea,  and  S.  of  Gytheuui. 

LASAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Crete, 
not  far  from  the  prom.  Samonium  mentioned 
iu  the  Acts  nf  the  Apostles. 

LASUS  (-i),  of  Hermione  in  Argolis,  a  lyric 
poet,  and  the  teacher  of  Pindar,  lived  at  Ath- 
ens under  the  patrouage  of  Ilipparchus.  His 
works  have  perished.  ~ 

LATIALIS  or  LATIARIS  (-is),  a  surname 
of  Jupiter  as  the  protecting  divinity  of  Lathim. 
The  Latin  towns  and  Rome  celebrated  to  him 
every  year  the  Feriae  Latinae  on  the  Albau 
mount,  which  were  conducted  by  one  of  the 
Roman  cousuls.     [Latincs.] 

LATINUS  (-i),  king  of  Latium,  son  of  Fau- 
nas and  the  nymph  Marica,  brother  of  Lavin- 
ins,  husband  of  Amata,  and  father  of  Lavinia, 
whom  he  gave  in  marriage  to  Aeneas.  [La- 
vinia.] According  to  one  account,  Latinus, 
after  his  death,  became  Jupiter  Latiaris,  just 
as  Romulus  became  Quirinns. 

L&TIUM  (-i),  a  country  in  Italy,  was 
iually  the  name  of  the  small  district  between 
the  Tiber  aud  the  Numicus,  and  afterwards 
signified  the  country  bounded  by  Etruria  on 
the  X.,  from  which  it  was  separated  by  th-e 
Tiber  ;  by  Campania  on  the  S.,  from  which  it 
was  separated  by  the  Liris  ;  by  the  Tyrrhene 
sea  on  the  W. :  and  by  the  Sabine  and  Sam- 
nite  tribes  on  the  E.  The  greater  part  of  this 
country  is  an  extensive  plain  of  volcanic  or- 
igin, out  of  which  rises  an  isolated  range  of 
mountains  known  by  the  name  of  Mons  At. 
ban ns,  of  which  the  Algidna  and  the  Tuscu- 
lau  hills  are  branches.  Part  of  this  plain,  on 
the  coast  between  Antium  and  Tarracina, 
which  was  at  one  time  well  cultivated,  be- 
came a  marsh  in  consequence  of  the  rivers 
Nymphaeus,  Dfens,  and  Amasenus  finding  no 
outlet  for  their  waters  [Pomptinae  Pai.iio  ; 
but  the  remainder  of  the  country  was  cele- 
brated for  its  fertility  in  antiquity.— The  La- 
tini  were  some  of  the  most  ancieut  inhabit- 
ants of  Italy.  They  appear  to  have  been  a 
Pelasgian  tribe,  and  are  frequently  called 
Aborigines.  At  a  period  long  anterior  to  the 
foundation  of  Rome,  these  Pelasgiaus  or  Ab- 
origines descended  into  the  narrow  plain  be- 
tween the  Tiber  and  the  Numicus,  expelled 
or  subdued  the  Siculi,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  that  district,  and  there  became  known 
under  the  name  of  Latiui.  These  ancient 
Latins,  who  were  called  Prisei  Latini,  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  later  Latins,  the  sub- 
jects of  Rome,  formed  a  league  or  confedera- 
tion, consisting  of  30  states.  The  town  i  f 
Alba  Longa  subsequently  became  the  head 
of  the  league.  This  town,  which  founded 
several  colonies,  and  among  others  Lome, 
boasted  of  a  Trojan  origin:  but  the  whole 
story  of  a  Trojan  settlement  in  Italy  is  prob- 
ably an  invention  of  later  times.  Although 
Rome  was  a  colony  from  Alba,  she  became 
powerful  enough  in  the  reign  of  her  3d  kin?:. 
Tnllus  Hostilins,  to  take  Alba  and  raa 
the  ground.  I  n  li  r  Servins  Tullius  Rome 
was  admitted  into  the  Latin  League :  and  his 


LATMICUS. 


>27 


LEMNOS. 


successor,  Tarquinius  Superbus, compelled  the 
other  Latin  towns  to  acknowledge  Koine  as 
the  head  of  the  league.  But  upon  the  expul- 
sion of  the  kings  the  Latins  asserted  their  in- 
dependence, and  commenced  a  straggle  with 
Rome,  whicb  was  not  brought  to  a  final  close 
till  i<  o.  340,  when  the  Latins  were  defeated  by 
the  Romans  at  the  battle  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
The  Latin  League  was  now  dissolved.  Sev- 
eral of  the  towns,  such  as  Lanuviuni,  Aricia, 
Momentum,  Pedum,  and  Tusculum,  received 
the  Roman  franchise  ;  and  the  others  became 
Roman  Soeii,  and  are  mentioned  in  history 
under  the  general  name  of  Somen  Latinum 
or  Latini.  They  obtained  certain  rights  and 
privileges,  which  the  other  Socii  did  not  en- 
joy. The  Romans  founded  in  various  parts 
of  Italy  many  colonics,  consisting  of  Latins, 
which  formed  a  part  of  the  Nomen  Latinum, 
although  they  were  not  situated  in  Laliiun. 
Thus  the  Latini  came  eventually  to  hold  a 
certain  status  intermediate  between  that  of 
Roman  citizens  and  peregrini. 

LATMICUS  SINfs  (-i),  a  gnlfon  the  coast 
of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  into  which  the  river 
Maeander  fell,  named  from  Mount  Latmus, 
which  overhangs  it.  Through  the  changes 
effected  on  this  coast  by  the  Maeander,  the 
gulf  is  now  an  inland  lake,  called  Akeee-Chai 
or  Ufa-Ba8si. 

LATMUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Caria,  extend- 
ing in  a  8.B.  direction  from  the  Sinus  Latmi- 
cus.  It  was  the  mythological  scene  of  the 
story  uf  Selene  (Luna)  and  Endymiou,  who 
i-  hence  called  by  the  Roman  poets  Latmius 
lieros  and  Latmius  venator. 

LATOBRIG1  (-Oram),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  neighbors  of  the  Helvetii,  probably 
dwelling  near  the  sources  of  the  Rhine   in 

Switzerland. 

LAToNA.     [Lbto.] 

LATJRENTUW  I  i),an  ancient  town  ofLa- 
tiiini.  the  residence  of  the  mythical  Latinus, 
Bituated  on  a  height  between  Ostia  and  Ar- 
flea,  not  far  from  the  sea,  and  surrounded  by 
a  grove  of  laurels,  whence  it  wat  appo  ed  to 
have  derived  its  name. 

LAUKlUM  (-i),  a  mountain  in  the  8.  of  At- 
tica, a  little  N.  of  the  prom.  Sunium,  celebra- 
ted for  it-  silver  mines,  which  hi  e  irlj  i  i 

were  very  productive,  but  in  the  tii if  Au- 
gustus yielded  uoth  in 

LAUR5N  (-onis),  a  town  in  the  E.  of  His- 
pania  Tarraconensis,  near  the  sen  and  the 

river  SuCrO. 

LAUS  (-i),  a  Greek  city  in  Lucania,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Lans.  which  formed  the 
boundary  between  Lucania  and  Bruttlum. 

LAI'S  POMPEII  (Lodi  Vecchio  ,  a  town  In 
i  lisalpina,  N.W.  of  Placentia,  and  S.E. 
of  Mediolanum,  made  a  municipiuin  by  the 
father  of  Porapey,  whence  Its  name 

LAUSUS  ( ii.    (1)  Son  of  Mezentiu 
of  the  it  'i     i'i  .  Blain  by  Aeneas.    (2)  Son 
of  Numitor  and  brother  of  ilia,  killed   by 
Amnlins. 

l.  \i  Ti  L  \i:  (-arum),  a  village  ol  the  V  ol  cl 
in  Latiurn,  in  a  narrow  pass  between  Tarra- 
cina  anil  Fundi. 

N 


L&VERNA  (-ae),  the  Roman  goddess  of 
thieves  and  impostors,  from  whom  the  Porta 
Lavernalis  derived  its  name. 

LAVICUM.    [Labioum.] 

LAVINIA  and  LAVINIA  (-ae),  daughter 
of  Latinua  and  Amata,  betrothed  to  Ttiniiis, 
but  married  to  Aeneas.    [Tubnub.] 

LAVINIUM,  LAVlNIl  M,  LiVlNlTJM  (-i), 
an  ancient  town  of  Latiam, 3  miles  from  the 
sea  and  0  miles  E.  of  Laurentum,  on  the  Vis, 
Appia,  founded  by  Aeneas,  and  called  Laviu-t 
ium  in  honor  of  his  wife  Lavinia. 

LEANDER  (-dri),  the  famous  youth  of 
Abydos  who  swain  every  night  across  the 
Hellespont  to  visit  Hero,  the  priestess  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  in  Sestus.  One  night  he 
perished  in  the  waves;  and  when  his  corpse 
was  washed  next,  morning  on  the  coast  of 
SesfUS,  Hero  threw  herself  into  the  sea. 

LfiBADEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  be- 
tween Chaeronea  and  Mount  Helicon,  at  the 
foot  of  a  rock,  in  a  cave  of  which  was  t lie  cel- 
ebrated oracle  of  Trophonius. 

LEBEDUS  (-i),  one  of  the  12  Ionic  cities, 
situated  on  the  coast  of  Lydia,  between  CoJo- 
phou  and  Teos.  It  was  nearly  deserted  in 
the  time  of  Horace. 

LfiBINTHUS  or  LEBYNTHUS  (-i),  an  isl- 
and in  the  Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

LfiCHAEUM.    [Cobinthi  s.] 

LECTUW  (-i),  the  S.W.  promontory  of  the 
Troad,  formed  by  Mount  Iaajutting  out  into 
the  sea. 

Lf:i>.\  (-ae),  daughter  of  Thestius,  whence 
she  is  called  Theatias,  wife  ofTyndareus,  king 
of  Sparta,  and  mother,  either  by  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) or  by  Tyndareus,  of  castor  and  Pollux, 

t  !lytaera tra  and  Helena.    According  to  the 

common  legend,  Zens  visited  Ledn  in  t  he  form 
of  a  swan;  .and  Bhe  brought  forth  2  egu's, 
from  one  of  which  issued  Helena,  aud  from 
the  other  <  !astor  .and  Pollux. 

1. 1.!  i.' .  BIS  am),  an  : lent  race,  frequent- 
ly mentioned  along  with  tin'  Pelasglana  ■■>» 
tiw  most  ancient  Inhabitants  of  Greece.  The 
;  were  a  warlike  and  migratory  rare. 
w ho  in-  i  io  ik  no  -'■-Mon  of  i he  coaj ts  and 
i  h.-  island  of  Greet  e,  and  afterwards  pene- 
trated into  the  interior.    Piracy  was  proba 

hly  tin-ii  rh. i  t  oi  in;, mi ;  anil  they  ai  '■  up 

re  'no  'i    i    thr  ancestors  ol  i  he  T<  Ii 

and  ii"'  Taphians,  who  were  notorious  for 

their  piracies.    The  name  of  thr  Lelege    was 

:  by  i  in-  ( Ireeka  from  an  nni  •    tor.  Le 

ailed  king  either  of  Megarls  or 

II  moil.      They    Iiiil- 1    In'    n '  ".ii  'li'd    :i»    a 

branch  of  i  in-  great  [ndo  I  ■  ice,  who 

became  gradually  Incorporated  with  the  Hel- 
lene ,  anil    thUS  I 
pendent  people. 

I . i : l . l •: X .    i  i.i  i  i  oi 

LBMANNUS  or  I, f:\TA\TS  l.Aci 

".'  '.'<  a.  ■  ;  .1 'i  by  it  ■ 

Rhodan 

man  province  •      ad  the  land  of  the 

Helvetil. 

LEMNOS  or  LEW  Ml        I),  • f  the  lar- 
gest Islands  in  tin'  \-                      nail.]  neat 
!v  midway   between  Mount  Athos  ami  tin' 


LEMONIA. 


228 


LEONTINI. 


Hellespant     It   was  sacred   to  Hephaestus  | 
(Vulcan)i  who  is  said  to   have   fallen   here 
when  be  was  hurled  down  from  Olympus. 
Bence  i  he  workshop  of  the  god  is  sometimes 

placed  in  this  island.    The  legend  appears  to  j 
nave  arisen  from  the  volcanic  nature  of  Lem-  ! 
DOS.     lis   earliest    inhabitants,   according   to 
Homer,  were   the   Thracian    Sinties.     When 
the  Ar. ">na:its  landed  at  Lemuos,  they  found 
it  inhabited  only  by  women,  who  had  mur- 
dered all  their  husbands.     [IIyi-sipyi.e.]     By  ; 
the  Lemuian  women  the  Argonauts  became 
the  fathers  of  the  Miin/ae,  who  inhabited  the 
island  till  they  were  expelled  by  the  Pelas- 
gians.     Lemnos  was  conquered  by  one  of  the  ! 
generals  of  Darius  ;  but  Miltiades  delivered 
it  from  the  Persians,  and  made  it  subject  to 
Athens. 

LEMONIA,  one  of  the  country  tribes  at 
Rome,  named  after  a  village  Lemonium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Via  Latina  before  the  Porta  Ca- 
pena. 

I.K.MuVlCES  (-ium),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Aquitanica,  between  the  Bitnriges  and  Ar- 
verni,  whose  chief  town  was  Atignstoritum, 
subsequently  called  Lemovices,  the  modern 
l/imoges. 

LEMOVII  (-ornmj,  a  people  of  Germany, 
mentioned  along  with  the  Kug'ti,  inhabiting 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic  in  the  modern  Pome- 
rania. 

LfiMUEBS  (-urn),  the  spectres  or  s])irits  of 
the  dead.  Some  writers  describe  Lemures  as 
the  common  name  for  all  the  spirits  of  the 
dead,  and  divide  them  into  2  classes:  the 
Lares,  or  the  souls  of  good  men,  and  the  Lar- 
vae, or  the  souls  of  wicked  men.  But  the 
common  idea  was  that  the  Lemures  aud  Lar- 
vae were  the  same.  They  were  said  to  wan- 
der about  at  night  as  spectres,  and  to  torment 
and  frighten  the  living.  In  order  to  propiti- 
ate them  the  Romans  celebrated  the  festival 
of  the  LenxuraXia  or  Lemuria. 

LBNAEUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Dionysus,  de- 
rived from  tenuis  (\riv6c),  the  wine-press  or  the 
vintage. 

LENTtTLTFS,  a  haughty  patrician  family  of 
the  Cornelia  gens,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant persons  were:  (1)  P.  Cornelius  Lentd- 
i.i  s  Si  b  v.  the  man  of  chief  note  in  Catiline's 
crew.  He  was  qnaestor  toSnlla  ji.o.  81 ;  prae- 
tor in  T.r>:  Consul  in  Tl.  In  the  next  year  hi' 
v..!-  ejected  from  the  senate,  with  63  others, 
for  infamous  life  and  manners.  It  was  this, 
probably,  that  led  liim  to  join  Catiline  and 
his  crew.  From  his  distinguished  birth  and 
high  rank,  he  calculated  on  becoming  chief 
of  the  conspiracy;  and  a  prophecy  of  the 
Sibylline  books  was  applied  by  flattering 
harnspices  to  him.  3  Cornel ii  w'-ere  to  rule 
Rome,  and  he  was  the  3d  after  Snlla  and 
Cinna;  the  '20th  year  after  the  burning  of  the 
.!,  etc.,  was  to  be  fatal  to  the  city.  To 
gain  power,  and  recover  his  place  in  the  sen- 
ate, he  became  praetor  again  in  ('.:;.  When 
Catiline  quitted  the  city  for  Etruria,  Leutulns 
was  left  as  chief  of  the  home  conspirators, 
and  his  irresolution  probably  saved  the  city 
from  being  tired.  For  it  was  by  his  over- 
eautiou  that  the  negotiation  wit  h  the  embassa- 


dors of  the  Allobroges  was  entered  into:  these 
unstable  allies  revealed  the  secret  to  the  con- 
sul Cicero.  The  sequel  will  be  found  under 
the  life  of  Catiline.  Lentulus  was  deposed 
from  the  praetorship,  and  was  strangled  in 
the  Capitoliue  prison  on  the  5th  of  Decem- 
ber.— (2)  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinthek, 
curule  aedile  in  63,  praetor  in  60,  and  consul 
in  57.  In  his  consulship  he  moved  for  the 
immediate  recall  of  Cicero,  and  afterwards  re- 
ceived Cilicia  as  his  province.  On  t lie  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  49  he  joined  the 
Pompeian  party. — (3)  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Crus,  praetor  in  53,  and  consul  in  49,  when 
he  took  a  very  active  part  against  Caesar. 
After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  fled  to  Egypt, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  young  Ptolemy's 
ministers. 

LEONIDAS  (-ae).  (1)  I.  King  of  Sparta, 
b.o.  491-480,  son  of  Anaxandrides,  and  suc- 
cessor of  his  half-brother  Cleomenes.  When 
Greece  was  invaded  by  Xerxes,  480,  Leouidas 
was  sent  with  a  small  army  to  make  a  stand 
against  the  enemy  at  the  pass  of  Thermopy- 
lae. His  forces  amounted  to  somewhat  more 
than  5000  men,  of  whom  only  300  were  Spar- 
tans. The  Persians  in  vain  attempted  to 
force  their  way  through  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopylae. They  were  driven  back  by  Leouidas 
and  his  gallant  band  with  immense  slaughter. 
At  length  the  Malian  Ephialtes  betrayed  the 
mountain-path  of  the  Anopaea  to  the  Per- 
sians, who  were  thus  able  to  fall  upon  the  rear 
of  the  Greeks.  When  it  became  known  to 
Leouidas  that  the  Persians  were  crossing  the 
mountain,  he  dismissed  all  the  other  Greeks 
except  the  Thespian  and  Theban  forces,  de- 
claring that  he  and  the  Spartans  under  his 
command  must  needs  remain  in  the  post  they 
had  been  sent  to  guard.  Then,  before  the 
body  of  Persians  who  were  crossing  the 
mountain  could  arrive  to  attack  him  in  the 
rear,  he  advanced  from  the  narrow  pass  and 
charged  the  myriads  of  the  enemy  with  his 
handful  of  troops,  hopeless  now  of  preserving 
their  lives,  and  anxious  only  to  sell  them 
dearly.  In  the  desperate  battle  which  en- 
sued Leouidas  himself  fell  soon.— (2)  II.  King 
of  Sparta,  son  of  Cleonymns,  ascended  the 
throne  about  256.  Being"opposed  to  the  pro- 
jected reforms  of  his  contemporary,  Agis 
IV.,  he  was  deposed,  and  the  throne  was 
transferred  to  his  son-in-law,  Cleombrotus ,- 
but  he  was  soon  afterwards  recalled,  an  I 
caused  Ag'.s  to  be  put  to  death.  240i  He  die<l 
about  236,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Cleomenes  III. 

LEOXNATLTS  (-i),  a  Macedonian  of  Pella, 
one  of  Alexander's  generals.  lie  crossed  over 
into  Europe  in  b.o.  322,  to  assist  Antipater 
against  the  Greeks  ;  but  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Athenians  and  their  allies,  and  fell  in 
battle. 

LEONTINI  (-6rum  :  Lentini),  a  town  in  the 
E.  of  Sicily,  about  5  miles  from  the  sea,  N.W. 
of  Syracuse,  founded  by  Chalcidians  from 
Naxos,  b.o.  730,  but  never  attained  much 
political  importance  in  consequence  of  its 
proximity  to  Syracuse.  The  rich  plains  N. 
of  the  city,  called  Lcontini  Campi,  were  some 
of  the  most  fertile  in  Sicily,  aud  produced 


LEOPREPIDES. 


229 


LETO. 


abundant  crops  of  most  excellent  wheat.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Gorgias. 

LEOPREPIDES,  i.  e.  the  poet  Sinionides, 
6on  of  Leoprepes. 

LEOSTHENES  (-is),  au  Athenian  com- 
mander of  the  combined  Greek  army  in  the 
Lamiau  war,  slain  while  besieging  Autipater 
in  the  town  of  Lamia,  u.o.  322. 

LBOTYCHlDES.  (1)  King  of  Sparta,  it.c 
401-4G9.  He  commanded  t lie  Greek  fleet  in 
479,  and  defeated  the  Persians  p.t  the  battle 
of  Mycale. — (2)  The  reputed  son  of  Agis  II., 
excluded  from  the  throne  in  consequence  of 
his  being  suspected  to  be  the  son  of  Alcibia- 
des  by  Timaea,  the  queen  of  Agis.  His  uncle, 
Agesilaus  II.,  was  substituted  in  his  room. 

LEPIDUS,  M.  AEMlLlUS  (-i),  the  trium- 
vir, son  of  M.  Lepidus,  consul  no.  78,  who 
took  up  arms  to  rescind  the  laws  of  Sulla,  but 
was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  Catnlus.  His 
sou  was  praetor  in  49,  and  supported  Caesar 
in  the  civil  war.  In  46  he  was  consul  with 
Caesar,  and  in  41  he  received  from  the  latter 
the  government  of  Narbonese  Saul  and  Near- 
er Spain.  He  was  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Pome  at  the  time  of  the  dictator's  death,  and 
h  iving  the  command  of  au  army,  he  was 
able  to  render  M.  Antony  efficient  assistance. 
Lepidus  was  now  chosen  pontifex  maximus, 
which  dignity  had  become  vacant  by  Caesar's 
death,  and  then  repaired  to  his  provinces  of 
Gaul  and  Spain.  Antony,  after  his  defeat  ai 
Mtitina  (43),  fled  to  Lepidus,  who  espoused 
his  cause  against  the  senate.  They  crossed 
the  Alps  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army,  and 
were  joined  in  the  N.  of  Italy  by  Octavian 
(afterwards  Augustus).  In  the  month  of  Oc- 
tober the  celebrated  triumvirate  was  funned, 
by  which  the  Roman  world  was  divided  be- 
tween Augustus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus.  [See 
]).  74.  ]  In  the  fre-h  division  of  the  provinces 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi  (42),  Lepidus  re- 
ceived Africa,  where  he  remained  till  36.  In 
this  year  Augustus  Bummoned  him  to  Sicily 
to  assist  him  in  the  war  against  Sex.  Pompey. 
Lepidus  obeyed,  but,  tiled  of  being  treated  as 
a  subordinate,  he  resol'  ed  to  make  an  effort 
to  acquire  Sicily  for  himself.    He  wa 

subdued  by  AngUStllS,  Who  spared  hN  life, 
but  deprived  him  of  his  triumvirate,  bis  ar- 
my, ami  hi-  provinces,  and  commanded  that, 
he  should  live  ai  Circeii,  tinder  strict  surveil- 
lance.   He  allowed  him,  however,  i a 

hi-  dignity  of  pontifex  maximus.  lie  was 
not  priw  to  the  conspiracy  which  hi      on 

fun i  i"  assassinate  Augastns  In  30.    He 

died  in  13.  Augustus  succeeded  him  a-  pon- 
tifex maxim  n 

LEPONTll  |  "Him),  an  Alpine  people, 
dwelling  near  tie'  sources  of  the  Rhine,  on 

the  S.  slope  of  tlii'  St.  (Jolhard   and  the  Sim- 

plon  :  the  i  n  ime  I  still  retained  in  the  \ui 
I,*  roe  a  tiru  i  Their  chief  town  wae  1 1  ze)n(Do 
■mo  d'Ossola 

LEPREUM  (i),  a  town  of  Ells  ill  Triphylin, 
Situated  M)  -  tadia  from  the   i  i 

LEPTlNES,  an  Athenian,  known  only  as 
the  propn  er  of  a  law  taking  away  all  i  pei  lal 
exemptions  from  the  burden  of  public  Char  [es 
against  which  the  oration  of  Hemosthenes  is 


directed,  usually  kuowu  as  the  oration  against 
Leptines,  b.O.  355. 

LEPTIS  (-is).  (1)  Lkptib  Magma  or  Neap- 
oi.is,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  N.  Africa,  between 
the  Syrtes,  E.  of  Abrotouum,  was  a  Phoeni- 
cian colony,  with  a  flourishing  commerce, 
though  it  possessed  no  harbor.  Ii  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  emperor  Septimius  Severus. 
—(2)  Lici'tis  Minor  or  Pabva,  usually  called 
simply  Leptis,  a  Phoenician  colony  on  the 
coast  of  Byzacium  in  N.  Africa. 

LERNA  (-ae)  or  LEKNE  (-0*),  a  district  in 
Argolis,  not  far  from  Argos,  in  which  was  a 
marsh  and  a  small  river  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  celebrated  as  the  place  where  Hercules 
killed  the  Lernean  Hydra.    [See  p.  li>0.] 

LEKOS,  asmall  island,  one  of  the  Sporades, 
opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sinus  lassius, 
on  the  coast  of  Caria. 

LESBOS  or  LESBUS  (-i),  a  large  island  in 
the  Aegaean,  off  the  coast  of  Mysia  in  Asia 
Minor.  It  was  colonized  by  Aeolians,  who 
founded  in  it  an  Hexapolis,  consisting  of  the 
6  cities  Mytilene,  Methymna,  Eresus,  Pyrrha, 
Antissa,  and  Arisbe,  afterwards  reduced  to  5 
through  the  destruction  of  Arisbe  by  the  Me- 
thyiunaeans.  The  chief  facts  in  the  history 
of"  Lesbos  are  connected  with  its  principal 
city,  Mytilene.  [Mytilene.]  The  island  is 
most  important  in  the  early  history  of  Greece, 
at  the  native  region  of  the  early  school  of 
lyric  poetry.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  po- 
ets  Terpander,  Alcaeus,  Sappno,  and  ArioD, 
of  i  he  sage  Pittacus,  of  the  historian  Hellani- 
cue,  and  of  1  he;  philosopher  Theophi  astus. 

I.KTIIK  (-es),  a  river  in  the  lower  world, 
from  which  the  shades  drank,  and  thus  ob- 
tained forget  fulness  of  the  past. 

LfiTC  (-us),  called  LiTONA  (-ae)  by  the 
i: ans,  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus  and 

Phoebe,  and  mother  of  Apollo  and  Artemis 
(Diana;  by  ZeUB  (.lupiter).  The  love  of  the 
king  of  the  gods  procured  for  I.eto  the  enmity 

of  Hern  (Juno).  Persecuted  by  this  goddess, 
Leto  wandered  from  place  to  place,  I  i!l  she 
came  to  Delos,  which  was  then  a  floating  isl- 
and, and  hole  the  name  of  Astciia  or  ( in  ygln, 
Zeus  fastened  it  by  adamantine  chains  to  the 

botl f  the   sea',  that   it   might    he  a 


l  Vine.) 


LEUCA. 


230 


LIBERTAS. 


resting-place  for  his  beloved,  and  there  she 
lirth  to  Apollo  and  Artemis.  Leto  was 
generally  worshiped  only  in  conjunction  witb 
her  children.  Delos  was  the  chief  seat  of  her 
|>.  From  their  mother,  Apollo  is  fre- 
quently called  LeUnus  or  Latifms,  and  Arte- 
mis   Ilium   LeUna,  LetoHs,  Latins,  or  Latoe. 

LEUCA  (-drum),  a  town  at  the  extremity 
of  the  [apygian  promontory  in  Calabria. 

I.KCCAE  (-.".rum),  LEUCA,  a  -mall  town 
on  the  coast  of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  near 
Phocaea. 

LEUCAS  (-adis)  or  LEUCADIA  (-ae:  Santa 
Maura),  an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Acarnauia,  about  20  miles  in 
length,  and  from  5  to  8  miles  in  breadth.  It 
derived  its  name  from  the  numerous  calca- 
reous hills  which  cover  its  surface.  It  was 
originally  united  to  the  mainland  at  its  N.E. 
extremity  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Homer 
speaks  of  it  as  a  peniusnla,  and  mentions  its 
well-fortified  town  Serious.  It  was  at  that 
inhabited  by  the  Teleboans  and  Leleges. 
Subsequently  the  Corinthians  under  Cypse- 
lua,  between  b.o.  665  and  625,  founded  a  new 
town  called  Leucas.  They  also  cut  a  canal 
through  the  isthmus,  and  thus  converted  the 
peninsula  into  an  island.  This  canal  was 
afterwards  rilled  up  by  deposits  of  sand,  but 
was  opened  again  by  the  Romans.  At  pres- 
eent  the  channel  is  dry  iu  some  parts,  and 
has  from  :;  to  4  feet  of  water  in  others.  Dur- 
ing the  war  between  Philip  and  the  Romans, 
Lencas  was  the  place  where  the  meetings  of 
the  Acarnanian  League  were  held.  At  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  island,  opposite  Cephallenia, 
was  the  celebrated  promontory,  variously 
called  IjKucas,  Leueatas,  Leucates,  or  Leucdte, 
on  which  was  a  temple  of  Apollo  Leucadins.  I 
At  the  annual  festival  of  the  god  it  was  the 
cu.-tom  to  cast  down  a  criminal  from  this 
promontory  into  the  sea:  birds  were  attached  j 
to  him  in  order  to  break  his  fall;  and  if  he 
reached  the  sea  uninjured,  boats  were  ready  i 
to  pick  him  up.  This  appears  to  have  been  j 
an  expiatory  rite:  and  it  gave  rise  to  the! 
well-known  story  that  lovers  leaped  from  this 
rock  in  order  to  seek  relief  from  the  pangs 
of  love.  Thus  Sappho  is  said  to  have  leaped  | 
down  from  this  rock  when  in  love  with  Pha- 
on.    [Sappho.] 

LEU<  I  (-oram),  a  people  in  the  S.E.  of  Gal- 
lia Bel:;ica,  S.  of  the  Mediomatrici,  bi 
the  Matrona  and  Mosella:   their  chief  town 
..lum  (Toul). 

LETJCIPPE.    [Ai.catiiok.] 

LEUCIPPIDES.    [Lotoippcs,  No.  2.] 

LED<  IPPDS  (-i).  (l,  Son  of  Oenomaus, 
the  lover  of  Daphne. — ',2)  Son  of  P( 
prince  ofthe  Messenians,  and  father  ofPhoebe 
and  Ililaira,  usually  called  Leucippides,  who 
wt-re  betrothed  to  [das  ana  Lyncens,  the  sons 
of  Apharens,  but  were  carried  off  by  i 
and  Pollux.— (3)  A  Grecian  philosopher,  the 
founder  ofthe  atomic  theory  of  philosophy, 
which  was  more  fully  developed  by  Democri- 
•<us.     His  date  is  uncertain. 

LETJ(  OPETBA  (-ae:  C.delVArmf),  a  prom- 
ontory in  the  s.W.  of  Bruttium.  on  the  Sicil- 
ian straits,  and  a  few  miles  S.  of  Khcgium.    It 


derived  its  name  from  the  white  color  of  its 
rocks. 

LEUCOPHRYS,  a  city  of  Caria,  close  to  a 
curious  lake  of  warm  water,  and  having  a  re- 
nowned temple  of  Artemis  Lencophryna. 

LEUCOSIA  or  LEUC.YSIA  (-ae :  I', mm,,  a 
small  island  in  the  S.  of  t tie  gulf  of  Paestum, 
off  the  coast  of  Lucaitia,  said  to  have  been 
Cidled  after  one  ofthe  Sirens. 

LEUC'OSYRI   (-orum:  i.  e.  White   Syi 
the  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  Cappadocin,  who  were  of  the  Syrian 
race,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Syrian  tribes 
of  a  darker  color  beyond  the  Taurus. 

LEUCOTHEA  (-ae)  or  LEUCOTH0E  (-es). 
(1,  A  marine  goddess,  was  previously  Ino,  the 
wife  of  Athamas.  [Atuamag.] — (2)  "Daughter 
of  the  Babylonian  king  Orchamus  and  Eu- 
rynome,  beloved  by  Apollo,  was  buried  alive 
by  her  father;  whereupon  Apollo  metamor- 
phosed her  into  an  incense  shrub. 

LEUCTKA  (-dram),  a  small  town  iu  Boeo- 
tia,  on  the  road  from  I'lataeae  to  Thespiae, 
memorable  for  the  victory  of  Epaminondas 
and  the  Thebans  over  the  "Spartans,  n.c.  371. 

LEXOYlI  or  LEXOBII  (-orum),  a  people  in 
Gallia  Lngdnnensis,  on  the  ocean,  W.  of  the 
mouth  ofthe  Sequana:  their  capital  was  Xo 
viomagns  (Lisieux). 

LIBANIUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Greek  soph- 
ist and  rhetorician,  was  the  teacher  of  St. 
Basil  and  St.  Chrysostom,  and  the  friend  of 
the  emperor  Julian.  lie  was  born  at  Anti- 
och,  on  the  Orontes,  about  a.i>.  314,  and  died 
about  395.     Several  of  his  works  are  extant. 

LIBANUS  (-i),  a  range  of  mountains  on  the 
confines  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  dividing.Pbi  ie- 
nice  from  Coele-Syria.  Its  highest  summits 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  and  its  sides 
were  iu  ancient  times  clothed  with  forests  of 
cedars.  It  is  considerably  lower  than  the  op- 
posite range  of  Amti-Libands.  In  the  Script- 
ures the  word  Lebanon  is  used  for  both 
ranges,  acd  for  either  of  them  ;  but  in  classical 
authors  the  names  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus 
are  distinctive  terms,  being  applied  to  the  W. 
and  E.  ranges  respectively. 

LIBENTINA.  LIBENTINA,  or  LUBEN- 
TIA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Venus  among  the  Ro- 
mans, by  which  she  is  described  as  the  god- 
dess of  sensual  pleasure. 

LIBER  (-bri)  or  LIBER  PATER,  a  name 
frequently  given  by  the  Roman  poets  to  the 
Greek  Bacchus  or  Dionysus.  But  the  ;_'od 
Liiikr  and  the  goddess  Llbkba  were  ancient 
Italian  divinities,  presiding  over  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine  and  the  fertility  of  the  fields. 
Hence  they  were  worshiped  in  early  times  in 
conjunction  with  teres.  The  female  Libera 
was  identified  by  the  Romans  with  Cora  ..r 
Proserpina,  the  daughter  of  Demeter  (Ceres  ; 
whence  Cicero  calls  Liber  and  Libera  chil- 
dren of  Ceres  ;  whereas  Ovid  calls  Ariadne 
Libera. 

LIBERA.     [Limp::.! 

LIBERTAS  (-atis),  the  goddess  of  Liber- 
ty, to  whom  several  temples  were  erected  at 
Rome.  These  temples  must  be  distinguished 
from  the  Atrium  Libcrtatis,  which  was  used 


LIBETIIRIDKS. 


231 


LIGURIA. 


as  an  office  of  the  censors.  Libertaa  is  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art  as  a  matron,  with  the 
filleus,  the  symbol  of  liberty,  or  a  wreath  of 
aurel.  Sometimes  she  appears  holding  the 
Phrygian  cap  in  her  hand. 

LIBKTHRIDES.    [Libethbum.] 

LIBETHRIUS  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Boe- 
otia,  a  branch  of  Mount  Helicon,  possessing 
a  grotto  of  the  Libethrian  nymphs. 

LIBETHRUM  (-i)  or  LIBETHRA  (-ae),  an 
ancient  Thracian  town  in  Pieria  in  Macedo- 
nia, on  the  slope  of  Olympus,  where  Orpheus 
is  said  to  have  lived.  "  It  was  sacred  to  the 
Muses,  who  were  hence  called  Libethrides; 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  worship  of  the 
Muses  under  this  name  was  transferred  from 
this  place  to  Boeotia. 

LIBITINA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
identified  by  the  later  Romans  with  Perseph- 
one (Proserpina),  on  account  of  her  connec- 
tion with  the  dead  and  their  burial.  At  her 
temple  at  Home  every  thing  necessary  for  fu- 
nerals was  kept,  and  persons  might  there  ei- 
ther buy  or  hire  such  things.  Hence  a  person 
undertaking  the  burial  of  a  person  (an  under- 
taker) was  called  libitinarius,  and  his  business 
libitina ;  hence  the  expression  libitina  futu  ri- 
bu..  Hon  sujjlciebat — Le.  they  could  not  all  be 
buried.  Owing  to  the  connection  of  Libitina 
with  the  dead,  Roman  poets  frequently  em- 
ploy her  name  in  the  sense  of  death  itself. 

LIBYPHOENICES  (-nm),  the  inhabitants 
of  the  cities  founded  by  the  Phoenicians  on 
the  coast  of  the  Carthaginian  territory,  and 
so  called  from  their  being  a  mixed  race  of  the 
Libyan  natives  with  the  Phoenician  settlers. 

I. FBI' I  (-5rum),  a  Gallic  tribe  in  Gallia  I  !is- 
padana,  to  whom  the  towns  of  Brixia  and  Ve- 
rona formerly  belonged,  from  which  they  were 
expelled  by  the  <  enomani. 

LlBURNlA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Ulyricnm, 
along  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  separated 
from  [stria  by  the  river  Ar-ia,  and  from  Dal- 
matiaby  the  river  Titi us.  [fs  inhabitants,  the 
Libukni,  supported  themselves  chiefly  by  com- 
merce and  navigation.  They  were  celebrated 
at  a  very  early  period  as  bold  and  skillful  jail- 
ors. Their  ships  were  remarkable  for  their 
Bwifl  -ailing ;  and  hence  vessels  built  after  the 
same  model  were  called  TAbumicae  or  lAbiir- 
nae  nax ■  i.  It  was  to  light  \ essels  of  this  de- 
scription that  Augustus  was  mainly  indebted 
for  his  victory  over  Antony's  fleel  al  the  1  > ■  1 1 - 
tie  of  A 'i  iu in.  The  Liburniaut  were  the  flrsl 
Illyriau  people  who  submitted  to  the  Romans. 

i.iiiv  \  (-ae),  the  Greek  name  for  the  con 
tlnent  of  Africa  in  general.    [Afbioa.] 

I.Fc  ii  \ 8  (  ie  .  an  attendant  of  Si 
brought  his  master  I  he  poisoned  garment, 
and  was  hurled  by  him  into  the  sea.    The 
Lichades,  8  small  islands  between  Enboen  and 

Locris,  were    believed   to  have   derived   their 

name  from  him. 

I. ii  inia  GENS,  to  which  belonged  the 
distingn  shed  famili  i  s,  la  i  di.lus, 

and  M  - 

LICINIUS  (-i).  (1)  ('.  r,toiNirs(',\i.vis.  Mir- 
nnmed  Sun...,  a  name  said  to  be  derived  from 
(he  care  with  which  he  dug  up  the  shoots 


springing  from  the  roots  of  his  vines.  He 
brought  the  contest  between  the  patricians 
and  plebeians  to  a  happy  termination,  and 
thus  became  the  founder  of  Rome's  greatness. 
He  was  tribune  of  the  people  from  b.o.  376  to 
367,  and  was  faithfully  supported  ill  his  exer- 
tions by  his  colleague,  L.  Sextius.  The  laws 
which  he  proposed  were  :  1.  That  in  future 
no  more  consular  tribunes  should  be  appoint- 
ed, but  that  consuls  should  be  elected,  one  of 
whom  should  always  be  a  plebeian.  2.  That 
no  one  should  possess  more  than  BOO  jugera 
of  the  public  hind,  or  keep  upon  it  more  than 
100  head  of  large,  and  500  of  small  cattle.  3. 
A  law  regulating  the  affairs  between  debtor 
and  creditor.  4.  That  the  Sibylline  books 
should  be  intrusted  to  a  college  of  ten  men 
(decemviri),  half  of  whom  should  be  plebe- 
ians. These  rogations  were  passed  after  a 
vehement  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  patri- 
cians, and  1,.  Sextius  wa-  tin'  first  plebeian 
who  obtained  the  consulship,  30(*>.  Licinius 
himself  was  elected  twice  to  the  consulship, 
364  and  361.  Some  years  later  he  was  ;.;.,  u~r,l 
by  M.  Popilius  Laenas  of  having  transgressed 
his  own  law  respecting  the  amount  of  public 
land  which  a  person  might  possess.  He  was 
condemned  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  heavj  fine. 
— (2)  <J.  LlOlNlCS  Ma okr.  an  annalist  and  an 
orator,  was  impeached  of  extortion  bj  I 
and  finding  that  the  verdict  was  against  him, 
committed  suicide,  u.o.  66. —  (3)  «'.  Lioinics 
M  mi  bCai  vi  s,  son  of  the  last,  a  distinguished 
orator  and  poet,  was  bom  n.0. 32,  and  died 
about  -IT  or  46,  in  his  35th  or  36th  year.  His 
most  celebrated  oration  was  delivered  against 
Vat  in  ins,  who  was  defended  by  Cicero,  -Alien 
he  was  only  l'7  years  of  age.  His  i 
been  warmly  extolled  by  Catullus,  Propel  tins, 

and  Ovid.      All  his  works  aie  lost. 

in  ink's  (-1),  Roman  emperor  a.i>.  807- 

324,  was  :i  Daciail  pea-ant   by  birth,  and  was 

raised  to  the  rank  of  Augustus  by  the  emperor 
Qnlerins.  He  afterwards  had  the  dominion 
of  the  Bast  He  carried  on  war  first  with 
Ma  xi  inin  a-  IT.,  win  mi  he  defeated  n.i>.81  i,  and 
subsequently  with  Constantiue,  by  whom  be 
wat  Hi  bis  turn  defeated, 315.    A  second  war 

bloke  out   between  l.iciuius  and  ConStailtllie 

in  328,  in  which  Licinius  was  not  onlj  defeated, 
but  deprived  of  hi-  tin-one.  in  the  follow  Inu 
\<  o  he  was  put  to  death  by  Constantiue,  824. 

LIDE    ee),  n  mountain  of  1  ai  la,  above  re- 
el i 

l. H.  Mill's  (-1),  (,».,  i".  ni  -lit  on  the  side  ofthe 

P peian  party  In  Africa,  and  was  d<  Ii 

by  i  Ii  er ifore  i  inesar  In  a  Bpeech  still  ex- 
tant.   Ligarlus  joined  the  conspirators  who 
assassin  it.  d  i  aesai  In  n.c. 44,  and  perished  in 
osci  Iption  of  the  triumvirs  In  48. 

LlGER  or  I  [GBRIS  (-1  Tjoire),  o  larg< 
river  iii  Gaul,  rising  in  Mount  Cevenna,  flow 
rough  the  territories  of  the  Arvernl, 
Aedui,  and  Carnntes,  and  I  illin  •  Into  the 
ocean  between  the  territoi  lei  or  the  Nam- 
I  ■■■  n 

I ,  M  .  I    1 1  I  \ 

<m  the  \v.  by  the  river  Varna  nud  thi 
tine    \h,  ,  whi.h  separated  d  from  1 
alpine  Gaul  i  on  the  S.E.  by  the  rivi  i  M  i< 
which  separated  It  from  Btrurin  ;  on  tl 


LILAEA. 


LIVIA. 


by  iln'  river  l'<>:  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Mare 
Ligusticum.  The  Maritime  Alps  and  the 
Apennines  run  through  the  greater  part  of 
the  country.  The  inhabitants  were  called  by 
the  Greeks  Liqi  i  s  ami  Ligystiki,  ami  by  the 
Romans  Liodbes  (sing.  Ligtm,  more  rarely 
l.i-wr).  They  were  in  early  times  widely 
I,  ami  inhabited  the  coasts  of  Gaul  and 
Italy,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  to  Pisae 
in  Eirtiria.  They  were  divided  by  the  Ro- 
man- into  Ligurek  Vransalpini  and  Cimlpini. 
The  names  of  the  principal  tribes  were:  On 
Ibe  W.  side  of  the  Alps,  the  Sai.yf.b  or  Salt.c- 
vii.  (  ixvbii,  and  Deci  vies  ;  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Alps,  the  Intkmki.ii,  Ino.u  m,  and  Aru- 
ani  near  the  coast,  the  Vagibnni,  Sai.assi, 
aud  Taurini  oh  the  upper  course  of  the  Po, 
and  the  Laevi  and  Marisoi  N.  of  the  Po. — 
The  Ligurians  were  small  of  stature,  but 
strong,  active,  and  brave.  In  early  times 
they  served  as  mercenaries  in  the  armies  of 
the  Carthaginians,  and  they  were  not  sub- 
dued by  the  Romans  till  after  a  long  and 
fierce  struggle. 

LILAEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Phocis, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Cephissus. 

LlLi'BAEU.M  (-i:  Marsala),  a  town  in  the 
W.  of  Sicily,  with  -an  excellent  harbor,  situ- 
ated on  a  promontory  of  the  same  name, 
ite  to  the  prom.  Her  ma  en  m  or  Mercnrii 
(C.  /.'"'()  in  Africa,  the  space  between  the  two 
being  the  shortest  distance  between  Sicilvand 
Africa.  The  town  was  founded  by  the  Car- 
thaginians about  b.o.  397,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal Carthaginian  fortress  in  Sicily. 

I.T.MITES  (-urn)  ROMANI  (-ornm),  the 
name  of  a  continuous  series  of  fortifications, 
consisting  of  castles,  walls,  earthen  ramparts, 
and  the  like,  which  the  Romans  erected  along 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube  to  protect  their 
possessions  from  the  attacks  ofthe  Germans. 

I.IMNAE  (-fnnm),  a  town  in  Messenia,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Laconia,  with  a  temple  of 
Artemis  (Diana)  Limnatis. 

LIMNAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Acar- 
nania,  near  the  Atnbracian  gulf,  on  which  it 
had  a  harbor. 

LIMONUM.     [Piotonks.] 

MM  T'KA  (-ae),  a  city  in  the  S.E.  of  Lycin, 
on  the  river  Limyrim. 

LINDUM  <-i :  Lincoln),  a  town  ofthe  Co- 
ritani  in  Britain,  on  the  road  from  Londinium 
to  Eboracnm,  and  a  Roman  colony.  The 
modem  name  Lincoln  has  been  formed  out  of 
Lindum  Colonia. 

LINDUS  (-i),  one  ofthe  3  Dorian  cities  in 
the  island  of  Rhodes,  situated  on  the  E.  coast. 

LTNGONES  -urn.  (1)  A  powerful  people 
in  Transalpine  Gaul,  bounded  by  the  Treviri 
on  the  N.  and  the  Seipiani  on  the  S.  Their 
chief  town  was  Andematurinnra,  afterwards 
Lingones  (Langre*).— (2)  A  branch  of  the 
above-mentioned  people,  who  migrated  into  ! 
Cisalpine  Gaul  along  with  the  Boii,  and  dwelt 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Ravenna 

LINTERNUM.     [Litbknitm.] 

LINUS  (-i),  the  personification  of  a  dirge 
or  lamentation,  and  therefore  described  as  a 
eon  of  Apollo  by  a  Muse   (Calliope,  or  by 


Psamathe  or  Chalciope).  Both  Argos  and 
Thebes  claimed  the  honor  of  his  birth.  An 
Argive  tradition  related  that  Linus  was  ex- 
posed by  his  mother  after  his  birth,  and  was 
brought  up  by  shepherds,  but  was  afterwards 
torn  to  pieces  by  dogs.  Psamathe's  grief  at 
the  occurrence  betrayed  her  misfortune  to 
her  father,  who  con'demued  her  to  death. 
Apollo,  indignant  at  the  father's  cruelty,  vis- 
ited Argos  with  a  plague;  and,  in  obedience 
to  an  oracle,  the  Argtves  endeavored  to  pro- 
pitiate Psamathe  and  Linus  by  means  of  sac- 
rifices and  dirges,  which  were  called  lini. 
According  to  a  Boeotian  tradition,  Linus  was 
killed  by  Apollo  because  he  had  ventured 
upon  a  musical  contest  with  the  god.  The 
Thebans  distinguished  between  an  earlier 
and  later  Linus;  the  latter  is  said  to  have 
instructed  Hercules  in  music,  but  to  have 
been  killed  by  the  hero. 

LIPARA  and  LlPlRENSES  INSULAE. 
[Aeoi.iak.] 

LIPS,  the  S.W.  wind,  corresponding  to  tho 
Latin  Africus. 


Lips.     (From  the  Temple  of  the  Winits,  nt  Athens.) 

LIQUENTIA  (-ae:  Livenza),  a  river  in 
Venetia  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  flowing  into  the 
Sinus  Tergestinns. 

LIRIS  (-is:  Garialianri),  more  anciently 
called  CLANIS  (-is)  or  GLANIS,  one  ofthe 
principal  rivers  in  central  Italy,  rising  in  the 
Apennines  VY.  of  lake  Fticinus.  flowing  into 
the  Sinus  Caietanus  near  Minturnae,  and 
forming  the  boundary  between  Latium  and 
Campania.  Its  stream  was  sluggish,  whence 
the  "  Liris  quieta  aqua"  of  Horace. 

LISSUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Dalmatia, 
at  the  mouth  ofthe  river  Drilon,  founded  by 
Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  u.c.  385,  aud  possess- 
ing a  strongly  fortified  acropolis  called  Aoko- 
i.issrs.  which  was  considered  impregnable. 

LITANA  SILVA,  a  large  forest  on  the 
Apennines  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  S.E.  of  Mutina. 

LlTERNUM  or  LINTERNUM  (-i :  Patria), 
a  town  on  the  coast  of  Campania,  at  th« 
mouth  of  the  river  Clanis  or  Glanis,  which  in 
the  lower  part  of  its  course  takes  the  name 
of  LiTFp.NtTs,  and  which  flows  through  a 
marsh  to  the  N.  ofthe  town,  called  Litkkna 
PAi.rs.  It  was  to  this  place  that  the  elder 
Scipio  Africanns  retired  when  the  tribunes 
attempted  to  bring  him  to  trial,  aud  here  he 
is  said  to  have  died. 

LIVIA  (-ae).  (\)  Sister  of  M.  Livius  Dru- 
sus,  the  celebrated  tribune,  u.o.  91,  married 
first  to  M.  Porcine  Cato,  by  whom  she  had 


LIVIUS. 


233 


LOCUSTA. 


Cato  LTicensis,  and  subsequently  to  Q.  Ser- 
vilius  Caepio,  by  whom  she  hail  a  daughter, 
Servilia,  the  mother  of  M.  Brutus,  who  killed 
Caesar. — (2)  Livia  Deusii.i.a,  the  daughter 
of  Livius  Drustis  Claudianus  [Dsusus,  No.  3], 
married  first  to  Tib.  Claudius  >,'ero;  aud  aft- 
erwards to  Augustus,  who  compelled  her  hus- 
band to  divorce  her,  u.c.  3S.  She  had  already 
borne  her  husband  one  son,  the  future  em- 
peror Tiberius,  and  at  the  time  of  her  mar- 
riage with  Augustus  was  G  months  pregnant 
with  another,  who  subsequently  received  the 
name  ofDrtisus.  She  never  had  any  children 
by  An 'justus,  but  she  retained  his  affections 
till  his  death.  On  the  accession  of  her  sou 
Tiberius  to  the  throne,  she  at  first  attempted 
to  obtain  an  equal  share  in  the  government ; 
but  this  the  jealous  temper  of  Tiberius  would 
not  brook.  She  died  in  A.n.  29,  at  the  age 
of  82  or  SO.— (3)  Or  Livh.t.a,  the  (laughter  of 
Drusus  senior  and  Antonia,  and  the  wife  of 
Drusus  junior,  the  son  of  the  emperor  Tibe- 
rias. She  was  seduced  by  Sejanus,  who  per- 
suaded her  to  poison  her  husband,  a.i>.  23. — 
(4)  J i  i.i  v  Livii.i.a,  daughter  of  Germanicus 
and  Agrippina.    [Julia,  No.  7.] 

LlVlUS  (-i),  T.,  the  Roman  historian,  was 
born  at  Patavium  {Padua),  in. the  N.  of  Italy, 
B.O.  59.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  Rome,  but  he  returned  to  his  native  town 
before  his  death,  which  happened  at  the  age 
of  70.  iii  the  fourth  year  of  Tiberius,  *..».  1.. 
J I  is  literary  talents  secured  tl"'  patronage  of 
Augustus:  and  so  great  was  his  reputation 
thai  a  Spaniard  traveled  from  Cadiz  to  Rome 

BOlely  tor  the  purpose  of  beholding  him.  anil 

having  gratified  his  cariosity,  immediately 
returned  home.  The  great  work  of  I. ivy  is  a 
History  of  Rome,  extending  from  tin-  founda- 
tion of  the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus,  ii.o,  9, 
and  comprised  in  142  books.  Of  th< 
have  descended  to  as  :  but  of  the  whole,  with 
Uie  exception  of  2,  we  possess  Epitomes.  The 
^vork  has  been  divided  into  decades,  contain- 
ing 10  books  each.  The  1st  decade  (bks.  i.  x.) 
is  entire,  and  embraces  the  period  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  n.o.  294. 
The  2d  decade  (bks.  xi.  xx.  is  lost,  ami  em- 
braced the  period  from  294  to  219,  comprising 
.111  Bl  COnnt,  anion:'  other  matters,  of  the  in- 
vasion of  PyrrhuS  ami  of  the  i-t  Panic  war. 
The  3d  decade  'bks.  xxl.-xxx.)  Is  entire,  it 
embraces  the  period  from  219  to  201,  compre- 
hending the  whole  of  the  2d  Panic  war.  The 
4l li  decade  Miks.  xxxi.  xl.)  is  entire,  III  ■ 
one  half  of  the  Bth  'bks.  xli.-xlv.  .  These  15 
book-  embrace  the  period  from  201  to  I6T, 
ami  develop  the  progress  of  the  Roman  arms 
In  Cisalpine  Gaul,  in  Macedonia,  Orei  1 
Asia,  ending  with  the  triumph  of  Acmilins 
Panics.  Of  the  remaining  books  nothing 
remains  except  Inconsiderable  fragments. 
The  style  of  I. ivy  Is  clear,  animated,  and  elo- 
qnenl  -.  but  he  did  not  take  much  pains  in 
be  t: lit h  of  the  events  he  re- 
11     Him  wa    to  offer  to  his  conntry- 

tnen  a  clear  and  pleasing  narrative,  which, 
while  it  gratified  their  vanity,  si,,, aid  contain 
no  startling  improbabilities  1101 

siou  of  tails. 

LTYiis  ANDRONICUS  (-1),  the  e 


Roman  poet,  was  a  Greek,  and  the  slave  of 
M.  Livius  Salinator,  by  whom  he  was  manu- 
mitted, and  from  whom  he  received  the  Ro- 
man name  Livius.  He  wrote  both  tragedies 
aud  comedies  in  Latin,  and  his  first  drama 
was  acted  u.c.  240. 

LIVIUS  DRUSUS.     [Deusus.] 

LIVIUS  SlLIXATOR.     [Sai.inator.] 

LIXUS  (-i),  a  city  on  the  W.  coast  of  Man- 
retania  Tingitana  in  Africa,  at  the  mouth  ol 
a  river  of  the  same  name:  it  was  a  place  of 
some  commercial  importance. 

L5CRI  (-drum),  sometimes  called  L0- 
CRENSES  (-lam)  by  the  Romans,  the  inhab- 
itants of  two  districts  in  Greece  called  Lf>- 
CRIS. — (1)  Eastkkn  Looms,  extending  from 
Thessaly  and  the  pass  of  Thermopylae  along 
the  coast  to  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia,  and 
bounded  by  Doris  and  Phocis  on  the  W.  It 
was  a  fertile  and  well -cultivated  country. 
The  N.  part  was  inhabited  by  the  Looki  Epio- 
s  km  inn,  who  derived  their  name  from  Mount 
Cneinis.    The  S.  part  was  inhabited  by  the 

LOCBI  OiTNTii,  who  derived  their  name  from 
their  principal  town,  Opus.  The  2  tribes 
were  separated  by  Daphnus,  a  small  slip  of 
land,  which  at  one  time  belonged  to  I'lmcis. 
The  Eplcuemidii  were  for  a  long  time  subject 
to  the  Phocians,  and  «  ere  included  under  the 
name  of  the  latter  people:  whence  tin  name 
of  the  Optintii  occurs  more  frequently  in 
Greek  history.  (2)  Wkstehn  Looms,  or  the 
country  of  the  Loom  Ozor.AK,  \i  .as  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Doris,  mi  the  \V.  by  Aetolia, 
on  the  B.  by  Phocis,  and  on  the  S.  In  the 
Corinthian  gulf.  The  country  is  mountain- 
ous, and  for  the  most  part  unproductive. 
Mount  Corax  from  Aetolia,  and  Mount  Par- 
nassus from  Phocis,  occupy  the  greater  part 
of  it.  The  Locri  Ozolae  were  a  colony  of  the 
Western  Locrians,  and  were  more  uncivilized 
than  the  latter.  They  resembled  their  neigh- 
bors, tie-  Vetolians,  both  in  their  predatory 
habits  ami  in  their  mode  of  warfare.    Their 

chief  town  was  A  mi  an      \. 

l/n  1:1  RI'tXKPHVliTl  (-6rum),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  Greek  cities  in  Lower  Italy,  sit- 
uated in  the  s.E.  of  Unit  ti  inn,  N.  of  the  prom- 
ontory of  Zephyriura,  from  which  it  mis  said 

to  have  derived  its  surname  Kpizephvrii, 
1 1 ■  h   "i  her-  suppose  this  name   u  n 

to   the    plee    -ilnplv    hecau-e    |l    |av    to    the    U  . 

of  Greece.  It  was  founded  by  the  Locrians 
from  Greece,  n.o.  688.  The  Inhabitant*  re 
garded  themselves  m  descendant!  of  \Jaj 

OileUS  :    and    a-    he    resided    at    the    tow  n    "I 

Naryx  among  the  Opuntli,  the  poets  gave  the 
name  of  fiaryeia  Locri.    vox  1  he 
the  pitch  of  Bmttlum  is  frequently  - 
Narycia.    Locri  wa-  celebrated  foi  thi  1 
lence  of  its  1 

/.'lieu    11 

Near  the  town  " 

ant  ienl  and  wealthy  Inn;  Ilia, 

L5CU8TA,  or.  n,.  1  HTA 

(■hi'',  a  famous  female  poisoner,  empii  1 

Agrippina  in  poisoning  n mperor  Clntidl- 

us,  ami  by  Nei  o  for  1 

She  wa-  put  to  death  in  the  reign  of  Oallm. 


LOLLITS. 


23 1 


LUCERIA. 


LOLLll'S  (-i),  M..  consul,  b.o.  21,  and  gov- 
ernor  of  Gaul,  u.a  16,  was  appointed  by  An- 
as tutor  tn  his  grandson,  C.  Caesar, 
he  accompanied  to  the  East,  u.o.  2. 
Horace  addressed  an  Ode  (iv.9)  toLollius,  and 
2  Epistles  (i.  2,  IS)  to  the  eldest  son  of  Lollins. 

LONDINIUM  (-i)  or  LONDINUM  (Lon- 
the  capital  of  the  Cantii  in  Britain,  was 
originally  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Thames  in  the  modern  Southwarh.  It  after- 
wards spread  over  the  N.  side  of  the  river, 
|and  was  hence  called  a  town  of  the  Trino- 
bautes.  It  is  first  mentioned  in  the  reign  of 
Nero  as  a  flourishing  and  populous  town, 
much  frequented  by  Roman  merchants.  It 
was  taken  and  its  inhabitants  massacred  by 
the  Britons  when  they  revolted  under  Boad- 
icea,  a.d.  02.  The  quarter  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  river  was  surrounded  with  a  wall  and 
ditch  by  Constantine  the  Great  or  Theodo- 
sins,  the  Roman  governor  of  Britain.  This 
wall  probably  commenced  at  a  fort  near  the 
present  site  of  the  Tower,  and  continued  along 
the  Minories  to  Cripplegate,  Newgate,  and 
Lndgate.  London  was  the  central  point 
from  which  all  the  Roman  roads  in  Britain 
diverged.  It  possessed  a  MiUiarium  Aure- 
um,  from  which  the  miles  on  the  roads  were 
numbered:  and  a  fragment  of  this  MiUiarium, 
the  celebrated  London  Stone,  may  be  seen 
affixed  to  the  wall  of  St.  Swithin's  church  in 
Cannon  Street.  This  is  almost  the  only  mon- 
ument of  the  Roman  Londiuium  still  extant, 
with  the  exception  of  coins,  tesselated  pave- 
ments, and  the  like,  which  have  been  found 
buried  under  the  ground. 

LONGINTJS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Greek 
philosopher  and  grammarian  of  the  3d  cent- 
ury of  our  era.  He  taught  philosophy  and 
rhetoric  at  Athens  for  many  years  withgreat 
success  ;  and  araoiiL'  his  pupils  was  the  cele- 
brated Porphyry.  He  afterwards  went  to  the 
East,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  Ze- 
DObia  of  Palmyra,  who  made  him  her  teacher 
ek  literature.  It  was  mainly  through 
bis  advice  that  she  threw  off  her  allegiance 
to  the  Roman  empire.  On  her  capture  by 
Anrelian  in  273,  Longinns  was  put  to  death 
by  the  emperor.  Lon<rinus  was  a  man  of  ex- 
cellent sense,  sound  judgment,  and  extensive 
knowledge.  His  treatise  On  the  Sublime,  a 
great  part  of  which  is  still  extant,  is  a  work 
of  great  merit. 

LOXGIXUS  CASSlUS.     [Cassius.] 

LONGOBARDL    [Langobabm.1 

LONGtTLA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Volsci  in 
Latinm,  not  far  from  Corioli. 

LONGUS  (-i),  a  Greek  Sophist,  of  uncer- 
tain date,  the  author  of  an  extant  erotic  work. 

LORIUM  (-i)  or  LORlI  (-orum),  a  small 
place  in  Etruria  on  the  Via  Aurelia,  where 
Antoninus  Pius  was  brought  up  and  died. 

LOKl'MA  (-orum),  a  city  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Caria. 

LOTJS  '-id is),  a  nymph,  who,  to  escape  the 
embraces  of  Priapus,  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  free,  called  after  her  Lotus. 

L5t6PHAG1  -'-orum,  ?'.  c.  lotus-eaters). 
Homer,  in  the  Odyssey,  represents  Ulysses  as 
coming  in  his  wauderings  to  a  coast  inhabited 


by  a  people  who  fed  upon  a  fruit  called  lotus, 
the  taste  of  which  was  so  delicious  that  every 
one  who  ate  it  lost  all  wish  to  return  to  his 
native  country.  Afterwards,  in  historical 
times,  the  Greeks  found  that  the  people  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  between  the  Svrtes, 
used  to  a  great  extent,  as  an  article  of  "food, 
the  fruit  of  a  plant  which  they  identified  with 

;  the  lotus  of  Homer,  and  they  called  these 
people  Lotophagi.  They  carried  on  a  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  Esrypt  and  with  the 

'  interior  of  Africa  by  the  very  same  caravan 
routes  which  are  used  to  the  present  day. 

LUA  (-ae),  also  called  LUA  MATER  or 
LUA  SATURNI,  one  of  the  early  Italian 
divinities,  to  whom  were  dedicated  "the  arms 
taken  in  battle. 

LUCA  (-ae :  Lucca),  a  Ligurian  city  in  Up- 
per Italy,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines  and 
on  the  river  Ausns,  N.E.  of  Pisae. 

LUCANIA  (-ae),  a  district  in  Lower  Italy, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Campania  and  Sam- 
mum,  on  the  E.  by  Apulia  and  the  gulf  of 
Tarentum,  on  the  S.  by  Bruttium,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Tyrrhene  sea.  It  was  separated 
from"  Campania  by  the  river  Silarus,  and 
from  Bruttium  by  the  river  Lans.  Lucauia 
was  celebrated  for  its  excellent  pastures;  and 
its  oxen  were  the  finest  and  largest  in  Italy. 
Hence  the  elephant  was  at  first  called  by  the 
Romans  a  Lucaniau  ox  (Lucas  bos).  The 
coast  of  Lucania  was  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Greeks,  whose  cities  were  numerous  "and 
flourishing.    The  interior  of  the  country  was 

I  originally  inhabited  by  the  Chones  and  Oeno- 

J  trians.  The  Lucanians  proper  were  Sam- 
nites,  a  brave  and  warlike  race,  who  left  their 
mother  country  and  settled  both  in  Lucmia 
and  Bruttium.  They  not  only  expelled  or 
subdued  the  Oenotrians,  but  they  gradually 
acquired  possession  of  most  of  the  Greek 

I  cities  on  the  coast.  They  were  subdued  by 
the  Romans  after  Pyrrhns  had  left  Italy. 

LTCANUS,  M.  ANNAEUS  (-i),  usually 
called  LUCAN,  a  Roman  poet,  born  at  Cor- 
duba  in  Spain,  a.t>.  39.  His  father  was  L. 
Annaeus  Mella,  a  brother  of  M.  Seneca,  the 
philosopher.  Lucan  was  brought  up  at  Rome 
at  an  early  aire.  He  embarked  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Piso  against  the  life  of  Nero  ;  and 
upon  the  discovery  of  the  plot  was  compelled 
to  put  an  end  to  his  life.  He  died  a.t>.  65,  in 
the  20th  year  of  his  age.  There  is  extant  an 
heroic  poem,  by  Lucan,  in  10  books,  entitled 
Pharsalia,  in  which  the  progress  of  the  strug- 
gle between  Caesar  and  Pompey  is  fully  de- 
tailed. The  10th  book  is  imperfect,  and  the 
narrative  breaks  off  abruptly  in  the  middle 
of  the  Alexandrian  war. 

LtTCANUS,  OCELLUS.  [Ocellus.] 
LUCCEIUS  (-i),  L.,  an  old  friend  and 
neighbor  of  Cicero,  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  the  consulship,  along  with  Julius 
Caesar,  in  b.o.  60.  He  wrote  a  contempora- 
neous history  of  Rome,  commencing  witli  the 
Social  or  Marsic  war. 

LTJCBRIA  (-ae:  Lvcera),  sometimes  called 
NrCKIif  A.  a  town  in  Apulia,  on  the  borders 
of  Sanmium,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  col- 
ony. 


LUCIA  NTS. 


23£ 


LUNA. 


LUCIANUS  (-i),  usually  called  LUCIAN,  a 
Greek  writer,  bum  at  Sarnosata,  the  capital 
of  Oommagene,  in  Syria,  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  M.  Aurelius.  He  practiced  for  some 
time  as  an  advocate  at  Antioch,  and  after- 
wards traveled  through  Greece,  giving  in- 
struction in  rhetoric.  Late  in  life  he  obtained 
the  office  of  procurator  of  part  of  Egypt.  The 
most  important  of  Luciau's  writings  are  his 
Dialogue*.  They  are  treated  in  the  greatest 
possible  variety  of  style,  from  seriousness 
down  to  the  broadest  humor  and  buffoonery. 
Their  subjects  and  tendency,  too,  vary  con- 
siderably ;  for  while  some  are  employed  in  at- 
tacking the  heathen  philosophy  and  religion, 
others  are  mere  pictures  of  manners  without 
any  polemic  drift.  Luciau's  merits  as  a  writer 
consist  in  his  knowledge  of  human  nature,  his 
strong  common-sense,  and  the  simplicity  and 
Attic  grace  of  his  diction. 

LtJCIFER  (-cri),  or  PHOSPHORUS  (-i), 
that  is,  the  bringer  of  light,  is  the  name  of 
the  planet  Venus,  when  seen  in  the  morning 
before  sunrise.  The  same  planet  was  called 
Hesperus,  Vesperugo,  Vesper,  Xoctifer,  or  A'oc- 
turnu8,  when  it  appeared  in  the  heavens  after 
sunset.  Lucifer  as  a  personification  is  called 
a  son  of  Astracus  and  Aurora  or  Bos,  of 
C'ephalus  and  Aurora,  or  of  Atlas.  By  I'hi- 
lonis  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  father  nf 
Ceyx.  He  is  also  called  the  father  of  Daeda- 
lion  and  of  the  Hesperides.  Lucifer  is  also 
a  surname  of  several  goddesses  of  light,  as 
Artemis,  Aurora,  and  Hecate. 

LfJcSliUS  (-i),  •'.,  the  Roman  satirist,  was 
bom  al  Suessa  of  the  Aurunci,  u.o.  148,  and 
died  at  Naples,  in:;,  in  the  46th  year  of  his 
age.  He  lived  upon  terms  of  the  closest  fa- 
IIilll  nit '/    With   S   ipe:   and    LllfcltlU       lit   wis 

the  first  to  mould  Roman  satire  into  thai 
form  which  afterwards  received  rail  develop- 
ment in  the  hands  of  Horace,  Persins,  and 
Juvenal. 

l.f  I   I.\A    (-ae),    the    goddess    of    light,    or 

rather  the  goddess  that  brings  to  light,  and 
hence  the  goddess  thai  pre- ides  over  the  birth 
of  children,  it,  w.is  therefore  nsed  as  a  sur- 
name of  Jono  and  Diana.  I.urina  correspond- 
ed to  the  Creek  goddess  Ii.iimvia. 

LUCRETIA  (-ac),  the  wife  of  I..  Tarquin- 
lus  Collntinus,  whose  rape  by  Bex. Tarqnln- 
ins  led  to  the  dethronement  of  Tarqufuius 
Superbus  and  the  establishment  of  the  re- 
pnblic.    CTabqcimiub.] 

i.i  <  IRE'J  ii. is  i  is  i,  n  pleasant   moi 

in   the  country  of  the  Sabinee,  overhanging 
Horace's  villa. 
i.i  CRE'J  ns  CARU8, T., the  Roman  poet. 

born  B.C.  9S,  ie  -aid  to  have  hern  driven   mail 

by  a  love-potl and  to  have  perished  by  hi  - 

own  hand,  n.o,  52  or  51  It  Is,  how  ever,  not 
improbable  that  the  story  ol  the  love-potion 
and  of  his  death  ivn  an  invention  or  some 
enemy  of  the  Epicureans.  Lucretius  ic  the 
author  of  a  philosophical  poem,  In  heroic 
hexameters,  divided  Into  0  books,  addressed 
to  C.  Memmins  Gemellns,  who  was  praetor 
in  58,  and  entitled  De  lierum  Kattira.  n 
contains  an  exposition  of  the  doctrine  ' 
Epicurus,  This  poem  has  been  admitted  by 
N2 


all  modern  critics  to  be  the  greatest  of  didac- 
tic poems.  The  most  abstruse  speculations 
are  clearly  explained  in  majestic  verse;  while 
the  subject,  which  in  itself  was  dry  and  dull, 
is  enlivened  by  digressions  of  power  and 
beauty. 

LTJCRINTJS  (-i),  LlCUS,  was  properly  the 
inner  part  of  the  Sinus  Cumauus  or  Puteo- 
lanus,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  Campania,  be- 
tween the  promontory  Misen inn  and  Puteoli, 
running  a  considerable  way  inland.  But  at  a 
very  early  period  the  Lucriue  lake  was  sepa- 
rated from  the  remainder  of  the  bay  by  a 
dike  S  stadia  in  length,  and  thus  assumed 
the  character  of  an  inland  lake.  Its  waters 
still  remained  salt,  and  were  celebrated  for 
their  oyster  beds.  Behind  the  Lncrine  lake 
was  another  lake  called  Laous  Avioumjs.  In 
the  time  of  Augustus,  Agrippn  made  a  com- 
munication between  the  lake  A  vermis  and 
the  Lucriue  lake,  and  also  between  the  Iai- 
crine  lake  and  the  Sinus  Cunianus,  thus  foi  til- 
ing out  of  the  .'S  the  celebrated  Julian  Harbor. 
The  Lucriue  lake  was  tilled  up  by  a  volcanic 
eruption  in  1538,  when  a  conical  mountain 
rose  in  its  place,  called  Monte  .\uovo. 

LUCULLTJS,  L.  LlClNlUS  (-i),  celebrated 
as  the  conqueror  of  Mithridates,  fought  on 
the  side  of  Sulla  in  the  civil  war-  with  the 
Marian  party,  was  praetor  B.C.  77,  ami  consul 
in  74.  In  the  latter  year  he  received  the  con- 
duct of  the  war  against  Mithridates,  which 
he  carried  on  for  8  years  with  great  success. 
1  M  ii  huiip.vi  i  s.]  lint,  beiiiL'  unable  to  bring 
the  war  to  a  conclusion  in  consequence  of 
the  mntinons  disposition  of  his  troops,  lie 
was  superseded  in  the  command  by  Actlius 
Glabrio,  n.o.  OT.  Glabrio,  however,  never  took 
the  command;  but  in  the  following  year  00) 
Lueullus  had  to  resign  the  command  to  Pom- 

pey,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  Manilian 

law  to  supersede  both  him  and  Glabrio.    On 

hi-  ii  'turn  to  Koine  l.nriillu-  devoted  himself 

to  a  life  of  Indolence  ami  luxury,  ami  lived 
in  a  style  of  i- xi ran i riiuai y  magnificence,  lie 
died  in  :.7  or  66.  lie  was  the  flrsl  to  intro- 
duce cherries  into  Italy,  which  he  had  brought 
wilh  him  from  Cerasii-  in  I'ontus.  He  uas  a 
patron    of  the    port    Anions,  and    of  literary 

men  in  general,    i  Ie  ala posed  a  history 

Of  the  M.irsie  war  in  <  Ireek. 

I.I   .    I    Mi  I       [TARQI  imi  s.  I 

LTJGDtTNUM  (-1)  (1)  i ./  on),  the  chief 
town  of  <  Initio  Lngdunensis,  t  it  anted  al  t  he 
fool  of  a  hill  at  the  confluence  ol  the  Arar 
[Sa  <ne)  and  the  Rhodunus  i  Rlumt  i,  w  .is  made 
a  Roman  colony  d.o,  48,  and  became  under 
i  be  i  apitnl  of  t  be  province,  and  the 
di  ace  "i  i  be  Roman  [overnor.  Lugdunum 
i  in'  inorable  In  the  history  of  the  Christian 
church  as  the  seat  of  the  bishopric  of  1 1 «•- 
naeus.  (2)  L.  Batavoi  i  m  i ■  /  •  'den),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Batai  I.    [Bata  vt,  i 

i.i  \.\  '  ae).    (1)  'i  be Idi      of  the  M  on. 

oi  ton  n,  -ii- 

uati  ii  on  the  l<  fl  bank  of  liie  M  u  i  i,  about  i 

miles  from  the  coa 

ol  Llgurla,  bnl  became  i  be  moi  t  N.-ly  i  It  y  of 

I  ,i  i  in  i.i  \i  hen  Vngustit    e:  tended  i  In 

arlea  of  the  latter  countt  ■.  ■       ■ 

it  posvi  '  and  commod  lott    bai  bol 


U'l'KKl  US. 


236 


LYCOPHRON. 


at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  called  Lunae  Portus 
(i  in  if of  Spezzia).  In  u.c  177  Luna  was  made 
a  I;  im  iu  colony. 

l.ri'HKi'.'s  -i  .  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
ped  by  shepherds  as  the  protector  of 
their  Socks  against  wolves.  The  Romans 
Bometimee  identified  Luperous  with  the  Ar- 
cadian Pan.  Respecting  the  festival  cele- 
brated  in  honor  of  Lupercns  and  his  priests, 
the  Luperci,  see  Diet,  of  Antiq. 

LTJPPIA  or  LUPIA  (-ae  :  Lippe),  a  river  in 
the  \\\\".  of  Germany,  falling  into  the  Rhine 
at  Wesel  in  Westphalia,  and  en  which  the 
Romans  built  a  fortress  of  the  same  name. 

Ll'lTS.  UCTILIUS  (-i),  the  author  of  an 
extant  rhetorical  treatise  in  i  books,  entitled 
/'■  /■',  mrin  >:iit('nti,irii m  et  Elocutionig,  ap- 
pears to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Lf'MiAXIA,  LtTSlTANI.     [Uisi-ama.] 

I.r  1  A  I IUS  CATtTLTJS.     [L'.viuus.] 

LUTElIA  (-ae),  or,  more  commonly,  Lutf.- 
tia  Parisioutjm  (Paris),  the  capital  of  the 
Parisii  in  Gallia  Lngduneusis.  was  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  Sequana  (Si  ine  .  and  was 
connected  with  the  banks  of  the  river  by  2 
wooden  bridges.  Under  the  emperors  it  be- 
calm- a  place  of  importance,  and  the  chief 
naval  station  on  the  Seqnana.  Here  Julian 
was  proclaimed  emperor,  a.d.  360. 

LYClBETTTJS  (-i:  St.  George),  a  mountain 
in  Attica,  belonging  to  the  range  of  Penteli- 
ens,  close  to  the  walls  of  Athens  on  the  N.E. 
■of  the  city. 

LYCAEUS  or  LYCEUS  (-i),  a  lofty  mount- 
ain in  Arcadia,  N.W.  of  Megalopolis,  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  of  Pan,  each  of  whom  was  therefore 
called  l/ycat  ft*. 

LYCAMBES.     [Arciiii.ocuds.J 

I.tCAoX  (-6nis),  king  of  Arcadia,  son  of 
PelasgUS,  an  impious  king,  who  served  before 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  a  dish  of  human  flesh  when 
!  visited  him.  Lycaon  and  all  his  sons, 
with  the  exception  of  Nyctimus,  were  killed 
by  Zens  with  a  flash  of  lightning,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  were  changed  into  wolves. — 
Callisto,  the  daughter  of  Lycaon.  is  said  to 
have  been  (hinged  into  the*  constellation  of 
tin-  Bear,  whence  she  is  called  by  the  poets 
Lycaonia  Arctos,  Lycaonia  Aretos,  or  Lycaonia 
r  by  her  patronymic  Lycaonis. 

LYCAONIA  '-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
forming  the  s.E.  part  of  Phrygia.  The  peo- 
•  -,  so  far  as  can  be  traced,  an  aboriginal 
race,  speaking  a  langnage  which  i-  mentioned 
in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  as  a  distinct  dia- 
lect :  they  were  warlike,  and  especially  skilled 
in  archery. 

LYCEUM  (-i),  the  name  of  one  of  the  3 
ancient  gymnasia  at  Athens,  called  after  the 
temple  of  Apollo  Lyceus  in  its  neighborhood. 
It  was  situated  S.E.  of  the  city,  outside  the 
walls,  and  jn-t  above  the  river  Missus.  It  is 
celebrated  as  the  place  where  Aristotle  and 
th<-  Peripatetics  taught. 

LYCJJTJS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Apollo,  the 
meaning  of  which  is  not  qnite  certain.  Some 
derive  it  from  \vkov,  a  wolf,  so  that  it  Would 
mean  "the  wolf-slayer ;"  others  from  ,w>i, 


light,  according  to  which  it  would  mean 
■•tic  i_'iver  of  light;'1  and  others  again  from 
the  country  of  Lycia. 

LYCHNIDUS  (-i),  more  rarely  LYCHNI- 
DlUM  (-i),  or  LYCHNIS  (-idis),  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Dessaretii  in  the  interior  of 
lllyricum,  situated  on  a  height  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  lake  Lychnltis. 

LYCIA  (-ae),  a  small  district  on  the  S.  side 
of  Asia  Minor,  between  Caria  and  Pamphylia. 
According  to  tradition,  the  most  ancient 
name  of  the  country  was  Milyas,  and  th« 
earliest  inhabitants  were  called  Milyae,  and 
afterwards  Solymi ;  subsequently  the  Termi- 
lae,  from  Crete,  settled  in  the  country;  and 
lastly,  the  Athenian  Lye  lis,  the  son  of  Pandiou, 
fled  from  his  brother  Aegeus  to  Lycia,  and 
gave  his  name  to  the  country.  Homer,  who 
gives  Lycia  a  prominent  place  in  the  Iliad, 
represents  its  chieftains,  Glaucus  and  Sar- 
pedon,  as  descended  from  the  royal  tamily 
of  Argos  (Aeolids).  He  speaks  of  the  Solymi 
as  a  warlike  race,  inhabiting  the  mountains, 
against  whom  the  Greek  hero  Bellerophoutes 
is  sent  to  tight  by  his  relative  the  king  of 
Lycia.  Besides  the  legend  of  Bellerophon 
and  the  Chimaera,  Lycia  is  the  scene  of  an- 
other popular  Greek  story,  that  of  the  Har- 
pies and  the  daughters  of  Pandareos;  and 
memorials  of  both  are  preserved  on  the  Ly- 
cian  monuments  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
On  the  whole,  it  is  clear  that  Lycia  was 
colonized  by  the  Greeks  at  a  very  early  pe- 
riod, and  that  its  historical  inhabitants  were 
Greeks,  though  with  a  mixture  of  native  blood. 
The  earlier  names  were  preserved  in  the  dis- 
trict in  the  N.  of  the  country  called  Milyas-, 
and  in  the  mountains  called  Solyma.  The 
Lycians  always  kept  the  reputation  they  have 
in  Homer  as  brave  warriors.  They  and  the 
Cilicians  were  the  only  people  W.  of  the 
Halys  whom  Croesus  did  not  conquer,  and 
they  were  the  last  who  resisted  the  Persiaus. 
[Xanthus.] 

LYCITJS  (-i),  the  Lycian,  a  surname  of 
Apollo,  who  was  worshiped  in  several  places 
of  Lycia,  especially  at  Patara.  where  he  had 
an  oracle.  Hence  the  Lyeiae  sortes  in  Virgil 
are  the  responses  of  the  oracle  at  Patara. 

LYCOMEDES  (-is),  king  of  the  Dolopiaue, 
in  the  island  of  Seyms,  to  whose  court  Achil- 
les was  sent,  disguised  as  a  maiden,  by  his 
mother,  Thetis,  who  was  anxious  to  prevent 
his  going  to  the  Trojan  war.  Here  Achilles 
became  by  Deidamia,  the  daughter  of  Ly- 
comedes,  the  father  of  Pyrrhus  or  Neopt«Me- 
mns.  Lycomedes  treacherously  killed  The- 
seus by  thrusting  him  down  a  rock. 

LYCON  (-oiiis),  of  Troas.  a  distinguished 
Peripatetic  philosopher,  and  the  disciple  of 
Straton,  whom  he  succeeded  as  the  head  of 
the  Peripatetic  school,  b.o.  272. 

LYcOPHKON  (-on is),  a  grammarian  and 
poet,  was  a  native  of  Chalcis  in  Euboea,  and 
lived  at  Alexandria  under  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphns  (b.O.  285-247).  He  was  the  author 
of  an  extant  poem,  entitled  Cassandra  or 
Ira,  in  which  Cassandra  is  made  to 
prophesy  the  fall  of  Troy,  with  numerous 
other  events.    The  obscurity  of  this  work  is 


LYCOPOLIS. 


23i 


LYDIA. 


proverbial.  Anions;  the  numerous  ancient 
commentaries  ou  the  poem,  the  most  impor- 
tant are  the  Scholia  of  Isaac  and  John  Tzetzes, 
which  are  far  more  valuable  than  the  poem 
itself. 

LYcOPOLIS  (-is),  a  city  of  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile,  between  Hermop- 
olis  and  Ptolemais. 

LYCOREA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Lycorea,  which  was  the  south- 
ern of  the  2  peaks  of  Mount  Parnassus. 
[Parnassus.]  Hence  Apollo  derived  the  sur- 
name of  Lycoreus. 

LYCORIS.     [Cytukius.] 

LYCTUS  or  LYTTUS  (-i),  an  important 
town  in  the  E.  of  Crete,  situated  on  a  height, 
80  stadia  from  the  coast.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  a  Spartan  colony. 

LYCURGUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Divas,  and 
king  of  the  Edones  in  Thrace,  famous  for  his 
persecution  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  of  his 
worship  iu  Thrace.  He  was  driven  mad  by 
tlic  gods  on  account  of  his  impiety,  and  was 
subsequently  killed,  but  the  manner  of  his 


Ly.urKU 


iate.    (Osterley,  Denk.  da  alt.  Kan 
pt.  •-',  tov.  ..;., 


death  is  variously  related.— (2)  The  Spartan 
legislator,  was  tin'  sun  of  Euuomus,  king  of 
sparta,  and  brother  of  Polydectea.  The  lat- 
ter succeeded  his  father  as  king  of  Sparta, 
and  afterwards  died,  leaving  his  queen  with 
chihl.  'I'll'-  ambitions  woman  proposed  to 
Lycurgu<  to  destroy  her  offspring  if  he  would 
share  the  throne  with  her.  lie  seemingly 
consented ;  but  when  -ii«j  had  given  birth  t" 
a  son  (Charilaue),  he  openly  proclaimed  him 
king :  ami,  as  next  oi  kill,  ncted  as  his  guard- 
ian, I'.'it  t->  avoid  all  snspli  Ion  of  ambitious 
designs,  Lycurgus  lefl  Sparta,  and  sel  out  on 
ni-  celebrated  travels,  lie  Is  said  to  have 
visited  Crete,  ton  in,  and  Egypt,  and  to  have 

penetrated  even  as  fir  afl  hi'lia.      His  reliirn 

to  Sparta  was  hailed  by  all  parties.    Sparta 

*'a<  in  a  state  of  'anarchy  and   licent  ioii-iiess, 

and  he  was  considered  as  the  man  who  alone 
coald  '  are  the  growing  disen  e  of  the  Mate. 
lie  undertook  the  task;  and  notwithi  landing 

s e  opposition,  he  made  *  new  dh 

properly,  ami  remodeled  the  whole  coi 

ti'>n,  military  and  civil, 

obtained  for  his  Institutions  an  approving 
oracle   of  the   god   of  Delphi, 
promise  from  the  people  nol  to  make  an; 
alterations  in  in-  laws  before  hi-  return,    lie 
now  left  Sparta  to  tiuish  his  life  iu  voluntary 


exile,  hi  order  that  his  countrymen  might  be 
bound  by  their  oath  to  preserve  his  constitu- 
tion inviolate  forever.  Where  and  how  he 
died,  nobody  could  tell.  He  was  honored  as 
a  god  at  Sparta  with  a  temple  and  yearly 
sacrifices  down  to  the  latest  limes."  The 
date  of  Lycurgus  is  variously  given,  but  it  is 
impossible  to 'place  it  later  than  b.o.  "-'-'a.  Ly- 
curgus was  regarded  through  all  subsequent 
ages  as  the  legislator  of  Sparta,  and  therefore 
almost  all  the  Spartan  institutions  were  as- 
cribed to  him  as  their  author;  lint  we  mils 
not  imagine  that  they  were  all  his  work.— 
;3-  An  Attic  orator,  born  at  Athens,  about  11.0. 
39(5,  was  a  disciple  Of  Plato  ami  isocratcs,  a 
warm  supporter  Of  the  policy  of  Demosthenes, 
and  one  of  the  most  virtuous  citizens  and  up- 
right statesmen  of  his  age.  He  was  thrice 
appointed  Tamids,  or  manager  of  the  public 
revenue.  He  d  el  in  3'23.  Only  one  of  his 
orations  has  come  down  to  us. 

LYCUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Thebes,  put  to  death, 
with  his  wife  Dirce,  by  Amphdon  and  Zethns, 
on  account  of  the  cruelty  with  which  they 
had  treated  Autiope,  the  mother  of  the  two 
latter  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  For  details  see 
A.vi-iiioN. — (2)  Son  of  I'andioii,  was  expelled 
by  his  brother  Aegens,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
country  of  the  Terniili,  which  was  called  l.y- 
cia  after  him.  The  Lyceum  tit  Athens  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  him.— (3)  Name 
of  several  rivers, which  are  said  to  be  so  called 
from  the  Impetuosity  of  their  current.  1.  In 
Bithynia,  falling  into  the  sea  S.  of  Heraclea 
Pontica.  •_'.  Iu  Pontes, rising  in  the  mount- 
ains on  the  N.  of  Armenia  Minor,  and  tl  owing 
\V.  into  the  Iris  at  Kupaloria.    3.  In  Phrygia. 

flowing  from  I-;,  to  \v.  past  Colos8ac  and 
Laodicea  into  the  Maeauder. 

LYDDA  (-6rnm),  a  town  of  Palestine,  S.E, 
of  Joppa  ami  N.W.  of  Jerusalem,  subsequent- 
ly caned  Diospolis. 

I  a  1 11  \  '  ae  ,  1  district  of  Asia  Minor,  in 
the  middle  of  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula, 

II    \l  J    it   on   I  lie    \.  and  ('aria   on   the 

s.,  ami  between  Phrygia  on  the  E.  and  the 
Aegueau  sea  on  the  V\\    [11  these  boui 
the  snip  of  coast  belonging  to  Ionia  is  In- 
cluded, bin  the  name  is  sometimes  ttsed  in  a 
narrower  signification,  so  a-  to  exrlude  Ionia. 

I.yilia  i-  divided  into  'J  lOlial  valleys  by  Ihe 

chain  ol  .Mount  TlUolus;   01  Which  the  S .  am  I 

Binaller  Is  watered  by  the  river  Cavbti  b,  and 

the    N.   forms   the   great   plain  of  the   II 1  i:\11  B, 

[11  earl v  timet  the  country  had  another  name, 
M  11  ta,  by  which  alone  If  Is  known  to  H 
Lydia  was  an  early  seal  of  \  latlc  civilization, 
and  exerted  a  very  Important  Influence  ou  thi 
Greeks,  The  Lydlan  monarchy,  which  was 
founded  at  Bat  dls,  gi  ew  up  Into  an  empln  . 
under  which  the  many  different  tribe  nl  \ 
Minor  W  .  ofthe  rivei  Hal 

1     'i  1 11    and  '"input'  ' 

ol  1  he  Lydian  kli 

r.rs;   'j,  Aiu'vs,  r.;>  620;   8,  8A»YArn 

• 

..  <     nnder  «  hose  name    an  account 

is  given  of  the  rise  of  the  Lyd  111  e  nplre  In 

illnor,  and  ol  It    overthrow  by  the  Pi 

inder  <  lyrue.    Cndi  1  the  Pi       ins,  l.y 

di.-i  and  Mysla  forme  1  the    -i  satrapy  -.  after 


LYDIAS. 


238 


LYSTRA. 


the  Macedonian  conquest,  Lydia  belonged 
first  to  the  kings  of  Syria,  and  nest  (after  the 
defeat  ofAutiochns  the  Greal  by  the  Romans) 
to  those  of  Pergamua,  and  so  passed,  by  the 
-  of  Attains  DDL,  to  the  Komans,  under 
whom  it  formed  part  of  the  province  of  Asia. 

LYDIAS  or  LUDIAS  (-ae),  a  river  in  Mace- 
donia, falling  into  the  Axius  a  short  distance 
from  the  Thermaic  gulf.  Herodotus,  by  mis- 
take, makes  the  Lydias  unite  with  the  Haliac- 
mon. 

LYGII  or  LIGII  (-5rum),  an  important  peo- 
ple in  Germany,  hetween  the  Viadus  (Oder) 
and  i he  Vistula. 

LYNCESTIS  (-idis),  a  district  in  the  S.W. 
of  Macedonia,  upon  the  frontiers  of  Illyria, 
inhabited  by  the  Lyncestae,  an  Illyrian  peo- 

Ele.  The  ancient  capital  of  the  country  was 
v.ncis,  though  IIkkacj.ka  at  a  later  lime  he- 
came  the  chief  town  in  the  district.  Near 
Lyncns  was  a  river,  whose  waters  are  said  to 
have  been  as  intoxicating  as  wine. 

LYNCEUS  (-c-T,  el,  or  66s).  (1)  One  of  the 
5d  sons  of  AegyptuB,  whose  life  was  saved  by 
his  wife  Hypermnestra,  when  all  his  brothers 
were  murdered  by  the  daughters  of  Danans. 
[Aegyptus.]  Lynceus  succeeded  Danans  as 
king  of  Argos.— \2)  Son  of  Apharens  and 
Aieiie.  and  brother  of  Idas,  was  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  and  famous  for  his  keen  sight. 
lie  was  slain  by  Pollux.  For  details  respect- 
ing his  death,  see  Diosotnu. 

LYXCUS  (-i),  king  of  Scythia,  endeavored 
to  murder  Triptolemus,  who  came  to  him 
with  the  gifts  of  Ceres,  but  he  was  metamor- 
phosed by  the  goddess  into  a  lynx. 

LYRCEA  (-ae)  or  LYRC'EUM  (-i),  a  small 
town  in  Argolis,  situated  on  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name. 

LYRXESSUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  Troad,  the 
birthplace  of  Briseis. 

LYSANDER  (-dri),  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  Spartan  generals  and  di- 
plomatists. Having  been  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Spartan  fleet  oft"  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  he  gained  the  favor  of  Cyras, 
who  supplied  him  with  large  snms  of  money 
to  pay  his  sailors.  In  B.c.  405  he  bronght  the 
Peloponnesian  war  to  a  conclusion  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Athenian  fleet  off  Aegospotami, 
and  in  the  following  year  he  entered  Athens 
in  triumph.  It  was  through  his  influence 
that  Agesilaus,  the  brother  of  Agis,  obtained 
the  Spartan  throne  in  opposition  to  Leoty- 
ehides,  the  reputed  son  of  the  latter.  Lysan- 
der  accompanied  Agesilans  to  Asia:  bin  the 
king  purposely  thwarted  all  his  designs,  and 
refused  all  the  favors  which  he  asked.  On 
iiis  return  to  Sparta,  Lysander  resolved  to 
bring  about  a  change  in  the  Spartan  constitu- 
tion  by  abolishing  hereditary  royalty,  and 


making  the  throne  elective.  But  before  he 
could  cany  his  enterprise  into  effect,  he  fell  in 
battle  under  the  walls  of  Haliartus,  b.o.  395. 

LT'SIAS  (-ae),  an  Attic  orator,  was  born  at 
Athens,  b.o.  45S,  but  was  not  an  Athenian 
citizen,  being  the  son  of  Cephalus,  a  native  of 
Syracuse.  At  the  age  of  15  Lysias  joined  the 
Athenians  who  weut  as  colonists  toThurii  in 
Italy,  443;  but  he  returned  to  Athens  after 
the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  in  Sicily,  411. 
During  the  rule  of  the  30  Tyrants  (404)  he 
was  thrown  into  prison  ;  but  he  escaped,  and 
joined  Thrasybulus  and  the  exiles,  to  whom 
he  rendered  important  assistance,  lie  died 
in  3TS,  at  the  age  of  80.  Lysias  wrote  a  great 
number  of  orations  for  others,  of  which  sev- 
eral are  extant.  They  are  distinguished  by 
grace  and  elegance. 

LYSIMACHIA  or  -EA  (-ae),  an  important 
town  of  Thrace,  on  the  gulf  of  Melas,  and  on 
the  isthmus  connecting  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus  with  tbe  mainland,  founded  is.c.  309 
by  Lysimachus,  who  removed  to  his  new  city 
the  inhabitants  of  the  neighboring  town  of 
Cardia. 

LYSIMACIILTS  (-i),one  of  Alexander's  gen- 
erals, obtained  Thrace  in  the  division  of  the 
provinces  after  Alexander's  death  (b.o.  323), 
and  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  30G.  He 
joined  the  other  generals  of  Alexander  in  op- 
posing Antigonus,  and  it  was  he  and  Seleucus 
who  gained  the  decisive  victory  at  Ipsus  over 
Antigonus,  in  which  the  latter  fell  (301).  In 
291  Lvsimachus  was  taken  prisoner  by  Dro- 
michaetes,  king  of  the  Getae.  whose  country 
he  had  invaded,  hut  he  was  restored  to  liberty 
by  the  latter.  In  2ST  Lvsimachus  and  Pyr- 
rhus  expelled  Demetrius  from  Macedonia. 
Pvrrbus,  for  a  time,  obtained  possession  of 
tlie  Macedonian  throne;  but  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  driven  out  of  the  country  by 
Lysimachus,  who  now  became  king  of  Mace- 
donia. Towards  the  end  of  his  reign  the  aged 
Lvsimachus  put  to  death  his  son  Agathocles, 
at  the  instigation  of  his  wife,  Arsinoe,  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  Soter.  This  bloody  deed 
alienated  the  minds  of  his  subjects  :  and  Se- 
leucus invaded  the  dominions  of  Lysimachus. 
The  two  monarchs  met  in  the  plain  of  Corns 
I  (Corupedion) ;  and  Lvsimachus  fell  in"  the 
battle  that  ensued,  b.o.  2S1,  iu  his  80th  year. 

LYSIPPUS  (-i),  of  Sicyon,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Greek  statuaries,  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Alexander  the  Great,  who  is  re- 
ported tohave  said  that  no  one  should  paint 
him  but  Apelles,  and  no  one  make  his  statue 
but  Lysippas. 

LYSIS  (-idis),  an  eminent  Pythagorean 
philosopher,  the  teacher  of  Epaminondas. 

LYSTRA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Lycaonia,  on  the 
confines  of  Isauria,  celebrated  as  one  chief 
scene  of  the  preachiug  of  Paul  and  Barnabas, 


MACAE. 


539 


MACROBIUS. 


M. 


MACAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  people  on  the  E. 
const  of  Arabia  Felix,  probably  about  Muscat. 
— (2)  An  inland  people  of  Libya,  in  the  part 
of  N.  Africa  between  the  Syrtes. 

M ACAREUS  (-ei),  son  of  Aeolus,  who  com- 
mitted incest  with  his  sister  Canace.  [Ca- 
naoe.]  Hence  Isse,  the  daughter  of  Macareus, 
is  called  Macareis. 

MACCABAEI  (-drum),  the  descendants  of 
the  family  of  the  heroic  Judas  Maccabi  or 
Maccabaeus,  a  surname  which  he  obtained 
from  his  glorious  victories.  (From  the  He- 
brew makkab,  "a  hammer.")  They  were  also 
called  Asamonaei,  from  Asamonaeus,  orChas- 
iiiuii,  the  ancestor  of  Judas  Maccabaeus,  or, 
in  a  shorter  form,  Asmonaei  or  Uatmionaei. 
The  family  first  obtained  distinction  by  their 
resisting  the  attempts  of  Antiochus  IV. 
Epiphanes,  king  of  Syria,  to  root  out  the 
worship  of  Jehovah.  They  succeeded  iu  de- 
livering their  country  from  the  Syrian  yoke, 
and  became  the  rulers  of  Judea. 

MACEDONIA  (-lie),  a  country  in  Europe, 
N.  of  Greece,  said  to  have  been  originally 
named  Emathia.  Its  boundaries  before  the 
time  of  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander,  were 
on  the  S.  Olympus  and  the  Cambunian  mount- 
ains, which  separated  it  from  Thessaly  and 
Epirne,  on  the  E.  the  river  Strymon,  which 
separated  it  from  Thrace,  and  on  the  N.  ami 
W.  Illyria  and  Paeonia.  Macedonia  was 
greatly  enlarged  by  the  conquests  of  Philip. 


Hi-  (Hided  to  hi.-  kingdom  Paeonia  on  the  N. ; 
a  pari  r>f  Thrace  on  the  10.  a-  far  as  the  river 
Nestus,  which  Thracian  district  was  usually 
called  Macedonia  adjecta  ;  the  peninsula  '  Ihal- 
Cidice  on  the  S.  ;  and  on  the  W.  a  part  of 
Illyria  as  fir  as  the  lake  Lychnltls.  On  the 
conquest  of  the  country  by  the  Romans,  b.o. 
168.  Macedonia  was  divided  Into  i  di 
Independent  of  one  another:  bnl  the  whole 
country  was  formed  into  a  Roman  pn 
nfirr  the  conquest  of  the  Achneans  In  140, 
T  ii  •I'.it  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  of  Mace- 
ted  of  Thracian  nnd  Illyrian 
tribes.  At  an  early  period  some  Greek  tribes 
setl  led  in  the  8.  pai  I  of  the  i  onntry.  They 
are  «nid  to  have  come  from  Argos,  and  to 

1 1 : i  v  e  been  led  by  the  8    on    of  Te mis,  the 

lb  null. 1.      Perdli  in-,  tin-   youngest  of  tin- 
three,  was  ,'oi.ki'il  upon  at  the  founder  of  the 


Macedonian  monarchy.  A  later  tradition, 
however,  regarded  Caranus,  who  was  also  a 
Heraclid  from  Argos,  as  the  founder  of  the 
monarchy.  These  Greek  settlers  intermarried 
with  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  country. 
The  dialect  which  they  spoke  was  akin  to  the 
Doric,  but  it  contained  many  barbarous  words 
and  forms;  and  the  Macedonians  according 
ly  were  never  regarded  by  the  other  Greeks 
as  genuine  Hellenes.  Moreover,  it  was  only 
iu  the  S.  of  .Macedonia  that  the  Greek  lan- 
guage was  spoken.  Way  little  is  known  of 
the  history  of  Macedonia  till  the  reign  of 
Amyntas  1.,  who  was  a  contemporary  of  Da- 
rius llystaspis  :  but  from  that  lime  tfieir  his- 
tory is  more  or  less  intimately  connected  with 
that  of  Greece,  till  at  length  Philip,  the  father 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  became  the  virtual 
master  oftbe  whole  of  Greece.  The  conquests 
of  Alexander  extended  the  Macedonian  su- 
premacy over  a  great  part  of  Asia;  and  the 
Macedonian  king>  continued  to  exercise  their 
sovereignty  over  Greece  till  the  conquest  of 
Perseus  by  the  Romans,  163,  brought  the 
Macedonian  monarchy  to  a  close. 

MACELLA  (-ae),  a  small  fortified  town  in 
the  \V.  of  Sicily,  S.E.  of  Segesta. 

MACEK  (-eri),  AEMlLlDS  (i).  (1)  A  1!  - 
man  poet,  was  a  native  of  Verona,  and  died 
in  Asia,  u. o.  hi.  He  wrote  a  poem  npon  birds, 
snakes,  and  medicinal  plant-.  (2)  We  must 
distinguish  from  Aemilius  Macer,  ol  Verona, 

a   poet   Maccr  who  wrote  on  the    I 

war,  and  who  must  have  been  alive  in  a.i>. 

12,  since  in-  Is  addressed  by  Ovid  in  that 

year  {ex  runt.  ii.  in,  '1). 

MACEU,  I.TClXlrs.    rl.iriMvs.i 
M  \i  i  i  \ i:    a, inn  .  kb  ithei  name  of  the 
Macedonians. 

MAi'llAux  (  i"nii-\ s r  Aesculapius, 

the  surgeon  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan 
war,  led,  with    his    brother    Podalirfus, 
troops  from  Tricca,  fthome,  nnd  I ' 
lie  was  killed  by  Enrypylus, the  -on  of 
Telephus. 
M  \<  IRA   (-ae :    Magra),  a    Bmall   river 
rising  in  the  Apennines  ami  flowing  Into  the 
I          in  si.,  near  I. una.  which,  from  the  time 
of  Vugnstus,  formed  the  boundary  between 
Llgnrla  and  Etrnrlo. 
\i  \<  i:i  i  win     [Camfi  U  mm  ! 
mm  i:i\i  3,  M.  OPlLlUH  SfiVflRl 
Rom  at p April,  a.. i.  217  June,  218 

ilia,    whom    lie    bail 

luated.     lb-  «  as  defeated 
by  the  generate  of  I  and  put  to 

death. 

M   \c  IROBll     (-oitiin  ■       / 

Aethioplan  i pic  in   \ fi  lea,  i i  l>j   i lc 

rodotus  on  the  fhon    of  the  9,  Ocoan. 

M  \i   l.'i'UI  I 

who  lived  nbonl  \.v.  100,  m  role  several  ■ 

of  which  the  moi  I  I rl  ml  are  :  1,  A 

Ise  in  v  book t, ent 


MACRONES. 


240 


MACIETOBRIA. 


■  og  of  a  series  of  dissertations  on  his- 
tory, mythology,  criticism,  and  various  points 
of  antiquarian  research;  2,  A  Commentary 
on  Cicero's  Somnium  Scipioiiis. 

M  A<  'liC'NEs  -ii in),  a  powerful  and  warlike 
Caucasian  people  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the 
Pontus  Euxinus. 

MADYITS  (-i),  a  sea-port  town  on  the 
Thracian  Chersouesus. 

MAEANDER  (-dri),  a  river  in  Asia  Minor, 
proverbial  for  its  wanderings,  rising  in  the 
S.  of  Phrygia,  close  to  the  source  of  the  Mar- 
Bowing  between  Lydiu  and  Caria,  of 
which  it  forms  the  boundary,  and  at  last  fall- 
iiiLr  into  the  Icarian  sea  between  Myus  and 
Pnene.  As  a  god,  Maeander  is  described  as 
tlic  father  of  the  nymph  Cyaue,  who  was  the 
mother  of  Caunus.  Hence  the  latter  is  called 
by  Ovid  Hat andrius  javenis. 

MAECENAS  (-atis),  C.  CILNIUS  (-i),  a 
Roman  eques,  but  descended  both  on  his 
father's  and  mother's  side  from  ihe  bucumones 
of  Etruria.  His  paternal  ancestors  were  the 
Cilnii,  a  powerful  fami'.y  at  Arretium,  and 
his  maternal  ancestors  the  Maecenates,  at 


Arctium.  Maecenas  was  one  of  the  chief 
'  and  ministeis  of  Augustus,  and  en- 

joyed for  many  years  his  confidence.  But 
towards  the  latter  years  of  his  life  a  coolness 
sprang  up  between  them,  and  Maecenas  re- 
tired entirely  from  public  life.  He  died  n.<\ 
s.  The  fame  of  Maecenas,  however,  rests 
mainly  on  his  patronage  of  literature,  espe- 
cially of  Virgil  and  Horace.  Virgil  was  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  recovery  of  his  farm, 
which  had  been  appropriated  by  the  soldiery 
in  the  division  of  lands,  in  n.c.  41  ;  and  it  was 
at  the  request  of  Maecenas  that  he  undertook 
To  Horace  Maecenas  was  a 
still  greater  benefactor.  He  presented  him 
with  the  means  of  comfortable  subsistence, 
a  farm  in  the  Sabine  country. 

MAECIUS  TABPA.    [Tabpa.] 

MAEDICA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the  Maedi, 
a  powerful  people  in  the  \V.  of  Thrace,  ou  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Strymon. 


MAELIUS  (-i),  SP.,  the  richest  of  the  ple- 
beian knights,  employed  his  fortune  in  buy- 
ing up  corn  in  Etruria  in  the  great  famine  at 
Rome  in  n.c.  440.  This  corn  he  sold  to  the 
poor  at  a  small  price,  or  distributed  it  gratu- 
itously. The  patricians  accused  him  of  aim- 
ing at  the  kingly  power,  and  appointed  Cin- 
cinnatus  dictator.  C.  Servilius  Ahala,  the 
master  of  the  horse,  summoned  Maelius  to 
appear  before  the  tribunal  of  the  dictator; 
but  as  he  refused  to  go,  Ahala  rushed  into 
the  crowd  and  slew  him.  Hie  property  was 
confiscated,  and  his  house  pulled  down;  its 
vacant  site,  which  was  called  the  Aequimae- 
Uum,  continued  to  subsequent  ages  a  memo- 
rial of  his  fate. 

MAEXADES  (-um:  sing.  Maenas),  a  name 
of  the  Bacchantes,  from  iiaivo^ai,  "to  be 
mad."  because  they  were  frenzied  in  the 
worship  of  Dionysus  'Bacchus). 

MAENALUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Arcadia, 
extending  from  Megalopolis  to  Tegea,  cele- 
brated as  the  favorite  haunt  of  the  god  Pan. 
The  Roman  poets  frequently  use  the  adjec- 
tives Maenalvus  and  Maenalis  as  equivalent 
to  Arcadian. 

MAENIUS  (-i),  C.  consul  n.c.  338,  with  L. 
Fnritis  Camillas.  The  '1  consuls  completed 
the  subjugation  of  Latium;  they  were  both 
rewarded  with  a  triumph,  and  eqnestriau 
statues  were  erected  to  their  honor  in  the 
forum.  The  statue  of  Maenius  was  placed 
upon  a  column,  called  Columna  Maenia.  which 
appears  to  have  stood  near  the  end  of  the 
forum,  on  the  Capitoliue.  Maenius,  in  his 
censorship  (n.c.  31S),  allowed  balconies  to  be 
added  to  the  various  buildings  surrounding 
the  forum,  in  order  that  the  spectators  might 
obtain  more  room  for  beholding  the  games 
which  were  exhibited  in  the  forum :  these 
balconies  were  called  after  him  Maeniana 
(sc.  aedificia). 

MAEoNIA  (-ae),  the  ancient  name  of  Lydia. 
Hence  Virgil  gives  the  name  of  Maeouia  to 
Etruria,  because  the  Etruscans  were  said  to 
be  descended  from  Lydians.  Hence  also 
Homer,  as  a  native  of  Maeonia,  is  called 
Maeonides  and  itaeoniiis  senex,  and  his  poems 
the  Maeoniae  chartae,  or  Maeoniwm  carmen. 
[L\i>ia.] — Maf.oms  likewise  occurs  as  a  sur- 
name of  Omphale  aud  of  Arachne,  because 
both  were  Lydians. 

MAEOTAE.     [Makotis  Pai.us.] 

MAEOTIS  (-idis)  PALUS  {Sea  of  Azov),  an 
inland  sea  on  the  borders  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
N.  of  the  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea),  with 
which  it  communicates  by7  the  Bospokcs 
Cimmkrius.  The  Scythian  tribes  on  its  banks 
were  called  by  the  collective  name  of  Maeutae 
or  Maeotici.  The  sea  had  also  the  names  of 
Cimmerinm  or  Bosporicum  Mare. 

MA  ERA,  the  dog  of  Icarius,  the  father  of 
Erigone.     [Icarius,  Xo.  1.] 

MAEViUS.     [Bavios.] 

MAGDOLTJM  (O.  T.  Migdol),  a  city  of 
Lower  Egypt,  near  the  N.E.  frontier,  where 
Pharaoh  Necho  defeated  the  Syrians. 

MAGETOBRIA  (Moi.itc  de  Brow,  on  the 
Saone),  a  town  on  the  W.  frontiers  of  the 
Sequaui,  near  which  the  Ganls  were  defeated 


MAGI. 


L'41 


MANLIUS. 


by  the  Germaue  shortly  before  Caesar's  arrival 
in  Gaul. 

MAGI  (-drum),  the  name  of  the  order  of 
priests  and  religious  teachers  among  the 
Medea  and  Persians.     [Zokoastbr.] 

MAGNA  GRAECIA.    [Gbajhoia.] 

MAGNA  MATER.     [Ruea.] 

MAGNENT1 DS  f-i),  Roman  emperor  in  the 
West,  a. i».  350-353,  obtained  the  throne  by 
the  murder  of  Constans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Constantius,  and  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

MAGNESIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  narrow  slip  of 
country  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Thes&aly, 
extending  from  the  Peueus  oil  the  N.  to  the 
Pagasaean  gulf  on  the  S.  Its  inhabitants, 
the  Magnetes,  are  said  to  have  founded  the 
2  cities  in  Asia  mentioned  below.— (2)  M  \«.- 
NEst.v  ai>  Si i' vi.im,  a  city  in  theN.W.  ofLydia, 
at  the  foot  i)f  Mount  Sipylus,  and  on  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Hernius,  famous  as  the  sceue 
of  the  victory  gained  by  Scipio  Asiaticus  over 
Antiochns  the  Great,  u.o.  l'.io.— (3)  Magnesia 
*n  Makandeum,  a  city  in  the  S.VV.  ofLydia, 
situated  on  the  river  Lethaens,  a  tributary  of 
the  Maeander.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  <  im- 
merians  (probably  about  n.< .  TOO),  and  rebuilt 
by  colonists  from  Miletus. 

MAGO  (-onis),  the  name  of  several  Car- 
thaginians, of  whom  t lie  most  celebrated 
were:  (1)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Baica,  and  young- 
est brother  Of  the  famous  Hannibal.  He 
carried  on  the  war  for  many  years  in  Spain  ; 
and  after  the  Carthaginians  had  been  driven 
out  of  that  country  by  Scipio  he  landed  in 
Ligurin,  where  he  remained  2  years  (u  o.  205- 
203).— (2)  The  author  of  a  work  upon  agri- 
culture in  the  Panic  language,  in  23  hooks, 
which  was  translated  into  Latin  by  order  of 
the  Woman  senate. 

MAGONTHCUM.     [Moon  m  voom.] 

MAIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Atlas  and  I'ieiuiie, 

was  the  eldest  of  the  Pleiades,  and  the  most 
beantifulof  the 7  sisters.  In  a  grotto  of  .Mount 
Cy Hello,  in  Arcadia,  she  became  by  Zeus 
(Jupiter^  the  mother  of  Hermes  (Mercury). 
Areas,  the  son  of  Zeus  by  Callisto,  wji 
to  her  to  be  reared.     (  I'u.i  aiu:h.  | 

MALAi  A  I--  )IiiIihiii),hii  iinportanttown 
on  the  coa -i  of  II  spauia  Bai       ,  ind  on  a 

river    Of    the    same    name,    founded    by    the 

Phoenicians. 

m  \  if-;  \  or  -KA  '-ae),  a  promontory  on  the 
8.E.  of  Laconia,  separating  the  Argolic  and 
I.  iconic  gulfs. 

MiLliCUS  SIM'S.     [Mams.] 

MA  LIS,  a  district  ill  the  S.  of  TheBJOly,  on 

the  Bhoi  e  oft  he  tlallacui  Slnns,  and  opposite 
the  N.W.  point  of  the  island  ofEuboen.  li 
extended  as  far  as  the  i>;ihs  of  Thermopj  lae. 

Its  inhabitant.-,  the  Malienses,  were  !' 

and  belonged  to  the  Amphictyonic  Le 

MAI, I, I  (-umm),  an  Indian  people  on  both 
sides  of  the  Uyobaoi  i  - :  theii  capital  I 
nosed  to  have  been  on  the  sin-  of  the  1 1  l< 
brated  fortress  of  Mooltan. 

MALM'S  (-i>,  a  very  ancient  city  of  Cilicin, 
on  a  hill  K.  oi  the  month  of  the  river  Pyrn- 
mns,  said  to  have  been  founded  al  the  time 


of  the  Trojan  war  by  Mopsus  and  Ainpliil. 
ochus. 

MAMERCUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Aemilia  gens  in  the 
early  times  of  the  republic. 

MAMERS  (-tis),  the  Oscau  name  of  the  god 
Maks. 

MAMERTINI.     [M  iss ana.] 

MAMILIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguish- 
ed  family  in  Tusculum.  It  was  to  a  member 
of  this  family,  Octavius  Mamilius,  that  Tar- 
quiniua  betrothed  his  daughter;  and  on  his 
expulsion  from  Rome  his  son-in-law  roused 
the  Latin  people  against  the  infant  republic, 
and  perished  in  the  great  battle  at  the  lake 
Reirillus.  The  Mamilii  afterwards  removed 
to  Rome. 

MAMURITJS  VETUMUS.     [Vjctoriub.] 

MAML'RRA  (-ae),  a  Roman  eques,  born  at 
Formiae,  was  the  Commander  of  the  en- 
gineers (praefectusfabrum)  in  Julius  Caesar's 
army  in  Gaul,  and  amassed  great  riches. 
Horace  calls  Pormiae,  in  ridicule,  Mamur- 
nun m  urbs,  from  which  we  may  infer  that 
the  name  of  Mamurra  had  become  a  by-Word 
of  contempt. 

MANCINUS,  C.  HOSTILIUS  (-i),  consul 
h.o.  137,  was  defeated  by  the  Numan  tines,  and 
purchased  his  safety  by  making  a  peace  with 
them.  The  senate  refused  to  recognize  it, 
and  went  through  the  hypocritical  ceremony 
of  delivering  him  over  to  the  enemy,  who  re- 
fused to  accept  him. 

MANHUNT  I  (-Gruni),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis,  in  the  modern  Burgundy,  whose 
chief  town  was  Am  si  v. 

MAM)Pi;iA  (-ae).  a  town  in  Calabria,  on 
the  road  from  Taicnlum  to  llydi mil  urn. 

MAM'.S  i  mm),  the  name  which  Ibe  Ro- 
mans gave  to  the  Bonis  <>f  the  departed,  who 
were  worshiped  OS  gods.  Heme  on  sepul- 
chres we  find  I).  M.S.— that  Is,  DU  Mambut 
Sacrum.     1 1,  lbi  s,  I 

MANETHO  (-6nl8),  an  Egyptian  priest  hi 
the  i  eign  of  the  tlrst  Ptolemy,  who  wi  ote  In 
oi  account  of  the  religion  and  history 
of  his  country.     His   bisto       of  1 
tainocl  an  ai  count  of  the  dlffei  enl  dj  i 
<>f  kings,  compiled  from  genuine  dm  in 
The  work   itself  Is  lost :  but  a  lisi   of  the 
dynasties   i-   preserved   In  Julius  African  us 

lllld   KilsehiliH. 

MANILIU8  (-1).  (l)C.,trtbnneofthepleb8, 
i:.. .  tut,  proposed  the  law  i  Manilia  i.<  •  i  gi  ant- 
ing io   Pompey  the  command   of  tin'  war 
Intes,  and  which  Cicero  snp- 

ported    in   an   extant    oration.      (2)    A    Roman 
poet,  H  ho  lived  iii  Hi.'  lime  of  Augustus,  and 

the  author  of  an  extant  astrological  poem  In 
.'.  books,  eni  it  led  .i  etronomica, 

M.    M  \'.UI   S    (.1),    eoii-ul     d.O.    892,    look 

efti  b  in i   to!  u  hen  Rome  »  oi  taken 

by  the  Gauls  in  390.     < ul   : 

Gauls   endeavor*  d   to  .■ i    the   I 

Manlin     v.  n     rou  '-1  from  : 

cacklli 

body  of  men.  he  biici  eeded  In  d 

i in-  enemy,  who  had  just  reached  the  summit 

of  the  bill.     From  tl  i 


MA  M.I  IS. 


245 


MARCELLUS. 


to  have  received  the  surname  of  Capitoi,ini  b. 
he  defended  the  cause  of  the  plebeians, 
who  were  Buffering  severely  from  the  harsh 
ainl  cruel  treatment  of  their  patrician  credit- 
ore.  In  the  following  year  he  was  charged 
with  high-treason  by  the  patricians;  ami 
being  condemned  to  death  by  the  people,  he 
was  hurled  down  the  Tarpeian  rock  by  the 
tribunes.  The  members  of  the  Manlia  gens 
accordingly  resolved  that  none  of  them  should 
>ver  bear  in  future  the  praeuomen  of  Marcus. 

MANLil'S  TORQUiTUS.    [Torquatus.] 

MAJNTINEA  (-ae),  one  of  the  most,  ancient 
and  important  towns  in  Arcadia,  situated  on 
the  small  river  Ophis,  near  the  centre  of  the 
E.  frontier  of  the  country.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  great  battle  fought  under  its  walls 
between  the  Spartans  and  Thebans,  in  which 
Epaminondas  fell,  b.o.  362.  In  consequence 
of  its  treachery  to  the  Achaeans,  A  rat  us  put 
to  deatli  its  leading  citizens,  sold  the  rest  of 
its  inhabitants  as  slaves,  and  changed  its 
name  iuto  Antigonla,  iu  honor  of  Antigouus 
Dos  on.  The  emperor  Hadriau  restored  to  the 
place  its  ancient  name. 

MA.NTO  (-:..-).  (1)  Daughter  of  Tiresias,  a 
prophetess,  and  mother  of  the  seer  Mopsus. — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Hercules,  likewise  a  proph- 
frora  whom  the  town  of  Mantua  re- 
ceived its  name. 

MANTUA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Gallia  Trauspa- 
dana,  on  an  island  in  the  river  Mincius,  was 
not  a  place  of  importance,  but  is  celebrated 
because  Virgil,  who  was  born  at  the  neigh- 
boring village  of  Andes,  regarded  Mantua  as 
his  birthplace. 

MARACANDA  (-drum:  Samarcand),  the 
capital  of  Sogdiaua,  where  Alexander  the 
Great  killed  his  friend  Cj.it  cs. 

MARATHON  (-mis),  a  village  of  Attica, 
situated  near  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast,  22  miles 
from  Athens  by  one  road,  and  26  miles  by 
another.  It  stood  in  a  plain,  extending  along 
the  sea-shore,  about  6  miles  in  length,  and 
from  o  miles  to  11  miles  in  breadth,  and  sur- 


rounded on  the  other  3  sides  by  rocky  hills. 
Two  marshes  bound  the  extremity  of  the 
plaiu.  Here  was  fought  the  celebrated  battle 
between  the  Persians  and  Athenians  b.o.  490. 
The  Persians  were  drawu  up  on  the  plain, 
and  the  Athenians  on  some  portion  of  the 
high  ground  above.  The  tumulus  raised 
over  the  Athenians  who  fell  iu  the  battle  is 
still  to  be  seen.  The  Marathonian  plain  is 
also  celebrated  in  mythology  ou  account  of 
the  tierce  bull  here  slain  by  Theseus. 

MA.RX.THUS  (-i),  an  important  city  on  the 
coast  of  Phoenicia,  opposite  to  Ara'dus  aud 
near  Autaradus. 

MARCELLUS  (-i),  the  name  of  an  illus- 
trious plebeian  family  of  the  Claudia  gens. 
— (1)  M.  Claudius  Marcki.t.us,  celebrated  as 
5  times  consul,  and  the  conqueror  of  Syracuse. 
In  his  first  Consulship,  u.o.  222,  Marcellus  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  slaying  in  battle  with 
his  own  hand  Britomartus  or  Viridomarus, 
the  king  of  the  Insubriau  Gauls,  whose  spoils 
he  afterwards  dedicated  as  epolia  opima  iu 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrius.  This  was 
the  3d  and  last  instance  in  Roman  history 
in  which  such  an  offering  was  made.  Mar- 
cellus was  oue  of  the  chief  Roman  generals 
in  the  2d  Punic  war.  He  took  Syracuse  in 
b.o.  212,  after  a  siege  of  more  than  2  years,  iu 
which  all  his  powerful  military  engines  were 
rendered  wholly  unavailing  by  the  superior 
skill  and  science  of  Archimedes,  who  directed 
those  of  the  besieged.  On  the  capture  of  the 
city  Archimedes  was  one  of  the  inhabitants 
slain  by  the  Roman  soldiers.  Marcellus  fell 
iu  battle  against  Hannibal  in  208.— (2)  M. 
Claudius  Marokm.uk.  consul  b.o.  51,  and  a 
bitter  enemy  of  Caesar.  In  b.o.  46  he  was 
pardoned  by  Caesar  on  the  intercession  of  the 
senate  ;  whereupon  Cicero  returned  thanks 
to  Caesar  in  the  oration  Pro  Marcello,  which 
has  come  down  to  us.  Marcellus,  who  was 
then  living  at  Mytilene,  set  out  on  his  return  ; 
but  he  was  murdered  at  the  Piraeus  by  one 
of  his  own  attendants,  P.  Magins  Chilo. — (3) 


MARCIUS. 


213 


MAM  US. 


C.  Claudius  Marcei.lub,  brother  of  No.  2,  and 
also  an  enemy  of  Caesar,  was  consul  in  49, 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out.— (4)  ('.  Olaudii  b 
Maroellus,  first  cousin  of  the  two  preceding, 
and,  like  them,  au  enemy  of  Caesar.  lie  was 
consul  in  50,  but  he  did  not  join  Pompey  in 
Greece,  and  was  therefore  readily  pardoned 
by  Caesar. — (5)  M.  Claudius  Maroellus,  son 
of  .he  preceding  and  ot'Octavia,  the  daughter 
of  C  Octavius  and  sister  of  Augustus,  was 
born  in  43.  Augustus,  who  had  probably 
destined  him  for  his  successor,  adopted  him 
as  his  sou,  and  gave  him  his  daughter  Julia 
in  marriage  (ii.c.  25).  In  23  he  was  curule 
aedile,  bnt  died  in  the  same  year,  to  the  great 
grief  of  Augustus,  as  well  as  of  his  mother 
Octavia.  The  memory  of  Marcel  his  is  em- 
balmed in  the  well-known  passage  of  Virgil 
(Aen,  vi.  S60-SS6),  which  was  recited  by  the 
poet  to  Augustus  aud  Octavia. 

MARCIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens, 
which  claimed  descent  from  Ancus  Marcius, 
the  4th  king  of  Home.  [Amoi  s  Marches.] 
Coriolanus  belonged  to  this  gens  [Corioi.a- 
nus]  ;  and  at  a  later  time  it  was  divided  into 
the  families  of  Piiilutus,  Rex,  and  Knu.i  s. 

MARCIUS  (-i),  an  Italian  seer,  whose  pro- 
phetic verses  (Carmina  Marciana)  were  dis- 
covered in  i!.<:.  213,  and  were  preserved  in  the 
Capitol  with  the  sibylline  bonks.  Some 
writers  mention  only  one  person  Of  this  name, 
but  others  speak  of  two  brothers,  the  March*. 

MAKcoMANNI  (-.".rum),  that,  is,  men  of 
the  mark  or  border,  a  powerful  German  peo- 
ple, of  the  Suevic  race,  originally  dwelt  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Danube,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Main;  but  under  t  lie  guidance 
of  their  chieftain  Maroboduus  they  migrated 
into  the  land  of  the  Boil,  who  inhabited  Bo 
henna  ami  part  of  Bavaria.  Here  they  set- 
tled after  subduing  the  Boii,  and  founded  a 
powerfnl  kingdom,  which  extended  s.  as  far 
as  the  Danube.  [Maboboth  is.  |  At  a  later 
time  the  Mnrcomauni,  in  conjunction  with 
tiir  Ouadi  aud  other  German  tribes,  carried 

on  a  long  and  bloody  war  with  the  emperor 

M.  Aurefius,  which  lasted  dui  ing  the  greater 
part  of  his  reign,  ami  was  only  brought  to  a 
conclusion  by  his  son  Commodus  purchasing 
peace  of  the  barbarians  as  soon  us  he  ascend- 
ed the  throne,  a.i>.  180. 

MARDI.    [Amabdi.] 

MARDONIUS  ( ■;       &  a    bed  Persian, 

son  of  ( lobi  m-iu-law  ..r  Dai  ini 

Hystaspia  in  b  o.  192  he  wa  enl  by  Darius 
to  punish  Eretria  and  Athens  for  the  aid  they 
had  given  to  the  [ouians;  but  his  fleet  was 

dl    I    oyed   by  a  Btorm   Off  Mount   Athos,  ami 

(he  greater  part,  of  his  land  forces  we 
stroyed  on  id-  passage  through  Mac 
by  the  Brygians,  a  Turacian  tribe.     On  the 
on  of  Xerxes  be  wai  one  of  the  chief 
instigators  of  the  i  I  Ireece. 

After  the  defeat  of  the  Persians  al  Balamia 
(480)  be  waa  left  by  Xerxes  with  a  large  army 

to  i qner  I  h  eece  i  but  be  wna  defeated  iii 

the  following  year  1 179),  near  Plataeae,  by  the 
combined  Greek  forces,  under  the  command 
of  Pansanins,  and  was  slain  in  the  battle. 
MAREA,  -fiA,   ia  (  ae),  a  town  of  Lower 


Egypt,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  district 
and  lake  ofMareotis.  The  lake  was  separated 
from  the  Mediterranean  by  the  neck  of  land 
on  which  Alexandria  stood,  aud  supplied  w  ilh 
water  by  the  Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile,  ami 
by  canals.  It  served  as  the  port  of  Alexan- 
dria for  vessels  navigating  the  Nile. 

MAREOTIS.     [Marea.] 

MARESA,  MARESCHA,  an  ancient  for- 
tress of  Palestine,  in  the  S.  of  Judaea,  of  some 
importance  in  the  history  of  the  early  kind's 
of  Judah  and  of  the  Maccabees. 

MARGIANA  (-ae),  a  province  of  the  an- 
cient. Persian  empire,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Bactriana,  on  the  N.E.  ami  N.  by  the  river 
O.xus,  and  on  the  W.  by  llyrcania.  'it  received 
its  name  from  the  river  Margns,  which  Hows 
through  it.  On  this  river  stood  the  capita] 
of  the  district,  Antiochia  Margiana,  which 
was  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  aud  re- 
built by  Antiochus  I. 

MARGUS.     [Maroiana.! 

MlRlANAE  FOSSAE.     [Fossa.] 

MARIANDYNI  (-drum),  an  ancient  people 
in  the  N.E.  of  Bithynia  in  Asia  Minor. 

MARlCA  (-ae),  a  Latin  nymph,  the  mother 
of  Latinus  by  Fannus,  was  worshiped  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Mintuiuae,  in  a  grove  on  I  he 
river  Liris.  Hence  the  country  round  Min- 
turnae  is  called  by  Horace  Maricae  litora. 

MXRIUS  (-i),  C.  (l)  The  celebrated  Ro- 
man, who  was  7  times  consul,  was  born  in 
is.o.  157,  near  Arpinum,  of  an  obscure  ami 
humble  family.  He  lose  to  distinction  by  his 
military  abilities.  He  served  under  Scipio 
AfrlcanUS  the  younger  at  the  sieL'e  ol  Nil- 
mantis  in  Spain  (b.0.  134),  but  he  was  not 
elected  tribn if  the  pleba  till  b.o.  118,  when 

he  was  IN  years  of  ai_'C.  He  afterwards  mar- 
ried Julia. 'the  sister  of  c.iulius  Caesar,  the 
father  of  the  celebrated  dictator.  Marine  was 
now  regarded  as  one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the 
popular  party  at  Rome.  In  109  Mnrlns  Berved 
in  Africa  as  legate  of  the  consul  Q,  Metellita 
in  the  war  against  Jugurtha,  In  [01  he  was 
elected  con  sit  1,  ami  received  the  province  of 
Nil  m  id  ia,  and  the  condncl  of  the  war  against 
Jngurtha  (107).  in  the  following  peat  100) 
Jngurtho  was  surrendered  to  him  by  the 
treachery  of  Boccbus,  king  of  Maurctm.ia. 


M  .n««. 


MARIUS. 


241 


MARS. 


,.li  .,i  utha.]  Marius  sent  his  quaestor  Sulla 
ive  the  Nnmidiau  king  from  Boccbus. 
iretunstance  sowed  the  seeds  of  the 
personal  hatred  which  afterwards  existed  be- 
tween Marius  and  Snlla,  since  the  enemies  of 
Marias  claimed  for  Sulla  the  merit  of  bringing 
.  r  to  a  close  by  obtaining  possession  of 
the  person  of  Jugurtha.  Meantime  Italy  was 
t  h  reatened  by  a  vast  horde  of  barbarians,  who 
had  migrated  from  the  N.  of  Germany.  The 
2  leading  nations  of  which  they  consisted 
were  called  Cimbri  and  Teutoni.  They  had 
defeated  one  Roman  army  after  another ;  and 
every  one  fell  that  Marias  was  the  only  man 
capable  of  saving  the  state.  Accordingly  he 
was  elected  consul  a  2d  time  (104);  but  the 
barbarians,  instead  of  crossing  the  Alps, 
marched  into  Spaiu,  which  they  ravaged  for 
the  next  2  or  3  years.  Marius  was  elected 
consul  a  3d  time  in  103,  and  a  4th  time  in  102. 
In  the  latter  of  these  years  the  barbarians 
returned  into  Gaul,  and  divided  their  forces. 
The  Cimbri  crossed  the  Tyrolese  Alps  by  the 
detiles  of  Tridentum  (Trent).  The  Teutoni 
and  Ambrones,  on  the  other  hand,  marched 
against  Marius,  who  had  taken  up  a  position 
in  a  fortified  (amp  on  the  Rhone.  The  deci- 
sive battle  was  fought  near  Aquae  Sextiae 
[Aix  ,  in  which  the  whole  nation  was  anni- 
hilated by  Marius.  The  Cimbri,  meantime, 
had  forced  their  way  into  Italy.  Marius  was 
elected  consul  a  5th  time  (101),  and  joined  the 
proconsul  Catnlus  in  the  X.  of  Italy.  The  2 
•Jen, Mils  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  ene- 
my on  a  plain  called  the  Campi  Raudii,  near 
le  '  Vercelli).  Marius  was  received  at 
Rome  with  unprecedented  honors.  Hitherto 
■eer  had  been  a  glorious  one;  but  the 
remainder  of  his  life  is  full  of  honors.  In 
order  to  secure  the  consulship  a  0th  time,  he 
entered  into  close  connection  with  the  two 
demagogues,  Saturninus  and  Glaucia.  He 
gained  his  object,  and  was  consul  a  0th  time 
in  100.  In  this  year  he  drove  into  exile  his 
old  enemy  Meteflus  ;  and  shortly  afterwards, 
when  Saturninus  and  Glaucia  took  up  arms 
against  the  state,  he  was  compelled  by  the 
senate  to  put  down  the  insurrection.  "  [8a- 
tii'.mms.]  But,  although  old  and  full  of 
-.  he  was  anxious  to  obtain  the  com- 
mand of  the  war  against  Mithridates,  which 
the  senate  had  bestowed  upon  the  consul 
Sulla  (u.o.  SS).     He  obtained  a  vote  of  the 

Eeople,  conferring  upon  him  the  command  ; 
tit  Sulla  marched  upon  Rome  at  the  head  of 
his  army,  and  compelled  Marias  to  take  to 
flight.  After  wandering  along  the  coast  of 
Latium,  he  was  at  length  taken  prisoner  in 
the  marshes  formed  by  the  river  Liris,  near 
Mintarnae  ;  but  wheu  a  Cimbrian  soldier  en- 
tered his  prison  to  put  him  to  death,  Marius 
in  a  terrible  voice  exclaimed,  "Man,  darest 
thou  murder  C.  Marius  ?"  whereupon  the  bar- 
barian threw  down  his  sword  and  rushed  out 
of  the  house.  The  inhabitants  of  Mintarnae 
now  took  compassion  on  Matins,  and  placed 
him  on  board  a  ship.  He  reached  Africa  in 
safety,  and  landed  at  Carthage;  but  he  had 
scarcely  put  his  foot  on  shore  before  the  Ro- 
man governor  sent  an  officer  to  bid  him  leave 
the  country.  This  blow  almost  unmanned 
Marius:  his  only  reply  was,  "Tell  the  prae- 


tor that  you  have  seen  C.  Marius  a  fugitive, 
sitting  on  the  ruins  of  Carthage."  Soon  aft- 
erwards Marius  returned  to  Italy,  where  the 
consul  China  (h.c.  87)  had  taken  up  arms" 
against  Sulla's  party.  Cinna  had  been  driven 
out  of  Rome,  but  "he  now  entered  it  along 
with  Marius.  The  most  frightful  scenes  fol- 
lowed. The  guards  of  Marius  stabbed  every 
one  whom  he  did  not  salute,  and  the  streets 
ran  with  the  blood  of  the  noblest  of  the  Ro- 
man aristocracy.  Without  going  through  ti  e 
form  of  an  election,  Marius  and  Cinna  named 
themselves  consuls  for  the  following  year  (sb). 
But  on  the  ISth  day  of  his  consulship  Marius 
died  of  an  attack  of  pleurisy,  in  his  71st  year. 
— (2)  Son  of  the  preceding,  but  only  by  adop- 
tion ;  was  consul  in  n.c.  S2,  when  he  was  27 
years  of  age.  In  this  year  he  was  defeated 
by  Sulla,  near  Sacriportns,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Latium,  whereupon  he  took  refuge  in  the 
strongly  fortified  town  of  Praeneste.  Here 
lie  was  besieged  for  some  time  :  but  after 
Sulla's  great  victory  at  the  Colline  gate  of 
Rome  over  Pontius  Telesinns,  Marias  pat  an 
end  to  his  own  life,  after  making  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  escape. — (3)  The  false  Ma- 
rius, put  to  death  by  Antony,  u.o.  44. 

MARMARICA  (-ae),  a  district  of  N.  Africa, 
between  Cyrenaica  and  Egypt,  extending  in- 
land as  far  as  the  Oasis  of  Amnion.  Its  in- 
habitants were  called  Marmaridae. 

MARO,  VIRGILIUS.     [Vikgiucs.] 

MAROBODUUS  (-i),  king  of  the  Marco- 
mauui,  was  a  Suevian  by  birth,  and  was 
brought  up  at  the  court  of  Augustus.  After 
his  return  to  his  native  country  he  succeeded 
in  establishing  a  powerful  kingdom  in  Central 
Germany  [Mabcomanni]  ;  but  having  become 
an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  other  German 
tribes,  he  was  expelled  from  his  dominions 
about  A.D.  19,  and  took  refuge  in  Italy,  where 
Tiberius  allowed  him  to  remain. 

MlRONEA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Thrace,  on  the  lake  Ismaris,  belonged  orig- 
inally t«  the  Cicones,  but  afterwards  colo- 
nized from  Chios.  It  was  celebrated  for  its 
excellent  wine,  and  is  mentioned  by  Homer 
as  the  residence  of  Maron,  son  of  Evanthes, 
grandson  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Ariadne, 
and  priest  of  Apollo. 

MARPESSA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Eve- 
nus.  [Idas.] — (2)  A  mountain  in  Paros,  from 
which  the  celebrated  Parian  marble  was  ob- 
tained. Hence  Virgil  speaks  of  ilarpesia 
cautes  (i.  e.  Parian). 

MARRUCINI  or  MARECINI  (-orum),  a 
brave  and  warlike  people  in  Italy,  of  the  8a- 
bellian  race,  occupying  a  narrow  slip  of  coun- 
try along  the  rightbank  of  the  river  Aternus. 
and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Vestini,  on  the 
W.  by  the  Peligni  and  Marsi,  on  the  S.  by  the 
Frentani,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
Their  chief  town  was  Teate.  Along  with 
their  neighbors  the  Marsi,  Peligni,  etc,  they 
submitted  to  the  Romans  in  n.c.  304. 

MARRCVIUM  or  MARl'YlUM  (-i\  the 
chief  town  of  the  Marsi  (who  are  therefore 
called  nens  Maruvia  by  Virgil),  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  lake  Fucinus. 

MARS  (-rtis),  an  ancient  Roman  god,  iden- 


Kabs.    (Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome.) 


.MARS. 


.'i: 


MARTIALIS. 


tified  by  tlie  Romans  with  the  Greek  Arc.-. 
[Arks.]  The  name  of  the  god  in  the  Sabine 
and  Oscan  was  Mamebb;  and  Mars  itself  is  a 
contraction  of  Mavees  or  Mayors.  Next  to 
Jupiter,  Mars  enjoyed  the  highest  honors  at 
Rome.  He  was  considered  the  father  of 
Romulus,  the  founder  of  the  nation.  [Rom- 
ui.cs.]  He  is  frequently  designated  as  father 
Mars,  whence  the  forms  Marspiter  and  Mas- 
piter,  analogous  to  Jupiter.  Jupiter,  .Mars, 
and  Quirinus  were  the  i!  tutelary  divinities 
of  Rome,  to  each  of  whom  king  Nil  ma  ap- 
pointed a  flainen.  He  was  worshiped  at 
Rome  as  the  god  of  war,  and  war  itself  was 
frequently  designated  by  the  name  of  Mars. 
J I  is  priests,  t  he  Salii,  danced  in  full  armor, 
and  the  place  dedicated  to  warlike  exercises 
was  called  after  his  name  (Campus  Martiws). 
Rut  being  the  father  of  the  Romans,  Mare 
was  also  the  protector  < if  the  mosi  honorable 

pursuit,  /.  e.  agriculture ;  and  under  the  oame 

of  Silvanus  he  was  Worshiped  as  the  guard- 
ian of  cattle.  Mars  was  also  identified  with 
Quirinus,  who  was  the  deity  watching  over 
the  Roman  citizens  in  their  civil  capacity  as 
Qnirites.  Thus  Mars  appears  under:',  aspects. 
a  the  warlike  god,  he  was  called  Gradivic8; 
as  the  rustic-  god,  he  was  called  Silvanus; 
while  iii  his  relation  to  the  state  be  bore  the 
name  of  Quirinus.  His  wife  was  called  Neria 
or  Iferii  »< .  the  feminine  of  Nero,  which  in  the 
Sabine  language  signified  "strong."  The 
wolf  and  the  woodpecker  (picus)  were  sacred 
to  Mar.-.  Numerous  temples  were  dedicated 
to  him  at  Rome,  the  most  important  Of  which 


was  that  outside  the  Porta  Capena,  on  the 
Appian  road,  and  that  of  Mars  Ultor,  which 
was  built  by  Augustus  in  the  forum. 

MARS!  (,-orum).  (1)  A  brave  and  warlike 
people  of  the  Sabellian  race,  dwelt  in  the 
centre  of  Italy,  in  t he  high  hind  surrounded 
by  the  mountains  of  the  Apennines,  in  which 
the  hike  Fncinus  is  situated.  Along  with 
their  neighbors  the  Peligni,  Marrucini,  etc., 
they  concluded  a  peace  with  Rome,  i;.o.  :;<I4. 
Their  bravery  was  proverbial :  and  they  were 
the  prime  movers  of  the  celebrated  war  waged 
agiiust  Rome  b\  the  Sciil  or  It  ib  m  illies  in 
order  to  obtain  the  Roman  franchise,  and 
Which  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  Marsic  or 
Social  war.  Their  chief  town  was  Makuu- 
viu.m. — Tin;  Marsi  appear  to  have  been  ac- 
quainted with  the  medicinal  properties  of 
several  of  the  plants  growing  upon  their 
mountains,  and  to  have  employed  them  as 
remedies  against  the  bites  of  serpents,  and  in 

other  cases.  Hence  they  were  regarded  as 
magicians,  and  were  said  to  be  descended 
from  a  son  of  Circe. — (2)  A  people  in  the 
.\.\v.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  the  league  of 
the  Cheiusci.  They  joined  the  Cherusci  iii 
the  war  against  the  Romans,  which  termi- 
nated in  the  defeat  of  Varus. 

MARSIGNI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  S.E. 
of  Germany,  of  Suevic  extraction. 

MARSUS,  DOMI'ilUS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet 
of  the  Augustan  age. 

MAKSYAS  or  MAKSVA  (-ae).  (1)  A  satyr 
of  1'lirvLfia,  who,  having  found  the  flute  which 
Athena  (Minerva)  had  thrown  away  in  di-irust 
on  account  of  its  distorting  her  features,  dis- 
covered that  ii  emitted  of  its  own  accord  the 

most    beautiful   strains.      Elated   by   his   sne- 

ce8s,  Marsyas  was  rash  enough  to  challenge 
Apollo  to  a  musical  contest,  the  conditions 
of  which  were  that,  the  victor  should  do  \\  hat 

he   piea.-ed   with   the  vanquished.     Apollo 

played  a] the  cithara,  and  Marsyas  upon 

the  flute.  The  Muses,  who  were  the  umpires, 
decided  in  favor  ofApollo.  Aa  njusl  punish- 
ment for  the  presumption  of  Marsyas,  Apollo 
bound  him  to  a  tree,  and  flayed  him  alive, 
Eiis  blood  was  the  source  of  the  river  Marsyas, 
and  Lpollo  bung  tip  his  skin  in  the  cave  out. 
of  which  that  river  flows,  In  the  fora  of 
ancient  cities  there  was  frequently  placed  a 
statue  of  Marsyas.  which  was  probably  in- 
tended to  hold  forth  an  example  of  the  severe 
punishment  of  arrogant  presumpl  ion.  'the 
statue  of  Marsyas  in  the  forum  of  Home  i> 
well  known  by  the  allusions  of  the  Romnu 

:'.'    \  small  and  rapid  river  of  I'l, 

In  i  in-  palace  of  the  Persian  k  It 
<  'elaenae.  beneath  the  Acropolis,  ami  I 
into  the  Maeander,  onli  Ide  or  the  , , 
I  considerable  river  of  <  Jar  I  a,  falling  into  the 

S.  side  Of  the  Maeander,  liearlv  OppO  lt8  to 
Trailer 


SuT'-'l  Shield  ol   Mir 


MABTIUS. 


246 


MAURETAXIA. 


aud  Domitian.  His  extant  works  consist  of  a 
Ion  of  short  poems,  all  included  under 
the  genera]  appellation  Epigrammata,  divided 
Into  14  books.  They  are  distinguished  by 
fertility  of  imagination,  flow  of  wit,  and  felic- 
ity of  language;  but  they  are  defiled  by  im- 
Eurity  of  thought  and  expression,  and  by 
ase  flattery  of  the  emperor  Domitian. 

MAKTirs  CAMPUS.    [Campus  Martius.] 

MARUVlUM.     [Makkcvilm] 

MASCAS,  an  E.  tributary  of  the  Euphrates 
,in  Mesopotamia. 

M ASfXlSSA  (-ae),  king  of  the  Numidians, 
sou  of  Gala,  king  of  the  Massylians,  the  east- 
ernmost of  the  2  great  tribes  into  which  the 
Numidians  were  at  that  time  divided.  In  the 
2d  Punic  war  he  at  first  fought  on  the  side 
of  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain  (u.c.  212),  but 
he  afterwards  deserted  their  cause  and  joined 
the  Romans.  On  his  return  to  Africa  he  was 
attacked  by  the  Carthaginiaus  and  his  neigh- 
bor Sypha'x,  and  with  difficulty  maintained 
hi-  ground  till  the  arrival  of  Scipio  in  Africa 
(b.c  204).  He  rendered  important  service  to 
Scipio,  and  reduced  Cirta,  the  capital  of 
Syphax  Among  the  captives  that  fell  into 
his  hands  on  this  occasion  was  Sophouisba, 
the  wife  of  Syphax,  who  bad  been  formerly 
promised  in  marriage  to  Masinissa  himself. 
The  story  of  his  hasty  marriage  with  her,  aud 
its  tragical  termination,  is  related  elsewhere. 
[SopiioNisuA  ]  In  the  decisive  battle  ofZama 
(202)  Masinissa  commanded  the  cavalry  of 
the  right  wing.  On  the  conclusion  of  the 
peace  between  Rome  and  Carthage  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  greater  part  of  The  territo- 
ries which  had  belonged  to  Syphax,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  hereditary  dominions.  For  the 
next  50  years  Masinissa  reigned  in  peace, 
lie  died  in  the  2d  year  of  the  3d  Punic  war, 
B.C.  14s,  at  the  advanced  age  of  90,  having  re- 
tained in  an  extraordinary  decree  his  bodily 
strength  and  activity  to  the  last.  He  left  3 
sons  —  Micipsa,  Mastanahal,  and  Gulussa— 
among  whom  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger 
divided  his  kingdom. 

N  \-s.\  (-ae),  BAEBIUS  or  BEBlUS  (-i), 
was  accused  by  Pliny  the  younger  and  He- 
rennitis  Senecio  of  plundering  the  proviuce 
I  I;  letica,  of  which  he  had  been  governor, 
A.i'.  93.  lie  was  condemned,  but  escaped 
punishment  by  the  favor  of  Domitian;  and 
from  this  time  he  became  one  of  the  informers 
and  favorites  of  the  tyrant. 

MASSAESYLI  or  -II.  [Mauretania:  Xu- 
nn>]  \.] 

MASSAGfiTAE  (-arum),  a  wild  and  war- 
like people  of  Central  Asia,  N.  of  the  Jaxartes 
(the  Arazes  of  Herodotus)  and  the  Sea  of 
A  rii.  and  on  the  peninsnla  between  this  lake 
and  the  Caspian.  Herodotus  appears  to  in- 
clude under  the  name  all  the  nomad  tribes  of 
Asia  E.  of  the  Caspian.  It  was  in  an  expe- 
dition against  them  that  Cyrus  the  Great  was 
defeated  and  slain.    [Ctbus.] 

MASSICUS  (-i),  or  MASSICA  (-ortim),  a 
mountain  in  the  N.W.  of  Campania,  near  the 
frontiers  of  Latinm,  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent wine,  the  produce  of  the  vineyards  on 
the  southern  slope  of  the  mountain.      The 


famous  Falernian  wine  came  from  the  eastern 
side  of  this  mountain. 

MASSlLIA  (-ae),  called  by  the  Greeks 
MASSALIA  (Marneilles),  a  Greek  city  in 
Gallia  Xarbonensis,  on  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, in  the  country  of  the  Salves,  founded 
by  the  Phocaeans  of  Asia  Minor  about  b.o.  600. 
It  was  situated  on  a  promontory,  connected 
with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  and 
washed  on  3  sides  by  the  sea.  Its  excellent 
harbor  was  formed  by  a  small  inlet  of  the 
sea,  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  broad.  This  harbor  had  only  a  uarrow 
opening,  and  before  it  lay  an  island,  where 
ships  had  good  anchorage."  At  an  early  period 
the  Massilienses  cultivated  the  friendship  of 
the  Romans,  to  whom  they  always  continued 
faithful  allies.  Massilia  was  for  many  cent- 
uries one  of  the  most  important  commercial 
cities  in  t'.ie  ancient  world.  In  the  civil  war 
between  Caesar  aud  Pompey  (u.c.  49)  it  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  latter,  but  after  a  pro- 
tracted siege,  in  which  it  lost  its  fleet,  it  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  Caesar.  Its  inhabitants 
had  long  paid  attention  to  literature  and  phi- 
losophy ;  aud  under  the  early  emperors  it  be- 
came one  of  the  chief  seats  of  learning,  to 
which  the  sons  of  many  Romans  resorted  in 
order  to  complete  their  studies. 

MASSIVA  (-ae).  (1)  A  Numidinn,  grandson 
of  Gala,  king  of  the  Massylians,  aud  nephew 
of  Masinissa,  whom  he  accompanied  into 
Spa  ii. — (2)  Son  of  Gulussa,  and  grandson  of 
Masinissa,  assassinated  at  Rome'by  order  of 
Jugurtha,  because  he  had  put  in  his  claim  to 
the^ kingdom  of  Numidia. 

MASSYLI  or  -II.  [Mauretania  ;  Nu- 
midia.] 

MASTAXlBAL  orMAXASTABAL  (-alis), 
the  youngest  of  the  3  legitimate  sons  of  Ma- 
sinissa. 

MXTHO  (-finis),  a  pompous,  blusteriug  ad- 
vocate, ridiculed  by  Juvenal  and  Martial. 

MXTIAXA,  the  S.W.-most  district  of  Media 
Atropatine,  along  the  mountains  separating 
Media  from  Assyria,  inhabited  by  the  Matiani. 

MXTIXUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Apulia,  run- 
ning out  into  the  sea,  one  of  the  offshoots  of 
Mount  Garganus,  and  frequently  mentioned 
by  Horace,  in  consequence  of  his  being  a 
native  of  Apulia. 

MATISCO  {Macon),  a  town  of  the  Aedui  in 
Gallia  Lngduuensis,  on  the  Arar. 

MATROXA  (-ae)  (Marne),  a  river  in  Gaul, 
falling  into  the  Seqnaua,  a  little  S.  of  Paris. 

MATTiXCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Germany, 
dwelling  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Rhine,  between 
the  Main  and  the  Lahn,  were  a  branch  of  the 
Chatti.  Their  chief  towns  were  Aquae  Mat- 
tiacae  (Wiesbaden)  and  Mattiacnm  (Marburg). 

MATTll'M  (Maden),  the  chief  town  of  the 
Chatti,  situated  on  the  Adrana  (Eder). 

A1ATUTA  (-ae),  commonlv  called  MATER 
MATUTA,  the  goddess  of  the  dawn,  identified 
by  the  Romans  with  T.eucothea.  Her  festival, 
the  Matralia,  was  celebrated  on  the  11th  of 
June  (Diet  of  A  ntiq.,  art.  Matralia). 

MAURETAXIA  or  MAURITANIA  (-ae),  a 
country  in  the  X.  of  Africa,  lying  between  the 


MAURI. 


2Vi 


MEDEON. 


Atlantic  on  the  SV.,  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
N.,  Numidia  on  the  E.,  and  Gaetulia  on  the 
S.  ;  but  the  districts  embraced  under  the 
names  of  Mauretauia  and  Numidia  respec- 
tively were  of  very  different  extent  at  differ- 
ent periods.  The  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Syrtes,  was  inhabited 
at  a  very  ancient  period  by 3  tribes:  the  Mauri 
orMaurnsii,W.  of  the  river  Malva  orMalucha : 
thence  the  Massaesylii  to  the  river  Ainpsaga  ; 
and  the  Massylii  between  the  Ampsaga  and 
the  Tusca,  the  W.  boundary  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian territory.  Of  these  people,  the  Mauri  ap- 
plied themselves  more  to  the  settled  pursuits 
of  agriculture  than  their  kindred  neighbors 
on  t ne  E.  Hence  arose  a  difference,  which 
the  Greeks  marked  by  applying  the  general 
name  of  So/xddei  to  the  tribes  between  the 
Malva  and  the  Tusca:  whence  came  the 
Koman  names  of  Numidia  for  the  district, 
and  Numidae  for  its  people.  [Numidia.]  Thus 
Manretania  was  at  first  only  the  country  W. 
of  the  Malva,  but  it  afterwards  embraced  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  western  part  of 
Numidia.  The  Romans  first  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  country  during  the  war 
with  Jugurtha,  h.o.  IOC.  [Bocouus.]  It  was 
made  a  Koman  province  by  Claudius,  who 
added  to  it  all  the  country  as  far  as  the  Amp- 
saga,  and  divided  it  into  -i  parts,  of  which  the 
W.  was  called  Tingitana,  from  its  capital 
Tingis  (Taiujicr),  and  the  E.  CaesariensiB, 
from  its  capital  -lulia  Caesarea,  the  boundary 
between  them  being  the  river  Malva,  the  old 
limit  of  the  kingdom  of  Bocchua  I. 
MAURI.  [Macketania.] 
MAURITANIA.    [Maubetania.] 

MAURtJSlL      [Mai  uj.tania.] 

MAl.'soLl'.S  (-i),  king  of  (aria,  eldest  -"ii 
of  Hecalomuns,  reigned  u-c  3T7-3S3.  He  was 
succeeded  by  hi-  wife  and  sister  Artemisia, 
who  erected  to  his  memory  the  costly  monu- 
ment called  from  him  the  Mausoleum.    [A»- 

TEMI81A.] 

MANORS.     [Maks.  J 

MAXBNTIU8  (-i  ,  Roman  emperor,  a.i>. 
B06  312.  He  was  passed  over  in  the  division 
of  the  empire  which  followed  the  abdication 
of  1 1 i  —  father  Maximianus  and  Diocletian  in 
a. n.  805;  bin  he  seized  Home,  where  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  in  306.  lie  reigned  till 
312,  when  he  was  defeated  by  Cons  tan 
Saxa  Rubra,  near  Rome.  He  tried  to 
over  the  Milvian  bridge  into  Rome,  bin  he 
perished  in  the  river.  Maxentius  i-  repre- 
sented  by  all  historians  a-  a  monster  of  ra- 
pacity, cruelty,  and  lust. 

MAXIMUM  8  i  .  1  Roman  emperor, 
a.o.  286  305,  oi  Iginally  a  r  i  oldier, 

was  made  by  Diocletian  hi-  col  lea  ;ue  in  the 
•  ,  bin  was  compelled  to  abdii  ate  along 
with,  the  latter.  [Diooi.rtiaucs.J  When  bis 
Bon  Maxentius  assumed  the  Imperial  title  In 
the  following  year  (306),  be  resided  some 
time  at  Rome;  but  being  expelled  from  thi 

ciry  by  Maxentius,  he  took  refu Gaul 

wiih    Constantine,    who    hud    married    hi- 
danghter  Pausta.    Here  he  wan  compelled  by 

1      n     atltine  to  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  in 

BIO.    (2yi;  vi.  rii  1 1  s  .M  vaim  i  mob,  usually  called 


Gai.krius,  Roman  emperor,  a. p.  305-311.  He 
was  first  made  Caesar  by  Diocletian,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married;  and  upon  the  ab- 
dication of  Diocletian  anil  Maximianus  (305) 
he  became  Augustus  or  emperor.  He  died 
in  311,  of  the  disgusting  disease  known  in 
modern  times  by  the  name  of  morbus  pedi- 
culosus.  He  was  a  cruel  persecutor  of  the 
Christians. 

MAXlMlNUS  (-i).  (1)  Roman  emperor,  a.d. 
235-236,  was  born  in  Thrace,  of  barbarian 
parentage.  He  succeeded  Alexander  Severus ; 
but  his  government  was  characterized  by  the 
utmost  cruelty.  He  was  slain  by  his  own 
soldiers  before  Aquileia.  The  most  extraor- 
dinary tales  are  related  of  his  physical  pow- 
ers. His  height  exceeded  8  feel.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  able  single-handed  to  drag  a 
loaded  wagon,  and  could  with  a  kick  break 
the  leg  of  a  horse;  while  his  appetite  was 
such  that  in  one  day  he  could  eat  40  pounds 
of  meat,  and  drink  an  amphora  of  wine. — 
(2)  Roman  emperor,  30S-314,  nephew  of 
Galerius  by  a  sisier.  was  raised  to  ihe  em- 
pire by  the  latter.  On  the  death  of  Galerius 
in  311  Maximums  and  Licinins  divided  the 
East  between  them;  but  having  attacked 
Licinins,  be  was  defeated  by  the  latter,  and 
died  shortly  afterwards.  He  was  a  cruel  per- 
secutor of  the  Christians. 

MAXIMUS  (-i),  MAGNUS  CLEMENS, 
Roman  emperor,  a. l>. 383-388,  in  Gaul,  Britain, 
ami  Spain,  obtained  the  throne  by  putting 
Gratian  to  death,  but  was  afterwards  slain  by 
Thcodosiu-. 

MAXIMI'S  TYTUT"S  (-i),  a  native  of  Tyre, 
a  Greek  rhetorician  and  Platonic  philosopher, 
lived  during  the  reigns  of  the  Antoninee  and 
of  Commodus,  and  i-  the  author  of  n  extant 
dissertations  on  philosophical  subjects,  writ- 
ten in  an  easy  ami  pleasing  style. 

MAZACA.    [C  visvki  v,  No.  l.] 

MfiCYBERNA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Macedonia 

in  ChakidiCe,  at  the  head  of  Ihe  Toioiiaie  gulf, 

K.  of  O]  vn  thus,  of  Which  it  was  ihe  sea-port. 

MfiDAURA   (-ae),  a  lloui ashing  city  of  V 

Africa,  on  the  borders  of  Numidia  and   P.y/.a- 

cena  :  t  tie  birthplace  of  Appuleius. 

MEDEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  AeCtes,  king  or 
Colchis,  celebi  nted  for  her  skill  In  n 
\\  hen  -la-on  came  to  <  lolchia  to  fetch  I  bo 
golden  fleece  she  fell  In  love  with  the  hero, 
assisted  him  in  accomplishing  the  obji 
which  he  had  visited  Colchis,  afterwards  fled 
with  him  as  his  wife  to  Greece,  and  prevented 

her   father,  who    was    in    pursuit,  from   over- 
taking then  i  by  killing  her  brother  Ab 
and  strewing  the  sea  with  his  limbs,  which  her 
father  stopped  to  gather,     m  ivin     been  de- 

.  a  i foi  the  youthful  daughter  of 

i  Ireon,  king  oft  orinl  h,   be  took  fearful 
auce  upon  her  faithless  Bpouse  by  mm 

the  two  children  which  slir  had   had   b)    him, 

ind  by  destroying  h  '■■  with  o  poi- 

rarmeni  :  and  -  n<  then  fled  to  Vtbcns 

in    a  I  B  I  u 

Uhen     i  hi    I       ild   to  have   m 

f 

under  A.BS1  B  i  I  B,    ^BOO  IA1  i  IK,  and  .1  » 

Ml. in,,  i  ,      5nl  (1)   A  town  in  the  lut* 


MEDIA. 


248 


MEGARA. 


rim-  of  Acarnauiti,  near  the  road  which  led 
from  Limnaea  to  Stratos. — (2)  A  town  on  the 
coast  of  Phocis,  near  Anticyra. — (3)  A  town 
in  Boeotia,  Dear  Onchestns  and  the  lake  Co- 
paia.  (4)  A  town  of  the  Labcates  in  Dalma- 
tia,  near  Scodra. 

M  Klil  A  (-ae),  an  important  country  of  Asia, 
above  Persia,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Araxes,  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  range  of 
mountains  called  Zagros  and  Paracboatras 
[Mountains  of  Kurdistan  and  Louristan), 
which  divided  it  from  the  Tigris  and  Euphra- 
tes valley,  on  the  E.  by  the  Desert,  and  on  the 
N.E.  by  the  Caspii  Montes(A7&Mrz  Mountain*). 
It  was  a  ferule  country,  well  peopled,  and 
one  of  the  most  important  provinces  of  the 
ancient  Persian  empire.  After  the  Macedo- 
nian conquest  it  was  divided  into  2  parts— 
(irr.it  Media  and  Atropatene.  [Atropatene.] 
Tin'  earliest  history  of  Media  is  involved  in 
much  obscurity.  Herodotus  reckons  only  4 
kings  of  Media,  namely:  1,  Deioces,  b.c.  T10 
-657;  2,  Pubaobtes,  657-435;  3,  Cyaxares, 
635-595;  4,  Astyagf.6,  595-560.  The  last  king 
was  dethroned  by  a  revolution,  which  trans- 
ferred the  supremacy  to  the  Persians,  who 
had  formerly  been  the  subordinate  people  in 
the  united  Medo-Persian  empire.  [Cybus.] 
The  Medes  made  more  than  one  attempt  to 
regain  their  supremacy:  the  usurpation  of 
the  Magian  Pseudo-Smerdis  was  no  doubt 
such  an  attempt  [Smekpis]  ;  and  another  oc- 
curred in  the  reign  of  Darius  II.,  when  the 
Medes  revolted,  but  were  soon  subdued  (n.o. 
408  .  With  the  rest  of  the  Persian  empire, 
.Media  fell  under  the  power  of  Alexander;  it 
next  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Selencidae,  from  whom  it  was  conquered  by 
tlie  Partbians  in  the  2d  century  h.o.,  from 
Which  time  it  belonged  to  the  Parthian,  and 
thru  to  the  later  Persian  empire. — It  is  im- 
portant to  notice  the  use  nfthe  names  Medub 
and  M  mi  by  the  Roman  poets  for  the  nations 
of  A-ia  E.  of  the  Tigris  in  general,  and  for 
the  Parthians  in  particular. 

.MEDIAE  MURES,  an  artificial  wall,  which 
ran  from  the  Euphrates  to  the  Tigris,  at  the 
point  where  they  approach  nearest,  and  di- 
vided Mesopotamia  from  Babylonia.  It  is 
described  by  Xenophon  [Anabasis,  ii.  4)  as 
being  20  parasangs  long.  100  feet,  high,  and 
2n  thick,  and  as  built  of  baked  bricks,  ce- 
mented  « itb  asphalt. 

MfiDlOLANUM  (-i).  (1)  [Milan),  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Insnbres  iu  Gallia  Transpadana, 
Was  taken  by  the  Romans  B.C.  222,  and  after- 
wards became  both  a  mnnicipium  and  a  col- 
ony. From  the  time  of  Diocletian  till  its 
capture  by  Attila  it  was  the  usual  residence 
of  the  emperors  of  the  West.  It  is  celebrated 
in  ecclesiastical  history  as  the  see  of  St.  Am- 
l>r  se.— (2)  [Saintes),  a"  town  of  the  Santones 
in  Aqnitania,  N.E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ga- 
rumna:  subsequently  called  Santones  after 
the  people,  whence  its  modern  name. 

MEDIOMATRICI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the 
S.E.  of  Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  Moselle.  S.  of 
the  Treviri.  Their  chief  town  was  Divodu- 
rum  [Mete  . 

MEDITERRANEUM  MARE.  [Internum 
Mark.] 


MEDOACUS  or  MEDUACUS  (-i),  a  rivet- 
in  Venetia,  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  falling  into  the 
Adriatic  Sea  near  Edron,  the  harbor  of  Pa- 
tavium. 

MEDOBRIGA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Lusitania, 
on  the  road  from  Emerita  to  Scalabis. 

MEDON  (-ontis),  son  of  Codrus,  the  first 
archou.    [Codrt/s.] 

MEDULI  (-dram),  a  people  in  Aqnitania, 
on  the  coast  of  the  ocean,  S.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Garumna,  in  the  modern  Medoc.  There 
were  excellent  oysters  found  on  their  shores. 

MEDULLI  (-orum),  a  people  on  the  E. 
frontier  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  and  iu  the 
Maritime  Alps,  in  whose  country  the  Druen- 
tia  [Durance)  and  Duria  [Doria  Minor)  took 
their  rise. 

MEDULLIA  (-ae),  a  colony  of  Alba,  in  the 
laud  of  the  Sabiues,  situated  between  the 
Tiber  and  the  Anio. 

MEDUSA.     [Gorgoneb.] 

MEGAERA.     [Eu.mi;xides.] 

MEGALIA  or  MEGARIA,  a  small  island  iu 
the  Tyrrhene  sea,  opposite  Neapolis. 

MEGALOPOLIS  (-is),  the  most  recent  but 
the  most  important  of  the  cities  of  Arcadia, 
was  founded  on  the  advice  of  Epaminoudas 
after  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  n.c.  371,  and  was 
formed  out  of  the  inhabitants  of  3S  villages. 
It  was  situated  iu  the  district  Maenalia,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Messeuia,  on  the  river  Helis- 
son,  which  flowed  through  the  city.  It  be- 
came afterwards  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the 
Achaean  League.  Philopoemen  and  the  his- 
torian Polybius  were  natives  of  Megalopolis. 

MEGARA  (-ae,  and  pi.  Megara,  -orum). 
(1  The  town  of  Megara,  the  capital  of  Mit- 
garis.  a  small  district  in  Greece  between  the 
Corinthian  and  Saronic  gulfs,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Boeotia,  on  the  E.  aud  N.E.  by  At- 
tica, on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of  Corinth, 
and  situated  a  mile  from  the  sea,  opposite 
the  island  of  Salamis.  Its  citadel  was  called 
Alcdthoe,  from  its  reputed  founder,  Alcathous, 
son  of  Pelops.  Its  sea-port  was  Xisaea,  which 
was  connected  with  Megara  by  2  walls,  built 
by  the  Athenians  when  they  had  possession 
of  Megara,  b.o.  461-445.  In  front  of  Nisaea 
lay  the  small  island  Mirwa,  which  added 
greatly  to  the  security  of  the  harbor.  In  an- 
cient times  Megara  formed  one  of  the  4  divis- 
ions of  Attica.  It  was  next  conquered  by 
the  Dorians,  and  was  for  a  time  subject  to 
Corinth  ;  but  it  finally  asserted  its  independ- 
ence, and  rapidly  became  a  wealthy  and 
powerful  city.  Its  power  at  an  early  period 
is  attested  by  the  flourishing  colonies  which 
it  founded,  of  which  Selymbria,  Chalcedon, 
and  Byzantium,  and  the  Hyblaean  Megara  in 
Sicily,  were  the  most  important.  After  the 
Persian  wars,  Megara  was  for  some  time  at 
war  with  Corinth',  and  was  thus  led  to  form 
an  alliance  with  Athens,  and  to  receive  an 
Athenian  garrison  into  the  city,  461 ;  but  the 
oligarchical  party  having  got  the  upper  haud, 
the  Athenians  were  expelled,  441.  Megara  is 
celebrated  in  the  history  of  philosophy  as  the 
seat  of  a  philosophical  school,  usually  called 
the  Megarian,  which  was  founded  by  Euclid, 
a  native  of  the  city.     [Ecclides,  No.  2.]— (2) 


MEGAREUS. 


249 


MELITA. 


A  town  in  Sicily  on  the  E.  coast,  N.  of  Syra- 
cuse, founded  by  Dorians  from  Megara  in 
Greece,  u.o.  T2S,  on  the  site  of  a  small  town, 
Hybla,  and  hence  called  Megara  Hyisi.aea, 
and  its  inhabitants  Megarenses  Hyblaei. 
From  the  time  of  Gelou  it  belonged  to  Syra- 
cuse. 

MEGAREUS  (-ei  or  eos),  sou  either  of 
Onchestus  or  Poseidon  (Neptuue),  and  father 
of  Hippomenes  and  Evaechme. 

MEGARIS.     [Megara.] 

MEGLDDO,  a  considerable  city  of  Palestine, 
on  the  river  Kishou,  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  confines  of  Galilee  and  Samaria. 

MELA,  river.     IMei.la.] 

MELA  or  MELLA  (-ae),  M.  ANNAEUS  (-i), 
youngest  son  of  M.  Annaeus  Seneca,  the  rhet- 
orician, brother  of  L.  Seneca,  the  philosopher, 
and  father  of  the  poet_Lucan. 

MELA  (-ae),  POMPONIUS  (-i),  a  native  of 
Spain,  under  the  emperor  Claudius,  and  the 
author  of  an  extant  Latin  work  on  geography, 
entitled  De  Situ  Orbis  Libri  III. 

MfiLAMPfJS  (-odis),  son  of  Amythaon,  a 
celebrated  prophet  and  physician,  and  the 
first  who  introduced  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  into  Greece.  lie  is  said  to  have 
cured  the  women  of  Argos  of  the  .madness 
with  which  they  had  been  seized,  and  to  have 
received  in  consequence,  with  his  brother 
Bias,  two  thirds  of  the  kingdom  of  Argos. 
Melampus  and  Lias  married  the  'J  daughters 
of  Proetus. 

MfiLANCHLAENI  (-dram),  a  people  in  the 
>.".  of  Asia,  about  the  upper  coarse  of  the  river 
TanaTs  (bun),  resembling  the  Scythians  in 
manners,  thongh  of  a  dilfereni  race  Their 
Greek  name  was  derived  from  their  dark 
clothing. 

MELANIPI'F:  (-e  -  'iii  fhter  of  Chiron, 
also  railed  Evippe,  1 1'-inir  with  child  by 
Aeolus,  -he  iied  10  Mount  Pelion,  and  was 
there  metamorphosed  by  Artemis  (Diana) 
into  a  mare. 

MBLXNlPPlDES,  of  Melos,  n  celebrated 
lyric  poet  in  tin.'  department  ofthe  dithyramb, 
who  flourished  about  b.o.  i  W. 

MfiLANTHlUS  (-i),  a  goat-herd  ofUlysses. 

MfiLAS  (-finis  and  ae  .  the  name  of  several 
rivers,  whose  water-  were  of  a  dark  color.— 
(l)  A  small  liver  in  Boeotia,  Sowing  between 
Orchomenue  and  Aspledon.— (2)  A  river  of 
Thessaly.  in  the  district  Malls, falling  into  the 
Malic  gulf.— (3)  A  river  ol  a  Phthi- 

otis,  railing  into  tie-  ^pidanns.—  (4)  A  river 
of  Thrace,  falling  Into  the  Melni  Sinus.— 
(5)  A  liver  in  the  N.E.  of  Sicily,  flowing 
Into  the  ea  between  Mylae  and  Nanlochus, 
through  excellent  meadows,  In  which  the 
oa  n  of  the  ran  an  e  fed         t  A 

river  in   Asia    Minor,  the  boundary  bl 
Pamphylia  and  Cilii 

MfiLAS  SINUS.    iMii.vm,  \o.  ■(.  | 

MELD]  (-dram)  or  MELD  VE  '  aram),  a 
people  in  the  N.  of  Gaul,  and  upon  the  river 
Sequana  (Seine). 

MfiLfiAGER  or  MfiLfi  '  '   Rl  ri),  son 

or  the  Calydonian  king  Oeneus,  took  pari  in 
the  Al'gonautic  expedition,  and  was  after- 
O 


wards  the  leader  ofthe  heroes  who  slew  the 
monstrous  boar  which  laid  waste  the  fields 
of  Calydon.  According  to  the  later  tradition, 
he  gave  the  hide  of  the  animal  to  Atalanta, 
with  whom  he  was  in  love  ;  but  his  mother's 
brothers,  the  sous  of  Thestius,  took  it  from 
her,  whereupon  Meleager  in  a  rage  slew  them. 
This,  however,  was  the  cause  of  his  own  death. 
When  he  was  7  days  old  the  Moerae  or  Fates 
declared  that  the  boy  would  die  as  soon  as 
the  piece  of  wood  which  was  burning  on  the 
hearth  should  be  consumed.  Althaea,  upon 
hearing  this,  extinguished  the  firebrand,  and 
concealed  it  in  a  chest;  but  now,  to  revenge 
the  death  of  her  brothers,  she  threw  the  piece 
of  wood  into  the  fire,  whereupon  Meleager 
expired.  Althaea,  too  late  repenting  what 
she  had  done,  put  an  end  to  her  life.  The 
sisters  of  Meleager  wept  unceasingly  after  his 
death,  until  Artemis  (Diana)  changed  them 
into  guinea-hens  (ueXeafpides),  which  were 
transferred  to  the  island  of  Leros. 


'■  l  Pa    1 1 ' ■  >_c  "t  Pomj 


MfiLflTUS  or  MfiLITUS  (-i),  an  obscure 

poet,  Iml    notorious   as  one   of  Hie   :ir- 

cusei  s  of  Socrates. 

m  ill  \      v     oi    Mt'  LIB     -  i,  a   nymph, 

daughter  nl in  [uachus  the 

iimi  her  of  Phoronens. 

M  i.i.i  BOB  \     ae),  a  town  on  the  co 

\i  agnei  la,  bel  ween  Mount  1 1 

and  m t  Pelion,  where  I  b 1 1  < » Lete   reigned, 

who  i    hence  called  by  Virgil  dua  MeMboeus. 

m  BLlCERTES.     I  Pai  m 

M  BLISSA  (-ae),  a  nymph.  Bald  to  bo  • 
covered  the  use  of  honey,  and  from  whom 
bees  were  believed  to  have  received  their 
name  (ju  Kiairai).    There  can  be  no  doubt, 

however,  thai   the  m really  came  from 

if  \i,  i ey,  and  wa    liei 

MfiLlTA  i  ae)  or  Mfil  I 
hi i.  in  i  land  In  the  Meditei  ranean  Sea,  col- 
onized by  the  Phoi 

r  .mi  w  horn 

it  woa  taken  |  n  ina  in  the  2d  Punic 


MELITAEA. 


250 


MENANDER. 


war.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  island  on  which 
the  Apostle  Paul  was  shipwrecked;  though 
gome  writers  erroneously  suppose  that  the 
apostle  was  shipwrecked  on  the  island  of  the 
e  mi''  name  off  the  llhrian  coast.  The  inhab- 
itants manufactured  fine  cloth  [Melitensia  se. 
.  ,ita).—  (2)  (Hfeleda),  a  small  islaud  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Illyria  (Dal- 
matia),  N.W.  of  Epidaurus. 

MEIJTAEA,  MELITEA,  or  MELITIA 
town  in  Thessaly  iu  Phthiotis,  on  the 
N  bI  ipe  of  Mount  Othrys,  and  near  the  river 
Knipeus. 

ME  LITE  (-es),  a  nymph,  one  of  the  Nere- 
ides, a  daughter  of  Kerens  and  Doris. 

MELITENE  (-es),  a  city  and  district  of  Ar- 
menia Minor,  between  the  Anti-Taurus  and 
the  Euphrates. 

MELLA  or  MELA  (-ae :  Mella),  a  river  in 
Gallia  Transpadana,  flowing  by  Brixia,  and 
foiling  into  the  Ollius  (Oglio). 

MELLARIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  the  Bas- 
tnli  in  Hispania  Baetica,  between  Belon  and 
Calpe. — (2)  A  town  in  the  same  province, 
considerably  X.  of  the  firmer. 

MELODUNUM  (-i:  Mtlu,,),  a  town  of  the 
Senoues  in  Gallia  Lugduueusis,  on  an  island 
of  the  Seqnana  (Seine). 

MELOS  (i),  an  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea, 
and  the  most  W.-lv  of  the  Cyclades,  first  col- 
onized by  the  Phoenicians,  and  afterwards 
colonized  by  Lacedaemonians,  or  at  least  by 
Dorians.  Hence  in  t he  Peloponuesiau  war  it 
embraced  the  side  of  Sparta.  In  15.0.416  it  was 
taken  by  the  Athenians,  who  killed  all  the 
adult  males,  sold  the  women  and  children  as 
slaves,  and  peopled  the  island  with  an  Athe- 
nian cohmy.  Melos  was  the  birthplace  of 
Diagoras,  the  Atheist. 

MELPOMENE  (-es),  i.  r.  the  singing  god- 
dess, one  of  the  9  Muses,  presided  over  Trag- 
edy.     [MCSAE.] 

MEMMlOS(-i),the  name  ofa  Roman  gens, 
which  claimed  descent  from  the  Trojan  Mnes- 
-(1)  C.  Memmics,  tribune  of  the  plebs 
B.O.  111,  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  oli- 
garchical party  at  Rome  during  the  Jugur- 
tliine  war.  He  was  slain  by  the  mob  of  Sat- 
nrninus  and  Glaucia  while  a  candidate  for  the 
consulship  iu  100.—  (2)  C.  M bmm i is  Gem iuhb, 
tribune  of  the  plebs  in  66,  curule  aedile  in  CO, 
and  praetor  in  58,  was  impeached  for  ambitus, 
and  withdrew  from  Rome  to  M  vtilene.  Mem- 
miOS  married  Fansta,  a  daughter  of  the  dic- 
tator Sulla,  by  whom  he  had  a  son.  He  was 
eminent  both  in  literature  and  in  eloquence. 
Lucretius  dedicated  to  him  his  poem  De Rerum 
Xatura. 

MEMNON  (-onis).  (1)  The  beautiful  son 
of  Tithonus  and  Eos  (Aurora),  was  king  of 
the  Ethiopians,  and  came  to  the  assistance  of 
Priam  towards  the  end  of  the  Trojan  war. 
He  wore  armor  made  for  him  by  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan)  at  the  request  of  his  mother.  He 
slew  Antilochus,  the  son  of  Nestor,  but  was 
himself  slain  by  Achilles  after  a  long  arid 
fierce  combat.  While  the  -2  heroes  were  fight- 
ing, Zens  (Jupiter)  weighed  their  fates,  and 
the  scale  containing  Memuon's  sank.  To 
soothe  the  grief  of  his  mother,  Zeus  conferred 


Weighing  the  fates  of  Achilles  and  Memnon. 

immortality  upon  Memnon,  and  caused  a 
number  of  birds  to  issue  out  of  the  funeral 
pile,  which  fought  over  the  ashes  of  the  hero. 
These  birds  were  called  yiemnorudes,  and  were 
said  to  have  visited  every  year  the  tomb  of  the 
hero  on  the  Hellespont.  The  Greeks  gave 
the  name  of  Memnonium  and  Memnonia  to 
certain  very  ancient  buildings  and  monu- 
ments in  Europe  and  Asia,  which  they  sup- 
posed to  have  been  erected  by  or  in  honor 
of  Memnon.  Of  these  the  most  celebrated 
was  a  great  temple  of  Thebes,  behind  which 
was  a  colossal  statue  (called  the  statue  of 
Memnon),  which,  when  struck  by  the  first 
rays  of  the  rising  sun,  was  said  to  give  forth 
a  sound  like  the  snapping  asunder  of  a  chord. 
It  appears,  however,  that  the  statue  repre- 
sented in  reality  the  Egyptian  king  Arneno- 
phis.  The  citadel  of  Susa  was  also  called 
Memnonia  by  the  Greeks.— (2)  A  native  of 
Rhodes,  had  the  command  of  the  W.  coast  of 
Asia  Minor  when  Alexander  invaded  Asia. 
He  was  an  able  officer,  and  his  death,  in  n.o. 
333,  was  an  irreparable  loss  to  the  Persian 
cause. 
MEMN5NIUM.  [Mbmnon,  No.l.] 
MEMPHIS  (-is  and  idos),  a  great  city  of 
Egypt,  second  in  importance  only  to  Thebes, 
after  the  fall  of  which  it  became"  the  capital 
of  the  whole  country,  a  position  which  it  had 
previously  shared  with  Thebes.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Menes.  It  stood  on  the 
left  (W.)  bank  of  the  Nile,  about  10  miles 
above  the  Pyramids. 

MENAENUM  or  MENAE,  a  town  on  the 
E.i  oast  of  Sicily,  S.  of  Hybla,  the  birthplace 
and  residence  of  the  Sicel  chief  Ducetius. 
MENALIPPES.  [Mf.i  anii-t-cs.] 
MENANDER,  MENANDROS  or  -DRES 
(-dri),  of  Athens,  the  most  distinguished  poet 
of  the  New  Comedy,  was  born  B.C.  :;4'.',  and 
was  drowned  in  29l",  while  swimming  in  the 
luirbor  of  Piraeus.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Epicurus. 
Though  his  comedies  have  been  lost,  we  can 
form  some  idea  of  them  from  those  of  Ter- 


MENAPII. 


251 


MEKCURIUS. 


ence,  who  was  little  more  than  a  translator 
of  Menander. 

MEXAPII  (-drum),  a  powerful  people  in 
the  N.  of  Gallia  Belgica,  originally  dwelt  on 
both  banks  of  the  Rhine,  but  were  afterwards 
driven  out  of  their  possessions  on  the  right 
bank  by  the  UVipetes  and  Tenchteri,  and  in- 
habited only  the  left  bank  near  its  mouth, 
and  W.  of  the  Moki. 

MBNDB  (-es)  or  MENDAE  (-arum),  a  town 
on  theW.  coast  of  the  Macedonian  peninsula 
Pellene  and  on  the  Thermaic  gulf,  a  colony 
of  the  Eretrians,  aud  celebrated' for  its  wine. 

MEXDES,  a  considerable  city  of  the  Delta 
of  Egypt,  on  the  bank  of  one  of  the  lesser 
arms  of  the  Nile,  named  after  it  the  Meiide- 
sian  mouth. 

MEXEDEMUS  (-i),  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Eretria,  where  lie  established  a  school  of 
philosophy,  called  the  Eretrian.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Antigonus  in  Asia,  where  he 
starved  himself  to  death  in  the  74th  year  of 
his  age,  probably  about  b.o.  277. 

MENBLAI  PORTTJS,  an  ancient  city  on 
the  coast  of  Marmarica  in  N.  Africa,  founded, 
according  to  tradition,  by  Menelaus,  where 
Agesilaus  died. 

MEXELAIUM  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Laconia, 
S.E.  of  Sparta,  near  Thcrapne,  on  which  the 
heroum  of  Menelaus  was  situated. 

MEXELAUS  (-i),  son  of  Plisthenes  or 
Aliens,  and  younger  brother  of  Agamemnon, 
was  king  of  Lacedaeinon,  and  married  to  the 
beautiful  Helen,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  Hermione.  His  early  life,  the  rape 
of  his  wife  by  Paris,  and  the  expedition  of 
the  Greeks  to  Asia  to  punish  the  Trojans,  are 
related  under  Agamemnon.  In  the  Trojan 
war  .Menelaus  killed  many  Trojans,  ami 
would  have  slain  Paris  also  in  single  combat 
bail  not  the  latter  been  carried  off  by  Aphro- 
dite (Venus)  in  a  cloud.  As  soon  as  Troy  was 
taken,  Menelaus  and  Dlysses  hastened  to  l  he 
house  of  Deiphobns,  who  had  married  Eelen 

after  the  death  of  Paris,  and  put  him  to  death 

in  a  barbarous  manner.  Menelam  if  said  to 
have  been  secretly  introduced  into  the  cham- 
ber Of  Deiphohus'liy  Helen,  who  til  II-  1 1 

reconciled  to  her  former  husband.    He  was 

among  the  II is- 1   who  sailed  away  IV. mi  Troy, 

accompanied  by  his  wife  Helen  ami  Nestot  : 
but   be  was  8  years  wandering  about   the 
I of  the  Mediterranean  be  ion-  he  reach- 
ed home.    Hencefoi  ward  he  lived  with  Helen 

al   Spat  tfl  HI  |.e  e  e  .  I  ( 1 1 1  weallh.      \\  I, on  'I  '•■!■■  1 1 1- 

I; iieii  sparta  to  inquire  after  he  fa 
tber,  Mem  Ian     vat  Bolemnizing  the  m 

i  h i    'la  i  ;htei  II lone  with  Neoptolemus, 

inn!  ofhis  son  Megapenthej  with  a  daughter 
of  Alector.  In  I  be  I  lomeric  poem  Menelaus 
is  described  as  a  man  of  athletic  figure;  he 
spoke  little,  bin  whal  he  snld  was  always  Im- 
pressive; he  was  brave  ami  courageou  .  bul 
than  Agamemnon,  intelligent  and 
hospitable.  According  to  the  prophet  j  of 
Proteus  in  the  Odyssey,  Menelaus  and  Helen 

were  not  to  die,  bui  1 1 oil    wer<  to  conducl 

them  to  Elysium.  According  t"  a  later  tra- 
dition, be  and  Helen  wenl  to  the  Taurians, 
where  they  were  sacrificed  by  Ipbigenla  to 


Artemis.  Respecting  the  tale  that  Helen 
never  went  to  Troy,  but  was  detained  in 
Egypt,  see  Helena. 

MENENIUS  (-i)  LANATUS  (-i).  AGRIPPA 
(-ae),  consul,  n.o.  5o;i.  It  was  owing  to  his 
mediation  that  the  tirst  great  rupture  between 
the  patricians  and  plebeians,  when  the  latter 
seceded  to  the  Sacred  Mount,  was  brought  to 
a  happy  aud  peaceful  termination  in49;i;  and 
it  was  upon  this  occasion  he  is  said  to  have 
related  to  the  plebeians  his  well-known  fable 
of  the  belly  and  the  members. 

MENUS,  first  king  of  Egypt,  according  to 
the  Egyptian  traditions. 

MENESTIIEl'S  (-eos,  Si,  or  eT).  (1)  Son  of 
Petens,  an  Athenian  king,  who  led  the  Athe- 
nians against  Troy  He  is  said  to  have  driven 
Theseus  from  his  kingdom.— (2)  A  charioteer 
of  Diomedes. 

MENINX  (-gis),  or  LOTOPHAGTTIS  (-is), 
an  island  close  to  the  coast  of  Africa  Propria, 
at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  Lesser  Syrtis. 

MEXIPPUS  (-i),  a  Cynic  philosopher,  was 
a  native  of  Gadara  in  Coele-Syria,  and  nour- 
ished about  ii.o.  00.  He  was  noted  for  his 
satirical  writings,  whence  Varro  gave  to  his 
satires  the  name  of  Saturae  Menippeae. 

MENOECEUS  (-eos,  el,  or  eT).  (1)  A  Theban, 
grandson  of  Pentheus,  and  father  of  Hippon- 
ome,  Jocasta,  and  Creou.— (2)  Grandson  of 
the  former,  and  son  of  Creou,  put  an  end  to 
his  life  because  Tiresias  had  declared  that  his 
death  would  bring  victory  to  his  country, 
when  the  7  Argive  heroes  marched  against 

Thebes. 

MKXOETIT'S  (-i),  son  of  Actor  and  Aegina, 
and  father  ot  Patroclus,  who  is  hence  i  ailed 

N>  mi,  tn'nl,  s. 

.\lT;.\i~>\  (-onis),  a  Thcssalian  advent  urer, 
one  ot  1 1  of  the  I  It  eek  mercenaries 

in  the  army  of  Cyrus  the  younger,  when  the 
Latter  marched  into  Upper  Asia  against  his 
in-other  Artazerxea,  b.o,  401.  a  tier  the  death 
of  Cyrus,  be  was  apprehended  along  with  the 
other  Greek  generals  by  Tissapherues,  ami 

was  put  to  death  by  lingering  tortures,  which 

lasted  for  a  whole  year.  His  character  Is 
drawn  in  the  blacken!  colors  by  Xenophon, 

I  le   is   the   same   a      I  he    \leu..n   oil  i  oduced   in 

the  dialogne  ot  Plato  which  bears  bis  name. 
MENTfiSA.    (1)  Siirnaineii  Bastia,  a  town 
of  the  Oretaul  in  Hispauio  Tarruconensls, 

(2)  A  town  of  the  I'.asluli  in  the  S.  of  Hlspanla 

Baetica. 

MK.vi  hi:  "i;  i'  Bon  "i  \i.  iii. ii  and 
a  faithful  fi  lend  -Mi  '  frequently  men- 
tioned   in   the  Odyssey,       ::)    \   Greek   of 

Rhodes,  appointed    by    Darius   OchllS    to    tllO 

satrapy  of  all  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  which  le-  wae  bui  ceeded  by  hii  broi  her 
Menu i  \i  i  umo  t,  i  '•  *i  ie-  ui"  |  cele- 
brated silvei-eha-el    HI ,      the   I  ■  "  I  I     .  H  lei 

ii.'in  It  bed  bef  ire  n  o.  B60.     lb-   woi  h    w  ere 
i  i  g    and  cup  ,  v.  in.  h  wi  re  in  lib.  pi  I  zed  by 
tb.'  R  iman  . 
MERCl  l:ii    PROMONTORlUM. 

MAI. I   M.  ] 

MKIM  i  Bll  Ri  m  in  .b    r 

i . c  ami  gain,  identified  by  the  Romana 


MERIONES. 


MESSANA. 


with  the  Greek  Hermes.  The  Romans  of 
later  times  transferred  all  the  attributes  and 
myths  of  Hermes  to  their  own  god.  [Uekmes.] 
The  Fetiales,  however,  never  recognized  the 
Identity;  and,  instead  of  the  caduceus,  they 
ased  a  sacred  branch  as  the  emblem  of  peace. 
The  resemblance  between  Mercurius  and 
Hermes  is  indeed  very  slight  The  character 
of  the  Roman  god  is  clear  from  1  is  name, 
which  is  connected  with  merx  and  mercari. 
A  temple  was  built  to  him  as  early  as  u.o.  495 
near  the  Circus  Maximus ;  and  an  altar  of 
the  god  existed  near  the  Porta  Capeua,  by 
the  side  of  a  well.  His  festival  was  celebra- 
ted on  the  L'Sth  of  May,  and  chiefly  by  mer- 
chants, who  visited  the  well  near  the  Porta 
Capena,  to  which  magic  powers  were  ascribed. 

MEI'.iO.NES  (-ae),  a  Cretan  hero,  son  of 
Molus,  was  one  of  the  bravest  heroes  in  the 
Trojan  war,  and  usually  fought  along  with 
his  friend  Idomeneus. 

Mi.UMERUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Centaurs  pres- 
ent at  the  wedding  of  Pirithous. 

MEROE  (-C-s),  the  island,  formed  by  the 
rivers  Astapus  and  Astaboras,  and  the  por- 
tion of  the  Nile  between  their  mouths,  was  a 
district  of  Ethiopia.  Its  capital,  also  called 
M  .  became  at  a  very  early  period  the  cap- 
ital of  a  powerful  state.  The  priests  of  Meroe 
were  closely  connected  in  origin  and  customs 
with  those  of  Egypt ;  and,  according  to  some 
traditions,  the  latter  sprang  from  the  former, 
and  they  from  India.  For  details  respecting 
the  kingdom  of  Meroe,  see  Aetiiiopia. 

M  KUfjPE  (-Gs).  (1)  One  of  the  Heliades  or 
Bisters  of  Phaethon. — (2)  Daughter  of  Atlas, 
one  of  the  Pleiades,  wife  of  Sisyphus  of  Cor- 
inth and  mother  of  Glaucus.  In  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Pleiades  she  is  the  7th  and 
the  least  visible  star,  because  she  is  ashamed 
of  having  had  intercourse  with  a  mortal  man. 
— (3)  Daughter  of  Cypselus,  wife  of  Cres- 
phontes,  and  mother  of  Aepytus.    [Akpytcb.] 

MfiROPS  (-5pis),  king  of  the  Ethiopians, 
bv  whose  wife,  Clymene,  Helios  (Sol)  became 
the  father  of  Phaethon. 

M  6SEMBRIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated  town 
of  Thrace  on  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  and  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Haernns,  founded  by  the  inhab- 
itants ofChalcedon  and  Byzantium  in  the  time 
of  Darius  Qystaspis,  and  lience  called  a  colony  I 
of  Megara,  since  those  2  towns  were  founded 
by  the  Megarians.—  (2)  A  town  in  Thrace, 
but  of  less  importance,  on  the  coast  of  the 
in  sea,  and  in  the  territory  of  the 
Cicones,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Lissus. 

MESOPOTAMIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia, 
named  from  'tween  the  Euphra- 

tes and  the  Tigris,  divided  by  the  Euphrates 
from  Syria  and  Arabia,  and  by  the  Tigris 
from  Assyria.  On  the  N.  it  was  separated 
from  Armenia  by  a  branch  of  the  Taurus, 
called  Masius,  and  on  the  S.  from  Babylonia 
by  the  Median  Wall.  The  name  was  first  used 
by  the  Greeks  in  the  time  of  the  Scleucidae. 
In  earlier  times  the  country  was  reckoned  a 
part,  sometimes  of  Syria,  and  sometimes  of 
.  In  the  division  of  the  Persian  em- 
pire it  belonged  to  the  satrapy  of  Babylonia. 
I'l.e  N.  part  of  Mesopotamia  was  divided  into 


the  districts  of  Myguonia  and  Oseoene.  In 
a  wider  sense,  the  name  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  whole  country  between  the  Euphrates 
and  the  Tigris. 

MESPILA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Assyria,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Tigris,  which  Xenophou  men- 
tions as  having  been  formerly  a  great  city, 
inhabited  by  Medes,  but  in  his  time  fallen  to 
decay.  Layard  places  it  at  Kouyounjik,  op- 
posite to  Mosul. 

MESSA  (-ae),  a  town  and  harbor  in  Laco- 
nia,  near  C.  Taeuarum. 

MESSALA  or  MESSALLA  (-ae),  the  name 
of  a  distinguished  family  of  the  Valeria  gens 
at  Rome.  The  first  who  bore  the  name  of 
Messala  was  M.  Valerius  Maxijics  Corvinus 
Messai.a,  consul  n.o.  '203,  who  carried  on  the 
war  against  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  and 
received  this  cognomen  in  consequence  of  his 
relieving  Messina.  The  most  celebrated  mem- 
ber of  the  family  was  M.  Valerius  Messala 
Cobvtnus.  He  fought  on  the  republican  side 
at  the  battle  of  Philippi  (u.c.  4-.'),  but  was 
afterwards  pardoned  by  the  triumvirs,  and 
became  one  of  the  chief  generals  and  friends 
of  Augustus.  He  was  consul  b.c.  31,  and  pro- 
consul of  Aquitania  in  2S,  27.  He  died  about 
u.c.  3-a.i>.  3.  Messala  was  a  patron  of  learn- 
ing, and  was  himself  a  historian,  a  poet,  a 
grammarian,  and  an  orator;  but  none  of  his 
works  are  extant.  His  friendship  for  Hor- 
ace and  his  intimacy  with  Tibullus  are  well 
known.  In  the  elegies  of  the  latter  poet  the 
name  of  Messala  is  continually  introduced. 
MESSALI.XA,  VALERIA  (-ae),  wife  of  the 
emperor  Claudius, 
.. ^S^TfTpi s5K  al,d  mother  of  Bri- 

'^'n^-'/^A  tannicus,wasnoto- 
Jt\  ti-J  ^-^tmX  rious  for  her  prof- 
ligacy and  licen- 
tiousness, and  long 
exercised  an  un- 
bounded empire 
over  her  weak  hus- 
band. Narcissus, 
the  freedman  of 
Claudius,  at  length 
persuaded  the  em- 
peror to  put  Mes- 
salina  to  death,  lie- 
cause  she  had  pub- 
licly married  a 
handsome  Roman 
youth,  C.  Silius, 
during  the  absence 
of  Claudius  at  Ostia,  a.d.  48. 

MESSANA  (-ae:  Messina),  a  celebrated  town 
of  Sicily,  on  the  strait  separating  Italy  from 
this  island,  which  is  here  about  4  miles 
broad.  The  Romans  called  the  town  Messana, 
according  to  its  Doric  pronunciation,  but 
.1/.  isene  was  its  more  usual  name  among  the 
Greeks.  It  was  originally  a  town  of  the 
Siceli,  and  was  called  Zanolb,  or  a  sickle,  on 
account  of  the  shape  of  its  harbor,  which  is 
farmed  by  a  singular  curve  of  sand  and  shells. 
II  was  first  colonized  by  Chalcidians,  ai.d 
was  afterwards  seized  by  Samians.  who  had 
come  to  Sicily  after  the  capture  of  Miletus  by 
the  Persians  (u.o.  494).  The  Samians  were 
shortly  afterwards  driven  out  of  Zaucle  by 


Messalina. 


Uzbouby  w  BkfobBi    (Bronze  Statue,  Naplaa.) 


MESSAPIA. 


253 


METELLUS. 


Auaxilas,  who  changed  the  name  of  the  town 
into  Mesaana  or  Messene,  both  because  he 
was  himself  a  Messeniau  and  because  he 
transferred  to  the  place  a  body  of  Messeuians 
from  Rhenium.  In  b.o.  396  it  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians,  but  was  re- 
built by  Dionysius.  It  afterwards  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Agathocles.  Among  the  mer- 
cenaries of  this  tyrant  were  a  number  of 
Mamertini,  an  Oscan  people  from  Campania, 
who  had  been  sent  from  home,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  god  Mamers,  or  Mars,  to  seek 
their  fortune  iu  other  lands.  These  Mamer- 
tini were  quartered  iu  Messaua ;  and  after  the 
death  of  Agathocles  (u.c.  2S2)  they  made 
themselves  masters  of  the  town,  killed  the 
male  inhabitants,  and  took  possession  of 
their  wives,  their  children,  and  their  proper- 
ty. The  town  was  now  called  Mamkktina, 
and  the  inhabitants  Majieutini  ;  but  its  an- 
cient name  of  Messaua  continued  to  be  in 
more  general  use.  The  new  inhabitants  could 
not  lay  aside  their  old  predatory  habits,  and 
in  consequence  became  involved  in  a  war 
with  Hieron  of  Syracuse,  who  would  proba- 
bly have  conquered  the  town  had  not  the 
Carthaginians  come  in  to  the  aid  of  the  Ma- 
mertini, and,  under  the  pretext  of  assisting 
them,  taken  possession  of  their  citadel.  The 
Mamertini  had  at  the  same  time  applied  to 
the  Romans  for  help,  who  gladly  availed 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  obtain  a 
footing  in  Sicily.  Thus  Messaua  was  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  1st,  Panic  war,  204.  The 
Mamertini  expelled  the  Carthaginian  garri- 
son, aud  received  the  Romans,  in  whose  pow- 
er Messaua  remained  till  the  latest  times. 

M  ESSAPfA  (-ae),  the  Greek  name  of  Cala- 
is iu  a. 

MKssk.nTA  (-ae),  a  country  in  Pelopon- 
nesus, bounded  mi  the  B.  by  Laconia,  from 
which  it  was  separated  by  Mount  Taygetus, 
on  the  X.  by  Elis  and  Arcadia,  aud  on'  the  S. 
and  W.  by  the  sea.  In  the  Homeric  tim 
western  part  id"  the  country  belonged  to  the 
Neleid  princes  of  1'ylos,  of  whom  Nestor  was 
the  most  celebrated ;  and  the  eastern  to  the 
L  laemonian  monarchy.  On  theconqnest 
of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorian-,  Mcsscnia  fell 
to  the  share  of  Cresphontes,who  became  king 
of  the  whole  country.  Messenia  was  more 
fertile  than  Laconia;  and  the  Spartans  soon 
coveted  the  territory  of  their  brother  Dorians; 
and  thns  war  broke  out  between  the  two  peo- 
ple. The  1st  Messenian  war  lasted  "• 
u.o.743  723;  and  notwithstandinj  the  gallant 
resi  t  tnce  of  the  Messenian  king,  Anstode- 
iii  a  .the  Messeuians  were  obliged  to  sabmit  to 
the  Spartans  after  the  capture  of  their  i 
Ithoine.  [  An  r< ,i.i  mi  ..  |  \i'ici  i,,  arins  the 
yoke  :;-  years,  the  Messenians  again  took  up 
arms  under  their  heroic  leader  A.ri  tome 
ties.  [Abibtombneb.]  The  !d  We  senian  war 
i  it  years,  b.o.  >'.-.'.  tins,  and  terminated 
with  the  conquest  of  [ra  and  tin-  complete 
subjugation  of  the  country.    Most  of  th 

a    emigrated  to  forei| ant  i  i 

those  who  remained  behind  were  redm  ed  to 
tiie  condition  ofHelote  or  serfs,    in  th, 

they  remained  till  lilt,  when  the  Me  -enians 
nud  other  Helots  took  advantage  of  the  de- 


vastation occasioned  by  the  great  earthquake 
at  Sparta  to  rise  agaiust  their  oppressors. 
This  3d  Messenian  war  lasted  10  years,  464^ 
455,  and  ended  by  the  Messenians  surrender- 
ing Ithoine  to  the  Spartans  on  condition  of 
being  allowed  a  free  departure  from  Pelopon- 
nesus. When  the  supremacy  of  Sparta  was 
overthrown  by  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  Epami- 
nondas  collected  the  Messenian  exile.-,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Messene  (it.o.  309),  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Ithome, which  formed  the  acrop- 
olis of  the  city.  Messeue  was  made  the  cap- 
ital of  the  country.  Messenia  was  never 
again  subdued  by  the  Spartans,  and  it  main, 
taiued  its  independence  till  the  conquest  of 
the  Achaeaus  aud  the  rest  of  Greece  by  the 
Romans,  140. 

MESTRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Erysichthon, 
and  granddaughter  of  Triopas,  whence  she 
is  called  TridpHs  by  Ovid. 

MKTABUS  (-i),  a  chief  of  the  Volsci,  father 
of  Camilla 

METANIRA  (-ae),  wife  of  Celeus,  aud 
mother  of  Triptolemus.     [Cki.eos.] 

METAPONTlUM,  called  MfiTAPONTTJM 
(-i)  by  the  Romans,  a  celebrated  Greek  city 
in  Lucania,  and  on  the  Tarentine  gulf.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Greeks  at  an  early  period, 
was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  Samuites, 
and  was  repeopled  by  a  colony  of  Achaean,-. 
It,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans  with  the 
other  Greek  cities  in  the  S.  of  Italy  in  the  war 
against  Pyrrhus;  but  it  revolted  to  Hannibal 
after  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

METATJRUM.    [Metaubub,  No.  2.] 

METAURUS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  in  Urn- 
bria,  flowing  into  the  Adriatic  Sea,  memorable 

by  the  defeat  and  death  of  Ha.-drubal,  the 
brother  of  Hannibal,  on  it-  banks,  h.o.  207.— 

(2)  A  river  on  the  E.  cast  of  ISruttiuin,  at 
whose  mouth  was  the  town  of  Metaurtini. 

METELLUS  (-i),  a  di-tin-iii-hed  plebeian 
family  of  the  Coecilia  gene  at  Rome,  (1)  l.. 
Caboild  s  M  i  i  i  i.i  i  -,  consul  b.o.  861,  when  he 
defeated  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily;  < 
a  '-'d  time  in  249;  ami  afterwards  pontifes 
maxim  us;  while  holding  the  latter  dignity  he 
re  cued  the  Palladium  when  the  temple  of 
Vesta  was  on  tire,  and  lo-t  hi-  Bight  in  conse- 
quence. -(2)  Q.  Caboii.ii  Mi  I  i  i  i  i  M  lOB- 
domioi  -,  was  praetor  in  i  U3,when  be  defeated 

the  usurper  Andrlscua  in  Macedonia,  and  re- 

ceived  in  consequent  e  I  he  surname  of  Mai  i 
donicus.    He  waa  consul  in  1 13,  and  carried  on 
the  wai  agoinal  the  Celtlberlaus  in  Spain. 

(3)  Q.  Caeou.ii  iii.i  consul 
B.O.  109,  carried  on  the  h  ar  againsl  Jngurtha 

iu  Nuiiiidia  with  L'tv.il   BUCI  6  B,  and    ri 

iu  consequence  the  surname  of  Nun, 

[Ji  ci  cm  \.  i     iii   [07  i led  In 

the  •  ommand  by  Marin-.    [Mabu   .  i    ; 
he  was  censor,  ami  two  years  afterward 

banished  from  llome  through  the 
lutriguea  of  his  enemy,  Mir.  i  fe  waa 
however  recalled  In  tie-  i  ,  u  (99). 

Metellua  waa  oi f  t  he  chii  f  leadei    i 

aristocratical  party,  and  h  man  of  nnsullied 

character.     (4)  Caeoimub  M vi  Pit 

of  the  p  ime  of 

PitiH  on  account  of  the  love  which  hi 


METHONE. 


254 


MIDAS. 


played  for  bis  father  when  he  besought  the 

people  to  recall  him  from  banishment  iu  99. 
H*  war;  praetor  r..c  89,  and  one  of  the  com- 
ni..  ders  in  the  Manic  or  Social  war.  lie 
subsequently  fought  as  one  of  Sulla's  gener- 
als against  the  .Marian  party,  and  was  consul 
with  Sulla  himself  in  b.c.  SO.  In  the  follow- 
in.'  year  (79)  he  went  as  proconsul  into 
Spain,  where  he  carried  on  the  war  against 
Sertorius  for  many  years  (is.c.  79-7'-').  He  died 
iu  b.c.  G3,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  dignity 
of  pontifex  maximus  by  Julius  Caesar. — (5)  Q. 
Caecii.us  Mkteli.us  Celkk,  praetor  b.c.  63, 
and  consul  in  60,  was  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
aristocratical  party.  He  died  in  59,  and  it  was 
suspected  that  he  had  been  poisoned  by  his 
wife  Clodia. — (6)  Q.  Caeoilius  Meteli.vs  Nb- 
]>os,  younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  trib- 
une n.c.62,  praetor  in  60,  and  consul  iu  57,  sup- 
ported Pompey  against  the  aristocracy. — (7) 
Q.  Caecii.h >  M fr.TKi.Lns  Pi  us  Son>io,  the  adopt- 
ed son  ofMetellus  Pius  [No. 4],  was  the  son  of 
P.  Scipio  Nasica,  praetor  in  94.  Pompey  mar- 
ried Cornelia,  the  daughter  ofMetellus  Scipio, 
in  b.o.  52,  and  in  the  same  year  made  his  fa- 
ther-in-law his  colleague  in  the  consulship. 
Scipio  fought  on  the  side  of  Pompey  in  the 
civil  war,  and  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia 
crossed  over  to  Africa,  where  he  received  the 
command  of  the  Pompeian  troops.  He  was 
defeated  by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Tliapsus 
in  46;  and  shortly  afterwards  he  put  an  end 
to  his  own  life. — (8)  <>.  CAEcn-ins  .Mk.h.llis 
Ci:ki  ions,  consul  n.o.  09,  carried  on  war  against 
Crete,  which  he  subdued  in  the  course  of  3 
years.— (9)  L.  Caeoii.ius  Metellus,  brother 
of  the  last,  praetor  in  71,  and  as  propraetor 
the  successor  of  Verres  in  the  government  of 
Sicily. — (10)  M.  Caeoilids  Metellus,  praetor 
in  69,  presided  at  the  trial  of  Verres. 

METHANE  (-es).  (1)  Or  Mothonic,  a  town 
at  the  S.W.  corner  of  Messeuia,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  protected  from  the  sea  by  a 
reef  of  rocks,  of  which  the  largest  was  called 
Mothon. — (2)  A  town  in  Macedonia  on  the 
rhermaic  gulf,  founded  by  the  Eretrians,  and 
celebrated  from  Philip  having  lost  an  eye  at 
the  siege  of  the  place.— (3)  Or  Metiiana,  an 
ancient  town  in  Argolis,  situated  on  a  penin- 
sula of  the  same  name,  opposite  the  island 
)( Aegina. 

MkTIIYMNA  (-ae),  the  second  city  of  Les- 
bob,  stood  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  island. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  poet  Arion  and 
of  the  historian  Hellanicus.  The  celebrated 
Lesbian  wine  grew  in  its  neighborhood.  In 
the  Peloponnesian  war  it  remained  faithful 
to  Athens,  even  during  the  great  Lesbian  re- 
volt [Mytilenk]:  afterwards  it  was  sacked 
by  the  Spartans  (b.c.  406). 

METIS  (-idis),  the  personification  of  prn- 
Jence,  described  as  a  daughter  of  Ocean  us  and 
rethys,  and  the  first  wire  of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
Afraid  lest  she  should  r_'ive  birth  to  a  child 
wiser  and  more  powerful  than  himself,  Zeus 
levoured  her  in  the  first  month  of  her  preg- 
aancy.  Afterwards  he  gave  birth  to  Athena, 
>vho  sprang  from  his  head. 

MfiTIUS.     [Mr.TTics.] 

METON  ( -uiiis),  an  astronomer  of  Athens, 
;vho  in  conjunction  with  Euctemon  intro- 


duced the  cycle  of  19  years,  by  which  he  ad- 
justed the  course  of  ttfe  sun  aiid  moon.  The 
commencement  of  this  evele  has  been  placed 
B.C.  432. 

METR5DORUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Lampsacas 
or  Athens,  an  Epicurean  philosopher,  and 
the  most  distinguished  of  the  disciples  of 
Epicurus,  died  b.o.  277. 

METROPOLIS  (-is),  a  town  of  Thessaly 
in  Histiaeotis,  near  the  Peneus,  and  between 
Gomphi  and  Pharsalus.  There  were  several 
other  cities  of  this  name. 

METTIUSorMETlUS.  (1)  Ccp.ties.  [Cub- 
tius.] — (2)  Fcffetius,  dictator  of  Alba,  was 
torn  asunder  by  chariots  driven  in  opposite 
directions  by  order  of  Tttllus  Hostilius,  3d 
king  of  Home,  on  account  of  his  treachery  to- 
wards the  Romans. 

METTLUM  (-f),  the  chief  town  of  the  Iap- 
ydes  in  Illyricum. 

MEVANIA  (-ae:  Beoagna),  an  ancient  city 
in  the  interior  of  fimbria  on  the  river  Tinea, 
situated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  celebrated 
for  its  breed  of  beautiful  white  oxen.  Ac- 
cording to  some  accounts,  Propertius  was  a 
native  of  this  place. 

MEZENTIUS  (-i),  king  of  the  Tyrrhenian 
Caere  or  Agylla,  was  expelled  by  his  subjects 
on  account  of  his  cruelty,  and"  took  refnge 
with  Turnus,  king  of  the  Rutulians,  whom  he 
assisted  in  the  war  against  Aeneas  and  the 
Trojans.  Mezentius  aud  his  son  Latisus  were 
slain  in  battle  by  Aeneas. 

MICTPSA  (-ae),  kiug  of  Numidia  (b.c.  143 
-118),  eldest  of  the  sons  of  Masinissa.  He  left 
the  kingdom  to  his  2  sons,  Adherbal  aud  Hi- 
empsal,  and  their  adopted  brother  Jugurtua. 

MICON,  of  Athens,  a  distinguished  painter 
and  statuary,  contemporary  with  Polyguotus, 
about  b.c.  460. 

MIDAS  or  MID  A  (-ae),  son  of  Gordius  and 
king  of  Phrygia,  renowned  for  his  immense 
riches.  In  consequence  of  his  kind  treatment 
of  Silenns,  the  companion  and  teacher  of  Dio- 
nysus (Bacchus),  the  latter  allowed  Midas  to 
ask  a  favor  of  him.  Midas  in  his  folly  desired 
that  all  things  which  he  touched  should  be 
changed  into  gold.  The  request  was  granted ; 
but  as  even  the  food  which  he  touched  became 
I  gold,  he  implored  the  god  to  take  his  favor 
i  back.  Dionysus  accordingly  ordered  him  to 
bathe  in  the  sources  of  the  Pactolus  near 
Mount  Tmolus.  This  bath  saved  Midas,  but 
the  river  from  that  time  had  an  abundance  of 
I  gold  in  its  sand.  Once  when  Pan  and  Apol- 
lo were  engased  in  a  musical  contest  on  the 
flute  and  lyre,  Midas  was  chosen  to  decide 
between  them.  The  king  decided  in  favor 
of  Pan,  whereupou  Apollo  changed  his  ears 
into  those  of  an  ass.  .Midas  contrived  to  con- 
ceal them  uuder  his  Phrygian  cap.  but  the 
servant  who  used  to  cut  his  hair  discovered 
them.  The  secret  so  much  harassed  the 
man  that,  as  he  could  not  betray  it  to  a  hu- 
man being,  he  dug  a  hole  in  the  earth,  and 
whispered  into  ir.  "King  Midas  has  ass's 
ears."  He  then  filled  up  the  hole,  and  his 
heart  was  released.  But  on  the  same  spot  a 
reed  grew,  which  in  its  whispers  betrayed 
the  secret. 


MIDEA. 


MILETUS. 


Tomb  of  MM 


MIDEA  or  MIDEA  (-ae),ato\vn  in  Argolis. 
MlLAMux  (-onis),  husband  of  Atalanta. 

[.Vl  Al.ANTA.] 

MILETUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Apollo  and  Aria 
of  Crete,  fled  from  Minos  to  Asia,  where  be 
bnilt  the  city  of  Miletus.  Ovid  calls  him  n 
son  of  Apollo  and  Deione,  and  hence  Deioni- 


of  the  i  atesl  cities  of  Asia 
Minor,  belonged  territorially  to  Carta  and 
politic-all;  to  [onia,  being  the  S.-mosI  of  the 
12  cities  of  the  Ionian  confederacy.  The  city 
stood  upon  the  8.  lu-adland  of  the  Sinus  Lnt- 
micas,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Maean- 
der,  and  possessed  4  distinct  harbors,  pro- 
tected by  a  group  of  islets  ;  Ita  territory  wan 


Rulm  of  Uilel 


MILO. 


256 


MIMXERMUS. 


rich  in  flocks,  and  the  city  was  celebrated  for 
its  woolen  fabrics,  the  Milesia  vellera.  At  a 
very  early  period  it  became  a  great  maritime 
state,  and  founded  numerous  colonies,  espe- 
cially on  the  shores  of  the  Euxinc.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  the  philosophers  Thalep, 
Anaximander,  and  Auaximenes,  and  of  tee 
historians  Cadmus  and  Hecataeus.  It  was 
the  centre  of  the  great  Ionian  revolt  against 
tin'  Persians,  after  the  suppression  of  which 
il  ft  i-  destroyed  («.o.  494).  It  recovered  suf- 
ficient importance  to  oppose  a  vain  resistance 
to  Alexander  the  Great,  which  brought  upon 
it  a  second  ruin.  Under  the  Roman  empire 
It  still  appears  as  a  place  of  some  conse- 
quence. 

MILO  or  MlLON  (-onis).  (1)  Of  Crotona,  a 
celebrated  athlete,  6  times  victor  in  wrestling 
at  the  Olympic  games,  and  as  often  at  the 
Pythian.  "He  was  one  of  the  followers  of 
Pythagoras,  and  commanded  the  army  which 
defeated  the  Sybarites,  u.c.  511.  Many  sto- 
ries are  related"  of  his  extraordinary  feats  of 
strength:  such  as  his  carrying  a  heifer  four 
years  old  on  his  shoulders  through  the  sta- 
dium at  Olympia,  and  afterwards  eating  the 
of  it  in  a  single  day.  Passing  through 
a  forest  in  his  old  age,  he  saw  tiie  trunk  of  a 
tree  which  had  been  partially  split  open  by 
wood-cutters,  and  attempted  to  rend  it  fur- 
ther, but  the  wood  closed  upon  his  hands, 
and  thus  held  him  fast,  in  which  state  he  was 
attacked  and  devoured  by  wolves.  —  (2)  T. 
Annus  Mii.o  Papinianus,  was  born  at  Lanu- 
vium,  of  which  place  he  was  in  u.c.  53  dictator 
or  chief  magistrate.  As  tribune  of  the  plebs, 
B.o.57, Milo  took  an  active  part  in  obtaining 
Cicero's  recall  from  exile ;  and  from  this  time 
he  carried  on  a  tierce  and  memorable  contest 
with  P.  Clodius.  In  53  Milo  was  candidate 
for  the  consulship,  and  Clodius  for  the  prae- 
torship  of  the  ensuing  year.  Each  of  the  can- 
didates kept  a  gang  of  gladiators,  and  there 
were  frequent  combats  between  the  rival  ruf- 
fians in  the  streets  of  Rome.  At  length,  on 
the  20th  of  January,  52,  Milo  and  Clodius  met 
apparently  by  accident  at  Bovillae,  on  the 
Appian  road.  An  affray  ensued  between  their 
followers,  in  which  Clodius  was  slain.  At 
Rome  such  tumults  followed  upon  the  burial 
of  Clodius  that  Pompey  was  appointed  sole 
consul  in  order  to  restore  order  to  the  state. 
Milo  was  brought  to  trial.  He  was  defended 
by  Cicero;  but  was  condemned,  and  went 
into  exile  at  Massilia  (Marseilles).  The  sol- 
diers who  lined  the  forum  intimidated  Cice- 
ro, and  he  could  not  deliver  the  oration  which 
he  had  prepared.  Milo  returned  to  Italy  in 
48,  in  order  to  support  the  revolutionary 
schemes  of  the  praetor,  M.  Caelius ;  but  he 
was  "-lain  under  the  walls  of  an  obscure  fort 
in  Thurii.  Milo,  in  57,  married  Pausta,  a 
danghter  of  the  dictator  Sulla. 

MILTIADES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Cypselus,  an 
Athenian,  in  the  time  of  Pisistratus,  founded 
a  colony  in  the  Thraciau  Chersonesus,  of 
which  he  became  tyraut.  He  died  without 
children,  and  his  sovereignty  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Stesagoras,  the  son  of  his  half- 
brother  Cimon.— (2)  Son  of  Cimon  and  broth- 
er of  Stesagoras,  became  tyrant  of  the  Cher- 


M1ATIAAH2 
ABHNAIDX 


sonesus  on  the  death 
of  the  latter,  being  sent 
out  by  Pisistratus  from 
Athens  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  vacant  in- 
heritance. He  joined 
Darius  Hystaspis  on 
his  expedition  against 
the  Scythians,  ami  was 
left  with  the  other 
Greeks  in  charge  of  the 
bridge  over  the  Dan- 
ube. When  the  ap- 
pointed time  had  ex- 
pired, and  Darius  bad 
not  returned,  Miltia- 
des  recommended  the 
Greeks  to  destroy  the 
bridge,  and  leave  Da- 
rius to  his  fate.  After 
the  suppression  of  the  MiitUdw. 

Ionian  revolt,  and  the 

approach  of  the  Phoenician  fleet,  Miltiades 
|  fled  to  Athens.  Here  he  was  arraigned  as 
i  being  amenable  to  the  penalties  enacted 
against  tyranny,  but  was  acquitted.  When 
Attica  was  threatened  with  invasion  by  the 
Persians  nnder  Datis  and  Artaphernes,  Mil- 
tiades was  chosen  one  of  the  ten  generals. 
1  Miltiades  by  his  arguments  induced  the  pole- 
march  Callimachus  to  give  the  casting  vote 
'  in  favor  of  risking  a  battle  with  the  enemy, 
the  opinions  of  the  ten  generals  being  equally- 
divided.  Miltiades  waited  till  his  turn  came, 
and  then  drew  his  army  up  in  battle  array  on 
the  memorable  field  of  Marathon.  [Mara- 
thon.] After  the  defeat  of  the  Persians,  Mil- 
tiades induced  the  Athenians  to  intrust  to 
him  an  armament  of  70  ships,  without  know- 
ing the  purpose  for  which  they  were  designed. 
He  proceeded  to  attack  the  island  of  Paros, 
for  the  purpose  of  gratifying  a  private  enmity. 
His  attacks,  however,  were  unsuccessful ;  and, 
after  receiving  a  dangerous  hurt  in  the  leg, 
he  was  compelled  to  raise  the  siege  and  re- 
turn to  Athens,  where  he  was  impeached  by 
Xanthippus  for  having  deceived  the  people. 
His  wound  had  turned  into  a  gangrene,  and, 
being  unable  to  plead  his  cause  in  person,  he 
was  brought  into  court  on  a  couch,  his  broth- 
er Tisagoras  conducting  his  defense  for  him. 
He  was  condemned  j  but  on  the  ground  of 
his  services  to  the  state  the  penalty  was  com- 
muted to  a  fine  of  50  talents,  the  cost  of  the 
equipment  of  the  armament.  Being  una- 
ble to  pay  this,  he  was  thrown  into  prison, 
where  he  not  long  after  died  of  his  wound. 
The  tine  was  subsequently  paid  by  his  son 
Cimon. 

MILVIUS  PONS.     [Roma.] 

M1LYAS.     [Lyoia.] 

MlMALLOXESorMlMALLONlDES(-um), 
the  Macedonian  name  of  the  Bacchantes. 

MIMAS  (-autis).  (1)  One  of  the  giants  who 
warred  against  the  gods,  slain  by  a  flash  of 
lightning. — (2)  A  promontory  in  Ionia,  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Chios. 

MIMXERMUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  elegiac 
poet,  generally  called  a  Colophonian.  was 
properly  a  native  of  Smvrna,  and  was  de- 
scended from  those  Colophonians  who  re- 


MrasBTA.    (Pallas  Giustiniani.    Vatican  Museum.) 


MINCIUS. 


257 


MITHRAS. 


conquered  Smyrna  from  the  Aeolians.  He 
flourished  from  about  no.  C34  to  600,  and  was 
a  contemporary  of  Solon.  Mimnermus  was 
the  first  who  systematically  made  the  elegy 
the  vehicle  for  plaintive,  mournful,  and  erotic 
strains.  Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  poems 
are  extant. 

MINCIUS  (-i :  Mincio),  a  river  in  Gallia 
Transpadana,  flowing  through  the  lake  Beun- 
cus  {Logo  di  Garcia),  and  falling  into  the  Po 
a  little  below  Mantua. 

MINERVA  (-ae),  called  ATHENA  by  the 
Greeks.  The  Greek  goddess  is  spoken  of  in 
a  separate  article  [Athena],  and  we  here  con- 
fine ourselves  to  the  Roman  goddess.  Mi- 
nerva was  one  of  the  great  Roman  divinities. 
Her  name  probably  contains  the  same  root 
as  mens;  and  she  is  accordingly  the  thinking 
power  personified.  In  the  Capitol  Minerva 
had  a  chapel  in  common  with  Jupiter  and 
. I  iiuo.  she  was  Worshiped  as  the  goddess  of 
wisdom  and  the  patroness  of  all  the  arts  and 
trades.  Hence  the  proverbs  "to  do  a  thing 
pinyui  Minerva,"  i.  e.  to  do  a  thing  in  an 
awkward  or  clumsy  manner  ;  and  sus  Miner- 
varn,  of  a  stupid  person  who  presumed  to  set 
right  an  intelligent  one.  Minerva  also  guided 
men  in  the  dangers  of  war,  where  victory  is 
gained  l>y  prudence,  courage,  and  persever- 
ance. Hence  she  was  represented  with  a 
helmet,  shield,  and  a  coat  of  mail ;  and  the 
booty  mode  in  war  was  frequently  dedicated 
to  her.  She  was  farther  believed  to  be  the 
inventor  of  musical  instruments,  especially 
wind  instruments,  the  use  of  which  was  very 
important  in  religious  worship,  and  which 
were  accordingly  subjected  to  a  sort  of  puri- 
fication every  year  on  the  lust  day  of  the  fes- 
tival of  .Minerva.  This  festival  lasted  6  days, 
from  the  19th  to  the  23d  of  March,  and  was 
called  Quinquatrus.  The  most  ancient  tem- 
ple of  Minerva  at  Koine  was  probably  that  on 
the  Capitol;  another  existed  on  the  Aven- 
tine;  and  she  had  a  chapel  at  the  foot  of  the 
Caelian  hill,  where  she  bore  the  surname  of 
Capta. 

MINERVAE  PROMONTORIUM  (-i),  a 
rocky  promontory  in  Campania,  running  "ill 
a  long  way  into  the  sea.  6  miles  S.K.  of  Bur- 

rentnm,  on  whose  summit  was  a  temple  of 
Minerva,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ulysses. 
Here  the  Sirens  are  reported  to  have  dwelt. 

MfXlO  (-onis:  Mignone),  a  small  river  in 
Etruria,  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene  sea,  be- 
tween Gravlflcae  and  Centum  <  ellae. 

MTNoA.     [Mbqaba.] 

MTN"  I    Bon  "f  Zeus  (Jupiter) 

ami  Europa,  brother  of  Rhadamanthus,  king 
and  legislati  »r  of  I  rete,  anil  after  deal  h  one 
of  the  Judges  of  the  Bhadec  in  Hades.— (2) 
Son  of  Lycastua,  and  grandson  of  the  former, 
was  likewise  a  king  and  lawgiver  of  Crete. 
li<*  was  the  but  band  of  Po  Iphai .  a  daughter 
or  Belios  (the  Sinn,  and  tie-  fat oer  of  i ''  hi  a 
lion,  Androgeos,  Ariadne,  and  Phaedra.  In 
order  to  avenge  the  wrong  done  to  his  son 
Androgeos  LAm.roi.i  t  s]  at  Athens,  hi 
war  against  tie'  Athenian  .  and  compelled 
th eii i  to  send  to  < Irete  every  year  as  a  tribute 
7  youths  and  7  maidens,  to' be  devoured  in 


the  labyrinth  by  the  Minotaurus.  The  Mino- 
taur was  a  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull, 
and  the  offspring  of  the  intercourse  of  Pasi< 
phae  with  a  bull.  The  labyrinth  in  which  it 
was  kept  was  constructed  by  Daedalus.  This 
monster  was  slain  by  Theseus,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Ariadne,  the  daughter  of  Minos. 
[Theseus.]  Daedalus  having  fled  from  Crete 
to  escape  the  wrath  of  Minos,  Minos  followed 
him  to  Sicily,  and  was  there  slain  by  Cocalus 
and  his  daughters.  From  Minos  we  have 
Mlnois,  a  daughter  or  a  female  descendant  of 
Minos,  as  Ariadne,  aud  the  adjectives  Mlnoiu* 
and  Mvnbus,  used  by  the  poets  as  equivalent 
to  Cretan. 

MINOTAURUS.    [Minos.] 

MINTHA  (-ae)  or  MINTHE  (-es),  a  dangh. 
ter  of  Cocytus,  beloved  by  Hades,  metamor- 
phosed by  Demeter  (Ceres),  or  Persephdno 
(Proserpina),  into  a  plant  called  after  her 
mintha,  or  mint. 

MINTURNAE  (-arum),  an  important  town 
in  Latium,  on  the  frontiers  of  Campania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Appia  Via,  and  on  both  banks 
of  the  Liris,  and  near  the  mouth  of  this  river. 
It  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Ausoues  or 
Aurunci,  but  surrendered  to  the  Romans  of 
its  own  accord,  and  received  a  Roman  colony 
u.c.  290.  In  its  neighborhood  was  a  grove 
sacred  to  the  nymph  Marica,  and  also  exten- 
sive marshes  (Paludes  Mintumenses),  formed 
by  the  overflowing  of  the  river  Liris,  in  which 
Marine  was  taken  prisoner.     (See  p.  244.) 

MlNUCII'S  (-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  of  whom  the  mosl  celebrated  was  M. 
Minncius  Rufus,  magister  equitum  to  the  dic- 
tator (.}.  Pabius  MaXimUS,  B.O,  '^17,  in  the  war 
against  Hannibal.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of 
<  lannae. 

MlNVAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  Greek  race, 
originally  dwelling  in  Thessaly.  Their  an- 
cienl  hero,  Minyas,  i.-  said  to  have  migrated 

from   Thessaly    into   the    N.   of  1! itia,    and 

there  to  have  established  the  empire  of  the 
Minyae,  with  the  capital  of  Orchomenos. 
[Obohombnos.]  As  the  greater  pari  of  the 
Argonauts  were  descended  from  the  Minyae, 
they  are  themselves  called  Minyae.  The  Min- 
yae founded  a  colony  in  Lemnos,  called  Win 

yac.  win' nre  thej  i ieded  to  Ells Triphylln. 

and  to  the  Island  of  Tbera,    A  daughter  "f 

was   railed    MlnpMaB   {-'iili's)  in-  Mm- 

B&is  (-Wta).  His  daughters  were  changed  into 
hat-  because  they  had  Blighted  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  (Ba    btu 

Mi  I.M'M  (-i),  a  promontory  in  Campa- 
nia, s.  ot  i lumae,  said  i"  have  derived  11  * 
name  from  Misenus,  the  companion  and 
trumpeter  of  Aeneas,  who  was  drowned  and 
inn  led  here.  The  bay  formed  by  I  alt  pr<  im 
ontory  was  converted  by  Augii  in  into  an 
excellent  hat  bor,  and  w  a  made  thi  pi  Indpal 
station  "f  i le-  Roman  Heel  on  the  Tj n  hene 
sea.  A  town  sprang  up  around  th1,  harbor. 
Here  was  the  villa  of  (  .Maria  .which  after- 
wards paS8ed  into  tin'  hands  Of  the  empercir 
TlberiUS,  who  died  at  this  i 

MITHRAS 
the  Persians.     I  fnder  i in-  Rom 
hi-  worship  was  Introduced  at  Rome.    The 


MITHRIDATES. 


27, 8 


MOABITIS. 


god  is  commonly  represented  as  a  handsome 
youth, wearing  the  Phrygian  cap  and  attire, 

ami  kneeling  on  a  bull",  whose  throat  he  is 
cutting. 


MITHRIDATES  (-is),  the  name  of  several 
kings  of  Poutus,  of  whom  the  best  known  is 
Mithridates  \'I..  surnamed  the  Great,  and  cel- 
ebrated on  account  of  his  wars  with  the  Ro- 
mans. He  reigned  b.c.  120-63.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  energy  and  ability ;  and  so 
powerful  was  his  memory  that  he  is  said  to 
have  learned  not  less  than  25  langnages. 
Having  greatly  extended  his  empire  in  the 
early  part  of  his  reign  by  the  conquest  of  the 
neighboring  nation's,  he  at  length  ventured 
to  measure  his  strength  with  Rome.  The 
1st  Mithridatic  war  lasted  from  n.o.  S8  to  84. 
At  first  he  met  with  great  success.  He  drove 
Ariobarzanes  out  of  Cappadocia,  and  Isico- 
medes  out  of  Bithynia,  both  of  whom  had 
been  previously  expelled  by  him,  but  restored 
by  the  Romans  ;  and  he  at 'last  made  himself 
master  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  he  ordered  all  the  Roman  and 
Italian  citizens  in  Asia  to  be  massacred  ;  and 
on  one  day  no  fewer  than  SO, 000  Romans  and 
Italians  are  said  to  have  perished.  Mean- 
time Sulla  had  received  the  command  of  the 
war  against  Mithridates,  and  crossed  over 
into  Greece  in  87.  Archelaus,  the  general  of 
lates,  was  twice  defeated  by  Sulla  in 
Boeotia  (SO) ;  and  about  the  same  time  the 


Coin  of  Mithridatea  VI. 


king  himself  was  defeated  in  Asia  by  Fim- 
bria. [Fimbria.]  Mithridates  now  sued  for 
peace,  which  was  granted  him  by  Sulla  in 
84  The  2d  Mithridatic  war  (is.c.  S3-S2)  was 
caused  by  the  unprovoked  attacks  of  Murena, 
who  had  been  left  in  command  of  Asia  by 
Sulla.  Murena  invaded  the  dominions  of 
Mithridates,  but  was  defeated  by  the  latter, 
and  was  ordered  by  Sulla  to  desist  from 
hostilities.  The  3d  Mithridatic  war  was  the 
most  important  of  the  three.  It  lasted  from 
b.o.  74  to  the  king's  death  in  63.  It  broke  out 
in  consequence  of  the  king  seizing  Bithynia, 
which  had  been  left  by  Nicomedes  IH.  to  the 
Roman  people.  The  consul  Lucullus  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command,  and  conducted  it 
with  great  success.  In  b.c.  73  he  relieved 
Cyzicns,  which  was  besieged  by  Mithridates, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  next  two  years  drove 
the  king  out  of  Pontus,  and  compelled  him  to 
flee  to  his  son-in-law,  Tigranes,  the  king  of 
Armenia.  The  latter  espoused  the  cause  of 
his  father-in-law ;  whereupon  Lucullus  march- 
ed into  Armenia,  and  defeated  Tigranes  and 
Mithridates  in  two  battles,  b.c.  09  and  68. 
But  in  consequence  of  the  mutiny  of  his  sol- 
diers, who  demanded  to  be  led  home,  Lucul- 
lus could  not  follow  up  his  conquests ;  and 
Mithridates  recovered  Pontus.  In  b.c.  66  Lu- 
cullus was  succeeded  in  the  command  by 
Pompey.  Mithridates  was  defeated  by  Pom- 
pey ;  and  as  Tigranes  now  refused  to  admit 
him  into  his  dominions,  he  marched  into  Col- 
chis, and  thence  made  his  way  to  Pautica- 
paeum,  the  capital  of  the  Cimmerian  Bospo- 
rus. Here  he  conceived  the  daring  project 
of  marching  round  the  X.  and  W.  coasts  of 
the  Euxine,  through  the  wild  tribes  of  the 
Sarmatians  and  Getae,  and  of  invading  Italy 
at  the  head  of  these  nations.  But  meanwhile 
disaffection  had  made  rapid  progress  among 
his  followers.  His  son,  Pharnaces,  at  length 
openly  rebelled  against  him,  and  was  joined 
by  the  whole  army,  and  the  citizens  of  Pan- 
ticapaeum,  who  proclaimed  him  king.  Mith- 
ridates, resolved  not  to  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  Romans,  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  n.o. 
63,  at  the  age  of  6S  or  69,  after  a  reign  of  57 
years. 

MITHRIDATES,  kings  of  Parthia.  [Aa- 
saoes,  6,  9,13.] 

MITFLEXE.     [Mytilene.] 

MXEMOStXE  (-es),  i.  e.  Memory,  daugh- 
ter of  Uranus  (Heaven),  and  mother  of 
the  Muses  by  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter). 

MNESTHEUS  (-el  or 

el),  a  Trojan,  who  ac° 
companied  Aeneas  to 
Italy,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  ancestral  hero 
of  the  Memmii. 


MOABITIS,  called 
MOAB  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, a  district  of 
Arabia  Petraea,  E.  of 
the  Dead  Sea.  TheMo- 
abites  were  frequently 
at  war  with  the  Israel- 
ites.    They  were  con- 


MOERIS. 


259 


MOPSIA. 


qaered  by  David,  but  they  afterwards  recov- 
ered their  independence. 

MOERIS  (-idis),  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is  said 
to  have  dug  the  great  lake  known  by  his  name ; 
but  it  is  really  natural,  and  not  an  artificial 
lake.  It  is  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Nile,  in  Mid- 
dle Egypt,  and  used  for  the  reception  and  sub- 
sequent distribution  of  a  part  of  the  overflow 
of  the  Nile. 

MOESIA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Europe,  was 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  Thrace  and  Macedonia, 
on  t he  W.  by  Illyriciim  and  Pannonia,  on  the 
N.  by  the  Danube,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Pon- 
tus  Euxinus,  thus  corresponding  to  the 
ent  Servia  and  Bulgaria.  This  country  w  is 
subdued  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and  \>oa 
made  a  Roman  province  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  It  was  after- 
wards formed  into  2  provinces,  called  M">  sia 
Superior  and  Moesia  Inferior,  the  former  be- 
iiiL'  the  western,  and  the  latter  the  eastern 
half  of  the  country.  When  Aureliau  surren- 
dered Dacia  to  the  barbarians,  and  removed 
the  inhabitants  of  that  province  to  the  S.  of 
the  Danube,  the  middle  part  of  Moesia  was 
called  Dacia  Aureliani. 

MOGONTlACTJM,    MOGUNTlXCUM,    or 
MAGONTIACUM  (-i:  Mainz  or  M„  , 
town  on  the  left  bank  oft'ue  Rhine,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Moenus  (Main). 

MOIRAE,  called  PARCAE  (-arum)  by  the 
Romans,  the  Fates,  were  3  in  number,  viz., 
Ci.otuo,  or  the  .-pinning  fate:  LacuSbis,  or 
the  one  who  asHL'ns  to  man  his  fate;  and 
AtbSpos,  or  the  fate  that  can  not  be  avoided. 
Sometimes  they  appear  as  divinities  of  fate 
in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  and  sometimes 
only  as  allegorical  divinities  of  the  duration 
of  human  life.  In  the  former  character  they 
take  care  that  the  fate  assigned  to  every  be- 
ing by  eternal  laws  may  take  its  course  wil  Q- 
out  obstruction;  anil  both  godfl  and  men 
must  submit  to  them.  These  grave  and 
mighty  goddesses  were  represented  by  the 
earliest  artists  with  Btaffs  or  Bceptres,  the 
symbol  of  dominion.  The  Moirae,  i-  tin'  di- 
vinities of  the  duration  of  human  life,  which 
i-  '  etermined  by  the  two  points  of  birth  ami 

.  ire  conceived  either  as  godd< 
birth  or  ae  goddesses  of  death.  Tin'  distri- 
bution of  the  functions  among  tin-  :;  WBS  no! 
strictly  observed,  for  we  Bometimes  And  all  S 
described  as  splnuing  the  thread  of  Ufe,  al 
though  this  was  properly  the-  function  ofClo- 
tho  alone.    ■  ■  o  and  somel  Imes  the 

other  fates,  are  represented  with  a  spindle; 
and  they  are  Bald  tf,  break  or  cut  off  tin1 
thread  when  life  i-  to  end.     Tin-  poel 
Bged    and    I 

ime,  to  Indicate  the 
slow  march  of  fair  ;  bul  in  wot 

presented  as  grave  maidens,  with  differ- 
ent attributes,  viz..  Clotho  with  a  spindle  or 
a  roll  (the  bo  pointing 

with  a  staff  to  the  globe  •  with  a 

pair  oi  dial,  or  a  cutting  In- 

strument. 

MOI.IoNK.     [Mo 

MOLlONES  (-iitn,  or  MOLlONlDAE 
(-arum),  that  is,   Eurytus  and   Cteatus,  so 


called  after  their  mother,  Molione.  They  are 
also  called  Actdridae  or  Aetdrione  {'AnTopiave), 
after  their  reputed  father  Actor,  the  husbaud 
of  Molione.  They  are  mentioned  as  con- 
querors of  Nestor  in  the  chariot  race,  and  as 
having  taken  part  in  the  Calydoniau  hunt. 
Having  come  to  the  assistance  of  Augeas 
against  Hercules,  they  were  slain  by  the  latter. 

MOLOSSI  (-drum),  a  people  in  Epirus,  in- 
habiting a  narrow  slip  of  country,  railed  after 
them  Molossia  (jr  Moiossis.  which  extended 
along  the  \V.  bank  of  the  Arachthus  as  far  as 
the  Ambraciau  gulf.  They  were  the  most 
powerful  people  in  Epirus,  and  their  kind's 
gradually  extended  their  dominion  over  the 
w  hole  of  the  country.  The  first  of  I  heir  kings, 
who  took  the  title  of  king  of  Epirus,  was 
Alexander,  who  perished  in  Italy  n.c.  326. 
[Emms.]  Their  capital  was  Amuuacia.  The 
Molossian  hounds  were  celebrated  iu  an- 
tiquity. 

MoLYCRlr.M  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of 
Aetolia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Corinthian 
gulf. 

MoMUS  (-i),  the  god  of  mockery  and  cen- 
sure, called  by  Hesiod  the  son  of  Night.  Thus 
he  is  said  to  have  Censured  in  the  man  formed 
by  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  that  a  little  door  had 
not  been  left  in  his  breast,  BO  as  to  enable 
one  to  look  into  his  secret  thoughts. 

MONA  (-ae:  Anglesey),  an  island  off  the 
coast,  of  the  Ordovires  in  Britain,  one  of  the 
Chief  Seats  of  the  Druids.  Caesar  erroneously 
describes  this  island  as  half  way  between 
Britannia  and  Hibernia.  Heme  it  has  been 
supposed  by  some  critics  that  the  Mona  of 
t  laesar  Is  1  he  Isle  of  M<tn  •  but  it  is  more  prob- 
able, on  account  of  the  celebrity  of  Mona  in 
e,  11  meet  joti  with  the  Druids,  that  lie  had  beard 
of  Anglesey,  ami  thai  lie  received  a  false  re. 
port  respecting  its  real  position. 

MONAESES    i  i,  a  Parthian  general  men- 
tioned by  Horace,  probably  the  same 
renas,  the  general  of  i  noil,-,  who  defeated 
Crosses. 

MONETA  (-ae),  a  surname  of.luuo  among 
the  Romans  a-  the  pro- 
ofmoney.  i'u- 
aame  -he  had 
1  temple  on  the  Capi- 

16  '  1 the  pull- 
lie  mint. 

M0NOEC1  PORTUS, 
nl  o  rjERd  LIS  MO 
NOE<  1  PORTI  9  (Wo- 

porl   Iowa  nil 

founded  by  t  he  M 

situated  on  b 
promonl  i 

1  temple 
of  iiereule-  Monoecus, 
from  whom  the  place 

derived  Its  name. 

MOPS]  \  or  MOP80- 

Pi  \.  an  am  l<  nl  name 
of  Attica,  whence    '  juently 

used  by  the  poets  as  equivalent  to  Athenian. 


MOPSIUM. 


2G0 


MUSAE. 


MGPSlUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Thessaly  in 
ted  on  a  hill  of  the  same 
name  between  Tempe  and  Larissa. 

MOPStJESTlA  (-ae),  an  important  city 
of  Cilicia,  on  both  banks  of  the  river  Tyr- 
annic. 

MOPSUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Ampyx  and  the 
nymph  Chloris.  the  prophet  and  Boothsayer 
of  the  A  ied  in  Libya  of  the  bite  of 

a  snake.— (2)  Son  of  Apollo  and  Mnnto,  the 
daughter  of  Tiresias,  and  aVo  a  celebrated 
I  le  contended  in  prophecy  with  Calchas 
at  Colophon,  and  showed  himself  superior  to 
the  latter  in  prophetic  power.  [Calchas.] 
He  was  believed  to  have  founded  Mallos  in 
Cilicia,  in  conjunction  with  the  seer  Amphil- 
ochus.  A  dispute  arose  between  the  two 
seers  respecting  the  possession  of  the  town, 
and  both  fell  hi  combat  by  each  other's 
hand. 

MORGANTIUM  (-i),  MORGANTINA, 
MURGANTlA,  MORGENTTA  (-ae),  a  town 
mi  Sicily,  S. E.  of  Agyrium,  and  near  the 
Symaethus,  founded  by  the  Morgetes,  after 
they  had  been  driven  out  of  Italy  by  the 
Oenotrians. 

MORGETES.    [Mobga>ticm.] 

MORIXI  (-dram),  the  most  N.-ly  people  in 
all  Gaul,  whence  Virgil  calls  them  extremi 
hominum.  They  dwelt  on  the  coast,  at  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  channel  between  Gaul 
and  Britain. 

MORPHEUS  (-eos,  ST,  or  el),  the  sou  of 
Sleep  and  the  god  of  dreams.  The  name 
signifies  the  fashioner  or  moulder,  because 
he  shaped  or  formed  the  dreams  which  ap- 
peared to  the  sleeper. 

MORS  (-tie),  called  THANATOS  by  the 
Greeks,  the  god  of  death,  is  represented  as  a 
sou  of  Night  and  a  brother  of  Sleep. 

MOSA  (-ae :  Maas  or  Meu.se).  a  river  in 
Gallia  Belgica,  rising  in  Mount  Vogesns,  and 
falling  into  the  Vahalis  or  W.  branch  of  the 
Rhine. 

MOSCHI  (-ornm),  a  people  of  Asia,  dwell- 
ing in  the  S.  Part  of  Colchis. 

HOSCHUS  (-i),  of  Syracuse,  a  bucolic 
poet,  lived  about  n.c.  250.  There  are  4  of 
his  idyls  extant,  usually  printed  with  those 

M5SELLA  (-ae:  Mosel,  Moselle),  a  river  in 
Gallia  Belgica,  rising  in  Mount  Vogesus, 
and  fulling  into  the  Rhine  at  Confluentes 
{Cbbleitf). 

MOSTENI  (-ornm),  a  city  of  Lydia,  S.E.  of 
Thyatira. 

M08TNOECI  -ornm),  a  barbarous  people 
jn  the  N.  coa^t  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Pontus,  so 
called  from  the  conical  wooden  houses  in 
which  they  dwelt. 

MOTl'CA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Sicily, 
\V.  of  the  promontory  Pachynus.  The  inhab- 
itants were  called  Mutyceuses. 

MOT? A  (-ne),  an  ancient  town  in  the  N.W. 
of  Sicily,  situated  on  a  small  island  near  the 
coast,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  a  mole. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  and  next 


belonged  to  the  Carthaginians,  who  trans- 
planted its  inhabitants  to  the  town  of  Lily- 
baeum,  b.o.  397. 

MTJCIUS  SCAEV5LA.     [Soabvola.] 

MULCIBER  (-bri),  a  surname  of  Vulcan, 
which  seems  to  have  been  given  him  as  a 
euphemism,  that  he  might  not  consume  the 
habitations  of  men,  but  might  kindly  aid 
them  in  their  pursuits. 

MUI.UCHA  (-ae),  a  river  in  theN.  of  Africa, 
rising  in  the  Atlas,  and  forming  the  boundary 
between  Mauretania  aud  Nnmidia. 

MUMMIES  (-i),  L.,  consul  n.c.  146,  won  for 
himself  the  surname  of  Achaicus  by  the  con- 
quest of  Greece  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Roman  province  of  Achaia.  After  defeating 
the  army  of  the  Achaean  League  al  the  Isthmus 
of  Corinth,  he  entered  Corinth  without  op- 
position, and  razed  it  to  the  ground.  [Corin- 
riiis.]  He  was  censor  in  142  with  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger. 

MtTNATlUS  PLANCUS.    [Plahoub.] 

MUNDA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Hispania  Bae- 
tica,  celebrated  on  account  of  the  victory 
of  Julius  Caesar  over  the  sons  of  Ponipey, 
n.o.  45. 

MUNYCTIIA  (-ae),  the  smallest  and  the 
most  E.-ly  of  the  3  harbors  of  Athens.  The 
poets  use  Munychiau  in  the  seuse  of  Athe- 
nian. 

MTJRCIA,  MURTEA,  or  MURTIA  (-ae),  a 
surname  of  Venus  at  Rome,  where  she  had  a 
chapel  in  the  circus,  with  a  statue.  This  sur- 
name, which  is  said  to  be  the  same  as  Myrtea 
(from  myrtus,  a  myrtle),  was  believed  to  in- 
dicate the  fondness  of  the  goddess  for  the 
myrtle-tree. 

MfJRENA  (-ae),  which  signifies  a  lamprey, 
was  the  name  of  a  family  in  the  Licinia  gens, 
of  whom  the  most  important  were:  (1)  L. 
Licinius  Murena,  who  was  left  by  Sulla  as 
propraetor  iu  Asia,  n.c.  S4,  and  was  the  cause 
of  the  2d  Mithridatic  war. — (2)  L.  Licrxirs 
Mfre.va,  son  of  the  former,  cousul  n.c.  63,  was 
accused  of  bribery,  and  defended  by  Cicero 
in  an  extant  oration. 

MURGAXTIA.     [Morganticm.] 

MUS,  DECITJS.    [DF.cirs.] 

MUSA  (-ae),  ANTONITJS,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician at  Rome,  was  brother  to  Euphorbus.  t  ho 
physician  to  king  Juba,  and  was  himself  ihe 
physician  to  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  had 
been  originally  a  slave. 

MUSAE  (-arum),  the  Muses,  were,  accord- 
ing to  the  earliest  writers,  the  inspiring  god- 
desses of  song,  and,  according  to  later  notions, 
divinities  presiding  over  the  different  kinds 
of  poetry,  and  over  the  arts  and  sciences. 
They  are  usually  represented  as  the  daughters 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Mnemosyne,  and  born 
in  Pieria.  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus.  Their 
original  number  appears  to  have  been  3  ;  but 
afterwards  they  are  always  spoken  of  as 
9  in  number.  Their  names  aud  attributes 
were : 

1.  Clio,  the  Muse  of  history,  represented  in 
a  sitting  or  standing  attitude,  with  au  open 
roll  of  paper  or  chest  of  books. 


MUSAE. 


L'Gl 


MUSAE. 


Clio,  the  Muse  of  History.    (From  a  Statue 
Swedeu.) 


1.  Euterpe,  the  Muse  of  lyric  poetry,  with  a 
flute. 


KutiT[ji',  ibc  Musi:  oi  i.        Poetry.    (Fi  Statm  Id 

in.) 

S.  Thdlla,  the  Muse  of  comedy,  and  of 
merry  or  Idyllic  poetry,  appeal  with  a 
comic  mask,  a  shepherds  staff,  or  a  wreath 
of  ivy. 


Thalia,  the  Muse  uf  Ouiieih  .     (1  'rum  a  Maine  ill  the 

Vatican.) 

■i.  Melp6mene\  the  Muse  of  tragedy, 'with  a 
tragic  mask,  the  club  ofHercnles,  or  a  sword  : 
her  head  is  surrounded  with  vine-leaves,  aud 
she  wears  the  cothurnus. 


ram  a  Stnlue  IB 
Uu  ^  i 

5,  Terp  te/«/>r#,the  Muse  ofchoral  dance  and 
with  the  lyre  and  the  plectrum. 


MUSAE. 


L>G2 


MUSAE. 


i*.  Erdtd,  the  .Muse  of  erotic  poetry  and 
mimic  imitation,  sometimes  also  has  the  lyre. 


Erato,  the  M 


of  Erotic  Poetry.     (Fr 
Vatican.) 


a  Statue  in  the 


7.  Pnlijmn'ia  or  Polyhymnia,  the  Muse  of  the 
Bublime  hymn,  usually  appears  without  any 
attribute,  in  a  pensive  or  meditating  attitude. 


slymnia,  the  Muse  of  the  Sublime  Hymn.    (From  a 
Statue  in  the  Louvre.) 


S.  Urdn'ia,  the  Muse  of  astronomy,  with  a 
staff  pointing  to  a  globe. 


Urania,  the  Muse  of  Astronomy.    (From  a  Statue  now 
in  Sweden.) 


9.  Calliope  or  CalTifipea,  the  Muse  of  epic 
poetry,  represented  in  Works  of  art  with  a 
tablet  aud  stylus,  and  sometimes  with  a  roll 
of  paper  or  a  book. 


Calliope,  th«  Muse  of  F.pic  Poetrv.    (From  a  Statue  in 
the  Vatican.) 


MUSAEUS. 


2G3 


MYGDOXIA. 


The  worship  of  the  Muses  was  introduced 
from  Thrace  and  Pieria  into  Boeotia ;  aud 
their  favorite  haunt  in  Boeotia  was  Mount 
Helicon,  where  were  the  sacred  fountains  of 
Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Mount  Parnassus 
was  likewise  sacred  to  them,  with  t lie  Casta- 
lian  spring.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  the 
Muses  consisted  of  libations  of  water  or  milk, 
and  of  honey.  The  Muses  were  invoked  by 
the  poets  as  the  inspiring  goddesses  of  song  ; 
and  all  who  ventured  to  compete  with  them 
in  song  were  severely  punished  by  them. 
Thus  the  Sirens,  who  had  done  so,  were  de- 
prived of  the  feathers  of  their  wings,  which 
the  Muses  put  on  their  own  persons  as  orna- 
ments ;  and  the  9  daughters  of  Pierus,  who 
had  likewise  presumed  to  rival  the  Muses, 
were  metamorphosed  into  birds.  Being  god- 
desses of  song,  they  were  naturally  connected 
with  Apollo,  the  god  of  the  lyre,  who  is  even 
described  as  the  leader  of  the  choir  of  the 
Muses  by  the  surname  Musdgi  jV.s. 


MYCXLE^SUS  (-i),  an  ancient  city  in  Boe- 
otia, on  the  road  from  Aulis  to  Thebes.  In 
B.C.  413  it  was  sacked  by  some  Thraciau  mer- 
cenaries in  the  pay  of  Athens. 

MYCENAE  (-arum),  sometimes  MYl'KNE 
(-es),  an  ancient  town  in  Argolis,  about  <"> 
miles  N.E.  of  ArgOS,  situated  on  a  hill  at  the 
head  of  a  narrow  valley.  Mycenae  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  In  Perseus,  aud  was  sub- 
sequently the  favorite  residence  of  the  Pelop» 
idae.  Duriug  the  reiiju  of  Agamemnon  it  was 
regarded  as  the  first  city  in  all  Greece;  but 
afLer  the  conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the 
Dorians  it  ceased  t<>  be  a  place  of  importance. 
It  continued  an  independent  town  till  b.o. 
408,  when  it  was  at  tacked  by  the  Argives,  aud 
the  inhabitants  were  compelled  by  famine  to 
abandon  it.  Mycenae  was  now  destroyed  by 
the  Argives  ;  but  there  are  still  numerous  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  city,  which,  on  account 
of  their  antiquity  and  grandeur,  are  some  of 
the  most  interesting  in  all  Greece. 


^S=>     * 


Mf'SAEUS  (-i),  a  semi-mythological  per- 
sonage, to  be  cla  -i-ii  with  Olen  and  Orpheus, 
i«  represented  as  one  <d'  the  earlii  t  Grecian 
poets.  The  extant  poem  on  tii"  loves  of  Hero 
and  Leander.  bearing  the  name  of  Mu  oeu  . 
is  a  late  production. 

MtTSAGfiTES.    [Mi    •>>•] 

Mi'Ti  \  \    ae :  Mod*  rut),  an  Important  town 
i  town  of  the 
i.     .  nid  afiei  wards  n  Roman  i  olony.    it  I 
kted  In  the  history  oftbe  civil  war  after 
-   death.     Decimue   Brutus   w 
bei  s  by  M.  \  atonic  -■  fl  i  m  i  lecember, 
<)  i,  tu  .'.  pril,  43    and  u  nder  II    wall    I  he  bat- 
tles were  fought  in  whii  h  the  consuli  Birtlua 
and  Pansa  peril  hed. 

MYCiLB  (-es),  a  mountain  in  the  s.  of 
Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  ".'.  of  the  month  of  the 
Maeander,  and  opposite  the  island  of  Samoa. 
Here  a  great  victory  was  gained  by  the  Greeks 
over  the  Persian  Beet  on  the  same  day  as  the 
battle  of  Plataca,  B.o. 479. 


MYCERINTJS  (-1),  son  of  Cheops,  king  of 
i  eded  his  ancle  <  Ihepbren  on  the 

and  reigned  with  Justice.    Be  bi    in 
in  imiid  a  pyramid,  but  died  before 
finished. 

MTC0NTJ8  (-1),  a  small  Island  In  the  \.- 
gaean  Bea,  one  oftbe  <  !yi  i  I     if]  i 

celebrated  In  mj  I  hologj  n    f  the 

where  n ianti  wi  re  defeated  b 

M  Yi . I ii*i \  '  i  id       i  m  i if  V'lii'ni.u ho  I 

i  be  Vmazoni ,  and  from  w  hom 

of  i  be  i Bald  to  have  bei  n  ■ 

MYGDONIA  f-ae).    (1)  \  dl  ti    I  In  Lbe  E. 
of  m  i'  edon  i,  bordei  Ing  on   the  Tbi 

L'ulf  and  the  I  S  di   - 

.!  the  E  of  Mj  la  and  the  W.ol  Blthyn- 
la,  named  afii  r  the  Thraclan  pi 

bi i  f ii  'i   '    stl lemenl  here,  b 

.ids  Bnbdued  by  Lhi    B 
N.M.  dl  trictof  Mi   opotaml  ,  between  Mount 
m  ,  la    and  the  (  b  ibora  .  whli  b  dlv  di  d  II 


MYLAE. 


L'Gi 


MYTILENE. 


from  OsroSne.  The  name  of  Mygdonia  was 
first  introduced  after  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest 

M  VLAE  (-arum),  a  town  on  the  E.  part  of 

the  X.  coast  of  Sicily,  founded  by  Zancle 

ia),   and   situated   on    ;i   promontory 

running  out  into  the  sea.    It  was  off  Mylae 

Igrippa  defeated  the  fleet  of  Sex.  Pom- 

i  .  36. 

MyLasa  or  MYLASSA  (-6ram),  a  flour- 
ishing inland  city  of  Caria,  in  a  fertile  plain. 

MYNDUS  (-i),  a  Dorian  colony  on  the  coast 
of  Caria,  situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
same  peninsula  on  which  Halicarnassus  stood. 

MYONNESUS  (-i),  a  promontory  of  Ionia, 
with  a  town  and  a  little  island  of  the  same 
Dame,  forming  the  X.  headland  of  the  gulf  of 
Ephesus. 

M  f  OS  IIORMOS  (6  Moos  3pMoc,  i.  e.  Muscle- 
port),  an  important  port -town  of  Upper 
Egypt,  built  by  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus,  on 
the  Red  Sea,  6  or  7  days' journey  from  Coptos. 

Ml  i:A  (-ae  and  orum),  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Lycia,  built  on  a  rock  2  miles  from 
the  sea. 

MYEIANDRUS  (-i),  a  Phoenician  colony 
in  Syria,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  gulf  of  Issus,  a 
little  S.  of  Alexandria. 

MYKlNA  (-ae).  (1)  An  ancient  and  impor- 
tant city  of  the  Aeolians  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Mysia. — (2)  A  town  in  Lemuos. 

MYRLEA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Bithynia,  not  far 
from  Prusa,  founded  by  the  Colophonians, 
and  almost  rebuilt  by  Prusias  I.,  who  called 
it  Ai'amka,  after  his  wife. 

MYRMID5NES  (-um),  an  Achaean  race  in 
Phthiotis  in  Thessaly,  whom  Achilles  ruled 
over,  and  who  accompanied  this  hero  to  Troy. 
They  are  said  to  have  inhabited  originally  the 
island  of  Aegiua,  and  to  have  emigrated  with 
Peleus  into  Thessaly;  but  modern  critics,  on 
the  contrary,  suppose  that  a  colony  of  them 
ated  from  Thessaly  into  Aeeina.  The 
Myrmidones  disappear  from  history  at  a  later 
period.  The  ancients  derived  their  name 
either  from  a  mythical  ancestor,  Myrmidon, 
son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Eurymedusa,  and 
father  of  Actor ;  or  from  the  ants  (p.vpnnnet) 
in  Aegina,  which  were  supposed  to  have  been 
metamorphosed  into  men  in  the  time  of  Aea- 
cus.    [Aeaccs.] 

MYR5N  (-onis),  a  celebrated  Greek  statu- 
ary, and  also  a  sculptor  and  engraver,  was 
born  at  Eleutherae  in  Boeotia  about  b.o.  4S0. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Ageladas,  the  fellow- 
disciple  ofPolycletus.  and  a  younger  contem- 
porary of  Phidias.  He  practiced  his  art  at 
Athens,  about  the  beginning  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war  (b.o.  431). 

MYRRHA  or  SMYRNA.    [Adonis.] 

MYRTILUS  (-i),  son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  charioteer  of  Oenomaus,  king  of  Pisa, 
thrown  into  the  sea  by  Pelops.  [Pelops.] 
After  his  death,  Myrtilus  was  placed  among 
the  stars  as  auriga. 

MYRT5UM  MARE,  the  part  of  the  Aegae- 
an  sea  S.  of  Euboea,  Attica,  and  Argolis, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  small  island 
Myrtus,  though  others  suppose  it  to  come 


from  Myrtilus,  whom  Pelops  threw  into  this 
sea. 

MYRTUNTIUM  (-i),  called  MYrarnns  in 
Homer,  a  town  of  the  Epeans  in  Elis,  on  the 
road  from  Elis  to  Dyme. 

MYRTUS.     [Mye'toc.m  Mare.] 

MYS  (-yds),  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Greek  engravers,  who  engraved  the  battle  of 
the  Lapithae  and  the  Centaurs  and  other  fig- 
ures on  the  shield  of  Phidias's  statue  of  Athe- 
na Promachos,  in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

MYSCELUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Achaia,  who 
founded  Croton  in  Italy,  b.c.  710. 

MYSIA  (-ae),  a  district  occupying  the  N.W. 
corner  of  Asia  Minor,  between  the  Hellespont 
on  the  N.W.,  the  Propontis  on  the  N.,  Bi- 
thynia and  Phrygia  on  the  E.,  Lydia  on  the 
S.,  and  the  Aegaean  sea  on  the  W.  It  was 
subdivided  into  5  parts:  1,  Mysia  Minor, 
along  the  N.  coast ;  2,  Mysia  Major,  the  S.E. 
inland  region,  with  a  small  portion  of  the 
coast  between  the  Troad  and  the  Aeolic  set- 
tlements about  the  Elaltic  gulf;  3,  Tuoas,  the 
N.W.  angle,  between  the  Aegaean  aud  Hel- 
lespont and  the  S.  coast  along  the  foot  of  Ida ; 
4,  Aeolis  or  Aeoi.ia,  the  S.  part  of  the  W. 
coast,  around  the  Elaiticgulf,  where  the  chief 
cities  of  the  Aeolian  confederacy  were  plant 
ed ;  and,  5,  Teutiirania,  the  S.W.  angle,  be 
tween  Temnus  and  the  borders  of'Lydia, 
where  in  very  early  times  Teuthras  was  said 
to  have  established  a  Mysian  kingdom,  which 
was  early  subdued  by  the  kings  of  Lydia. 
This  account  applies  to  the  time"  of  the  early 
Roman  empire ;  the  extent  of  Mysia,  and  it's 
subdivisions,  varied  greatly  at  other  times. 
The  Mysi  were  a  Thracian  people,  who  crossed 
over  from  Europe  into  Asia  at  a  very  early 
period.  In  the  heroic  ages  we  find  the  great 
Teucriau  monarchy  of  Troy  in  the  N.W.  of 
the  country,  and  the  Phrygians  along  the 
Hellespont ;  as  to  the  Mys'ians  who  appear 
as  allies  of  the  Trojans,  it  is  not  clear  whether 
they  are  Europeans  or  Asiatics.  The  Mysia 
of  the  legends  respecting  Telephus  is  the 
Tenthranian  kingdom  in  the  S.,  only  with  a 
wider  extent  than  the  later  Teuthrania.  Un- 
der the  Persian  empire  the  N.W.  portion, 
which  was  still  occupied  in  part  by  Phrygians, 
but  chiefly  by  Aeolian  settlements,  was  called 
Phrygia  Minor,  and  by  the  Greeks  Hki.i.es- 
pontcs.  Mysia  was  the  region  S.  of  the  chain 
of  Ida  ;  and  both  formed,  with  Lydia,  the  sec- 
ond satrapy.  Mysia  afterwards  formed  a  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Pkrgamus  (B.O.-280).  With 
the  rest  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  Mysia 
fell  to  the  Romans  in  133  by  the  bequest  of 
Attains  III.,  and  formed  part  of  the  province 
of  Asia. 

MYTILENE  or  MITYLENE  (-es),  the  chief 
city  of  Lesiios,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
island,  opposite  the  coast  of  Asia,  was  early 
colonized  by  the  Aeolians.  [Lesbos.]  It  at- 
tained great  importance  as  a  naval  power, 
and  founded  colonies  on  the  coasts  of  Mysia 
and  Thrace.  At  the  beginning  of  the' 7th 
century  b.c.  the  possession  of  one  of  these 
colonies,  Sisreum,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Helles- 
pont, was  disputed  in  war  between  the  Myti- 
leuaeans  and  Athenians.  After  the  Persian 
war,  Mytilene  formed  an  alliance  with  Ath- 


MY  US. 


>6c 


NAUCRATIS. 


ens :  but  in  the  4th  year  of  the  Pelopounesian 
war,  B.C.  42S,  it  headed  a  revolt  of  the  greater 
part  of  Lesbos,  the  progress  and  suppression 
of  which  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting 
episodes  in  the  history  of  the  Pelopounesian 
war.    (See  the  Histories   of  Greece.)    This 


event  destroyed  the  power  of  Mytilene.  Re- 
specting its  important  position  in  Greek  lit- 
erary history,  see  Lesbos. 

Mi!  OS  (-untis),  the  least  city  of  the  Ionian 
confederacy,  stood  in  Curia,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Maeandcr. 


N. 


NXbXTAEI  (-drum),  XA.BATHAE  (-arum), 
an  Arabian  people,  who  occupied  nearly  the 
whole  of  Arabia  Petraea,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Aelauitic  gulf  of  the  Ked  Sea,  and  the  Idu- 
maean  mountains,  where  they  had  their  rock- 
hewn  capital,  Petka.  The  Roman  poets  fre- 
quently use  the  adjective  Xabathaeus  in  the 
sense  of  Eastern. 

NABIS  (-is),  tyrant  of  Lacedaemon,  noted 
for  his  acts  of  cruelty,  succeeded  Machanidas 
in  the  sovereignty  b.c.  2U7.  He  was  defeated 
by  Philopoemen  in  ii.o.  192,  and  was  soon  aft- 
erwards assassinated  by  some  Aetoliaus. 

NABONASSAR,  king  of  Babylon,  whose 
accession  to  the  throne  was  the  era  from 
which  the  Babylonian  astronomers  began 
their  calculations.  This  era  is  called  the  Era 
of  Sabonassar,  and  commenced  n.c.  747. 

NAEVIUS  (-i),  CX.,  an  ancient  Roman 
poet,  probably  a  native  of  Campania,  pro- 
duced his  first  play  n.o.  2:J5.  He  was  attached 
to  the  plebeian  party  ;  attacked  Scipio  and 
the  Metelli  in  his  plays  ;  but  he  was  indicted 
by  Q.  Metellns  and  thrown  Into  prison,  and 
obtained  his  release  only  by  recantiug  bis 
previous  imputations.     Bis  repentance  did 

ii"!  last  long,  and  he  was  - mpelled  to 

expiate  a  new  offense  by  exile.  He  retired 
to  Utica,  where  he  died  aboul  n.o.  202.  Nac- 
vius  wrote  a  pi  em  on  the  flrsl  Panic  war,  as 
well  as  comedies  and  tragedies. 

NAHARVAL]  (-6rum),  a  tribe  of  the  Lygii 
in  Germany,  probably  dwelling  on  the  banks 
of  i he  \ 

NiliDES.    [XvMPiiM.] 

XAISCs,  NAISS1  8,  or  NABSUS 
sa),  a  town  of  i  pper  Moesia,  situated  on  an 
E.  tributary  of  i  lie  Margus,  am.  celebrated  as 
the  birthpla f  i  lonstantine  the  Great. 

NAMNETAE    i  -arnm  i,   or    N  wixkTKs 
(-urn),  a  people  on  the  w.  coa  I  of  ( I  il 
dunensis,  on  the  X.  bank  of  the  Liger.   TheTi 
1  ond      di     ii.    afterwards 
Namneti 

NANTUiTAE  (-arnml  or  NANTUlTES 
(-nm),  a  people  In  the  8. K.  "i  Gallia  i' 
al  the  i..  extremity  of  the  Lactu  Lemanna 
[Lah  oj  G 

XAl'AKAK.     IXvMi'MAr.l 

NAI;  (-arts:  Hera),  a  rive]-  iii  Central  Italy, 
rising  In  Mount  Fiscellus,  forming  the  bound- 
ary between  Cmbria  and  the  land  of  the  8a- 
iiini,  and  falling  Into  the  Tiber,  not  far  from 
Ocriculum.  It  was  celebrated  uw  Iti  alpha 
reoae  waters  and  white  color, 

NARBO  (-dnl  -  M  \R1  tU8  '-ii,  a  town  in 
the  s.  (if  Gaul,  and  the  capital  <>f  the  I 
province  of  Gallia  Nnrbonensis,  situated  on 


the  river  Atax  (.1  urfe).  It  was  made  a  Roman 
colony  by  the  consul  Q.  Marcins  or  Martins, 
b.o.  118,  and  hence  received  the  surname  Mar- 
tins. It  was  the  lirst  colony  founded  by  the 
Romans  in  Gaul. 

NARBONEXSIS  GALLIA.     [Gali.ia.] 

NARCISSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  beautiful  youth, 
son  of  Cephiesne  and  Liriope,  was  inaccessi- 
ble to  the  feeling  of  love;  and  the  nymph 
Echo,  who  was  enamored  of  him,  died  of 
grief.  [Echo.]  But  Nemesis,  to  punish  him, 
caused  him  to  see  his  own  image  reflected  in  a 
fountain,  whereupon  he  became  so  enamored 
of  it  that  he  gradually  pined  away,  until  he 
was  metamorphosed  into  the  flower  which 
bears  his  name. — (2)  A  favorite  freedman  and 
secretary  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  who 
amassed  an  enormous  fortune.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  order  of  Agrippina,  \.i>.  64. 

NARISCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  S.  of 
Germany,  in  the  Upper  Palatinate  and  the 
country  of  the  Fichtetgebirge. 

NARXIA  (-ae:  Narni),  a  town  in  Umbria, 
situated  on  a  lofty  hill,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
river  Xar,  originally  called  NeqUTNUM,  and 
made  a  Roman  colony  b.o.  299,  when  its  name 
was  changed  Into  Narnia,  after  the  river. 

NARONA  (-ae),  a  Roman  colony  in  Dalma- 
tia,  situated  < > 1 1  the  river  Xaro. 

NAKYX  f-ycis),  .also  XAKVCIS  or  XA- 
i.'ii  it  M  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Locri  Opun  til,  on 
the  Euboean  sea,  the  birthplace  of  AJax,  son 
of  Oileus,  who  is  hence  called  Xdrpclus  liirfiH. 
since  Locri  Epizephyrll,  In  the  8.  of  Italy, 
claimed  to  be  a  colony  from  Naryx,  in  <  ■ 
we  find  the  town  of  Locri  called  clarjjcKa  by 
the  poets,  and  the  pitch  of  Bruttium  also 
named  Ndrp&a. 

xAsamunks (-um), a  powerful bnl 
Libyan  people,  who  dwell  originally  on  the 
il  i he  ( o'li  Syrtis,  but  were  driven 
inland  by  the  Greek  -ctiiers  of  Cyreuaica, 
and  afterwardi  by  the  Rom 

N18ICA,  8(  iPlO.    [8oiPio.] 

NlSlDU  'i  -      :  a  wealthy  Roman,  who 
i   Bnpper  i"  Maei  en  as,  n  ulch  tl 
ridicules  In  one  of  hi    ■  al 

NiSO,  OVlDll  8.     [Ovrou 

x.vi  r  \  or  '■■  \'  '<   \.  "a  taller,"  the  name 

Of  an  ancient  family  ofth(    I 
Xatta  satirized  by  Horace  for  bis  dirty  men 
ne-s  wa  a  member  of  t  lie  noble 

Pinarian  (amlly,  and  tnei  i  fore 

the   poel  I    iilllcl. 

\  \t  CRXTI8  i  Is),  a  i  Ity  In  the  delta  ..f 
ink  of  the  <  'anoplc  I 
or  i  he  Nile,  v  of  the  Wilt 

founded  In  the  r<  Ign  of  \xasi  \»,  about  a.a 


NAULOCIirs. 


266 


NEBO. 


R50,  and  remained  a  pure  Greek  city.  It  was 
t!it'  only  place  in  Egypt  where  Greeks  were 
permitted  to  set  tie  and  trade.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Athenaeus,  Julius  Pollux,  and 
others. 

NATJLOCHUS  :,-i  .  a  naval  station  on  the 
K.  part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  between  My- 
lae  and  the  promontory  Pelorus. 

NAUPACTUS  (-i:  Lepaivbo),  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Locri  Ozolac,  near  the  promon- 
tory Antirrhium,  possessing  the  best  harbor 
on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Corinthian  gul£  It  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  Hera- 
clidae  having  here  built  the  fleet  with  which 
they  crossed  over  to  the  Peloponnesus  (from 
vavt  and  77/;-.  1  r..  1, i.  After  the  Persian  wars  it 
fell  into  the  power  of  the  Athenians,  who  set- 
tled here  the  Messenians  who  had  been  com- 
pelled to  leave  their  country  at  the  end  of  the 
3d  Messenian  war,  ii.c. 455. 

NATJPliA  (-ae),  the  port  of  Argos,  situated 
on  the  Saronic  gulf,  was  never  a  place  of  im- 
portance in  antiquity,  but  is  at  the  present 
day  one  of  the  chief  citie**  in  Greece. 

NAUPLIUS  (-i),  king  of  Euboea,  and  father 
of  Pilamedes,  who  is  hence  called  NAUPLI- 
XDFiS.  To  avenge  the  death  of  his  son,  whom 
the  Greeks  had  put  to  death  dnring  the  siege 
of  Troy,  he  watched  for  the  return  of  the 
-.  and  as  they  approached  the  coast  of 
Euboea  he  lighted  torches  on  the  dangerous 
promontory  of  Caphareus.  The  sailors,  thus 
misguided,  suffered  shipwreck. 

NAIPORTUS  (-i:  Ober  or  Upper  Laibach), 
an  important  town  of  the  Taurisci,  situated 
on  the  river  Nauportus  [Laibach),  a  tributary 
of  the  Savus,  in  Paunonia  Superior. 

NAUSICAA  C-ae).  a  daughter  of  Alcinous, 
king  of  the  Phaeacians,  and  Arete,  who  con- 
ducted Ulysses  to  the  court  of  her  father, 
when  he  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast. 

NAUTBS.    [Nautia  Gens.] 

NATJTfA  GENS,  a  patrician  gens  at  Rome, 
claiming  descent  from  Nantes,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Aeneas,  who  was  said  to  have 
brought  with  him  the  Palladium  from  Troy, 
Which  was  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Nau- 
tii  at  Rome. 

NiVA  (-ae  :  Nahe),  a  tributary  of  the  Rhine, 
falling  into  the  Rhine  at  the  nYodern  Bingen. 

NAVirs.  ATTUS  o,-  ATTIUS  (-i),  a  re- 
nowned augur  in  the  time  of  Tarquinius  Pris- 
ens,  who  opposed  the  project  of  the  king  to 
double  the  number  of  the  equestrian  centu- 
en  commanded  him  to  di- 
vine whether  what  he  was  thinking  of  in  his 
mind  could  in-  done;  and  when  Navius  de- 
clared  that  it  could,  the  king  held  out  a  whet- 
and  a  razor  to  cut  it  with.  Navius  im- 
mediately cut  it. 

NAXOS  or  NAXTJS  (-i).  (1)  An  island  in 
tin-  Aegaean  sea,  and  the  largest  of  the  Cy- 
.  especially  celebrated  for  its  wine, 
lb-re  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  is  said  to  have  found 
Ariadne  after  she  had  been  deserted  by  The- 
It  was  colonized  by  lonians,  who  hail 
emigrated  from  Athens.  After  the  Persian 
wars  the  Naxians  were  the  first  of  the  allied 
states  whom  the  Athenians  reduced  to  sub- 


jection (u.o.  471). — (2)  A  Greek  city  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Sicily,  founded  n.c.  735  by  the  Chal- 
cidians  of  Euboea,  and  the  first  Greek  col- 
ony established  in  the  island.  In  b.o.  403  the 
town  was  destroyed  by  Dionysius  of  Syra- 
cuse, but  nearly  50  years  afterwards  (358)  the 
remains  of  the'Naxians  scattered  over  Sicily 
were  collected  by  Audromachus,  and  a  new 
city  was  founded  on  Mount  Taurus,  to  which 
the  name  of  Tauromenium  was  given.   [Tac- 

BOMENIUM.] 

NAZARETH,  NAZARA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Pal- 
estine  in  Galilee,  S.  of  Cana. 

NAZIANZUS,  a  city  of  Cappadocia,  cele- 
brated as  the  diocese  of  the  Father  of  the 
Church,  Gregory  Nazianzen. 

NEAERA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  nymphs 
and  maidens  mentioned  by  the  poets. 

NEAETHUS  (-i:  Nieto),  a  river  in  Brutti- 
um,  falling  into  the  Tarentine  gulf  a  little  N. 
of  (.'niton.  Here  the  captive  Trojan  women 
are  said  to  have  burned  the  shl'js  of  the 
Greeks. 

NEAPOLIS  (-is).  (1)  (Sapless),  a  city  in 
Campania,  at  the  head  of  a  beautiful  bay, 
and  on  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  was 
founded  by  the  Chalcidians  of  Cnmae,  on  the 
si'e  of  an  ancient  place  called  Partoknope, 
after  the  Siren  of  that  name.  Hence  we  find 
the  town  called  Parthenope  by  Virgil  and 
Ovid.  When  the  town  is  first  mentioned  iu 
Roman  history  it  consisted  of  two  parts,  di- 
vided from  each  other  by  a  wall,  and  called 
respectively  Palaeopolis,  or  the  "Old  City," 
and  Neapolis,  or  the  "New  Citjr."  This  "di- 
vision probably  arose  after  the  capture  of  Cu- 
mae  by  the  Samnites,  when  a  large  number 
of  the  Cumaeans  took  refuge  in  the  city  they 
had  founded  ;  whereupon  the  old  quarter  was 
called  Palaeopolis,  and  the  new  quarter,  built 
to  accommodate  the  new  inhabitants,  was 
named  Neapolis.  In  b.c.  327  the  town  was 
taken  by  the  Samnites,  and  in  290  it  passed 
into  the'  hands  of  the  Romans,  but  it  contin- 
ued to  the  latest  times  a  Greek  city.  Under 
the  Romans  the  2  quarters  of  the  city  were 
united,  and  the  name  of  Palaeopolis  disap- 
peared. Its  beautiful  scenery,  and  the  luxu- 
rious life  of  its  Greek  population,  made  it  a 
favorite  residence  with  many  of  the  Romans. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Neapolis  there  were 
warm  baths,  the  celebrated  villa  of  Lncullui, 
and  the  villa  Pausilypi  or  Pausilypum,  be- 
queathed by  Vedius  Pollio  to  Augustus,  and 
which  has  given  its  name  to  the  celebrated 
grotto  of  Posilippo,  between  Naples  and  Puz- 
zoli,  at  the  entrance  of  which  the  tomb  of 
Virgil  is  still  shown. — (2)  A  part  of  Syracuse. 
[Sykaousae.] 

NEARCHUS  (-i),  an  officer  of  Alexander, 
who  conducted  the  Macedonian  fleet  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Indus  to  the  Persian  gulf,  u.o. 
326-325.  He  left  a  history  of  the  voyage,  the 
substance  of  which  has  been  preserved  to  us 
by  Arrian. 

NEBO,  a  monutain  of  Palestine,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Jordan,  and  iu  the  S.  part  of  the 
range  called  Abarim.  It  was  on  a  summit  of 
this  mountain,  called  Pisgah,  that  Moses 
died. 


NEBRODES. 


267 


NEOXTICHOS. 


NEBRuDES  (-ae),  the  principal  chain  of 
mountains  in  Sicily,  running  through  the 
whole  of  the  island,  and  a  continuation  of  the 
Apennines. 

NECESSITAS  (-atis),  called  ANANKE  by 
the  Greeks,  the  personification  of  Necessity, 
is  represented  as  a  powerful  goddess,  whom 
neither  gods  nor  men  can  resist.  She  carries 
in  her  hand  brazen  nails,  with  which  she  fixes 
the  decrees  of  fate. 


NecKssitits.    (Catueif  MuMum  Romanom, 
vol.  1,  tav.  88.) 

NECO  or  NECHO,  king  or  Egypt,  b.o. 
617-Gol,  bod  and  su<  cessor  of  Psammetichus. 
In  hie  reign  the  Phoenicians  In  his 
are  said  to  have  circumnavigated  Africa,  In 
his  march  against  the  Babylonians  he  defeated 
al  Magdolm  Me  rlddo)Jo8iab,kingofJudnh, 
who  was  a  vassal  of  Babylon  i  ana  he  after- 
wards defeated  the  Babylonians  them 
at  the  Enphrates,  and  took  Carcbemish  or 
Circesium  ■  but  In  606  he  was  in  hi*  turn  de- 
.  Nebuchadnezzar. 

NECTANABI8  (-Is).    (1)  King  of  I 
b.o.  :;ti  364,  who  res!  ted   i !■■• 

invnsi i  I  he  Pi     Ian  force  nm  ei  Pharna- 

i ml  [phicrate  ,    Be  wat  succeeded  by 
1  nephew  of  Tnchos,   il<-- 

prived  the  latter  of  the  sovereignty  In  B61, 
with  ihe  assistance  of   \  •■■    lane.     !!<■  was 
■  ;  ,  and  fled  Into 

Ael  hinpla. 

N  K  I  ! 

one)   and    of  Tyro,   the   d  mghtei    of 
Slim  :  her  with  bis  twin  brother 

her,  but 
Pi  >nnd  and  i  en  sd 
countrymen.  They  subsequently  learn 
parentage;  and  after  the  dec  h  ol  I  retheus, 


king  of  Iolcos,  who  had  married  their  mother, 
they  seized  the  throne  of  Iolcos,  excluding 
Aesou,  the  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro.  But 
Pelias  soon  afterwards  expelled  his  brother, 
and  thus  became  sole  king.  Thereupon 
Nelens  went  with  Melampns  and  Bias  to 
Pylos,  in  Peloponnesus,  of  which  he  became 
king.  [Pvi.os.]  Nelens  had  12  sons,  bnt  thej 
were  all  slain  by  Hercules,  when  he  attacked 
Pyloe,  with  the  exception  of  Nestor. 

NELIDES  or  NELEIADES  (-ae),  patro- 
nymics of  Nelens,  by  which  either  Nestor,  the 
son  of  Nelens,  or  Antilochus,  his  grandson,  it> 
designated. 

NfiMAUSTJS  (-i:  Xismes),  an  important 
town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  the  capital  of  the 
Arecomici  and  a  Roman  colony,  was  situated 
YV.  of  the  Rhone  on  ihe  high-road  from  Italy 
to  Spain.  The  Roman  remains  at  Simunan 
some  of  the  most  perfect  on  this  side  of  the 
Alps. 

NBMfiA  (-ae)  or  NEMEE  (-&),  a  valley  in 
Argolis  between  Cleonae  and  l'hlius,  cele- 
brated in  mythical  story  as  t he  place  where 
Hercules  slew  the  Nemaean  lion.  [See  p.  190.] 
In  this  valley  there  was  a  splendid  temple  of 
Zeus  NcmOus  (the  Nemaean  Jupiter),  sur- 
rounded by  a  sacred  grove,  in  which  the  Ne- 
maean  games  were  celebrated  every  other 
year. 

NBMBSiINUS  (-i),  M.  AURELIUS  0LYM< 
P3  is.  a  Roman  poel  ai  the  conrl  of  i 
peror  Cams  I  \.  d  283),  the  author  of  an  extant 
poem  on  hunting,  eu titled  Cynegetica. 

NEMESIS  i-  ,  a  Greek  goddess,  who  meas- 
ured "in  to  mortals  happiness  and  misery, 
and  visited  with  losses  and  sufferings  all  who 
were  blessed  with  too  many  gifts  of  fortune. 
This  is  the  character  lu  which  Bhe  appears  lu 
the  earlier  Greek  writers;  bnl  subsequently 
she  was  regarded,  like  the  Erinyes  or  I 
as  the  goddess  who  punished  crimes.  S 
frequent  ly  mentioued  under  the  surnames  of 
Adrastia,  and  Rhamnnsia  or  Rhamnusis,  the 

latter  f the  town  of  Rhamnus,  In   ' 

-  brated  Banctuary. 

NEMETACDM    or    NEMETOCENNA. 

I  Al  Itlll  A  I  IS.] 

NEMETES  (-nm)  or  NBMETAE  (-arnm),  a 
people  in  Gallia  Bi  in     te  Rhine,  whose 

chief  town  was  Noviomagus,  subsequently  Ne- 

NBMOREN8I8  l.  Ml  8.     [Aeioi  l] 
NEM08SUS.    [Am  i  > 
NBOBfjLB.    [Attonti.oonos.] 
NB5C  \i:s  \  RE  \     ae  .  i  i  Itj  of  Pontna  In 
\    i  Minor,  -  tandln i  the  rivei  i 

NEON,  an  ancient  town  In  I  > 

:    of    Monnl    Tlthorea,  n   branch   of 
Mount  Parnn  i  ! 

u n del  ebnill   and   named  Ti- 

■ .  after  the  mountain  on  whli  h 
situated. 

.  i  u.  i  [CHOS    ■■•    New  Wall). 

\  fori  "ii  thi 

i 


NEOPTOLEMUS. 


NEREUS. 


>PTOLfiMUS  (-i),  also  called  PYR- 
•  ion  of  Achillea  and  Deidamia,  the 
ter  of  Lycomedes,     He   was  named 

Pvrrhus  on  account  of  his  fair  (nuppos)  hair, 
and  Neoptolemna  because  he  came  to  Troy 
late  in  the  war.  From  his  father  be  is 
sometimes  called  Achillides,  and  from  his 
grandfather  or  great-grandfather,  Pelldea 
and  Aeaddes.  Neoptolemus  was  reared  in 
3,  in  the  palace  of  Lycomedes,  and  was 
brought  from  thence  by  Ulysses,  because  it 
had  been  prophesied  that  Neoptolemus  and 
Philoctetes  were  necessary  for  the  capture  of 
Troy.  At  Troy  Neoptolemus  showed  himself 
worthy  of  his  great  father.  He  was  one  of 
the  heroes  concealed  in  the  wooden  horse. 
At  the  capture  of  the  city  he  killed  Priam  at 
the  sacred  hearth  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  sacri- 
ficed Polyxeua  to  the  spirit  of  his  father. 
When  the  Trojan  captives  were  distributed 
among  the  conquerors,  Andromache,  the 
widow  of  Hector,  was  given  to  Neoptolemus. 
On  his  return  to  Greece,  he  abandoned  his 
native  kingdom  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly,  and 
settled  in  Epirus,  where  he  became  the  an- 
of  the  Molossian  kings.  He  married 
Hermioue,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus,  but  was 
slain  in  consequence  by  Orestes,  to  whom  Her- 
mioue had  beeu  previously  promised. 

NEPKTE  or  NEPET  (-is:  Kepi),  an  ancient 
town  of  Etruria,  situated  near  the  sal- 
tus  Ciminius. 

NEPHELE  (-es),wifeofAthamas  and 
mother  of  Phrixus  and  Helle.  Hence 
Helle  is  called  Nepheleis.    [Atiiam  ks.] 

NEPOS  (-otis),  CORNELIUS  (-i),  the 
contemporary  and  friend  of  Cicero,  At- 
ticus,  and  Catullus,  was  probably  a  na- 
tive of  Verona,  and  died  during  the  reign 
of  Augustus.  Nepos  wrote  several  his- 
torical works  ;  and  there  is  still  extant 
under  his  name  a  work  entitled  Vitae 

'hi, a  lnipri-iituni ij/.  containing  ',"-;,' 

biographies   of  several   distinguished  '  ■" 

commanders.  ButinallMSS.  this  work 

is  ascribed  to  an   unknown  Aemilius 

Probus,  living  under  Theodosius  at  the 

end  of  the  4th  century  of  the  Christian 

aera  :  with  the  exception,  however,  of 

the  life  of  Atticus,  and  the  fragment  of 

a  life  of  Cato  the  Censor,  which    are    ex- 

attributed     to     Cornelius     Nepos. 

These  2  lives  may  eafely  be  assigned  to  Cor- 

Nepos;  but  the  Latinity  of  the  other 

-  such  that  we  can  not  suppose 

them  to  hive  been  written  by  a  learned  con- 

rary   of  Cicero.      It.   is   probable  that 

Probus  abridged  the  work  of  Nepos,  and  that 

the  biographies,  as  thev  now  exist,  are  in 

epitomes  of  lives  actually  written  bv 

Nepos. 

NEPTtTNUS  (-i),  called  POSEIDON  by  the 
Greeks.  Neptunns  was  the  chief  marine 
divinity  of  the  Romans;  but  as  the  early 
Romans  were  not  a  maritime  people,  we 
."Know  next  to  nothing  of  the  worship  of  the 
Italian  god  of  this  name.  His  temple  Stoo  1 
in  the  Campus  Martins.  At  his  festival  the 
people  formed  tents  (umbrae)  of  the  branches 
of  trees,  in  which  they  enjoyed  themselves  in 
feasting  aud  drinking.     In  the  Roman  poets 


Neptune  is  completely  identified  with  the 
Greek  Poseidon,  aud  accordingly  all  the  attri- 
butes of  the  latter  are  transferred  by  them  to 
the  former.     [Poseidon.] 


Nept 


NEREIS  or  NEREIS  (-Idis),  daughter  oi 
Nereus  and  Doris,  and  used  especially  in  the 
plural,  NEREIDES  or  NEREIDES  (-urn),  to 
indicate  the  50  daughters  of  Nereus  aud 
Doris.  The  Sfte~td.es  were  the  marine  nymphs 
of  the  Mediterranean,  iu  contradistinction 
to  the  SaWdest,  the  nymphs  of  fresh  water, 
and  the  Ocednides,  the  uymphs  of  the  great 


A  Nereid. 

ocean.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Nereides  was  Thetis,  the  mother  of  Achilles. 
They  are  described  as  lovely  divinities,  dwell- 
ing with  their  father  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  and  were  believed  to  be  propitious  to 
sailors.  They  were  worshiped  in  several 
parts  of  Greece,  but  more  especially  in  sea- 
port towns.  They  are  frequently  represented 
in  works  of  art,  and  commonly  as  youthful, 
beautiful  maidens;  but  sometimes  they  ap- 
pear on  gems  as  half  maidens  and  half 
fishes. 

NEREIUS  (-i),  a  name  given  by  the  poets 
to  a  descendant  of  Nereus,  such  as  Phocns  and 
Achilles. 

NEREUS  (-.Vis,  el.  or  ei),  son  of  Pontus 
and  Gaea,  and  husband  of  Doris,  by  whom  he 
became  the  father  of  the  50  Nereides.  He  is 
described  as  the  wise  and  unerring  old  man 
of  the  sea,  at  the  bottom  of  which  he  dwelt 
His  empire  is  the  Mediterranean,  or  more  par- 


XEKKTS. 


269 


NICAEA. 


'.icularly  tlie  Aegaeau  sea,  whence  he  is  some- 
times called  the  Aegaeau.  He  was  believed, 
like  other  marine  divinities,  to  have  the  power 
of  prophesying  the  future,  and  of  appearing 
to  mortals  in  different  shapes  ;  and  in  the 
story  of  Hercules  he  acts  a  prominent  part, 
just  as  Proteus  in  the  story  of  Ulysses,  and 
Glaucus  in  that  of  the  Argonauts.  In  works 
of  art,  Nereus,  like  other  sea-gods,  is  some- 
times represented  with  pointed  sea-weeds 
taking  the  place  of  hair  in  the  eyebrows,  the 
chin,  and  the  breast. 

NERICUS.    [Lbuoas.] 

NERINE  (-es),  equivalent  to  NerSis,  a 
daughter  of  Neieus.    [Nereis.] 

NfiRIO,  NKKl£NE,orNEKlKNIS.  [Mars.] 

NERITUM  or  -US  (-i),  a  mountain  in 
Ithaca,  and  also  a  small  rocky  islaud  near 
Ithaca.  The  adjective  Nerltlus  is  often  use  Iby 
the  poets  as  equivalent  to  Ithacan  or  Qlyssean, 

NERO  (-6nis),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Claudia  gens. — (1)  C.  Ci.u  dh  s 
Nkbo,  consul  b.o.  2D7,  when  he  defeated  and 
slew  Haedrubal,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  on 
tlie  river  Metanrus.— (2)  Tib.  Claudius  Nero, 
husband  of  Livia,  and  lather  of  the  emperor 
Tiberius  and  of  his  brother  Drusus.  [Livia.] 
— (3)  H»ma\  Emperor,  a.d.  54-68,  was  the 
sou  Of  i'ii.  Domitius  Ahenobarbns,  and  of 
Agrippiuo,  daughter  of  Germauicus.  Nero's 
original  name  was  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbns, 
but  after  the  marriage  of  his  mother  with  her 
uncle,  the  emperor  Claudius,  he  was  adopt- 
ed by  Claudius  (a. n.  mm,  and  was  called  aero 
Claudius  Caesar  Drusus  Germanicus.  Ne"o 
was  born  at  Antiuni,  a. p.  af.  Shortly  after 
his  adoption  by  Claudius,  Nero,  being  then  u; 
years  of  age,  married  Octavia,  the  daughter 
of  Claudius  and  Messallua  (53).  Among  his 
early  Instructors  was  Seneca.  On  the  death 
of  Claudius  (54^,  Agrippina  secured  the  sne- 
m  for  her  son,  to  t  lie  exclusion  of  Britan- 
the  bod  of  Claudius.  The  young  em- 
peror soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
licentiousness,  brutality,  and  cruelty.  He 
put  to  death  Britaniiicus,  hie  mother  Agrip- 
pina, and  Anally  his  wife  Octavia:  he  mur- 
dered the  latter  thai  he  mighl  mat 
mistress,  Poppaca  Sabina,  the  wife  of  Otho. 
eal  Are  at  Some  happened  In  Nero's 
reign  (a,i>.  64),  but  it  Is  hardly  credible  I  hat 
the  city  was  Bred  by  Nero's  order,  as  some 
ancieni  write--  assert  The  emperor  set 
about,  rebuilding  the  city  on  an  improved 
plan,  with  wider  Btreets.    The  odium  of  the 

conflagration,  which  tl mperor  could  not 

remove  from  himsi  If,  he  tried  to  throw  on  the 

<  ihrisl  Ian  .  and  many  of  them  were  pat  to  a 
cruel   death.     The  lei  o  al    iii 

<  n.i..  65)  led  to  the  organlzal  ion  of  a  R 

able  conspiracy  against  him,  usually  called 

i'         con  piracy,  from  the  name  of I 

the  prim  Ipal  ai  complices.    The  plot  n  n    di 

i,  and    many   distinguished    persons 
were  put  to  death,  among  whom  n 
himself,  the  poet  Lucan,  and  the  philosopher 
Seneca.    Three  years  afterward    Jii 
•'.'  \.  the  governor  of  Gaul,  raised  the  stand- 
ard of  revolt.    His  example  was  followed  by 
Qalba,  in  ho  was  governor  ol  Elspaui 
conens's.      S tl 


Rome,  Nero  was  deserted.  He  fled  to  a  house 
about  4  miles  from  Koine,  where  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  on  hearing  the  trampling  of 
the  horses  on  which  ids  pursuers  were 
mounted,  a.i>.  68.  The  most  important  ex- 
ternal events  in  his  reign  were  the  conquest 
of  Armenia  by  Domitius  Corbulo  [Cokuitlo], 
aud  the  insurrection  of  the  Britons  under 
Boadieea,  which  was  quelled  by  Suetonius 
Paulinas. 

NERVA  !-ae\  M.  COCCEIUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  a.d.  96-98,  was  bom  at  Namia  in 
Umbria,  a. i>.  ::-.'.  On  the  assassination  of 
Domitian,  Nerva  was  declared  emperor,  and 
his  administration  at  once  restored  tranquil- 
lity to  the  state.  The  class  of  informers  was 
suppressed  by  penalties,  and  some  wane  put 
to  death.  At  the  commencement  of  his  reign, 
Nerva  swore  that  he  would  put  no  senator  to 
death:  and  he  kept  his  word,  even  when  a 
conspiracy  had  been  formed  against  ins  life 
by  Calpnrnius  Crassus.  Though  Nerva  was 
virtuous  and  humane,  he  did  not  possess 
much  energy  and  visror.  He  adopted  as  his 
son  and  success' 'I-  M.  Ulpills  Trajanus.    LTka- 

.IANI  B.  I 

NKKYiI  (-orum),  a  powerful  and  warlike 
people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  whose  territory  ex- 
tended from  the  river  Sabis  (Sambre)  to  the 
ocean. 

.\  BSIS  (-idis:  Kisita),  a  small  Island  offthe 
coast  of  Campania,  between  Pnteoli  and  Ne- 
apolis,  a  favorite  residence  of  the  Roman 
nobles. 

NESS5NIS,n  lake  in  Thcssaly,  a  little  S. 
of  the  river  Peneus. 

NE8SUS.    (II i. m  ui  i  •-.  p.  198.] 

NEST0R(-5ri8),kingofPylos,8onorNelena 
and  <  Ihloris,  and  ii ilj  m  e  of  I  lie  I 

of   Nelen-    who    was    not    slain    by    lb  11 

[Nei.eub.]      In    his   early    maul il    Nestor 

was  a  distinguished  w  ai  nor.     i  [e  rleli  iti  I 
both  the    \ i c  idianc   and    Bleans.     i le  tool: 
part  in  the  flghl  of  the  Lapithao  ngainsl  the 
Centaurs,  and  he  is  mentioned  nnioug  the 
Calydonian    hunters    and    the    Argouants. 
Although  far  advanced  In  a  e,  i- 
the  other  <  Ireek  hei  oes  against  Troy.  1 1 
ruled  over  three  genei  ntious  i  f  men,  I  i 
renowned  I  ir  hii  w  idom,  |n  I  ce,  and  knowl- 
edge of  war.    After  the  fall  of  Troj  ho  re- 
home,  and  y    in    Pylos. 

Ing  the  position  of  this  Pj  i 

I'vi.os. 

NESTUS,  sometimes  NE9SU8  |  i  ,  n  rivei 

in  Thrai  •■,  i  i  |ng  in  Mount  i: h 

Inn  Into  1 1."  Vegaean  en  oppo  Ite  i he  Island 
ot Tii  i  n       rip   Nei ' "    R irinetl  tl     E.I 

nnla  from  the  time  of  Philip  and 
ler  the  <  Ireat. 

Mil    \1     I   I),    a    town    in    Si.ily    8.W.    1)1 

Syracu  e. 

,\  fd  i;i    '  Oi  am  .   n    people    of  8  u 

i he  n  W.  ol  ot  the 

Tyrn 

'NT<'  \  I     \         ■        (1)  A  Cell  '    \m;i. 

■  i  on  the  E 

in  I'.iihvni  i,  buill  by  \  nl  I i  .  I.  Ing 


NICANDER. 


ro 


NILUS. 


Nicaea,  in  honor  of  his   wife.     Under   the 
f  Bithynia  it  was  often  the  royal  rcsi- 
:  and  under  the  Romans  it  continued 
to  he  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Asia.     It  is 
famous  in  ecclesiastical  history  as  the  seat  of 
the  great  Oecumenical  Council  which  Con- 
Blantine  convoked  in  ad.  325,  chiefly  for  the 
decision  of  the  Arian  controversy,  and  which 
drew  up  the  Nicene  Creed.— (2)  A  fortress 
of  the  Epicnemidian  Locriaus  on  the  sea, near 
the    pass    of   Thermopylae,  which    it   com- 
manded.— (3)    (Kizza,  S'ice),  a   city   on    the 
of  Liguria,  a  little  E.  of  the  river  Var: 
my  ofMassilia,  and  subject  to  that  city. 
NlCANDER  (-dri),  a  Greek  poet,  gramma- 
rian, and  physician,  was  a  native  of  Claros, 
near  Colophon  in  Ionia,  and  flourished  about 
B.o.  1S5-135.     Two  of  his  poems  are  extant, 
entitled  1'heriaca  and  Alexipharmaca. 

NIL'S  (-es),  called  VICTORIA  (-ae)  by  the 
Romans, the  goddess  of  victory, is  described 
as  a  daughter  of  Pallas  and  Styx,  and  as 
a  sister  ofZelns  (zeal),  Cratos  (strength), 
and  Bia  (force).  Nice  had  a  celebrated 
temple  on  the  Acropolis  of  Athens,  which 
is  still  extant.  She  is  often  represented  in 
ancient  works  of  art,  especially  with  other 
divinities,  such  as  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Athe- 
na (Minerva),  and  with  conquering  heroes, 
whose  horses  she  guides.  In  her  appear- 
ance she  lesembles  Athena,  but  has  wings, 
and  carries  a  palm  or  a  wreath,  and  is  en- 
gaged in  raising  a  trophy,  or  in  inscribing 
the  victory  of  the  conqueror  on  a  shield. 

NlfEPHORlUM  (-i),  a  fortified  town  of 
Mesopotamia,  on  the  Euphrates,  and  due  S. 
of  Edessa,  built  by  order  of  Alexander,  and 
probably  completed  under  Seleucus. 

NlG'EPHORlUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Armenia 
Major,  on  which  Tigranes  built  his  residence 
Tigranookrta.  It  Was  a  tributary  of  the 
Upper  Tigris,  probably  identical  with  the 
Ckntrites,  or  a  small  tributary  of  it. 

NiciAS  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated  Athenian 
general,  was  a  man  of  large  fortune  and  the 
leader  of  the  aristocratical  party  during  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  It  was  through  Ins  in- 
fluence that  peace  was  concluded  with  Sparta 
in  n.o.  421.  He  used  all  his  efforts  to  indnce 
the  Athenians  to  preserve  this  peace  ;  but  he 
was  opposed  by  Alcibiades,  who  had  now 
become  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  In 
415  the  Athenians  resolved  on  sending  their 
great  expedition  to  Sicily,  and  appointed  Ni- 
cias, Alcibiades,  and  Lamachns  to  the  com- 
mand, although  Nicias  disapproved  of  the 
■  .  ition  altogether.  Alcibiades  was  soon 
afterwards  recalled  [Alo[utai>rs]  ;  and  the 
irresolution  and  timidity  of  Nicias  were  the 
chiefcanses  of  the  failure  of  the  expedition. 
Notwithstanding  the  larcre  reinforcements 
which  were  sent  to  his  assistance  in  u.o.  413, 
under  the  command  of  Demosthenes,  the 
Athenians  were  defeated,  and  obliged  to  re- 
treat.—(2)  A  celebrated  Athenian  painter, 
hed  about  is.c.  320. 
NluOLAUS  DAMASCENES  (-i),  a  Greek 
historian,  was  a  native  of  Damascus,  and  an 
Intimate  friend  both  of  Herod  the  Great  and 
of  Augustus.     Some  fragments  of  his  works 


have  come  dowu  to  us,  of  which  the  most 
important  is  a  portion  of  a  1'fe  of  Augustus. 

NIC5MACHUS  (-i).  (1)  Father  of  Aris- 
totle.—(2)  Son  of  Aristotle  by  the  slave  ller- 
pyllis.— (3)  Of  Thebes,  a  celebrated  painter, 
nourished  n.o.  300,  and  onwards. 

NlCOViEDES  (-is),  the  name  of  3  kings  of 
Bithynia.— (1)  Reigned  u.o.  27S-250,  was  the 
eldest  son  and  successor  of  Zipoetes.  He 
founded  the  city  of  Nicomedia,  wh'ch  he 
made  the  capital  of  his  kingdom. — (2)  Sur- 
named  Epipuanks,  reigned  i;.o.  142-01,  and 
was  the  sou  and  successor  of  Prusias  II., 
whom  he  dethroned  and  put  to  death.  He 
was  a  faithful  ally  of  the  Romaus.— (3)  Stir- 
named  Piih.opator,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  reigned  n.o.  91-74.  He  was  twice 
expelled  by  Mithridates,  and  twice  restored 
by  the  Romans.  Having  no  children,  he  be- 
queathed his  kingdom  to  the  Roman  people. 


Coin  of  Nicomedes  III. 

NlCOMlDIA   (-ae),  a  celebrated  city  or 

Bithynia,  built  by  king  Nicomedes  I.  (is.c. 
2t>4),'at  the  N.E.  corner  of  the  Sinus  Asta- 
cenus.  Under  the  Romans  it  was  a  colony, 
and  a  favorite  residence  of  several  of  the 
later  emperors,  especially  of  Diocletian  and 
Oonstantiue  the  Great.  It  is  memorable  iu 
history  as  the  scene  of  Hannibal's  death.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Arrian. 

NICONIA  or  NICONIUM,  a  town  iu 
Scythia  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tyras 
[Dniester). 

NICOP5LIS  (-is),  a  city  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremitv  of  Epirns,  on  the  point  of  land  which 
forms 'the  N.  entrance  to  the  gulf  of  Ambra- 
cia,  opposite  to  Actinm.  It  was  built  by 
Augustus  in  memory  of  the  battle  of  Actium. 
and  was  peopled  from  Ambracia,  Anactorium, 
and  other  neighboring  cities,  and  also  with 
settlers  from  Aetolia. 

NIGER  (-gri),  a  great  river  of  Aethiopia 
Interior,  which  modern  nsage  has  identified 
w.th  the  river  called  Joli-ba  (i.e.  Great  River) 
and  Qtwrra  in  W.  Africa.  Many  of  the  an- 
cients imagined  the  Niger  to  be  a  branch  of 
the  Nile. 

NIGER,  C.  PESCENNIUS  (-i),  was  saluted 
emperor  by  the  legions  in  the  East  after  the 
death  of  Commodns,  a.d.  193,  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing rear  he  was  defeated  and  put  to  death 
by  Septtmius  Severus. 

NILUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  important  riv- 
ers of  the  world,  flowing  through  Aethiopia 
and  Egypt  northwards  iuto  the  Mediterrane- 
.     An  account  of  its  course  through 


NINUS. 


171 


NISAKL'S. 


Egypt,  and   of  its  periodical   rise,  is  given 
under  AkgYPTUB. 

NINUS,  NINUS  (-i).  (1)  The  reputed 
founder  of  the  city  ofNinus,  or  Nineveh,  and 
the  h unhand  of  Semiramis.  [Sbmieamis.]  - 
(2)  Or  Nineveh,  the  capital  of  the  great  As- 
syrian monarchy,  stood  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Tigris,  at  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  in  the 
district  of  Aturia.  The  prophet  Jonah  (n.c. 
825)  describes  it  as  "an  exceeding  great  city, 
of 3  days' journey,"  and  as  containing  "  more 
than  120,000  persons  that  can  not  discern 
between  their  right  and  their  left  hand," 
which,  if  this  phrase  refer  to  children,  would 
represent  a  population  of  600,000  souls.  Di- 
odorns  also  describes  it  as  an  oblong  quad- 
rangle of  150  stadia  by  90,  making  the  circuit 
of  the  walls  4S0  stadia  (more  than  55  statute 
miles):  if  so,  the  city  was  twice  as  large  as 
London,  together  with  its  suburbs.  In  judg- 
ing of  these  statements,  not  only  must  allow- 
ance he  made  for  the  immense  space  occupied 
by  palaces  and  temples,  but  also  for  the  Ori- 
ental mode  of  building  a  city,  so  as  to  include 
large  gardens  and  other  open  spaces  within 
the  walls.  The  walls  of  Nineveh  are  described 
as  100  feet  high,  and  thick  enough  to  allow  3 
chariots  to  pass  each  other  on  them;  with 
1500  lowers,  200  feet  in  height.  The  city  is 
said  to  have  been  entirely  "destroyed  by  fire 
when  it  was  taken  by  the  Medes  and  Babylo- 
nians, about  B.o.  006";  and  frequent  allusions 
occur  to  its  de-olate  state.  Under  the  Roman 
empire,  however,  we  again  meet  with  a  city 
Nineve  in  the  district  ofAdiabenc;  but  this 
must  have  been  some  later  place  built  among 


to  light  the  sculptured  remains  of  immense 
palaces,  not  only  at  the  traditional  site  of 
Nineveh,  namely  Kouyunjik  and  Sebbi-YotM 
nis,  opposite  to  Mosul,  and  at  Khorsiibad, 
about  10  miles  to  the  N.N.E.,  but  also  in  a 
mound,  IS  miles  lower  down  the  river,  in  the 
tongue  of  land  between  the  Tigris  and  the 
Great Zab,  which  still  bears  the  name  of Nvm- 
roud.  Which  of  these  ruins  corresponds  to 
the  true  site  of  Nineveh,  or  whether  that  vast 
city  may  have  extended  all  the  way  along  the 
Tigris  from  Kouyunjik  to  Nimroud,  and  to  a 
corresponding  breadth  N.E.  of  the  river,  a< 
far  as  Khorsabad,  are  questions  still  under 
discussion.  Some  splendid  fragments  of 
sculpture  obtained  by  Layard  from  Nimroud 
are  now  to  be  seen  in  the  British  Museum. 

NlOBE  (-es)  or  NIOBA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Tantalus,  and  wife  of  Amphion,  king  of 
Thebes.  Proud  of  the  number  of  her  chil- 
dren, she  deemed  herself  superior  to  Leto 
(Latona),  who  had  given  birth  to  only  2  chil- 
dren. Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana),  indignant 
at  such  presumption,  slew  all  her  children 
with  their  arrows.  Niobe  herself  was  meta- 
morphosed by  Zeus  (Jnpiter)  into  a  stone  on 
Mount  Sipylus  in  Lydia,  which  during  the 
summer  always  shed  tears.  The  number  of 
her  children  is  stated  variously,  but  the  usual 
number  in  later  times  was  7  sons  and  T  daugh- 
ters. The  story  of  Niobe  and  her  children 
was  a  favorite  subject  with  ancient  artists. 
There  is  at  Florence  a  beautiful  group,  con- 
sisting of  Niobe,  who  holds  her  youngest 
daughter  on  her  knees,  and  13  statues  of  her 
sons  and  daughters. 


(Zannonl,  Gal.  ill  Fir 


,1,  I.) 


•rnear  the  ruin'-  of  the  ancient  Nineveh,    of 

ill    the  greal    cities    of  the:   world,  none    WfU 
thought   lo  have  been  more  utterly  lost  than 

the  capital  of  the  most  ancient  of  the  great 

hies.     Tradition   pointed  on)   a   few 

shapeless  mounds  opposite  ,i/<«»/  on  the  fjp. 

per  Tigris  a--  all  that  remained  of  Nineveh; 

bit  within  ih^  last  30  yeare   1875)  those  Bh ape- 
lees  in <i    •  hown  to  contain  the 

remains  of  greal  palaces.     The  excavations 
sondni  ted  by  Layard  and  Botta haV* brought 


nFI'IIatks  (-ae), n  mountain  chain  ofAr> 

rneiiia,  forming    an    E.   prolongation    of   Ihf 
Taurus. 
NTRETJS  (-•'••">-•,  CI,  or  el  .  i  in  of  <  i 

'  lia,  and  the  handsomest  among  i  he 

I      I'li'V. 

NI8AEA.    [Mboa.ba.1 
NISAETJS  CAMPUS,  a  plain  In  the  '■■  r»i 
Greal  Media,  near  Rhagae,  celebrated  for  In 

breed  of  hoi  b<    . 


NISIBIS. 


NORICUM. 


NiSlBIS  (-is),  also  Antioohi.v  Mygdoniak, 
■rated  city  of  Mesopotamia,  and  the 

capital  of  the  district  of  Mygdonia,  stood  on 
the  river  Mygdonius  in  a  very  fertile  district. 
It  was  of  great  importance  as  a  military  post 
I;-  name  was  changed  into  Antiochia,  but  it 
soon  resumed  its  original  name.  In  the  suc- 
cessive wars  between  the  Romans  and  the 
Parthians  and  Persians,  it  was  several  times 
taken  and  retaken,  until  at  last  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Persians  iu  the  reign  of 
Jovian. 

NlsUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Megara,  and  father 
of  Scylla.  Scylla  having  fallen  iu  love  with 
Minos  when  the  latter  was  besieging  Megara, 
pulled  out  the  purple  or  golden  hair  which 
grew  on  the  top  of  her  father's  head,  and  on 
which  his  life  depended.  Xisus  thereupon 
died,  and  Minos  obtained  possession  of  the 
city.  Minos,  however,  was  so  horrified  at 
the  conduct  of  the  unnatural  daughter  that 
he  ordered  her  to  be  fastened  to  the  poop  of 
his  ship,  and  drowned  her  in  the  Saronic  gulf. 
Ac  ording  to  others,  Miuos  left  Megara  in 
<i  -L'ust ;  Scylla  leaped  into  the  sea,  and  swam 
after  his  ship;  but  her  father,  who  had  been 
changed  into  a  sea-eagle  (haliaeetus),  pounced 
down  upon  her,  whereupon  she  was  meta- 
morphosed into  either  a  rish  or  a  bird  called 
Cilia. — Scylla,  the  daughter  of  Xisus,  is  some- 
times confounded  by  the  poets  with  Scylla, 
the  daughter  of  Phorcus.  Hence  the  latter 
is  sometimes  erroneously  called  Nlseia  Virgo, 
and  Niseis.  [Scyi.t.a.] — Nisaea,  the  port-town 
of  Megara,  is  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Xisus,  and  the  promontory  of 
Scyllaeum  to  have  been  named  after  his 
daughter. — (2)  Son  of  Hyrtacns,  and  a  friend 
of  Enryalus.  The  two  friends  accompanied 
Aeneas  to  Italy,  and  perished  iu  a  ni^ht  at- 
tack against  the  Rntnlian  camp. 

XISYRUS  (-i),  a  small  island  in  the  Car- 
pathian sea,  off  Caria.  Its  volcanic  nature 
gave  rise  to  the  fable  respecting  its  origin, 
that  Poseidon  (Xeptnue)  tore  it  off  the  neigh- 
boring island  of  Cos  to  hurl  it  upon  the  giant 
Polybotes. 

XITIOBRIGES  (-urn),  a  Celtic  people  in 
Gallia  Aquitanica,  between  the  Garnmna  and 
the  Liger. 

NIT5CRIS.  (1)  A  queen  of  Babylon,  men- 
tioned by  Herodotus,  is  supposed  by  modern 
writers  to  be  the  wife  of  Xebuchad'nezzar. — 
(2)  A  queen  of  Egypt,  elected  to  the  sover- 
eignty in  place  of  her  brother,  whom  the 
Egyptians  had  killed.  After  pntting  to  death 
the  Egyptians  who  had  murdered  her  brother, 
she  threw  herself  into  a  chamber  full  of  ashes. 
She  is  said  to  have  built  the  third  pyramid. 

MTIUAE,  NITRARIAE,  the  celebrated 
natron  lakes  iu  Lower  Egypt,  which  lay  iu  a 
valley  on  the  S.W.  margin  of  the  delta. 

XOBILIOR  (-oris),  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Fulvia  gens.  The  most 
distinguished  member  of  the  family  was  M. 
Fci.vics  Xoiiiiaon,  consul  e.g.  lS0,"when  he 
conquered  the  Aetolians,  and  took  the  town 
of  Ambracia.  He  had  a  taste  for  literature  and 
ar'.  ;;ud  was  a  patron  of  the  poet  Eunius,  who 
accompanied  him  in  his  Aetolian  campaign. 


XOLA  (-ae:  Sola),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
towns  in  Campania,  21  Roman  miles  S.E.  of 
Capua,  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  em- 
peror Augustus  died.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  the  tow;n  some  of  the  most  beautiful  Cam- 
pauiau  vases  have  been  found  in  modern 
times. 

XOMEXTAXUS  (-i),  mentioned  by  Horace 
as  proverbially  noted  for  extravagance  and  a 
riotous  mode  of  living. 

NOMENTUM  (-i),  a  Latin  town  founded 
by  Alba,  but  subsequently  a  Sabine  town,  H 
(Roman)  miles  from  Rome.  Its  neighbor- 
hood was  celebrated  for  its  wine. 

XOMIUS  (-i),  the  Pasturer,  a  surname  of 
divinities  protecting  the  pastures  and  shep- 
herd-, such  as  Apollo,  Pan,  Hermes  (Mercury), 
and  Aristaeus. 

XOXACRIS  (-is),  a  town  in  the  X.  of  Ar- 
cadia, surrounded  by  lofty  mountains,  in 
which  the  river  Styx  took  its  origin.  From 
this  town  Evauder  is  called  Nfhidcr^us,  Ata- 
lanta  Noiiacrid,  andCallisto  Sonacrina  Virgo, 
in  the  general  seuse  of  Arcadian. 

N5NIUS  MARCELLUS.     [Maucclixs.] 

XttRA  (-(irum).  (1)  A  city  of  Sardiuia.  on 
the  coast  of  the  Sinus  Caralitauus.  —  (2)  A 
mountain  fortress  of  Cappadocia,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Lycaonia. 

XORBA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  iu  Latium,  on 
the  slope  of  the  Volscian  mountains  and  near 
the  sources  of  the  Xymphaeus,  originally  be- 
longing to  the  Latin,  and  subsequently  to 
the  Volscian  League.  As  early  as  is.c.  49-i  the 
Romans  founded^  colony  at  Xorha.— (2)  Sfir- 
named  Caesatika  (Alcantara),  a  Roman  col- 
ony iu  Lusitania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus. 
The  bridge  built  by  order  of  Trajan  over  the 
Tagus  at  "this  place  is  still  extant. 

XORBA.XUS  (-i),  C,  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Marian  party  in  the  war  with  Sulla,  was 
consul  n.c.  S3. 

XORBAXUS  FLACCUS.     [Flaoccs.] 

NSREiA  (Keumarkt,  in  Styria),  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Taurisci  or  Xorici  in  Xorieum, 
from  which  the  whole  country  derived  its 
name.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where 
Carbo  was  defeated  by  the  Cinibri,  n.c.  113. 

NORICUM  (-i),  a  Roman  province  S.  of  the 
Danube,  bounded  on  the  X.  by  the  Danube, 
on  the  W.  by  Rhaetia  and  Vindelicia,  on  the 
E.  by  Panuonia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Pannonia 
and  Italy.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  greater 
part  of  Styria  and  Carinthia,  and  to  a  part  of 
Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Salzburg.  One  of  the 
main  branches  of  the  Alps,  the  Ai.pgs  Nob  - 
cab  (in  the  neighborhood  of  Salzburg),  ran 
right  through  the  province.  In  those  mount- 
ains a  lanre  quantity  of  excellent  iron  was 
found  :  and  the  Xoric  swords  were  celebrated 
in  antiquity.  The  inhabitants  of  the  country 
were  Celts,  divided  into  several  tribes,  of 
which  the  Taurisci,  also  called  Xorici.  after 
their  capital  Noreia,  were  the  most  important. 
They  were  conquered  by  the  Romans  towards 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  Augustus,  after  the 
subjugation  of  Rhaetia  by  Tiberius  and  Dru- 
sus,  and  their  country  was  formed  into  a 
Roman  province. 


NORTIA. 


273 


NYCTEIS. 


NORTIA  or  NURTIA  (-ae),  au  Etruscan 
divinity  worshiped  at  Volsinii. 

N5TUS  (-i),  called  AUSTER  (-tri)  by  the 
Romans,  the  S.  wind,  or  strictly  the  S.  W. 
wind,  brought  with  it  fogs  and  raiu. 


Nutus.     (From  thf  Temple  <>f  the  Winds  at  Athens.) 

NOVARIA  (tis:  Nbvara),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Transpadana,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name  (Gogna),  and  on  the  road  from  Medio- 
lannm  to  Vercrllae. 

NOVESIUM  (-i:  News),  a  fortified  town 
of  the  Ubii  on  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  road 
leading  from  Colonia  Agrippina  (Cologne),  to 
Castra  Vetera  {Xanten). 

NdVIol>f'NUM  (-i),  a  name  given  to  many 
Celtic  places  from  their  being  situated  mi  :i 
hill  (dun).  (1)  (Nouan),  a  town  of  the  Bituri- 
ges  Cnbi  in  Gallia  Aquitanica.— (2)  (Nevers), 
a  town  of  the  Aedui  in  Gallia  Lugduneneis, 
at  the  continence  of  the  Niveria  and  the  Liger, 
afterwards  called  Nevirnum.— (3)  A  town  of 
the  Suessones  in  Gallia  Belgica,  probably  the 
same  as  AliL'Usta  Suessonuin.  (Soi880Tl8.) — 
(4)  (Nion),  a  town  of  the  Helvetii  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  on  the  N.  hank  of  the  Lacus  Lema- 
ims  [Lake  of  Gen  va  i. 

NOVlTJS  (i),  <,».,  a  celebrated  writer  of 
Atellane  plays,  a  contemporary  of  '.he  dicta- 
tor Bulla. 

NOX  (-ctis),  culled  NYX  by  the  Greeks,  a 
personification  of  Night,  she  is  described  as 
the  daughter  of  chaos,  and  the  sister  of  Ere 
bus,  by  whom  slut  became  the  mother  ■■<'  Le 
ther  (Air)  and  Bemera  (Day).  Her  residence 
was  in  the  darkness  of  Hades. 

MliAK  (-f.rum),  NtlBAEI  (-mum),  an  Af- 
rican people,  8.  of  Egypt,  in  modern  nubia. 

N  f'»  f:Kf  a  (-ae).  (1)  Surnamed  Awai  una 
(Nocera),  a  'own  in  Campania  on  the  Barnus 
(Sarno),  and  9  (Roman)  miles  from  th< 

—(2)  Surnamed  CAMBLLABIA  ( Xnrrni),  a  town 
in  tne  interior  of  I'lnbiia  on  the  Via  Klainin- 
ia.— (3)  (LllZZara).  a  small  town  in  Galltn 
Clspndann  on  the  Po,  N.E.  of  Brixellnm.  (4) 
A  town  in  Apulia,  more  correctly  called  Li 

JRTOA. 

,\  i  [TH5NE8  <  am),  a  people  of  Germany, 
dwelliug  on  the  right  bans  ofth< 

in  the ileni  MeckU  nbw g, 

M'MA  (-ae),  POMPlLlUS  (  I),  the  2d  king 
of  Rome,  who  belong  to  le  end  and  noi  to 
history.  He  wan  a  native  oH  Inrea  in  the  Sa- 
bine country,  and  was  elected  king  one  year 
tfter  the  death  of  Romulus,  when  the  people 


became  tired  of  the  interregnum  of  the  senate. 

He  was  renowned  for  his  wisdom  and  his  pi- 
ety ;  and  it  was  generally  believed  that  he 
had  derived  his  knowledge  from  Pythagoras. 
His  reign  was  long  and  peaceful,  and  he  de- 
voted his  chief  care  to  the  establishment  of 
religion  among  his  rude  subjects.  He  was  in- 
structed by  the  Camena  Egeria,  who  visited 
him  in  a  grove  near  Rome,  and  who  honored 
him  witli  her  love.  He  was  revered  bj  the 
Romans  as  the  authorof  their  whole  religious 
worship.  It  was  he  who  first  appointed  the 
pontiffs,  the  augurs,  the  fiamens,  the  virgins 
of  Vesta,  and  the  Salii.  He  founded  the  tem- 
ple of  Janus,  whicli  remained  always  shut 
during  his  reign.  He  died  after  a  reign  of  39 
or  43  years. 

NUMANTIA  (-ae:  Guarray,  RiO,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Arevacae  or  Arevaci  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  and  the  most  important  town 
in  all  Celtiberia,  was  situated  near  the  sources 
of  the  Darius,  on  a  precipitous  hill.  It  was 
taken  by  Scipio  Africauus  the  younger  nfier 
a  Ion-  siege  (u.o.  133). 

NUMSRIANUS  (-i),  M.  AURKLIfS.  tin- 
younger  son  of  the  emperor  Cams,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  his  expedition  against  the 
Persians,  a.d.  283.  After  the  deatli  of  his  la- 
ther, which  happened  in  the  same  year,  Nu- 
merianns  was  acknowledged  as  joint  emperor 
with  his  brother  Carin us.  Eight  months  aft- 
erwards lie  was  murdered,  and  suspicion  hav- 
ing fallen  upon  Arrius  Aper,  praefect  of  the 
Praetorians,  and  father-in-law  of  the  de- 
ceased, the  latter  was  stabbed  to  the  heart  by 
Diocletian.    [Dioot.etianus.  I 

NtJMIClUS  or  Ni'MTlTS  (-i:  iVumicn),  a 
small  river  in  Latin m  flowing  into  the  Tyr- 
rhene sea  near  Ardea,  on  the  banks  of  whicli 
was  the  tomb  of  Aeneas. 

M  MlItlA  (-ae),  a  country  of  N. Africa,  di- 
vided from  Mauretania  on  tin'  W.  by  t lie  river 

Malva  or  M  u  hell  a,  ami  on  I  he  10.  from  the  ter- 
ritory of  Carthage  (aft.  the  Roman  province 
id'  Africa)  by  the  river  Tusca.  The  inhabit- 
ants 'Acre  originally  wandering  tribes,  hence 
called  by  the  Greeks  Komad*  {Hopu&et).  and 
this  name   was   perpetuated  ill   that  of  the 

country.  Their  '1  "leal  tribes  were  the  Mas- 
sy liaus  mid  the  Ma-sacsylians,  forming 'J  mon- 
archies,  which    were   uulted    into   one   under 

Masinissa,  n.o.  201.  [Mabinissa.]  On  the  de- 
feat of  Jngurtha,  in  a. o.  106,  the  country  be- 
came virtually  subject  to  the  Romans,  hut 
they   permitted  the  family  of  Masinissa  to 

govern  it,  wilh  the  loyal  title,  until  II.0. 40, 
when  Julia,  who  bad  espoused  the  cause  of 
Pompey  in   the  Civil  wars,  was  defeated   and 

dethroned  by  •Julius  Caesar,  and  Numldiiiwas 

made  a   Roman  province.      I  '.ill   of  He  C 

try  was  afterward*  added  to  the  province  i  f 

Maiirelania.      |  M  ITTOBTANIA,  I      The  Ch 

of  Nuuiidia  was  I  llETA, 

NtTMlTOR.    [Romulus.] 

NCKSIA  (-ae,,  a  tow  n  nfthe  8  abile 

ate. i  near  the  i  onri  e  of  the  Nar  and  amid 
t 


lie  Apennines,  whence  ,t  | 
frigiaa  Vursia.    [t  was  the  birthplace  of  Ser 

tonus  and  of  the  inolber  ol  VespU 

NYCTBIS.    iXv.im   .i 


NYCTEUS. 


274 


OCEAN  US. 


NYCTEUS  (-e&s,  eT,  or  ei),  son  of  Hyrieus 
and  Clonia,  and  father  of  Antiope,  who  is 
hence  called  Nycteis  (-idis).  Antiope  was  car- 
ried off  by  Bpopeus,  king  ofSicyon;  where- 
upon Nycteus,  who  governed  Thebes,  as  the 
guardian  ofLabdacns,  invaded  Sicyon  with  a 
Tbeban  army.  Nyctens  was  defeated,  and 
died  uf  his  wounds',  leaving  his  brother  Lyons 
guardian  ofLabdacns.    [Lycub.] 

NYCTYMfiNl  (-es),  daughter  of  Epopeus, 
kiiiLr  of  Lesbos.  Having  been  dishonored  by 
Jher  father,  she  concealed  herself  in  the  shade 
of  forests,  where  she  was  metamorphosed  by 
Athene-  (Minerva)  into  an  owl. 

NYMPHAE  (-firum),  female  divinities  of  a 
lower  rank,  with  whom  the  Greeks  peopled 
all  parts  of  nature:  the  sea,  springs,  rivers, 
grottoes,  trees,  and  mountains.  These  nymphs 
were  divided  into  various  classes,  according 
to  the  different  parts  of  nature  of  which  they 
are  the  representatives.  (1)  The  Sab-Nymphs, 
consisting  of  the  Ocedn'ides,  or  nymphs  of  the 
ocean,  who  were  regarded  as  the  daughters 
of  Oceanus;  and  the  Nereides  or  Nereides,  the 
nymphs  of  the  Mediterranean,  who  were  re- 
garded as  the  daughters  of  Nereus. — (2)  The 
Naiades  or  Nd'ides,  the  nymphs  of  fresh  water, 
whether  of  rivers,  lakes',  brooks,  or  springs. 
Many  of  these  nymphs  presided  over  springs, 
which  were  believed  to  inspire  those  who 
drank  of  them.  The  nymphs  themselves 
were,  therefore,  thought  to  be  endowed  with 
prophetic  power,  and  to  be  able  to  inspire 
men.  Hence  all  persons  in  a  state  of  rapture. 
such  as  seers,  poets,  madmen,  etc.,  were  said 
to  be  caught  by  the  nymphs  (lymphati, 
2jhatici.)—{3)  Oreddes,  the  nymphs  of  mount- 
ains and  grottoes,  also  called  by  names  de- 


rived from  the  particular  mountains  they  in- 
habited.— (4)  Ndpaeae,  the  nymphs  of  glens. 
— (5)  Dryihli-s  and  U<> nni'iry<h!is  (from  dptr), 
nymphs  of  trees,  who  were  believed  to  die 
together  with  the  trees  which  had  been  their 
abode,  and  with  which  they  had  come  into 
existence.  There  was  also  another  class  of 
nymphs,  counected  with  certain  races  or  lo- 
calities, and  usually  named  from  the  places 
with  which  they  are  associated,  as  Nysiades, 
Dodonides,  Lemniae. — The  sacrifices  offered 
to  nymphs  consisted  of  goats,  lambs,  milk, 
and  oil,  but  never  of  wine.  They  are  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art  as  beautiful  maidens, 
either  quite  naked  or  only  half-covered. 

NYMPHAEDM  (-i),  a  mountain,  with  per- 
haps a  village,  by  the  river  Aous,  near  Apol- 
lonia,  in  Illyricum. 

NYMPHAEUS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  of 
Latium,  falling  into  the  sea  above  Astura, 
and  contributing  to  the  formation  of  the 
Pomptine  marshes. — (2)  A  small  river  of 
Armenia,  a  tributary  of  the  upper  Tigris. 

NYSA  or  NYSSA  (-ae),  the  legendary  scene 
of  the  nurture  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  who 
was  therefore  called  Nysaeus,  Nys'ius,  Ny-Ctua, 
Kys  us.  Nyshgena,  etc.  Hence  the  name  was 
applied  to  several  places  sacred  to  that  god. 
(1  I;i  India,  at  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  Punjab, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Cophen  and 
Choaspes. — (2)  A  city  of  Caria,  on  the  S.  slope 
of  Mount  Messogis.— (3)  Acity  of  Cappadocia, 
near  the  Halys,  the  bishopric  of  St.  Gregory 
of  Nyssa. 

XYsElDES  or  NYSIADES  (-am),  the 
nymphs  of  Nysa,  who  are  said  to  have  reared 
Dionysus,  and  whose  names  are  Cisseis,  Nysa, 
Erato,  Eriphia,  Broniia,  and  Polyhymuo. 


0. 


OAItTJS  (-i),  a  river  of  Sarmatia,  rising  in 
the  country  of  the  Thyssagetae,  and  falling 
into  the  Palus  Maeotis. 

OASIS  (-is),  the  Greek  form  of  an  Egyptian 
word,  which  was  used  to  denote  an  island  in 
the  sea  of  sand  of  the  great  Libyan  Desert. 
These  oases  are  preserved  from  the  shifting 
sands  by  steep  hills  of  limestone  round  them, 
and  watered  by  springs,  which  make  them 
fertile  and  habitable.  The  name  is  applied 
especially  to  2  of  these  islands  on  the  W.  of 
Egypt,  which  were  taken  possession  ofbvthe 
Egyptians  at  an  early  period.  (I)  Oasis 
M  kJOE,  the  Greater  Oasis,  was  situated  1  days' 
journey  W.  of  Abydos,  and  belonged  to  Upper 
Egypt.  This  Oasis  contains  considerable 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  and  Roman 
periods. — (2)  Oasis  Minor,  the  Lesser  or 
Second  Oasis,  was  a  good  day's  journey  from 
the  S.W.  end  .if  the  lake  Moeris,  and  be- 
longed to  the  Ueptauomis,  or  Middle  Egypt. 
— (3)  A  still  more  celebrated  Oasis  than  either 
of  these  wa-  that  called  Ahmon,  Hammon, 
Ammonium,  Hammonis  Obacui.um,  from  its 
being  a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  and  oracle 
of  the  god  Amnion.  It  is  now  called  Siwah, 
Its  distance  from  Cairo  is  12  days,  and  from 


the  N.  coast  about  160  statute  miles.  The 
Ammonians  do  not  appear  to  have  been  sub- 
ject to  the  old  Egyptian  monarchy.  Cambyses, 
after  conquering  Egypt  in  n.o"  525,  sent  an 
army  against  them,  which  was  overwhelmed 
by  the  sands  of  the  desert.  In  u.c.  301,  Alex- 
ander the  Great  visited  the  oracle,  which 
hailed  him  as  the  son  of  Zeus  Ammon. 

OAXES.     [Oaxus.] 

OAXTJS  (-i),  called  Axrs  (-i)  by  Herodotus, 
a  town  in  the  interior  of  Crete  on  the  river 
Oaxes. 

OBSEQUEXS  (-entis),  JULIUS  (-i),  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  De  Prodigiis  or 
Prodigiorum  Libellus,  of  which  a  portion  is 
extant.     Of  the  writer  nothing  is  known. 

OCALEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Boeotia, 
situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name  falling 
into  the  lake  Copais. 

OCEANIDES.    [Ntmphak.] 

OCEANUS  (-i),  the  god  of  the  water  which 
was  believed  to  surround  the  whole  earth, 
is  railed  the  sou  of  Heaven  and  Earth,  the 
husband  of  Tethys,  and  the  father  of  all  the 
river-gods  and  water-nymphs  of  the  whole 
earth.    The  early  Greeks  regarded  the  earth 


OCELUM. 


OEDIPUS. 


as  a  flat  circle,  which  was  encompassed  by  a 
river  perpetually  flowing  round  it,  and  this 
river  was  Oceanus.  Out  of  and  into  this  river 
the  sun  and  the  stars  were  supposed  to  rise 
and  set;  and  on  its  hanks  were  the  abodes 
of  the  dead.  When  geographical  knowledge 
advanced,  the  name  was  applied  to  the  great 
outer  waters  of  the  earth,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  inner  seas,  and  especially  to  the  Atlan- 
tic, or  the  sea  without  the  Pillars  of  Hercules, 
as  distinguished  from  the  Mediterranean,  or 
the  sea  within  that  limit,  and  thus  the  At- 
lantic is  often  called  simply  Oceanus.  The 
epithet  Atlantic  (Atlauticum  Mare)  was  ap- 
plied to  it  from  the  mythical  position  of 
Atlas  being  on  its  shores. 

OCELUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  Cottian  Alps, 
was  the  last  place  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  before 
entering  the  territories  of  king  Cottius. 

OCHUS  (-i).  (1)  A  surname  of  Artaxerxes 
III.,  king  of  Persia.  [Artaxerxes  III.]— (2) 
A  great  river  of  Central  Asia,  supposed  by 
some  to  be  the  same  as  the  Oxus. 

OCRICULUM  (-i :  Otricoli),  a  town  in  t'ni- 
bria,  situated  on  the  Tiber,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Nar. 

OCTAVIA  (-ae).  (1)  Sister  of  the  emperor 
Augustus,  married  first  to  C.  Marcellus, 
consul,  n. c.  50,  and  after  his  death  to  Antony, 
the  triumvir,  in  40,  but  the  latter  soon 
abandoned  her  for  Cleopatra,  she  died 
it.o.  11.  She  had  5  children,  '■'>  by  Marcellus, 
a  son  and  2  daughters,  and  2  by  Antony, 
both  daughters.  Her  son,  M.  Marcellus,  was 
adopted  by  Augustus,  and  was  destined  to  he 
his  successor,  but  died  in  'l'A.  [Mabokli.us, 
No.  5.]  The  descendants  of  her  2  daugh- 
ters successively  ruled  tin-  Roman  world. 
[Antonia.]  — (2)  Daughter  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  ami  Blessalina,  and  wife  ol  Nero. 
.She  was  divorced  by  the  latter,  that  he 
might  many  his  mistress  Poppaea,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  put  to  death  by  Nero's 
orders,  a.  i>.  62. 

OCTAVlus,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens, 
to  which  the  emperor  Augustus  belonged, 
whose  original  name  was  C. Octnvius.  Hence, 
when  he  was  adopted  by  his  great  uncle,  '  . 
Julius  Caesar,  he  bore  the  surname  of 
Octavianus.    |  Anoi  si db.] 

OCTonfurs  (-i:  Martigny),  a  town  of 
the  Veragrl  in  the  country  of  the  Helvel  ii. 

OCTOCKSA   (-ae),  a  town  of  the   ill 
in  Hispania  Tnrraconensls,  near  the  [bi    a 
probably  s.  of  the  Sicoris. 

<3Cf  PETK.     [Haili-viae.  1 

5CYBH5E  (-6s),  (laughter  of  the  Centaur 
Chiron. 

ODENlTIIUS,  the  ruin-  of  Palmyra  who 
checked  the  victorious  career  of  the  Persians 
after  the  defeat  and  i  apture  of  Valei  Ian.  *.n. 
260.  In  return  for  these  service  ,  <  • 
bestowed  upon  Odenathue  the  title  of  Au- 
gustus.    He  Was  -non  afterwards  I 

and  was  succeeded  bv  his  wife  Zbnobi  \,  a.i>. 
266. 

0DE8STJ8  (-i:  Varna),  n  Greek  town   In 
Thra-eia  (in  the  later  Moesla  Inferior)  on  the 
P2 


PontusEuxiuus,  was  founded  by  the  Milesians, 
and  carried  ou  an  extensive  commerce. 

ODOACER  (-cri),  king  of  the  Heruli,  and 
the  leader  of  the  barbarians  who  overthrew 
the  Western  empire,  a.d.  47G.  He  took  the 
title  of  king  of  Italy,  and  reigned  till  his 
power  was  overthrown  by  Theodoric,  king  of 
the  Goths,  a.d.  493. 

ODRYSAE  (-arum),  the  most  powerful 
people  in  Thrace,  dwelling  in  the  plain  of  the 
Hebrus,  whose  king  Sitalces  in  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  exercised  dominion  over 
almost  the  whole  of  Thrace.  The  poets  often 
use  the  adjective  Odry&us  in  the  genera* 
sense  of  Thracian. 

Odysseus.   [Ulysses.] 

OEAGRUS,  or  OEAGEK  (-gri),  king  of 
Thrace,  and  father  of  Orpheus  and  Linus. 
Hence  Oedgrtus  is  used  by  the  poets  as  equiv- 
alent to  Thracian. 

OEBALUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Sparta,  and 
father  of  Tyndareus.  The  patronymics 
Oebdlldes,  Oebalis,  and  the  adjective  Oetidllus, 
are  not  only  applied  to  his  descendants,  but 
to  the  Spartans  generally.  Hence  Tarentnm 
is  termed  Oebalia  arx,  because  it  was  founded 
by  the  Lacedaemonians;  and  since  the  Sabines 
were,  according  to  one  tradition,  a  Lacedae- 
monian colony,  we  find  the  Sabine  king  Titus 
Tatius  named  Oebdiiua  Titus,  and  the  Sabine 
women  OebdKdes  matres. — (2)  Son  of  Telon 
by  a  nymph  of  the  stream  Sebethus,  near 
Naples,  ruled  in  Campania. 

OECHALIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Thessaly 
on  the  Pencil*,  near  Tricca. — (2)  A  town  in 
Messenia  on  the  frontier  of  Arcadia.— (3)  A 
town  of  Kuhoea  in  the  district  Eretria.— The 
ancients  were  divided  in  opinion  as  to  which 
of  these  places  was  the  residence  ofEurytns, 
whom  Hercules  defeated  and  slew.  'The 
original  legend  probably  belonged  to  the 
Tbessalian  Oechalia,  and  was  thence  trans- 
ferred to  the  other  towns. 

OEDlITS  (-i  or  5di8),  son  of  Laius,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  of  Jncasta,  sister  of  Creon.  His 
father  having  learned  from  an  oracle  that  he 

was  dooi I  lo  perish  by  the  hands  of  his  own 

son,  exposed  Oedipus  on  Mount  Cithaeron 
immediately  after  his  birth,  with  his  feet 
pierced  and  tied  together.  The  child  was 
found  by  a  shepherd  of  king  I'olvlms  of 
Corinth,  and  was  called  from  his  swollen  feet 
Oedipus.    Having  been  carried  to  the  palace, 

the  King  reared  him  as  his  own  child:  but 
when  Oedipus  had  grown  up,  he  was  told  by 
the  oracle  at   Delphi,  Which   he  had  gone  lo 

consnlt,  that  lie  was  destined  t<>  slay  hi" 
father  ami  commit  Incest  with  his  mother. 
Thinking  that  Polybuc  was  his  father,  he  re- 
solved not  to  retnrn  to  Corinth ;  but  on  the 

road  between  Delphi  an  1  Daulis  he  inei  I 
whom   he  slew  in   a  scuffle  without   knowing 
that    he    was    his    father.      In    the   mean    lime 

the  celebrated  sphinx  had  appeared  in  the 

lOrbood  Of  Thebes.  Seated  on  a  lock, 
-lie  pill  a  riddle  tO  every  'I' hi  dia  1 1  I  hat  pa  ed 
by.  and  whoever  was  unable  to  solve  it   was 

DJ  the  uioiisK  r.    'I'e  lined 

the  'Hicham-  to  proclaim  that  «  hoi  ei  hi  illld 
deliver   the   country   of  the   Sphinx    ahould 


OENEUS. 


27G 


OLYMPIA. 


obtain  the  kingdom  and  Jocasta  as  his  wife. 
The  riddle  ran  as  follows:  "A  being  with  4 
feet  has  2  feet  and  3  feet,  aud  only  one  voice ; 
but  its  feet  vary,  and  when  it  has  most  it  is 
weakest."  Oedipus  solved  the  riddle  by 
saying  that  it  was  mau,  who  in  infancy 
crawls  upon  all  fours,  in  manhood  stands 
erect  upon  2  feet,  and  in  old  age  supports  his 
tottering  legs  with  a  staff.  The  Sphinx 
thereupon  threw  herself  down  from  The  rock. 
Oedipusnow  obtained  the  kingdom  of  Thebes, 
and  married  his  mother,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Eteocles,  Polynlces,  Antigone, 
and  Ismene.  In  consequence  of  this  in- 
cestuous alliance,  the  country  of  Thebes  was 
visited  by  a  plague.  The  oracle,  on  being 
consulted,  ordered  that  the  murderer  of  Laius 
should  be  expelled ;  and  the  seer  Tiresias 
told  Oedipus  that  he  was  the  guilty  man. 
Thereupon  Jocasta  hung  herself,  aud  Oedipus 
put  out  his  own  eyes,  and  wandered  from 
Uhebes,  accompanied  by  his  daughter  An- 
tigone. In  Attica  he  at  length  found  a  place 
of  refuge;  aud  at  Colouus,  near  Athens,  the 
Eumenides  removed  him  from  the  earth. 
The  tragic  fate  of  Oedipus  and  of  his  children 
formed  the  subject  of  many  of  the  noblest  of 
the  Greek  tragedies. 

OEXEUS  (-eos,  61,  or  el),  king  of  Plenron 
aud  Calydon  in  Aetolia,  aud  husband  of  Al- 
thaea, father  of  Tydeus,  Meleager,  Gorge, 
Deianira,  etc.  He  was  deprived  of  his  king- 
dom by  the  sons  of  his  brother  Agrius.  He 
was  subsequently  avenged  by  his  grandson 
Diomedes,  who  slew  Agrius  and  his  sons,  and 
placed  upon  the  throne  Andraemon,  the  son- 
in-law  of  Oeneuc.  as  the  latter  was  too  old. 
Diomedes  took  his  grandfather  with  him  to 
Peloponnesus,  but  here  he  was  slain  by  two 
of  the  sons  of  Agrius  who  had  escaped  the 
slaughter  of  their  brothers.  Respecting  the 
boar  which  laid  waste  the  lauds  of  Calydon 
in  his  reign,  see  Mfi.eagf.k. 

OENliDAE  (-arum),  town  of  Acarnania, 
near  the  mouth  oi  the  Achelous,  and  surround- 
ed by  marshes.  The  fortress  Nesus  or  Nasus, 
belonging  to  the  territory  of  Oeniadae,  was 
situated  in  a  small  lake  near  Oeniadae. 

OEXIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  from  Oeneus, 
and  hence  given  to  Meleager,  son  of  Oeneus, 
aud  Diomedes,  grandson  of  Oeneus. 

OEXOMAUS  (-i),  king  of  Pisa  in  Elis,  son 
of  Ares  (Mais)  and  father  of  Hippodamia. 
[Pki.ops.] 

OEXOXE  (-es),  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Cebren,  and  wife  of  Paris,  before  he  carried 
off  Helen.     [Paris.] 

OEXOPIA    (-ae),    the    ancient    name    of 

Afl.I.NA. 

OKXOPHYTA  (-ornm),  a  town  in  Boeotia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Asopns,  memorable 
for  the  victory  gained  here  by  the  Atheniaus 
over  the  Boeotians,  u.o.  456.  " 

OEXOPIOX  (-onis),  son  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  and  husband  of  the  nymph  He'lice, 
aud  father  of  Meropc,  with  whom  the  giant 
Orion  fell  in  love.     [Orion.] 

OKNoTRI,  OEXOTRIA.     [Italia.] 

OEXOTRlDES,  2  small  islands  in  the 
Tyrrhene  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Lucania,  and 


opposite  the  town  of  Elea  or  Velia  aud  the 
mouth  of  the  Helos. 

OETA  (-ae)  or  OETE  (-es),  a  rugged  pile 
of  mountains  in  the  S.  of  Thessaly,  an  eastern 
branch  of  Mount  Pindus,  extending  along  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Sperchius  to  the  Maliac  gulf  at 
Thermopylae,  thus  forming  the  X.  barrier  of 
Greece  proper,  Kespecting  the  pass  of  Mount 
Oeta,  see  Thermopylae.  Oeta  was  celebrated 
in  mythology  as  the  mountain  on  which 
Hercules  burned  himself  to  death. 

OFELLA  (-ae),  a  man  of  sound  sense  and 
of  a  straightforward  character,  whom  Horace 
contrasts  with  the  Stoic  quacks  of  his  time. 
Ofella  was  also  the  name  of  a  family  in  the 
Lucretia  gens. 

OGYGES  (-is),  or  OGYGUS  (-i),  son  of 
Boeotus,  and  the  first  ruler  of  Thebes,  which 
was  called  after  him  Ogygia.  In  his  reign 
a  great  deluge  is  said  to  have  occurred.  The 
name  of  Ogyges  is  also  connected  with  Attic 
story,  for  in  Attica  an  Ogygian  flood  is  like- 
wise mentioned.  From  oVytres  the  Thebans 
are  called  by  the  poets  Omjg'idae,  and  Ogyfiiti 
is  used  in  the  sense  of  Thebau. 

OILEUS  (-eos,  ci,  or  el),  king  of  the  Lo- 
crians,  and  father  of  Ajax,  who  is  hence 
called  OiHdes,  O'd'idde.%  and  Ajax  0'ilel.  He 
was  one  of  the  Argouauts. 

OLBIA  (-ae).  (1)  Narbouensis,  on  a  hill 
called  Olbianus,  E.  of  Telo  Martins. — (2)  A 
city  near  the  N.  eud  of  the  E.  side  of  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  with  the  only  good  harbor 
on  this  coast;  aud  therefore  the  usual  laud- 
ing-place  for  persons  coming  from  Home. — 

(3)  [Boi'.YSTIIENES.] 

OLCADES  (-lira),  a  people  in  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis,  near  the  sources  of  the  Anas,  in  a 
part  of  the  country  afterwards  inhabited  by 
the  Oretani. 

OLCINIUM  (-i:  Dulcigno),  a  town  on  the 
coast  of  Illyria. 

OLEARUS.     [Oi.iarus.] 

OLEX,  a  mythical  personage,  who  is  repre- 
sented as  the  earliest  Greek  lyric  poet.  He  is 
called  both  an  Hyperborean  and  a  Lycian, 
aud  is  said  to  have  settled  at  Delos.  His 
name  seems  to  signify  simply  the  Jlute-player. 

OLEXUS  (-i).  (1)  The  husband  of  Lethaea, 
changed  with  her  into  a  stone.— (2)  A  town 
in  Aetolia,  near  Xew  Plenron,  destroyed  by 
the  Aetolians  at  an  early  period.  —  (3)  A  town 
in  Achaia,  between  Patrae  and  Dyme.  The 
goat  Amalthaea,  which  suckled  the  infant 
Zeus  (Jupiter),  is  called  Olcnia  capi  !!a  by  the 
poets,  either  because  the  goat  was  supposed 
to  have  been  born  near  the  town  of  Oleuns, 
and  to  have  been  subsequently  transferred  to 
Crete,  or  because  the  nymph  Amalthaea.  to 
whom  the  goat  belonged,  was  a  daughter  of 
Olenus. 

OLIARUS  or  OLfiARUS  (-i),  a  small  island 
in  the  Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  W.  of 
Paros. 

QLlSIPO  (Lisbon),  a  town  in  Lusitania, 
near  the  mouth  of  (he  Tagus. 

OLYMPIA  (-ae),  a  small  plain  in  Elis. 
bounded  on  the  s.  by  the  river  Alpheus,  and 
on  the  \V.  by  the  river  Cladeus,  in  which  the 


OLYMPIAS. 


277 


OMLMIALK. 


Olympic  games  were  celebrated.  In  this  plain 
was  the  sacred  grove  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  called 
Aids.  The  Altis  and  its  immediate  neigh- 
borhood were  adorned  with  numerous  tem- 
ples, statues,  and  public  buildings,  to  which 
the  general  appellation  of  Olympia  was  given  , 
but  there  was  no  town  of  this  name.  Among 
the  numerous  temples  in  the  Altis  the  most 
celebrated  was  the  Olympuum,  or  temple  of 
Zeus  Olympius,  which  contained  the  master- 

Eiece  of  Greek  art,  the  colossal  statue  of  Zeus 
y  Phidias.  The  statue  was  made  of  ivory 
and  gold,  and  the  god  was  represented  as 
seated  on  a  throne  of  cedar  wood,  adorned 
with  gold,  ivory,  ebony,  and  precious  stones. 
The  Olympic  games  were  celebrated  from  the 
earliest  times  in  Greece.  There  was  an  in- 
terval of  4  years  between  each  celebration 
of  the  festival,  which  interval  was  called  an 
Olympiad;  but  the  Olympiads  were  not  em- 
ployed as  a  chronological  era  till  the  victory 
of  Coroebus  in  the  foot-race,  b.o.  776.  An 
accouut  of  the  Olympic  games  and  of  the 
Olympiads  is  giveu  in  the  Diet.  o/Antiq. 

OLYMPIAS  (-adis),  wife  of  Philip  II.,  king 
of  Macedonia,  and  mother  of  Alexander  the 
Great, was  the  daughter  of  Neoptolemna  I., 
king  of  Epirus.  She  withdrew  from  Mace- 
donia when  Philip  married  Cleopatra,  the 
niece  of  Attains  (b.o.  33T) ;  and  it  was  gen- 
erally believed  that  she  lent  her  support  to 
the  assassination  of  Philip  in  336.  In  the 
troubled  times  which  followed  the  death  of 
Alexander  she  played  a  prominent  part.  In 
317  she  seized  the  supreme  power  in  Mace- 
donia, and  put  to  death  Philip  Arrhidaeus 
and  hia  wife  Eurydice.  But  being  attacked 
by  Cassander,  she  took  refuge  in  Pydna,  and 
oil  the  surrender  of  this  place  after  a  long 
Biege,  she   was   put   to   death    by  (,'assauder 

(b.o.  :;ir>). 

OLYMPICS,  the  Olympian,  a  surname  of 
Zen  (Jupiter),  Hercules,  the  Muses  {Olym- 
plddes),  and  in  general  of  all  the  god-  who 
were  believed  to  live  in  Olympus,  in  contra- 
distinction from  the  gods  of  the  lower  world. 

OLYMPUS  (-i).  (1)  The  range  of  mount- 
ains separating  Macedonia  and  Thessaly, 
but  more  specifically  the  eastern  part  of  the 
chain  forming  al  its  termination  the  northern 
wall  ofthe  vale  ofTsMPB.  h-  heigh)  is  about 
9700  feet,  and  its  chief  summit  is  covered  with 
perpetual  snow.  In  the  Greek  mythology, 
Olympus  w.is  the  residence  ofthe  dynasty  or 

of  which  Zeus  (Jnpitet  I  was  thi 
The  early  poets  believed  that  the  gods  actually 
lived  mi  the  top  of  this  mountain.    Even  the 

fabl "  :  -  scaling  heaven  must  be 

understood  In  a  lib  not  that  they 

placed  Peliou  and  Ossa  upon  the  top  of  Olym- 
pus to  reach  the  Mill  higher  heaven,  but  that 
they  piled  Pelion  on  the  top  of  Ossa,  and 
both  on  the  lower  elopes  of  Olympus,  to  scale 
the  summit  of  Olympus  itself,  the  abode  of 
tic  gods.      Home  ■  od     ft 

h  i'.in  '  their  several  palaces  on  the  summit 
of  Olympus;  as  spending  tin'  day  in  the  rial- 
nce  of  Zeus,  round  whom  they  sit  in  solemn 
conclave,  while  the  yum  mce  be 

fore  them,  and  the  Muses  entertain  them  with 
the  lyre  and  song.    They  are  shut  out  from 


the  view  of  men  upon  the  earth  by  a  wall  of 
clouds,  the  gates  of  which  are  kept  by  the 
Hours.  In  the  later  poets,  however,  the  real 
abode  of  the  gods  is  transferred  from  the 
summit  of  Olympus  to  the  vault  of  heaven 
(?'.  e.  the  sky)  itself.  —  (2)  A  chain  of  lofty 
mountains  in  the  N.W.  of  Asia  Minor,  usu- 
ally called  the  Mysian  Olympus. 

OLYNTHUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Chalcidice,  at 
the  head  ofthe  Toronaic  gulf,  and  tfie  most 
important  ofthe  Greek  cities  on  the  coast  of 
Macedonia.  It  was  at  the  head  of  a  con- 
federacy of  all  the  Greek  towns  in  its  neigh- 
borhood, and  maintained  its  independence, 
except  for  a  short  interval,  when  it  was 
subject  to  Sparta,  till  it  wa>>  taken  and 
destroyed  by  Philip,  b.o.  347.  The  Olyntbiac 
orations  <  f  Demosthenes  were  delivered  by 
the  orator  to  urge  the  Athenians  to  send 
assistance  to  the  city  when  it  was  attacked 
by  Philip. 

OMBI  (-drum),  the  last  great  city  of  Upper 
Egypt,  except  Syene,  stood  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the'  Nile,  in  the  Ombites  Nomos,  and  was 
celebrated  as  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the 
worship  of  the  crocodile.  Juvenal's  15th 
satire  is  founded  on  a  religious  war  between 
the  people  of  Ombi  aud  those  of  Teutyra,  who 
hated  the  crocodile. 

OMPHlLE  (-es),  a  queen  of  Lydia,  daugh- 
ter of  lardanus,  and  wife  of  Tmolus,  after 
whose  death  she  reigned  herself.  The  story 
of  Hercules  serving  her  as  a  slave,  and  of  his 
wearing  her  dress,  while  Omphale  put  on  the 
skin  and  carried  the  (dub,  is  related  elsewhere 
(p.  192). 


hi  NnpU   .) 


ONCHESMUS. 


278 


ORESTES. 


ONCHESMUS  or  ONCHISMUS  (-)),  a  sea- 
port town  of  Epirus,  opposite  Corcyra. 

0N<  I  IKS  ITS  (-i).  (1)  An  ancieut  town  of 
Boeotia,  sitnated  a  little  S.  of  the  lake  Copais, 
near  Haliartus,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Onchestus,  sou  of  PoBeidon  (Neptune). — (2) 
A  river  in  Thessaly,  flowing  by  Cynoscepha- 
lae,  and  falling  into  the  lake  Boebeis. 

ONOMACKITUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  who 
lived  about  b.o.  520-485,  and  made  a  collec- 
tion of  the  ancieut  oracles.  Being  detected 
in  interpolating  an  oracle  of  Musaeus,  he  was 
banished  from  Athens  by  Hipparchus,  the 
son  of  Pisistratus. 

(  H'lllON  (-onis).  (1)  One  of  the  Titans.— 
(2)  One  of  the  companions  of  Cadmus. — (3) 
Father  of  the  Centaur  Amycus,  who  is  hence 
called  Ophvor&des. 

QPHIUSA  or  OPHITJSSA  (-ae),  a  name 
given  to  many  ancient  places  from  their 
abounding  in  snakes.  It  was  an  anc.ent 
name  both  of  Rhodes  and  Cyprus,  whence 
Ovid  speaks  of  Ophiusia  arva,  that  is,  Cyp- 
rian. 

5PICT.     [Osoi.] 

OPIMIUS  (-i),  L.,  consul  b.o.  121,  when  he 
took  the  leading  part  in  the  proceedings  which 
ended  in  the  murder  of  C.  Gracchus."  Being 
afterwards  convicted  of  receiving  a  bribe  from 
Jugurtha,  he  went  into  exile  to  Dyrrachium 
in  Epirus,  where  he  died  in  great  poverty. 
The  year  in  which  be  was  consul  was  remark- 
able for  the  extraordinary  heat  of  the  autumn, 
and  the  vintage  of  this  year  long  remained 
celebrated  as  the  Vinum  Opimianum. 

OPITERGlUM  (-i:  Oderzo),  a  Roman  col- 
ony in  Venetia,  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  river 
Liqnentia. 

OPPIAXUS  (-i),  the  author  of  2  Greek 
hexameter  poems  still  extant,  one  on  fishing, 
entitled  Halieutica,  and  the  otheron  hunting, 
entitled  Cynegetica.  Modern  critics,  however, 
have  shown  that  these  2  poems  were  written 
by  2  different  persons  of  this  name.  The 
author  of  the  Halieutica  was  a  native  of  Ana- 
zarba  or  Corycus,  in  (ilicia,  and  flourished 
about  A.D.  180.  The  author  of  the  Cynegi  tint 
was  a  native  of  Apamea  or  Pella,  in  Syria, 
and  nourished  about  a.i>.  200. 

OPPIUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens. — (1) 
C.  Oppius,  tribune  of  the  plebs  b.o.  213,  car- 
ried a  law  to  curtail  the  expenses  and  luxuries 
of  Roman  women. — (2)  C.  Orrtcs,  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  O. Julius  Caesar,  whose  private 
affairs  he  managed  in  conjunction  with  Cor- 
nelius Balbus. 

OPS  (gen.  Opis),  the  wife  of  Satumns,  and 
the  Roman  goddess  of  plenty  and  fertility,  as 
is  indicated  by  her  name,  which  is  connect- 
ed with  opimits,  opulentus,  inopn,  and  copia. 
She  was  especially  the  protectress  of  agri- 
culture. 

OPUS  (-nntis),  a  town  ofLocris,  from  which 
the  Opuntian  Locriaus  derived  their  name. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Patroclus. 

OUBlLiUS  PUPILLUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
grammarian  and  schoolmaster,  best  known  to 
us  from  his  having  been  the  teacher  of  Horace, 
who  gives  him  the  epithet  of plagosus,  from 


the  severe  floggings  which  his  pupils  received 
from  him.  He  was  a  native  of  Beneventum, 
aud  after  serving  as  an  apparitor  of  the  mag- 
istrates, and  also  as  a  soldier  in  the  army,  he 
settled  at  Rome  in  the  50th  year  of  his  age, 
in  the  consulship  of  Cicero,  u.c.  03.  He  lived 
nearly  100  years. 

ORCXDES  (-um :  Orkney  and  Shetland  Tales), 
a  group  of  several  small  islands  off  the  N. 
coast  of  Britain,  with  which  the  Romans  first 
became  acquainted  wheu  Agricola  sailed 
rouud  the  N.  of  Britain. 

ORCHOMENUS  (-i).  (1)  An  ancient, 
wealthy,  and  powerful  city  of  Boeotia,  the 
capital  of  the  Minyans  in  the  ante-historical 
ages  of  Greece,  aud  hence  called  by  Homer 
the  Minyan  Orchomenos.  It  was  situated 
N.W.  of  the  lake  Copais,  on  the  river  Cephis- 
sus.  Sixty  years  after  the  Trojan  war  it  was 
taken  by  the  Boeotians,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boeotian  League.  It  continued  to 
exist  as  an  independent  town  till  b.c.  367, 
when  it  was  taken  aud  destroyed  by  the 
Thebaus  ;  and  though  subsequently  restored, 
it  never  recovered  its  former  prosperity. — 
(2)  An  ancient  town  of  Arcadia,  situated 
N.W.  of  Man  tinea. 

ORCUS.    [Hades.1 

ORDOVICES  (-lira),  a  people  in  the  YV.  of 
Britain,  opposite  the  island  Mona  (Anglesey), 
occupying  the  N.  portion  of  the  modern  Wales. 

5READES.     [Ny.mpuae.] 

5RESTAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  the  N.  of 
Epirus, on  the  borders  of  .Macedonia, original- 
ly independent,  but  afterwards  subject  to  the 
Macedonian  mouarchs. 

ORESTES  (-ae  and  is),  son  of  Agamemnon 
and  Clytaemuestra.  On  the  murder  of  his 
father  by  Acgisthns  and  Clytaemnestra,  Ores- 
tes was  saved  from  the  same  fate  by  his  sister 
Electra,  who  caused  him  to  be  secretly  carried 
toStrophius,  king  in  Phocis,  who  was  married 
to  Anaxibia,  the  sister  of  Agamemnon.  There 
he  formed  a  close  and  intimate  friendship 
with  the  king's  son  Pylades ;  and  when  he 
had  grown  up,  he  repaired  secretly  to  Argos 
along  with  his  friend,  and  avenged  his  father's 
death  by  slaying  Clytaemnestra  aud  Aegis- 
thiis.  After  the  murder  of  his  mother  he  was 
seized  with  madness,  and  fled  from  land  to 
land,  pursued  by  the  Erinyes  or  Furies.  At 
length,  on  the  advice  of  Apollo,  he  took  refuge 
in  the  temple  of  Athena  (Minerva),  at  Athens, 
where  he  was  acquitted  by  the  court  of  the 
Areopagus,  which  the  goddess  had  appoint- 
ed to  decide  his  fate.  According  to  another 
story,  Apollo  told  him  that  he  could  only  re- 
cover from  his  madness  by  bringing  the  statue 
of  Artemis  (Diana)  from  the  Tauric  Cherso- 
nesus.  Accordingly  he  went  to  this  country 
along  with  his  friend  Pylades;  but  on  their 
arrival  they  were  seized  by  the  natives,  in 
order  to  be  sacrificed  to  Artemis,  according 
to  the  custom  of  the  country.  But  Iphigenia, 
the  priestess  of  Artemis,  was  the  sister  of 
Orestes,  and,  after  recognizing  each  other,  all 
three  escaped  with  the  statue  of  the  troddess. 
After  his  return  to  Peloponnesus,  Orestes 
took  possession  of  his  father's  kingdom  at 
Mycenae,  and  married  llermione,  the  daugh- 


Obfiibus  and  Eurydioe.    (Villa  Albani.) 


ORESTILLA. 


279 


ORPHEUS. 


ter  of  Menelaus,  after  slaying  Neoptolemns. 
[Hbrmione;  Neoptoi.emcs.] 

ORESTILLA,  ATJRELIA.     [Aubblia.] 

ORETANI  (-ornm),  a  powerful  people  iu 
the  S.W.  ofHispania  Tarraconeusis. 

OREUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Euboea, 
originally  called  Hestiaea  or  Histiaea.  Hav- 
ing revolted  from  the  Athenians  iu  n.o.  445, 
it  was  taken  by  Pericles,  its  inhabitants  ex- 
pelled, and  their  place  supplied  by  2000 
Athenians. 

ORICUM  or  ORICUS  (-i),  an  important 
Greek  town  on  the  coast  of  Illyria,  near  the 
Cerauuian  mountains  and  the  frontiers  of 
Epirus. 

ORION  and  ORION  (-5nis  and  onis),  son 
of  Hyrieus,  of  Hyria  in  Boeotia,  a  handsome 
giant  and  hunter.  Having  come  to  Chios, 
he  fell  in  love  with  Merope,  the  daughter  of 
Oenopion;  his  treatment  of  the  maiden  so 
exasperated  her  father,  that,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  he  deprived  the 
giant  of  his  sight.  Being  informed  by  an 
oracle  that  he  should  recover  his  sight  if  he 
exposed  his  eyeballs  to  the  rays  of  the  rising 
sun,  Orion  found  his  way  to  the  island  of 
Lemnos,  where  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  gave  him 
Cedalion  as  his  guide,  who  led  him  to  the  East. 
After  the  recovery  of  his  sight  he  lived  as  a 
hunter  along  with  Artemis  (Diana).  The  cause 
of  his  death  is  related  variously.  According 
to  some,  Orion  was  carried  offbyEoS  (Aurora), 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  him;  but.  as  this 
was  displeasing  to  the  gods,  Artemis  killed 
him  with  an  arrow  in  Ortygia.  According  to 
others,  he  was  beloved  by  Artemis;  and 
Apollo,  indignant  at  his  sister's  affection  for 
him,  asserted  that,  she  was  unable  to  hit  with 
her  arrow  a  distant  point  which  he  showed 

her  in  the  sea.  She  thereupon  took  aim,  the 
arrow  hit  its  mark,  but  the  mark  was  the 
head  of  Orion,  who  was  Bwii ingiu  thesea. 

A  third  ;n  Count,  Which  Horace  follows,  states 

that,  he  offered  violence  to  Artemis,  and  was 
killed  by  the  goddess  with  one  of  her  arrows. 

.1  fourth  account  states  that  he  was  stuiiL'  to 
death  by  a  scorpion;  and  that  Aesculapius 
was  slain  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  witli  a  Hash 
of  lightning,  When  he  attempted  to  recall  tin1 
giant  to  life.  After  his  death,  Orion  was 
placed  among  the  Mais,  where  he  appears  as 
a  giant  with  a  girdle,  sword,  a  lion's  skiD, 
and  a  club.  The  constellation  of  Orlou  sel 
at  the  commem  ement  of  November,  at  which 

I   hi'     -  tonus  and   rain    Wei  e   fl  eqiieill  ;   henre 

be  i  often  called  imbri/er,  nimbosue,  or 
aquottus, 

okttiiyTa  '-a.'),  daughter  of  Erechthens, 
i  i    \i hen  ■.  and  of  Praxlthen,  w  ho  was 

seized  by  Boreas,  and  earned  offtoTI 

where  Bhe  became  the  mother  of  Cleopatra, 
Zetes,  and  •  lalais. 

ORMENTJS   (-i),   son   of  Cercaphu  ,   and 

father  of  A  my  n  tor.      Heme  Amyntor  is  called 

Ornu  nldls,  and  Astydnmia,  in-  grand-daugh- 
ter, i/rim  nix. 

ORNEAE  (-Srum),  an  ancient  town  of 
Argolis,  near  the  frontiers  of  the  territory  of 
Phlias,  subdued  by  '.he  Argives  in  the  Pelo 

pllll  e-illll    U'a.',   B.C.  415. 


ORODES  (-ae).  the  names  of  2  kings  of 
Parthia.     [AmaoksXIV.,  XVII.] 

OliONTES  (-is  or  ae).  the  largest  river  of 
Syria,  rising  in  the  Anti-Libanus,  flowing  past 
Antioch,  and  falling  into  the  sea  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Pieria. 

OROPUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  eastern  front- 
iers of  Boeotia  and  Attica,  was  long  an 
object  of  contention  between  the  Boeotians 
and  Athenians.  It  finally  remained  perma- 
nently in  the  hands  of  the  Athenians. 

ORPHEUS  (gen.  -cos,  ei,  or  el ;  dat.  -ei  or  en; 
ace.  -en  or  emu  ;  voc.  -eu  ;  abl.  -eo),  a  mythical 
personage,  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  poets  who  lived  before 
the  time  of  Homer.  The  common  story  about 
him  ran  as  follows:  Orpheus,  the  son  of 
Oeagrus  and  Calliope,  lived  in  Thrace  at  the 
period  of  the  Argonauts,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  their  expedition.  Presented  with 
the  lyre  by  Apollo,  and  instructed  by  the 
Muses  in  its  use,  he  enchanted  with  its 
music  not  only  the  wild  beasts,  but  the  trees 


Orphetu.    t 


and  rocks  upon  Olympus,  so  that  tiny  moved 
from  their  places  to  follow  the  sound  of  his 
golden   harp.     After   his   return    from   the 

Arf antic  expedition,  he  took  up  his  abode 

in  Thrace,  where  he  married  the  nymph 
Eurydice.    Mis  wife  having  died  of  the  bite 

of  a   serpent,  he   followed    hei'  into    the   .'ih, piles 

of  Hades.  Here  the  charms  of  his  lyre  sus- 
pended the  torments  of  the  damned,  and  won 

back    lii-    wile   from    the  most,   inexorable  of 

nil  i  be  i lei i  lea.   Hi-  prayer,  however,  was  only 

gri I  upon  this  condition,  that  he  si id 

not  look  back  upon  his  restored  wife  till  they 
hail  arrived  in  the  upper  world.     At  the  very 

moment  when  they  were  about  to  pass  tin- 
fatal  bound-,  the  anxiety  of  love  overcame 
I  he  poel  :    he  looked   round   to  see  thai    I 

dice  was  Following  him  ■.  and  be  bel  • 

bai  i.  into  the  Infei  nal  re  fiom  .     im 
grief  for  the  loi  ■  of  Eut  ydii  e  led  him  to  treat 

with   i-oiil pt   Hie  Thrarian   women.  -.- 

re\  en   re   ! him    tO    |>  e.  .■      lei    I  In     I 

menl  of  ib<  Ir  Baa  hannlian  or  ;lei .     Ifter  his 

death  the  Muses  collected  tin-  fi  i    ne  ni-  of 

and  burled  I  hem  at  LIbethra,  ut  the 


ORTHIA. 


280 


OTHRYADES. 


f,»it  of  Olympus.  His  head  was  thrown  into 
the  Hebrus,  down  which  it  rolled  to  the  sea, 
and  was  borne  across  to  Lesbos.  His  lyre 
was  also  said  to  have  been  carried  to  Lesbos  ; 
but  both  traditioDE  are  simply  poetical  ex- 
pressions of  the  historical  fact  that  Lesbos 
was  the  first  great  seat  of  the  music  of  the 
lyre.  The  astronomers  taught  that  the  lyre 
of  Orpheus  was  placed  by  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
among  the  stars,  at  the  intercession  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses.  Many  poems  ascribed  to 
Orpheus  were  currett  in  the  flourishing  period 
of  Greek  literature;  but  the  extant  poems 
bearing  the  name  of  Orpheus  are  the  forgeries 
of  Christian  grammarians  and  philosophers 
of  the  Alexandrian  school,  though  among 
the  fragments  which  form  a  part  of  the  col- 
lection" are  some  genuine  remains  of  the 
Orphic  poetry  known  to  the  earlier  Greek 
writers. 

ORTHIA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Artemis  at 
Sparta,  at  whose  altar  the  Spartan  boys  had 
to  undergo  the  flogging  called  diamastigosis. 

ORTHBUS  (-i),  the  two-headed  dog  of 
Geryones.    (See  p.  192.) 

ORTYGlA  (-ae)  and  ORTYGIE  (-es).  (1) 
The  ancient  name  of  Delos.  Since  Artemis 
(Diana)  and  Apollo  were  born  at  Delos,  the 
poets  sometimes  call  the  goddess  Ortygia,  and 
give  the  name  of  Ortygiae  boves  to  the  oxen 
of  Apollo.  The  ancients  connected  the  name 
with  Ortyx,  a  quail. — (2)  An  island  near  Syr- 
acuse. [Syraousae.]— (3)  A  grove  nearEph- 
esus,  in  which  the  Ephesians^pretended  that 
Apollo  and  Artemis  were  born.  Hence  the 
Cayster,  which  flowed  near  Ephesus,  is  called 
Ortygius  '  'ayster. 

OSCA  (-ae:  Huesca,  in  Arragonia),  an  im- 
portant town  of  the  Hergetes,  and  a  Roman 
colony  in  Hispauia  Tarraconensis,  on  the  road 
from  Tarraco  t<>  Ilerda,  with  silver  mines. 

OSCI  or  OPICI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most 
ancient  tribes  of  Italy,  inhabiting  the  centre 
of  the  peninsula,  especially  Campania  and 
Samnium.  They  were  subdued  by  the  Sabines 
and  Tyrrhenians,  and  disappeared  from  his- 
tory at  a  comparatively  early  period.  They 
are  identified  by  many  writers  with  the  Auso- 
nes  or  Aurunci.  The  Oscan  language  was 
closely  connected  with  the  other  ancient 
Italian  dialects,  out  of  which  the  Latin  lan- 
guage was  formed  ;  and  it  continued  to  be 
spoken  by  the  people  of  Campania  long  after 
the  Oscans  had  disappeared  as  a  separate 
people.  A  knowledge  of  it  was  preserved  at 
Rome  by  the  Fabulae  Atellanae,  which  were 
a  species  of  farce  or  comedy  written  in 
Oscan. 

OSIRIS  (-is  and  idis),  the  great  Egyptian 
divinity,  and  husband  of  Isis,  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  king  of  Egypt,  and  to  have 
reclaimed  his  subjects  from  a  barbarous  life 
by  teaching  them  agriculture,  and  by  enact- 
ing wise  laws.  He  afterwards  traveled  into 
foreign  lands,  spreading  wherever  he  went 
the  blessings  of  civilization.  On  his  return 
to  Egypt  he  was  murdered  by  his  brother 
Typhou,  who  cut  his  body  into  pieces,  and 
threw  them  into  the  Nile.  After  a  long 
search  Isis  discovered  the  mangled  remains 
of  her  hits  Jand,  and  with  the  assistance  of 


her  son  Horns  defeated  Typhou,  and  re- 
covered the  sovereign  power,  which  Typhou 
had  usurped.     [Isis.] 

OSROENE  (-es),  a  district  in  the  N.  of 
Mesopotamia,  separated  by  the  Chaboras 
from  Mygdonia  on  the  E.,  and  from  the  rest 
of  Mesopotamia  on  the  £>.  Its  capital  was 
Edessa. 

OSSA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  mountain  in  the 
N.  of  Thessaly,  connected  with  Pelion  on  the 
S.E.,  aud  divided  from  Olympus  on  ;he  N.W. 
by  the  vale  of  Tempe.  It  is  mentioned  in  the 
legend  of  the  war  of  tb°  Giants,  respecting 
which  see  Olthpcb. 

OSTIA  (-ae:  Ostia),  a  town  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Tiber,  and  the  harbor  of  Rome, 
from  which  it  was  distant  10  miles  by  land, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  left  arm  of  the 
river.  It  was  founded  by  Ancus  Martius,  the 
4th  king  of  Rome,  was  a  Roman  colony,  and 
became  au  important  and  flourishing  town. 
The  emperor  Claudius  constructed  a  new  aud 
better  harbor  on  the  right  arm  of  the  Tiber, 
which  was  enlarged  and  improved  by  Trajan. 
This  new  harbor  was  called  simply  Partus 
Hermanns  or  Partus  August!,  and  around  it 
there  sprang  up  a  flourishing  town,  also 
called  Portus.  The  old  town  of  Ostia,  whose 
harbor  had  been  already  partly  tilled  up  by 
sand,  now  sank  into  insignificance,  and  only 
continued  to  exist  through  its  salt-works  {sa- 
linae),  which  had  been  established  by  Ancus 
Martius. 

OSTORIUS  SCAPULA.    [Scapula.] 

OTHO  (-onis),  L.  ROSCIUS  (-i),  tribune  of 
the  plebs  n.c.  07,  when  he  carried  the  law 
which  gave  to  the  equiies  a  special  place  at 
the  public  spectacles,  in  fourteen  rows  or 
seats  {in  quattuordecim  gradibus  sive  ordini- 
bus),  uext  to  the  place  of  the  senators,  which 
was.in  the  orchestra.  This  law  was  very 
unpopular;  and  in  Cicero's  consulship  (03) 
there  was  such  a  riot  occasioned  by  the 
obnoxious  measure  that  it  required  all  his 
eloquence  to  allay  the  agitation. 

OTHO  (-onis),  M.  SALVlUS,  Roman  em- 
peror from  January  15th  to  April  10th,  a.p. 
69,  was  born  in  32.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Nero  in  his  debaucheries ;  but 
when  the  emperor  took  possession  of  his  wife, 
the  beautiful  but  profligate  Poppaea  Sabina, 
Otho  was  sent  as  governor  to  Lusitania,  which 
he  administered  with  credit  during  the  last 
10  years  of  Nero's  life.  Otho  attached  him- 
self to  Galba,  when  he  revolted  againstNero 
in  the  hope  of  being  adopted  by  him,  ;;nd 
succeeding  to  the  empire.  But  when  Galba 
adopted  L.  Piso,  on  the  10th  of  January,  0'.!, 
Otho  formed  a  conspiracy  against  Galba",  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  soldiers  at 
Rome,  who  put  Galba  to  death.  Meantime 
Vitellius  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  at 
Cologne  by  the  German  troops  on  the  3d  of 
January.  When  this  news  reached  Otho,  he 
marched  into  the  N.  of  Italy  to  oppose  the 
generals  of  Vitellius.  His  army  was  defeated 
in  a  decisive  battle  near  Bedriacum,  where- 
upon he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  at  Brixel- 
lum,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age. 

OTHRYADES    aud    OTHRTlDES   (-ae). 


OTIIRYS. 


281 


PADUS. 


(1)  A  patronymic  given  to  Pamhous  or  Pan- 
tlnis,  the  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo,  as  the  son 
ofOthrys.— (2)  The  survivor  of  the  300  Spar- 
tan champions  who  fought  with  the  300 
Argives  for  the  possession  of  Thyrea.  Being 
ashamed  to  return  to  Sparta  as  the  only  sur- 
vivor, he  slew  himself  on  the  field  of  battle. 

OTHKYS  and  OTIIRYS  (-yds),  a  lofty  range 
of  mountains  in  the  S.  of  Thessaly,  extending 
from  Mount  Tymphrestus,  or  the  most  S.-ly 
part  of  Pindus,  to  the  E.  coast.  It  shut  in  the 
great  Thessalian  plain  on  the  S. 

OTUS  (-i),  and  his  brother,  EPHlALTES, 
are  better  known  by  their  name  of  the 
Aloidae.     [Aloeus.] 

OVIDIUS  NiSO,  P.  (-f.nis),  the  Roman 
yoet,  was  born  at  Sulnio,  in  the  country  of 
the  Peligni,  on  the  20th  of  March,  n.o.  43.  He 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  equestrian 
family.  He  was  destined  to  be  a  pleader, 
and  studied  rhetoric  under  Arellius  Fnscns 
and  Porcius  Latro.  His  education  was  com- 
pleted at  Athens,  and  he  afterwards  traveled 
with  the  poet  filacer  in  Asia  and  Sicily.  His 
love  for  poetry  led  him  to  desert  the  practice 
of  the  law;  "but  he  was  made  one  of  the 
Centumviri,  or  judges  who  tried  testamentary, 
and  even  criminal  causes;  and  in  due  time 
he  was  promoted  to  be  one  of  the  Decemviri, 
who  presided  over  the  court  of  the  Centum- 
viri. He  married  twice  in  early  life  at  the 
desire  of  his  parents,  but  he  speedily  divorced 
each  of  his  wives  in  succession,  and  lived  a 
life  of  licentious  gallantry-  He  afterwards 
married  a  third  wife,  whom  he  appears  to 
have  sincerely  loved,  and  by  whom  he  had  a 
daughter,  Perilla.  After  living  for  many 
years  at  Rome,  and  enjoying  the  favor  of 
Augustus,  he  was  suddenly  banished  by  I  lie 
emperor  to  Tnmi,  a  town  on  the  Enxine,  near 
the  months  of  the  Danube.  The  pretext  of 
his  banishment  was  his  licentious  poem  on 
the  Art  of  Love  (Ars  A  viator Ut),  which  had 


been  published  nearly  10  years  previously ; 
but  the  real  cause  of  his  exile  is  unknown. 
It  is  supposed  by  some  that  he  had  been 
guilty  of  an  intrigue  with  the  younger  Julia, 
the  granddaughter  of  the  emperor  Augustus, 
who  was  banished  in  the  same  year  with 
Ovid.  Ovid  draws  an  affecting  picture  of  tho 
miseries  to  which  he  was  exposed  in  his 
place  of  exile.  He  sought  some  relief  in  the 
exercise  of  his  poetical  talents.  Not  only  did 
he  write  several  of  his  Latin  poems  in  his 
exile,  but  he  likewise  acquired  the  language 
of  the  Getae,  in  which  he  composed  some 
poems  in  honor  of  Augustus.  He  died  at 
Tomi,  in  the  00th  year  of  his  age,  a.i>.  IS. 
Besides  his  amatory  poems,  the  most  im- 
portant of  his  extant  works  are  the  Metamor- 
phoses, consisting  of  such  legends  or  fables  as 
involved  a  transformation,  from  the  Creation 
to  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar,  the  last  being 
that  emperor's  change  into  a  star:  the  Fasti, 
which  is  a  sort  of  poetical  Roman  calendar; 
and  the  Tristia,  and  Epistles  ex  Ponto,  which 
are  elegies  written  during  his  banishment. 

OXUS  or  0XUS  (-i :  Jikoun  or  Anion), 
a  great  river  of  Central  Asia,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Sogdiana  on  the  N.  and 
Bactria  and  Margiana  on  the  S.,  and  falling 
into  the  Caspian.  The  Jihoun  now  flows  into 
the  S.W.  corner  of  the  Sea  of  Aral;  but  there 
are  still  distinct  traces  of  a  channel  in  a 
S.W.-ly  direction  from  the  Sea  of  Aral  to 
the  Caspian,  by  which  at  least  a  portion,  and 
probably  the  whole,  of  the  waters  id'  the 
Oxus  found  their  way  into  the  Caspian.  The 
Oxus  occupies  an  important  place  in  history, 
having  been  in  nearly  all  ages  the  extreme 
boundary  between  the  great  monarchies  of 
southwestern  Asia  and  the  hordes  which 
wander  over  the  central  Bteppes.  Herodotns 
doee  not  mention  the  Oxus  by  name,  but  it  is 
supposed  to  be  the  river  which  he  calls 
A  raxes. 


PACIIYNUSor  PACIIYNI'M  (-i),  a  prom- 
ontory at  the  S.L.  extremity  ofSicily. 

PAcORr.S(-i).  (l)SonofOrodet  l  ,kingof 
Parthia.    His  history  is  given  under  Am  101 
XIV.— (2)  King  of  Parthia.  iAr.su  its  XXIV.] 

PACTOluS  (-i),  a  small   bul  celebrated 

river  of  Lydia,  rising  On  .Mount  Tniolus,  and 
flowing  past  Sardis   into  the   lleriniis.      The 

golden  -ami-  of  Pactolne  have  passed  into  a 
proverb,  and  were  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
wealth  of  ancient  Lydia.  (See  il  lust,  on  p.  282.) 
PACTPE  (-Co),  a  town  iii  the  Thraclan 
Chersonesus,  on  the  Propontis,  to  which  Al- 
sibiades  retired  when  be  was  banished  by  the 

Athenian-,  i:.< I.  In,'. 

PiCfjVlUS  (-i).  M.,  the  greatest  of  the 
Roman  tragic  poets,  was  bom  about  b.o.  220, 
at  Hi  'a  nc  t  n -i  ii.n,  and  was  the  son  of  the  sister 
of  Bnniaa.  After  living  many  years  nl  Rome, 
where  he  ncqnired  great  reputation  as  a 
painter  as  well  as  a  poet,  lie  returned  to 
Brundusium,  where  lie  died  in  the  DOtfa  year 


of  his  age,  b.o.  180.     1 1  i  *-«  tragedies  were 

taken  from  the  great  Greek  writers;  but  be 
did  not  routine  himself,  like  his  predecessors, 
to  mere  translation,  but  worked  up  his  mate- 
rials with  more  freedom  and  Independent 
judgment 

PiDUS  '  i  :  Po),  the  chief  liver  (if  llaly, 
Identified  by  the  Roman  poets  with  tin'  fabu- 
lous Eridanns,  from  which  amber  waa  ob- 
tained.     This  notion  appears  to  have  aiis-en 

from  the  PI niclau  vessels  receiving  at  the 

monl ii    of  tin-  Padua  the  amber  w hlch  had 
been  transported  bv  land  from  tin'  exists  of 
the   Baltic  to  those  of  the  Adriatic.     The 
I'adus  rises  on  Mount  Vesulfl  (Monte  Vim),  in 
I  lie     \  Ips,  and    Hows    in    an    E.  I  v    din 
through  tin'  great  plain  of  CI 
which  it  divides  into  ?  parts,  < Inula  I 
dana  and  < lallla  Transpadaua     n  recelvi 
numerous  affluents,  which  drain  the  wholfl 
of  thi-  vast  plain,  descending  from  the  Alps 

on    the    \'.,    and    the    Apennines    on    the    S. 

These  affluents,  Increased  In  the  summer  by 


PAEAN. 


282 


PALAESTINA. 


the  melting  of  the  snow  on  the  mountains, 
frequently  bring  down  such  a  large  body  of 
water  as  to  cause  the  Padus  to  overflow  its 
banks.  The  whole  course  of  the  river,  in- 
cluding its  windings,  is  about  450  miles. 
About  20  miles  from  the  sea  the  river  divides 
itself  iuto  2  main  branches,  and  falls  into 
the  Adriatic  Sea  by  several  mouths,  between 
Ravenna  and  Altinnm. 

PAEAX  (-aiiis),  that  is,  "the  healing."  was 
originally  the  name  of  the  physician  of  the 
Olympian  gods.  Subsequeutly'the  name  was 
used  in  the  more  general  sense  of  deliverer 
from  any  evil  or  calamity,  and  was  thus  ap- 
plied to  Apollo.  From  Apollo  himself  the 
name  was  transferred  to  the  song  dedicated 
to  him,  and  to  the  warlike  song  sung  before 
or  during  a  battle. 

PAEONES  (-um),  a  powerful  Thracian  peo- 
ple, who  in  historical  times  inhabited  the 
whole  of  the  X.  of  Macedonia,  from  the  front- 
iers of  Illyria  to  some  little  distance  E.  of 
the  river  Strymou.  Their  country  was  called 
Paeon  ia. 

PAESTiNTTS  SINUS.    [Paestttm.] 

PAESTUM  (-i),  called  POSlDONIA  (-ae) 
by  the  Greeks,  was  a  city  in  Lucania,  situated 
4  or  5  miles  S.  of  the  Silarus,  and  near  the 
bay,  which  derived  its  name  from  the  town 
[Paestanns  Sinn-:  a.  of  Salerno).  It  was  col- 
onized by  the  Sybarites  abont  u.o.  5-4.  and 
soon  became  a  powerful  and  flourishing  city. 
Under  the  Romans  it  gradually  sank  in  im- 
portance, and  in  the  time  of  Augustus  it  is 
only  mentioned  on  accouut  of  the  beautiful 
r  see  grown  in  its  neighborhood.  The  ruins 
of  two  Doric  temples  at  Paestum  are  some  of 
the  most  remarkable  remaius  of  antiquity. 

PAJSTUS  (-i),  a  cognomen  in  many  Roman 


gentes,  signified  a  person  who  had  a  slight 
cast  in  the  eye. 

PAETUS,  AELIUS,  the  name  of  2  brothers, 
Publius,  consul  u.c.  201,  and  Sextus,  cousul 
h.c.  19S :  both  of  them,  aud  especially  the  lat- 
ter, jurists  of  eminence. 

PAETUS  THRASEA.     [Thrasea.] 

PAGiSAE  (-arum  or  PAGASA(-ae),atown 
of  Thessaly,  on  the  coast  of  Magnesia,  and 
on  the  bay  called  after  it  Sim-s  Pagasaets  or 
Pagasicis.  It  was  the  port  of  Iolcos,  aud 
afterwards  of  Pherae,  and  is  celebrated  in 
mythology  as  the  place  where  Jason  built  the 
shipArgo.  Hence  the  adjective  Pagasaetis  is 
applied  to  Jason,  and  is  also  used  in  the  gen- 
eral sense  of  Thessalian.  Apollo  is  called 
Pagasaeus  from  having  a  temple  at  the  place. 

PALAEM5N  (-dnie),  son  of  Athamas  and 
Ino,  originally  called  Melicertes,  became  a 
marine  god  when  his  mother  leaped  with  him 
into  the  sea.  [Athamas.]  The  Romans  iden- 
tified Palaemon  with  their  own  godPortunus 
or  Portumnus.    [Pobtondb.] 

PALAEOPOLIS.     [Nf.atous.] 

PaLAESTE  (-ss),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Epirus,  and  a  little  S.  of  the  Acroceraiinian 
mountains,  where  Caesar  landed  when  he 
crossed  over  to  Greece  to  cfffry  on  the  war 
against  Pompey. 

PALAESTINA  (-ae),  the  Greek  and  Roman 
form  of  the  Hebrew  word  which  was  used  bi 
denote  the  country  of  the  Philistines,  aud 
which  was  extended  to  the  whole  country. 
The  Romans  called  it  JrnAEA,  extending  to 
the  whole  country  the  name  of  its  S.  part.  It 
was  regarded  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  as 
a  part  of  Syria. "  It  was  bounded  by  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  \\".,  by  the  mountains  of 


PALAMEDES. 


283 


TAN. 


Lebanon  ou  the  N.,  by  the  Jordan  and  its 
Likes  on  the  E.,  and  by  the  deserts  which 
separated  it  from  Egypt  on  the  S.  The  Ro- 
mans did  not  come  into  contact  with  the 
conntry  till  b.c.  03,  when  Pompey  took  Jeru- 
salem. From  this  time  the  country  was  real- 
ly subject  to  the  Romans.  At  the  death  of 
Herod  his  kingdom  was  divided  between  his 
sons  as  tetrarchs;  but  the  different  parts  of 
Palestine  were  eventually  annexed  to  the 
Roman  province  of  Syria,  and  were  governed 
by  a  procurator. 

PALAMEDES  (-is),  son  of  Nauplius  aud 
Clymene,  and  one  of  the  Greek  heroes  who 
sailed  against  Troy.  When  Ulysses  feigned 
madness  that  he  might  not  be  compelled  to 
sail  with  the  other  chiefs,  Palamedes  detected 
his  stratagem  by  placing  his  infant  son  be- 
fore him  while  he  was  plowing.  [Ulysses.] 
In  order  to  revenge  himself,  Ulysses  bribed  a 
servant  of  Palamedes  to  conceal  under  his 
master's  bed  a  letter  written  in  the  name  of 
Priam.  He  then  accused  Palamedes  of  treach- 
ery ;  upon  searching  his  tent  they  found  the 
fatal  letter,  and  thereupon  Palamedes  was 
stoned  to  death  by  the  Greeks.  Later  writers 
describe  Palamedes  as  a  sage,  and  attribute 
to  him  the  invention  of  light-houses,  meas- 
ures, scales,  the  discus,  dice,  etc.  He  is  fur- 
ther said  to  have  added  the  letters  0,  f,  %,  <P> 
to  the  original  alphabet  of  Cadmus. 

PALATTNUS  MONS.    [Roma.] 

PALATIUM.     [Roma.] 

PALES  (-is),  a  Roman  divinity  of  flocks 
and  Shepherds,  whose  festival,  the  I'alilia, 
was  celebrated  on  the  21st  of  April,  the  day 
on  which  Koine  was  founded. 

PALTCI  <-<". ri i in >  were  Sicilian  L'ods,  twin 
sons  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  the  nymph  Thalia. 
Their  mother,  from  fear  of  Hera  (Juno),  pray- 
ed to  be  swallowed  up  by  the  earth;  her 
prayer  was  granted;  but  in  due  time  twin 
bo  issued  from  the  earth,  who  were  wor- 
shiped in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Aetna, 
near  Palice. 

PaLI.nT'IM'M  '-i :  C. Palinuro),  a  promon- 
tory on  the  W.  coast  of  Lncania,  said  to  have 

derived  Its  name  from  I'aliinii  us,  pilot  of  the 

ship  of  Aeneas,  who  fell  into  the  sea,  and  was 
murdered  on  the  roast  by  the  natives. 

I'  '  I.I.AIilt'M    '-o,   properly  any   in.  ige 
I'               Allien:,    (Mind  VB  ,   lull     -|hi  i;il  ly    ap- 
plied to  an  ancient  imaj i  I  hie   goddi 

Troy,  on  i he  preservation  ol  which  tin'  safety 
of  the  town  ile  j,  ended,  [t  was  stolen  by  Ulys- 
ses and  Diomedes,  and  was  carried  by  the  lat- 
ter to  Greece.    According  to  some  acconnts, 

Troy   contained   two   Palladia,  one   of  which 

was  carried  off  by  Ulysses  and  Diomedes, 

while  the  other  was  conveyed  by  Aeneas  to 
[laly.     Others  relate  that  the  Palladium  taken 

by  the  Greeks  was  a  men-  Imitation,  while 
that  which  Aeneac  brought  to  [taly 
genuine  Image,    Bui  tin-  twofold  Palladium 
was  probably  a  mere  invention  to  account  for 
its  existence  at  Rome. 

I'ALLA.VI  IA  Mii'i.  the  Chief  town  of  the 
Vnccaei,  In  the  N.  of  Hlspania  Tarraconensis, 
nnd  on  a  tributary  of  the  Durlus. 

PALLANTIAS"  (-;i,lis)   and    PALLANTIS 


(-idis),  patronymics  given  to  Aurora,  the 
daughter  of  the  giaut  Pallas. 

PALLANTIUM  (-0,  an  ancient  town  of  Ar- 
cadia, near  Tegea,  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Pallas,  son  of  Lycaon.  Evander  is  said  to 
have  come  from  this  place,  and  to  have  call- 
ed the  town  which  he  founded  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tiber  Pallanteum  (afterwards  Pdlan- 
tium  awXl'dldfiinii),  after  the  Arcadian  town. 
Hence  Evander  is  called  I'allantius  lierus. 

PALLAS  (-adis),  a  surname  of  Athdna 
[Athena.] 

PALLAS  (-antis).  (1)  One  of  the  giants.— 
(2)  The  father  of  Athena,  according  to  some 
traditions.  —  (3)  Sou  of  Lycaon,  and  grand- 
father of  Evander.  [Pallautium.] — (4)  Son 
of  Evander,  and  an  ally  of  Aeneas. — (5)  Sou 
of  the  Athenian  king  Pandion,  from  whom 
the  celebrated  family  of  the  Pallantidae  at 
Athens  traced  their  origin.  —  (6)  A  favorite 
freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  who  ac- 
quired enormous  wealth.  Hence  the  line  in 
Juvenal,  ego  poesideo  plus  Pallante  it  Licinio. 

PALLENE  (-6s),  the  most  westerly  or  the  :i 
peninsulas  running  out  from  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia. 

PALMYRA  (-ae :  Tadmor),  a  celebrated  city 
of  Syria,  standing  in  an  oasis  of  the  ure;it 
Syrian  Desert,  which  from  its  position  was  a 
halting-place  for  the  caravans  between  Syria 
and  Mesopotamia.  Here  Solomon  built  a  city, 
which  was  called  in  Hebrew  Tadnior,  that  is, 
the  city  of  palm-trees ;  and  of  this  name  the 
Greek  Palmyra  is  a  translation.  Under  Ha- 
drian and  the  Antoniues  il  was  highly  favor- 
ed, and  reached  its  greatest  splendor.  The 
history  of  its  temporary  elevation  to  the  rank 
of  a  capital,  in  the  3d  cen  1  my  of  the  Christian 
era,  is  related  under  Open  \  rni  sandZsNom  v. 
(ta  splendid  ruins,  which  form  a  most  striking 
objei  i  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  are  of  the 
Roman  period. 

I'A  \1  I'll  "i  I.I  A  (-ae),  a  narrow  strip  of  the 
s.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  extending  In  a  sort 
of  arch  along  the  Sinus  Pamphyuns  (<.'.  of 
Adalia),  betweeu  Lycia  on  the  W.  and  Cllicia 
on  the  K.,  and  on  the  N.  bordering  on  Pisidia. 
The  inhabitants  were  a  mixture  of  races, 

whence  their   name  Pamphyll  m 

nil  races.    There  were  Greek  settlements  In 

the  land,  the  foundation  of  which  WOS  as- 
cribed to  Mopsub,  from  whom  the  conntry 
was  in  early  tone-  called  Mopbopia.  It  was 
accc  Ively  o  part  of  the  Persian,  Macedo- 
nian,   <  In™  -Syrian,   and     Pel  ;-a  men"    kiliL'- 

doms,  and  passed  by  the  will  of  Attains  III. 
to  the  Roman     b.i    180).  under  whom  11  was 

i  province  j   bnl   this  province  of  I'ain- 
phvlia  included  also  I'isidia  ami  Isauria.  ano 

afterwardf  a  part  of  Lycia,    Under  Conston- 

I  i  ii<-  I'isidia  was  .-.gain  Separated  from  I'aiu 
phvlia. 

PAN  (fan.'.  .  the  '.  .t  -'..d  of  flocks  and 
Bhepbi  rdi  among  I  he  I  h  eel  .  a  nolh  c  il  ed  a 
son  of  Qcrme    •  Met  cui    .  wa    oris  Inally  an 

Ai  ruiuii  i,  and   \i  i  niia  was  biwb  ■    I  he 

principal  seal   of  hi*  wot  ship.     From  this 

Conntry    his    name    and    woi-hip    afterwards 

spread  oxer  other  parts  "i  Greece ;  but  at 
Athena  his  worship  wu  nol  Introduced  tiU 


PANAETIUS. 


284 


PANOPEUS. 


the  time  of  the  battle  of  Marathon.    He  is 
bed  as  wandering  among  the  mountains 

and  valleys  of  Arcadia,  either  amusiug  him- 
self with  the  chase,  or  leading  the  dances  of 
the  Dymphs.  He  loved  music,  and  invented 
the  syrinx  or  shepherd's  flute.  Pan,  like  oth- 
er gods  who  dwelt  in  forests,  was  dreaded  by 
travelers,  to  whom  he  sometimes  appeared, 
and  whom  he  startled  with  sudden  awe  or 
terror.  Hence  sudden  fright,  without  any 
visible  cause,  was  ascribed  to  Pan,  and  was 
called  a  Panic  fear.  The  Romans  identified 
their  god  Faunus  with  Pan.  [Faunus.]  In 
works  of  ait  Pau  is  represented  as  a  sensual 
being,  with  horns,  puck-nose,  and  gnat's  feet, 
sometimes  in  the  act  of  dancing,  and  some- 
times playing  on  the  syrinx. 


Pan  with  a  Syrinx. 

PANAETIUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Rhodes,  and 
a  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher,  lived  some 
years  at  Rome,  where  he  became  an  intimate 
friend  of  Laelius  and  of  Scipio  Africanus  the 
younger.  He  succeeded  Antipater  as  head 
of  the  Stoic  school,  and  died  at  Athens,  at  all 
events  before  u.c.  111.  The  principal  work 
of  I'anaetins  was  his  treatise  on  the  theory  of 
moral  obligation,  from  which  Cicero  took  the 
greater  part  of  his  work  De  Officiis. 

PANDARE5S,  son  of  Merops  of  Miletus, 
whose  daughters  are  said  to  have  been  car- 
ried off  by  the  Harpies. 

PANDARUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Lycian,  distin- 
guished in  the  Trojan  army  as  an  archer.-i- 
(2)  Son  of  Alcanor,  and  twin  brother  of  Bitias, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Aeneas,  slain  by 
Turnus. 

PANDATARIA  (-ae:  Vendutene),  a  small 
Island  off  the  coast  of  Campania,  to  which  Ju- 
lia, the  daughter  of  Augustus,  was  banished. 

PANDION  (-onis).  (1)  King  of  Athens, 
son  of  Erichthonins,  and  father  of  Procne 
and  Philomela.  The  tragic  history  of  his 
dantrhters  is  given  under  Tereus. — (2)  King 
of  Athens,  son  of  Cecrops,  was  expelled  from 
Athens  by  the  Metionidae,  and  fled  to  Me- 
gara,  of  which  he  became  king. 

PANDORA  (-ae),  the  name  of  the  first 
woman  on  earth.  When  Prometheus  had 
6tolen  the  fire  from  heaven,  Zeus  (Jupiter) 


in  revenge  caused  Hephaestus  to  make  a 
woman  out  of  earth,  who  by  her  charms  and 
beauty  should  bring  misery  upon  the  human 
race.  Aphrodite  (Venus)  adorned  her  with 
beauty  ;  Hermes  (Mercury)  bestowed  upon 
her  boldness  and  cunning;  and  the  gods  call- 
ed her  Pandora,  or  All-gifted,  as  each  of  the 
gods  had  given  her  some  power  by  which  she 
was  to  work  the  ruin  of  man.  Hermes  took 
her  to  Epimetheus,  who  made  her  his  wife, 
forgetting  the  advice  of  his  brother  Prome- 
theus not  to  receive  any  gifts  from  the  gods. 
Pandora  brought  with  her  from  heaven  a  box 
containing  every  human  ill,  upon  opening 
which  they  all  escaped  and  spread  over  the 
earth,  Hope  alone  remaining.  At  a  still  later 
period  the  box  is  said  to  have  contained  all 
the  blessings  of  the  gods,  which  would  have 
been  preserved  for  the  human  race  had  not 
Pandora  opened  the  vessel,  so  that  the  wing- 
ed blessings  escaped. 

PANDOSIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  Epirus  in 
the  district  Thesprotia,  on  the  river  Acheron. 
— (2)  A  town  iu  Bruttium,  near  the  frontiers 
of  Lucania,  situated  on  the  river  Acheron. 
It  was  here  that  Alexander  of  Epirus  fell,  u.o. 
320,  in  accordance  with  an  oracle. 

PANDROSOS  (-i),  i.  e.  "the  all-bedewing," 
or  "refreshing,"  was  a  daughter  of  Cecrops 
and  a  sister  of  Herse  and  Aglauros. 

PANGAEUS  (-i)  or  PANGAEA  (-orum),  a 
range  of  mountains  in  Macedonia,  between 
theStrymon  andtheNestus,  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Philippi,  with  gold  and  silver 
mines,  and  with  splendid  roses. 

PANIONIUM  (-i),  a  spot  on  the  N.  of  the 
promontory  of  Mycale,  with  a  temple  to  Po- 
seidon (Neptune),  which  was  the  place  of 
meeting  for  the  cities  of  Ionia. 

PANNONIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Alps,  separated 
on  the  W.  from  Noricum  by  the  Mons  Cetius, 
and  from  Upper  Italy  by  the  Alpes  Jnliae,  on 
the  S.  from  Ulyria  by  the  Savus,  on  the  E. 
from  Dacia  by  the  Danube,  and  on  the  N. 
from  Germany  by  the  same  river. — The  Pan- 
noniaus  (Pannouii)  were  probably  of  Illyrian 
origin.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple, aud  were  conquered  by  the  Romans  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  (about  u.c.  33).  Iu  a.i>. 
7  the  Piiunonians  joined  the  Dalmatians  and 
the  other  Illyrian  tribes  in  their  revolt  from 
Rome,  but  were  conquered  by  Tiberius  after 
a  struggle  which  lasted  3  years  (a.d.  1-9). 
Pannonia  was  originally  only  one  province, 
but  was  afterwards  divided  into  two  prov- 
inces, called  Pannonia  Superior  and  Pannonia 
Inferior. 

PANOMPIIAEUS  (-i),  ?'.  e.  the  author  of  all 
signs  and  omens,  a  surname  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter). 

PANOPE  (-es)  or  PANOPAEA  (-ae),  a 
nymph  of  the  sea,  daughter  of  Nerens  and 
Doris. 

PANOPEUS  (-eos  or  el).  (1)  Son  of  Phocns, 
accompanied  Amphitryon  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Taphians  or  Teleboans.  and  was 
one  of  the  Calydonian  hunters. — (2)  Or  Pano- 
pe  (-es),  an  ancient  town  in  Phocis  on  the 
Cephissus,  and  uear  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia. 


PANOPTES. 


28" 


PARIS. 


PANOPTES.     [Akocs.] 

PANORMUS  (-i:  Palermo),  an  important 
town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  founded  by  the 
Phoenicians,  and  which  at  a  later  time  re- 
ceived its  Greek  name  from  its  excellent  har- 
bor. From  the  Phoenicians  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Carthaginians,  and  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  in  the  1st  Punic  war,  B.C. 254. 

PANSA  (-ae),  C.VIBIUS,  consul  with  Uir- 
tlUS,  B.C.  43.     [IIietius.] 

PANTXGIAS  or  PANTlGlES  (-ae),  a  small 
river  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  flowing  into 
the  sea  between  Megara  and  Syracuse. 

PANTHEUM  (-i),  a  celebrated  temple  at 
Rome  in  the  Campus  Martins,  which  is  still 
extant  and  used  as  a  Christian  church,  re- 
sembles in  its  general  form  the  Colo-scum  in 
the  Regent's  Park,  London.  It  was  built  by 
M.  Agrippa,  u.o.27,  and  was  dedicated  to  Mars 
ami  Venn-. 

PANTHOUS,  contr.  PANTHUS  (voc.  Pan- 
thu).  a  priest  of  Apollo  at  Troy,  ami  father  of 
Euphoibus,  who  is  therefore  "called  PanthiBb- 
dea.  Pythagoras  is  also  called  Panthfntif*,  be- 
cause he  maintained  that  his  soul  had  in  a 
previous  state  animated  the  body  ofEuphor- 
bus.  lie  is  called  by  Virgil  Othryddes,  or  son 
of  Othryas. 

PANTICAPAEUM,  a  town  in  the  Tanric 
Cbersonesus,  situated  on  a  hill  on  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  was  founded  by  the  Mile- 
sians about  i'..c.  541,  and  became  the  residence 
of  the  Greek  kings  of  the  Bosporus. 

PAN  vAsis,  a  native  of  Halicarnassus,  and 
a  relation  -probably  an  uncle  -of  the  histo- 
rian Herodotus,  flourished  about  n.o.  480,  and 
was  celebrated  as  an  epic  poet. 

PAPHLXGONIA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  bounded  by  Bithyuia  on  the  \V.,  by 
Pontns  on  the  )•:.,  hy  Phrygin  and  afterwards 
by  Galatia  on  the  s.,  ami  by  tic  Euxine  on 
the  N.  In  tic  Trojan  war  the  Paphlagoniaue 
i  d  to  have  come  to  i  lie  assistance  of  the 

Trojan-,  from  the  land  of  the   lleiieli,  under 

He-  command  of  Pylaemenes.  The  Paphla- 
goniana  were  subdued  by  Croesus,  ami  after- 
wards formed  pari  of  the  Persian  empire. 
Under  the  Romans,  Paphlagonia  formed  pari 
of  the  province  of  Galatia,  but  it  was  made  a 
separate  pro>  luce  bj  <  lonstantine. 

PAPIII'S  l-\).  (1)  Son  of  PygmaliOTI,  and 
founder  of  the  city  of  the  same  name. —  (2) 
The  name  of 'J  towns  on  tlie  W.  coagl  of  Cy- 

pnt  .  '.died  "  i  >\t\  Papbos  "  (i  ir,  a  .i.  tt  ...,■  i  d 
"NewPapbos,"  the  former  near  the  promon- 
tory of  Zephyritim,  10  stadia  fr the  con 

the  latter  more  luland, 60  stadia  from  the  for- 
mer, old  Paphos  ivat  the  chief  seal  of  the 
worship  of  Aphrodite  (Venue),  who  i-  said 

to  have   landed  at  this   place  after  her  birth 

among  tie-  waves, and  wno  Is  heuce  freqm  nt- 

ly  railed  the  I'aphian  goddess  ( Papilla).     Ileie 

she  hai  ed  temple,  i  he  blgh-pi  lest 

of  which  exercised  a  kind  of  religious  gnpei 
intendence  ovet  the  «  bole  island! 

I'Ai'iMAMS  t-ii,  \  i;m  i  r  us,  a  celebra 
ted  Roman  jurist,  wat  pre  rectus  praetorin 

under  the  emperor  Septimiiis  Severus,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  Caracalla,  a.o.  212, 


PiPINIUS  STATIUS.     [Statius.] 

PAl'Ikll'S  CAKBO.     [Oaubo.] 

PAPIRIUS  CURSOR.     [Cursor.] 

PARAETACENE  (-es),  a  mountainous  re- 
gion on  the  borders  of  Media  and  Persis. 

PARAETONIUM  (-i)  or  AMMONIA  (-ae), 
an  important  city  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa, 
belonged  politically  to  Egypt:  hence  this  city 
on  the  VV.  and  Pelusinm  on  the  E.  are  called 
"cornua  Aegypti."  The  adjective  Paraeto- 
7iins  is  used  by  the  poets  in  the  general  sense 
of  Egyptian. 

PARCAE.     [Moirae.] 

PARIS  (-idis).  (1)  Also  called  ALEXAN- 
DER (-dri).  was  the  second  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba.  Before  his  birth  Hecuba  dreamed 
that  she  had  brought  forth  a  tire-brand,  the 
Haines  of  Which  spread  over  the  whole  city. 
Accordingly,  as  soon  as  the  child  was  born,  he 
was  exposed  on  Mount  Ida,  but  was  brought 
up  by  a  shepherd,  wdio  gave  him  the  name  of 
Paris.     When  he  had  grown  up,  he  distiu- 


r  u 


gnished  himself  as  a  valiant  defender  ol  the 

flocks  and   shepherds,  and  was   heme  railed 

Alexander,  or  i  he  defender  of  men.  lie  suc- 
ceeded in  discovering  his  real  origin,  and 
was  received  by  Priam  ne  his  son.    lie  mar- 

i  led  < ieii"ii.',  the  daughter  nf  the  rivei i 

Cebren,  bill  be  -non  deserted  her  for  Helen. 
The  tale  runs  that  when  PeleilS  and  Thetis 
solemnized  their  nuptial'-,  all  the  gods  were 
Invited  to  the  marriage  wltb  the  exception  of 
Erls  (Disconiiai,  or  suite.  Enraged  at  her 
[on,  the  goddet  i  threw  n  golden  apple 
nmong  the  guests,  with  I  he  Insi  rlpl  Ion  "  to 
i be  fail e  t."    Thereupon  Hem    Juno),  Aph< 

roilile   (Venus),  and    Allcna    (Minerva),  each 

i  lalmen  I  he  apple  for  herself.    Zeu    (J  upltei  I 

ordered  Herme      Mei  cun    to  take  1 1 1 

desses  to  Mount  Ida,  ann  to  Intrust  the  de- 
cision of  the  dispute  in  the  si  ephcrd  Pat  I  . 
The  godde  e  ni  ci  irdingly  nppe  u  ed  before 
him.  Hern  pi  om  ed  him  I  be  overe  gnty  of 
\- la,  a Lheua  renow war,  and  Aphi 

the  (nil  e   I  of  women  for  his  wife.      Paris  de- 

ol  \i  hrodite,  and  gave  her  the 


PARISH. 


286 


PAROS. 


golden  apple.  This  judgment  called  forth  in 
Hera  and  Athena  tierce  hatred  against  Troy. 

Under  the  protection  of  Aphrodite.  Pari;;  now 
t-ailei  t.i  Greece,  and  was  hospitably  received 
in  the  palace  of  Menelaus  at  Sparta.  Here 
he  succeeded  in  carrying  off  Helen,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  who  was  the  most  beautiful 
woman  in  Che  world.  Hence  arose  the  Tro- 
jan war.  Before  her  marriage  with  Menelaus 
she  had  been  wooed  by  the  noblest  chiefs  of 
all  parts  of  Greece.  Her  former  suitors  now 
re-,  lived  to  revenge  her  abduction,  and  sailed 
against  Troy.  [Agamemnon.]  Paris  fought 
with  Menelaus  before  the  walls  of  Troy,  and 
was  defeated,  hut  was  carried  off  by  Aphro- 
dite. Heis  saidto  have killedAchilles,  either 
by  one  of  his  arrows  or  by  treachery.  [Armi.- 
lks.]  On  the  capture  of  Troy,  Paris  was 
wounded  by  Philoctetes  with  one  of  the  ar- 
row- of  Hercules,  and  then  returned  to  his 
long -abandoned  wife  Oenone.  Pit  as  she 
refused  to  heal  the  wound,  Paris  die  1.  Oeno- 
ne quickly  repented,  and  put  an  end  to  her 
own  life.  Paris  is  represented  in  works  of 
art  as  a  beautiful  youth,  without  a  beard,  and 
with  a  Phrygian  cap.— -(2)  The  name  of  two 
celebrated  pantomime-,  of  whom  the  elder 
lived  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Nero,  and 
the  younger  in  that  of  Domitian. 

PARlSfX     [Lutetia  Parisioiitm.] 

PAIUUM  (-i),  a  city  of  Mysia,  on  the  Pro- 
pontis,  founded  by  a  colony  from  Miletus  and 
Paros. 

PARMA  (-ae:  Parma),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Cispadana,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  between  Placentia  and  Mutiua,  origi- 
nally a  town  of  the  Boii,  but  made  a  Roman 
culi  my  ii. o.  183.   It  was  celebrated  for  its  wool. 

PARMENIDES  (-is),  a  distinguished  G  eek 
philosopher,  was  a  native  of  Elea  in  Italy,  and 
the  founder  of  the  Eleatic  school  of  philoso- 
phy, in  which  he  was  succeeded  by  Zeno.  He 
was  born  about  u.c.  513,  and  visited  Athens 
in  44s,  when  he  was  65  years  of  age. 

PARMENION(-onis),  a  distinguished  Mace- 
donian genera]  in  the  service  of  Philip  and 
Alexander  the  Great.  In  Alexander's  inva- 
sion of  Asia,  Parmenion  was  regarded  as  sec- 
ond in  command,  and  is  continually  spoken 
of  as  the  most  attached  of  the  kind's  friends. 
Put  when  Phil. uas,  the  sou  of  Parmenion, 
was  accused  in  Drangiana  (n.c.  330)  of  being 
privy  to  a  plot  against  the  king's  life,  he  not 
only  confessed  his  own  guilt,  when  puttothe 
torture,  but  involved  his  father  also  in  the 
plot.  Whether  the  king  really  believed  in 
1;  of  Parmenion,  or  deemed  his  life  a 
sary  sacrifice  to  policy  after  theexecntion 
of  his  son,  he  caused  his  aged  friend  to  be  as- 
s  issinated  in  Media  before  he  could  receive 
the  tidings  of  his  son's  death. 

PARNASSUS  (-i),  a  range  of  mountains  ex- 
tending S.E.  through  Doris  and  Phocis,  and 
terminating  at  the  Corinthian  gulf  between 
Cirrha  and  Anticyra.  But  the  name  was  more 
usually  restricted  to  the  highest  part  of  the 
range  a  few  miles  N.  of  Delphi.  Its  2  highest 
summits  were  called  Tithorea  and  Lycorea; 
hence  Parnassus  is  frequently  described  by 
the  poets  as  double-headed.     The  sides  of 


Parnassus  were  well  wooded;  at  its  foot  grew 
myrtle,  laurel,  and  olive  trees,  and  higher  up 
firs;  and  its  summit  was  covered  with  snow 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  It  con- 
tained numerous  caves,  glens,  and  romantic 
ravines.  It  is  celebrated  as  one  of  the  chief 
seats  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  and  an  in- 
spiring source  of  poetry  and  song.  On  Mount 
Lycorea  was  the  Corycian  cave,  from  which 
the  Muses  are  sometimes  called  the  Corycian 
nymphs.  Just  above  Delphi  was  the  far- 
famed  Castalian  spring,  which  issued  from 
between  2  cliffs,  called  aauplia  and  Hyamplia. 
These  cliffs  are  frequently  called  by  the  poets 
the  summits  of  Parnassus,  though  they  are 
in  reality  only  small  peaks  at  the  base  of  the 
mountain.  The  mountain  also  was  sacred  to 
Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  on  one  of  its  summits 
the  Thyades  held  their  Bacchic  revels.  Be- 
tween Parnassus  proper  and  Mount  Cirphis 
was  the  valley  of  the  Plistus,  through  which 
the  sacred  road  ran  from  Delphi  to  Danlis  and 
Stiris  ;  and  at  the  point  where  the  road 
branched  off  to  these  2  places  (called  o-x'o-t/;) 
Oedipus  slew  his  father  Laius. 

PARNES  (-ethis),  a  mountain  in  the  N.E. 
of  Attica,  was  a  continuation  of  Mount  Ci- 
thaeron,  and  formed  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Boeotia  and  Attica.  It  was  well  wood- 
ed, abounded  in  game,  and  on  its  lower  slopes 
produced  excellent  wiuc. 

PAROPAMISUS  (-i),  the  part  of  the  meat 
chain  of  mountains  in  Central  Asia  lying  be- 
tween the  Sariphi  mountains  (.V.  of  Kohistan) 
on  the  W.  and  Mount  Imaus  {Himalaya)  on 
the  E.,  or  from  about  the  sources  of  the  river 
Margus  on  the  \V.  to  the  point  where  the  In- 
dus breaks  through  the  chain  on  the  E.  The 
Greeks  sometimes  called  them  the  Indian 
Caucasus,  a  name  which  has  come  down  to 
our  times  in  the  native  form  of  Hindoo-  Knosh. 
Its  inhabitants  were  called  Paromisadae  or 
Paropamisii. 

PAROS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Aeeaean  sea, 
one  of  the  larger  of  the  Cvclades,  was  situated 
S.  of  Delos  and  W.  of  Na'xos,  being  separated 
from  the  latter  by  a  channel  5  or  0  miles  wide 
It  is  about  36  miles  in  circumference.  It  was 
inhabited  by  Ionians,  and  became  so  prosper- 
ous, even  at  an  early  period,  as  to  send  out 
colonies  to  Thasos  and  to  Parium  on  the  Pro- 
pontis.  In  the  first  invasion  of  Greece  by 
the  generals  of  Darius,  Paros  submitted  to 
the  Persians;  and  after  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon Miltiades  attempted  to  reduce  the  isl- 
and, but  failed  in  his  attempt,  and  received  a 
wound  of  which  he  died.  [Mh.tiaties]  After 
the  defeat  of  Xerxes,  Paros  came  under  the 
supremacy  of  Athens,  and  shared  the  fate  of 
the  other  Cvclades.  The  most  celebrated 
production  of  Paros  was  its  marble,  which 
was  extensively  used  by  the  ancient  sculptors. 
It  was  chiefly  obtained  from  a  mountain 
called  Marpessa.  Paros  was  the  birthplace 
of  the  poet  Archilochus.— In  Paros  was  dis- 
covered the  celebrated  inscription  called  the 
Parian  Chronicle,  which  is  now  preserved  at 
Oxford.  In  its  perfect  state  it  contained  a 
chronological  account  of  the  principal  events 
in  Greek  history  from  Cecrops,  b.o.  1682,  to 
the  archonship  of  Diognetus,  u.o.  '.'64. 


PARRHASIA. 


2S7 


PARTHIA. 


PARRHlSIA  (-ae),  a  district  in  the  S.  of 
Arcadia.  The  adjective  Parrhasius  is  fre- 
quently used  by  the  poets  as  equivaleut  to 
Arcadian. 

PARRHASIUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated Greek  painters,  was  a  native  of  Ephe- 
sus,  but  practiced  his  art  chiefly  at  Athens. 
He  flourished  about  b.c.  400.  Respecting  tiie 
story  of  his  coutest  with  Zeuxis,  see  Zeuxis. 

PARTHENT.     [Pautiiini.] 

PARTHENIUM  (-i).  (1)  A  town  in  Mysia, 
tS.  of  Pergamum. — (2)  A  promontory  in  the 
IChersouesusTaurica,  on  which  stood  a  temple 
of  the  Tauiic  Artemis  (Diana),  from  whom  it 
derived  its  name.  It  was  in  this  temple  that 
human  sacrifices  were  offered  to  the  goddess. 

PARTHENIUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Nicaea,  a  cele- 
brated grammarian,  who  taught  Virgil  Greek. 
—(2)  A  mountain  on  the  frontiers  of  Argolis 
and  Arcadia.  It  was  on  this  mountain  that 
1  elephus,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge,  was 
sucicled  by  a  hind  ;  and  here  also  the  god  Pail 
appeared  to  Phidippides,  the  Athenian  couri- 
er, shortly  before  t lie  batt  le  id'  Marathon. — (3) 
The  chief  river  of  Paphlagonia,  flowing  into 
tii''  Euxine,  and  forming  in  the  lower  part  of 
its  course  the  boundary  between  Bithynia 
aiio  Paphlagonia. 

PARTHENON"  (-f>nis:  i.e.  the  virgin's  cham- 
ber), the  usual  name  id'  the  temple  of  Athena 
(Minerva)  Partheuos  on  the  Acropolis  of 
Alliens.  It  was  erected  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Pericles,  and  was  dedicated  n.o.  488. 
lis  architects  were  [ctinus  and  Callicrntes, 
but  all  the  works  were  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Phidias.  It  was  built  entirely  of  Peti- 
te] c  marble  ;  its  dimensions  were  227  English 
feel  long,  mi  broad,  and  65  high;  it  was  50 
feel  longer  than  the  edifice  which  preceded  it, 
I .  -  architecture  was  of  the  Doric  order,  and 

ol'the  purest  kind.     It  consisted  of  an  oblong 

central  building  (ihe  cella),  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  a  peristyle  of  pillars.  The  cella  was 
divided  Into  2  chambers  of  unequal  size,  the 
prodomiis  or  pronaos  and  the  opisthodomus  or 


posticum;  the  former,  which  was  the  larger, 
contained  the  statue  of  the  goddess,  and  was 
the  true  sanctuary,  the  latter  being  probably 
used  as  a  treasury  and  vestry.  It  was  adorned, 
within  and  without,  with  colors  and  gilding, 
and  with  sculptures  which  are  regarded  as 
the  masterpieces  of  ancient  art.  (1.)  The. 
tympana  of  the  pediments  were  rilled  with 
groups  of  detached  colossal  statues,  those  of 
the  E.  or  principal  front  representing  the 
birth  of  Athena,  and  those  ol'the  W.  front  the 
contest  between  Athena  and  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) for  the  laud  of  Attica.  ('2.)  In  thefriez* 
of  the  entablature,  the  metopes  were  filled  with 
sculptures  in  high  relief,  representing snhjects 
from  the  Attic  mythology,  among  which  the 
battle  of  the  Athenians  with  the  Centaurs 
forms  the  subject  id' the  15  metopes  from  the 
S.  side,  which  are  now  in  t  lie  British  Museum. 
(3.)  Along  the  top  of  the  external  wall  of  the 
cella,  under  the  ceiling  of  the  peristyle,  ran  a 
frieze  sculptured  with  a  representation  ol'the 
Panathenaic  procession,  in  very  low  relief. 
A  large  number  of  the  slabs  of  this  frieze 
were  brought  to  England  by  Lord  Elgin, with 
the  15  metopes  just  mentioned,  and  a  consid- 
erable number  of  other  fragments,  including 
some  of  the  most  important,  though  mutilated, 
statues  from  the  pediments;  and  the  whole 
collection  was  purchased  by  the  nation  in 
1316,  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  worst  ofthe  injuries  which  the  Parthenon 
has  suffered  from  war  and  pillage  was  inflicted 
in  the  siege  of  Athens  by  the  Venetians  in 
K'inT,  when  a  bomb  exploded  in  the  very  cen- 
tre ofthe  Parthenon,  and  threw  down  much 
of  both    the   side    walls.      lis   ruins   are   still, 

however,  in  sufficient  preservation  to  give  a 
good  idea  ol'the  construction  of  all  its  prin- 
cipal parts, 

PARTHENOPAETJS  (-i),  son   of  Meleager 
and   Atalanla,  and  one  ofthe  7  heroes  who 

marched  against  Thebes.    [Adbastus.] 

PARTHENON!.      [NKAPOUS.] 
PARTHIA,  IWUTIIVAKA  (  ae),  PARTIil- 


•i  hi  P 


PATH  I M. 


PATULCIUS. 


HXE  (-es:  Khoraxsan),  a  country  of  Asia,  to 
the  S.E.  of  the  Caspian,  originally  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Hyrcania,  on  the  E.  by  Aria, 
on  the  S.  by  Carmania,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Media.  The  Parthians  were  a  very  warlike 
people,  and  were  especially  celebrated  as 
horse-archers.  Their  tactics  became  so  cele- 
brated as  to  pass  into  a  proverb.  Their  mail- 
clad  horsemen  spread  like  a  cloud  round  the 
hostile  army,  and  poured  in  a  shower  of  darts, 
and  then  evaded  any  closer  conflict  by  a  rapid 
Sight,  during  which  they  still  shot  their  arrows 
backwards  upon  the  enemy.  The  Parthians 
were  subject  successively  to  the  Persians  and 
to  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria;  but  about  «.o. 
250  they  revolted  from  the  Seleucidae,  under 
a  chieftain  named  Arsaces,  who  founded  an 
independent  monarchy.  Their  empire  ex- 
tended over  Asia  from  the  Euphrates  to  the 
Indus,  and  from  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the 
Paropamisus,  or  even  to  the  Oxus.  The  his- 
tory  of  their  empire  till  its  overthrow  by  the 
Persians  in  a.d.  226  is  given  under  Aesaoes. 
The  Latin  poets  of  the  Augustan  age  use  the 
names  Parthi,  Persae,  and  Medi  indifferently. 
PATHINI  or  PARTHEXI  (-drum),  an 
Illyriau  people  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Dyr- 
ihachium. 

PARYADRES,  a  mountain  chain  of  Asia, 
connecting  the  Taurus  and  the  mountains  of 
Armeuia,  wag  considered  as  the  boundary 
between  Cappadocia  and  Armenia. 

PARYSATIS  (-Idis),  daughter  of  Artaxerxes 
I.  Longimanus,  king  of  Persia,  and  wife  of 
her  own  brother  Darius  Ochns,  and  mother  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon  and  Cyrus.  She  sup- 
ported the  latter  in  his  rebellion  against  his 
brother  Artaxerxes,  is.c.  401.  [Cyeus.]  She 
afterwards  poisoned  Statira,  the  wife  of  Ar- 
taxerxes, and  induced  the  king  to  put  Tissa- 
phcrnes  to  death,  whom  she  hated  as  having 
been  the  first  to  discover  the  designs  of  Cyrus 
to  his  brother. 

I'ASARGADA  (-ae)  or  -AE  (-arum),  the 
older  of  the  2  capitals  of  Persis  (the  other 
and  later  being  Persepolis),  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Cyrus  the  Great  on  the  spot 
where  he  gained  his  great  victory  over  As- 
tyages.  The  tomb  of  Cyrus  stood  here  in 
the  midst,  of  a  beautiful  park.  The  exact 
site  is  doubtful.  Most  modern  geographers 
identify  it  with  Murghab,  N.E.  of  Persepolis, 
where  there  are  the  remains  of  a  great  sepul- 
chral monument  of  the  ancient  Persians. 

PASIPHAE  (-es),  daughter  of  Helios  (the 
Sun)  and  Perseis,  wife  of  Minos,  and  mother 
of  Androgeos,  Ariadne,  and  Phaedra.  Hence 
Phaedra  is  called  PdsHphdSia  by  Ovid.  Pasi- 
phae  was  also  the  mother  of  the  Minotaurus. 
respecting  whom  see  p.  257. 

PASITHEA  (-ae),  or  PASITHEE  (-es),  one 
of  the  Charites,  or  Graces,  also  called  Aglaia. 

PASITIGRIS  (-idis),  a  river  rising  on  the 
confines  of  Media  and  Persis,  and  flowing 
through  Susiana  into  the  head  of  the  Persian 
gulf,  after  receiving  the  Eulaeus  on  its  W. 
Bide.  Some  geographers  make  the  Pasitigris 
a  tributary  of  the  Tigris. 

PASSARON  (-onis),  a  town  of  Epirus  in 


Molossia,  and  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Mo- 
lossian  kings. 
PATALA,  PlTALENE.     [Pattala,  Pat- 

TALBNE.] 

PATARA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Lycia,  situated  on  the  coast  a  few  miles  E. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Xanthus.  It  was  early 
colonized  by  Dorians  from  Crete,  and  became 
a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Apollo,  who 
had  here  a  very  celebrated  oracle,  which  ut- 
tered responses  in  the  winter  only.  Hence 
Apollo  is  called  by  Horace  "Delius  et  Patcir- 
reus  Apollo."  i 

P  AT  AVIUM  (-i:  Padua),  an  ancient  towu 
of  the  Veneti  iu  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  Medoa- 
cus  Minor,  and  on  the  road  from  Mutina  to 
Alt'uum,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Trojan  An  tenor.  Under  the  Romans  it  was 
the  most  important  city  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  and 
by  its  commerce  and  manufactures  (of  which 
its  woolen  stuffs  were  the  most  celebrated)  it 
attained  great  opulence.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Livy. 

PATERCULUS(-i),C.VELLEIUS,aRomau 
historian,  served  under  Tiberius  in  his  cam- 
paigns in  Germany  in  the  reign  of  Augustus, 
and  lived  at  least  as  late  as  a.d.  30,  as  he 
dedicated  his  history  to  M.  Vinicius,  who  was 
consul  in  that  year.  This  work  is  a  brief 
compendium  of  Roman  history,  commencing 
with  the  destruction  of  Troy,  and  ending 
with  a.d.  30. 

PATMOS  (-i);  one  of  the  islands  called 
Sporades,  in  the  Icarian  soa,  celebrated  as 
the  place  to  which  the  Apostle  John  was 
banished,  and  in  which  he  wrote  the  Apoca- 
lypse. 

PATRAE  (-arum:  Patras),  one  of  the  12 
cities  of  Achaia,  situated  \V.  of  Rhium,  near 
the  opening  of  the  Corinthian  gul£  Augustus 
made  it  the  chief  city  of  Achaia. 

PATROCLUS  (-i),  sometimes  PATROCLES 
(-is),  son  of  Menoetius  of  Opus  and  Sthencle, 
and  grandson  of  Actor  and  Aegina,  whence 
he  is  called  Actorides.  Having  involuntarily 
committed  murder  while  a  boy,  his  father 
took  him  to  Peleus  at  Phthia,  where  he  be- 
came the  intimate  friend  of  Achilles.  He 
accompanied  the  latter  to  the  Trojan  wars, 
but  when  his  friend  withdrew  from  the  scene 
of  action,  Patroclus  followed  his  example. 
But  he  afterwards  obtained  permission  to 
lead  the  Myrmidons  to  the  fight  when  the 
Greeks  were  hard  pressed  by" the  Trojans. 
Achilles  equipped  him  with  his  own  armor 
and  arms  ;  and  Patroclus  succeeded  in  driv- 
ing the  Trojans  back  to  their  walls,  where  he 
was  slain  by  Hector.  The  desire  of  aveng- 
ing the  death  of  Patroclus  led  Achilles  again 
into  the  field.     [Aoiiii.i.es.] 

PATTALA.     [Pattalene.] 

PATTlLENE  or  PATALEXE  (-es),  the 
name  of  the  great  delta  formed  by  the  2  prin- 
cipal arms  by  which  the  Indus  falls  into  the 
sea.  At.  the  apex  of  the  delta  stood  the  city 
Pattala  or  Patala,  the  Sanscrit  patdla,  which 
means  the  W.cnuntru.  and  is  applied  to  the 
W.  part  of  N.  India  about  the  Indus,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  E.  part  about  the  Ganges. 

PATULCIUS.     [Jancs.] 


PAULINUS. 


28'J 


PEDUM. 


PAULINUS  (-i),  C.  SUETONIUS,  governor 
of  Britain  a. d. 59-62,  during  which  lime  the 
Britons  rose  in  rebellion  nnder  Boadicea. 
[Boavioka.1  In  6(5  he  was  consul ;  and  after 
the  death  of  Nero  in  68  he  was  one  of  Otho's 
generals  in  the  war  against  Vitelline. 

PAULUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated  pa- 
trician family  in  the  Aemilia  sens.— (1)  L. 
Akmilius  Paitlds,  consul  u.o.  219,  when  he 
conquered  Demetrius  of  the  island  of  Pharos 
in  the  Adriatic,  and  compelled  him  to  fly  for 
refnge  to  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia.  He  was 
consul  a  2d  time  in  n.o.  21(>,  with  C.  Tercn- 
tius  Varro.  This  was  the  year  of  the  memo- 
rable defeat  at  Cannae.  [Hannibal.]  The 
battle  was  fonghtagainst  the  advice  of  Paulas, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  many  distinguished 
Romans  who  perished  in  the  engagement, 
refusing  to  fly  from  the  field  when  a  tribune 
of  the  soldiers  offered  him  his  horse.  Hence 
we  find  in  Horace, "  auimaeque  magnae  pro- 
dignm  Paulina  superante  Poeuo."  Pauhis 
was  a  stanch  adherent  of  the  aristocracy, 
and  was  raised  to  the  consulship  by  the  latter 
party  to  counterbalance  the  influence  of  the 
plebeian  Terentins  Varro.— (2)  L.  Aemit.ius 
I'ui.is.  surnamed  Maoepokicos,  son  of  the 
ling,  consul  for  the  first  time  b.o.  181, 
and  a  second  time  in  10S,  when  he  brought 
the  war  against  Perseus  to  a  conclusion  by 
the  defeat  of  the  Macedonian  monarch  near 
Pydna,  on  the  22d  of  June.  [Peeskus.]  Bi 
fo're  leaving  Greece,  Paulas  marched  into  Epi- 
rus,  where,  in  accordance  with  a  cruel  com- 
mand of  the  senate,  he  gave  to  his  soldiers  TO 
towns  to  be  pillaged, because  they  had  been 
in  alliance  with  Perseus.  lb'  was  censor  with 
i,i.  Mnrcius  Philippus  in  164,  and  died  in  160, 
after  a  long  and  tedious  illness.  The  Adel- 
phi  ofTcrence  was  brought  onl  al  the  funeral 
games  exhibited  in  his  honor.  Two  of  his 
■  ere  adopted  into  other  families,  ami 
are  known  in  history  by  tin'  names  of  Q,  Fa- 
bins  Maxinius  and  P.  Scipio  Africanus  the 
younger. 

PATH'S  (-i),  .JULIUS,  one  of  the  mo  I 
distinguished  of  the  Koman  jurists,  was  prae- 
fectns  praetorio  under  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severns. 

PAUSANIAS  (-ae).     (1)  Son  orclrombro- 

tus  ami  nephew  of  Leonidas.  Se\  eral  w riters 
incorrectly  'all  him  king;  bul  lie  was  only 
agenl  for  in-  cousin  Plistai  hns,  I  he  Infaul 
-  ,■!  oi  Leonidas.  He  commanded  i he  allied 
forces  of  the  Greeks  al  the  battle  of  Plataea, 
ii. a  479,  and  subsequently  captured  Byzan- 
tium, which  bad  been  in  the  hands  of  the 
Persians.    Dazzled  by  hi  (1  repu- 

tation, he  now  aimed  al  becoming  tyrant 
over  tin'  whole  of  Greece,  with  t  he  assl 
nf  the  Persian  king,  who  promised  him  his 
liter  in  marriage.  Mi-  conduct  bi  tmi 
so  arrogant  that  all  tie-  allies,  except  the  iv- 
loponnesiane  and  Aeglnetans,  voluntarily  of- 
fered  I'll  ran    per  to  { tie   A  I  lieni  ins  thai    pre 

eminence  of  rank  which  Sparta  had  hitherto 
enjoyed.  In  this  way  the  Athenian  confed- 
eracy first  took  its  rise.    Reports  of  th n- 

duet  and  designs  of  Pain  iniasl  ■  reach- 

ed Sparta,  h**  was  recalled;  and  the  ephors 
ai  i  mentally  obtained  proofs  ol 
Q 


A  man  who  was  charged  wilh  a  letter  to  Per- 
sia having  his  suspicious  awakened  by  notic- 
ing that  none  of  those  sent  mi  similar  er- 
rands  had  returned,  counterfeited  the  seal  of 
Pa u san i as,  and  opened  the  letter,  in  which  he 
found  directions  for  his  own  death.  He  car- 
ried the  letter  to  the  ephors,  who  prepared  to 
arrest  Pausanias,  but  he  took  refuge  in  the 
temple  of  Athena  (Minerva).  The  ephors 
stripped  off  the  roof  of  the  temple,  and  built 
up  the  door;  the  aged  mother  id'  Pausanias 
is  said  to  have  been  among  the  first  who  laid 
a  stone  for  this  purpose.  When  he  was  on! 
the  point  of  expiring,  the  ephors  took  him 
out,  lest  his  death  should  pollute  the  sanctu- 
ary, lie  died  a-  soon  as  he  got  outside,  n.o. 
470. — (2)  Son  of  Plistoanax,  and  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  king  of  Sparta  from  n.o. 

WS  to  394.— (3)  A  Macedonian  youth  of  dis- 
tinguished family.  Having  been  shamefully 
treated  bj  A I  talus,  he  complained  of  the  out- 
rage to  Philip;  but.  as  Philip  took  no  notice 
of  his  complaints,  he  directed  hi-  vengeance 
against  the  king  himself,  whom  he  murdered 
at  the  festival  held  at  Ae-ae,  n.o.  :::;0. — (4) 
The  traveler  and  geographer,  perhaps  a  na- 
tive of  Lydia,  lived  under  Antoninus  Pius 
and  M.  Aurelius.     His  work,  entitled  a  Peri- 

■l.s'.s  or   It:ri  /■;,'•'  /      f  {  ;■<<•:,  la   ill    10  U:::k:v 

and  contains  a  description  of  Attica  and  Me- 
garis  (i.) :  Corinthia,  Sicyonia,  Phliasia,  and 
Argolis  (ii.);  Laconica  (iii.),  Messenia  (ivA 
I-  lis  v!  i  \  ha:  i  (vii )  Arcadia  lyi\\ ), 
Boeotia  ix.),Phocis  (x.).  'The  work  show, 
that  Pausanias  visited  most,  of  the  places  in 

these  divisions  of  Gr ;e,  a   fuel    which  is 

clearly  demonstrated  by  the  minuteness  and 
particularity  of  his  descriptions. 

I'  \  i  SI  \s  i  ae),  a  native  of  Sicyon,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  Greek  painters,  was 
contemporary  with  Apelles,  and  nourished 
about  u.i    360  330. 

PATH  II.VITM.     |Ni  wo\ 

I'AVi'n;  t-5ris), i. e. Fear, the  attendant  of 
Mars. 

PAS  Pads),  the  goddei  e  <•(  peace,  called 
[RENE  by  the  Greeks.    W< 

PEDASA  (-orum)  or  PEDAS1  M  -ii.  a  very 
ancienl  I       a,  originally  a  chief  abode 

of  the  I,. 

I't.n  tSUS  (-1),  a  town  of  Mysia,  on  the 
Samioi-.  mentioned  Beveral  time     ■•  n  imi  r. 

PBDlANUS,  ASCONlUS.    [Asoomus  I 

PBDIUS  I  ii.  ((i,.  the  reat  nephew  of  the 
dictator  n.  Jnhns  gi  andson 

of  Julia,  Caesar's  eldesi  i  ter.  He  served  un- 
der Caesar  in  the  civil  war,  and  in  Caesar's 
will  was  named  one  ol  111  hen-.,  a fter  the 
i' ill  of  the  consuls  Hirtlns  and  Pnnsa  al  I  ba 
battle  of  M  ni  in  i  (in  a  pi  II,  u.o.  18),  I  (ctavius 
mi  i  leai  upon  Rome  al  I  he  head  of  an  army ; 
ami  in  the  nioni  h  of  Augni  t  he  was  elei  ted 
consul  ni' 'ii  r  with  Pcdius,  who  died  townrda 
the  end  of  the  year,  shortlj  after  the  news  of 
the  proscription  had  reached  Home. 

PKDNELISSU8  I  I  ,  n  citj  In  the  Interior 

PfiDO   SlLB]  •'  '•>  5LNU8     I  h.iiiM.i'ran.1 
in  lenl  town  ol  I.  iiMim.  on 


PEGAE. 


-2'JQ 


P  ELI  AS. 


the  Via  Lavicaua,  which  fell  iuto  decay  at  an 
early  period. 

PEGAE.     [Pasab.] 

PEG&SIS  (-Idis),i.e.  sprung  from  Pegasus, 
was  applied  to  the  fountainHippocrene,  which 
was  called  forth  by  the  hoof  of  Pegasns.  The 
Muses  arc  also  called  Pegd&des,  because  the 
fountain  Hippocrene  was  sacred  to  them.  Oe- 
none  is  also  called  Pegdsis,  simply  as  a  fount- 
ain nymph  (from  7rrivi)- 

PEGASUS  (-i),  the  winged  horse  which 
spr  mg  from  the  blood  of  Medusa  wheu  her 
as  struck  off  by  Perseus.  He  was  cull- 
;asus  because  he  made  his  appearance 
near  the  sources  (ir^oO  of  Oceanus.  While 
drinking  at  the  fountain  of  Pireue,  on  the 
Acroconnthus,  he  was  caught  by  Bellerophon 
with  a  golden  bridle,  which  Athena  (Minerva) 
had  given  the  hero.  With  the  assistance  of 
Pegasus  Bellerophon  conquered  the  Chimae- 
ra,  but,  endeavoring  to  ascend  to  heaven  upon 
his  winged  horse, he  fell  down  upon  the  earth. 
[Bei/lebopuon.]  Pegasns,  however,  contin- 
ued his  flight  to  heaven,  where  he  dwelt 
among  the  stars. — Pegasus  was  also  regarded 
as  the  horse  of  the  Muses,  and  in  this  connec- 
tion is  more  celebrated  in  modern  times  than 
in  antiquity  ;  for  with  the  ancients  he  had  no 
connection  "with  the  Muses,  except  producing 
with  his  hoof  the  inspiring  fountain  Hippo- 
civne.  Pegasns  is  often  represented  in  an- 
cient works  of  art  along  with  Athena  and 
Bellerophon.  [See  drawings  on  pp.  79,  SO,  112.] 


IVpasus.    (Coin  of  Corinth,  in  the  British  Museum.) 

PBLiGONlA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  and  city 
in  Macedonia,  inhabited  by  the  Pelagoues, 
and  situated  S.  of  Paeonia,  upon  the  Erigon. 
—(2)  A  district  in  Thessaly,  situated  W.  of 
Olympus,  and  belonging  to  Perrhaebia. 

PELASGI  (-drum),  the  earliest  inhabitants 
of  ( rreece,  who  established  the  worship  of  the 
Dodonaean  Zeus  (Jupiter),  Hephaestus  (Vul- 
can), the  Cabiri,  and  other  divinities  belong- 
ing to  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country. 
They  claimed  descent  from  a  mythical  hero, 
Pelastrus.  of  whom  we  have  different  accounts 
in  the  different  parts  of  Greece  inhabited  by 
}■■  sgians.  The  nation  was  widely  spread 
over  Greece  and  the  islands  of  the' Grecian 
archipelago;  and  the  name  of  Pelasgia  was 
given,  at  one  time,  to  Greece.  One  of  the 
most  ancient  traditions  represented  Pelasgus 
as  a  descendant  of  Phoroneus,  king  of  Ar- 
gos  ;  and  it  was  generally  believed  by  the 
Greeks  that  the  Pelasgi  spread  from  Argos 
to  the  other  couutries  of  Greece.  Arcadia, 
Attica.  Epirus,  and  Thessaly  were,  in  addi- 
tion to  Argos,  some  of  the  principal  seats  of 
the  Pelasgi.  They  were  also  found  on  the 
coasts  of  Asia  Minor,  and,  according  to  some 


writers,  in  Italy  as  well.  Of  the  language, 
habits,  and  civilization  of  this  people  we  pos- 
sess no  certain  knowledge.  Herodotus  says 
they  spoke  a  barbarous  language— that  is,  a 
language  not  Greek;  but  from  the  facility 
with  which  the  Greek  and  Pelasgic  languages 
coalesced  in  all  parts  of  Greece,  and  from  the 
fact  thai  the  Athenians  and  Arcadians  are 
said  to  have  been  of  pure  Pelasgic  origin,  it 
is  probable  that  the  two  languages  had  a 
close  affinity.  The  Pelasgi  are  further  said 
to  have  been  an  agricultural  people,  and  to 
have  possessed  a  considerable  knowledge  of 
the  useful  arts.  The  most  ancient  architect- 
ural remains  of  Greece— such  as  the  treasury, 
or  tomb  of  Athens,  at  Mycenae — are  ascribed 
to  the  Pelasgians,  and  are  cited  as  specimens 
of  Pelasgian  architecture,  though  there  is  uo 
positive  authority  for  these  statements. 

PELAScIfiTlS,  a  district  in  Thessaly,  be- 
tween Hestiaeotis  and  Magnesia.    [Tuessa- 

I.1A.] 

PELASGUS.     [Pelasgi.] 

PELETHP.ONIUM  (-i).  a  mountainous  dis- 
trict in  Thessaly,  part  of  Mount  Pelion,  where 
the  Lapithae  dwelt. 

PELEUS  (gen.  -cos  or  el,  ace.  PC-lea,  roc. 
POleu,  all.  PSlSo),  sou  of  Aeacus  and  Eudeis, 
and  king  of  the  Myrmidons  at  Phthia  in 
Thessaly.  Having,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  Telamon,  murdered  his  half-brother 
Phocus,  lie  was  expelled  by  Aeacus  from  Ae- 
gina,  and  went  to  Phthia  in  Thessaly.  Here 
he  was  purified  from  the  murder  by  Eurytion, 
the  son  of  Actor,  who  gave  Peleushis  daugh- 
ter Antigone  in  marriage,  and  a  third  part  of 
his  kingdom.  Peleus  accompanied  Eurytion 
to  the  Calydonian  hunt:  but  having  involun- 
tarily killed  his  father-in-law  with  his  spear, 
he  became  a  wanderer  a  second  time.  He 
now  took  refuge  at  Iolcus,  where  he  was 
again  purified  by  Aeastns,  the  king  of  the 
place.  Here  he  was  falsely  accused  by  Asty- 
damia,  the  wife  of  Aeastns,  and  in  conse- 
quence nearly  perished  on  Mount  Pelion. 
[Acastub.]  While  on  Mount  Pelion,  Pelens 
married  the  Nereid  Thetis.  She  was  destined 
to  many  a  mortal ;  but  havingthe  power,  like 
Proteus,  of  assuming  any  form  she  pleased, 
she  endeavored  in  this  way  to  escape  from  Pe- 
leus. The  latter,  however,  previously  taught 
by  Chiron,  held  the  goddess  fast  till  she 
promised  to  marry  him.  The  gods  took  part 
in  the  marriage  solemnity,  and  Eris  or  Strife 
was  the  only  goddess  who  was  not  invited  to 
the  nuptials.  By  Thetis  Peleus  became  the 
father  of  Achilles.  Peleus  was  too  old  to  ac- 
company Achilles  against  Troy  :  he  remained 
at  home,  and  survived  the  death  of  his  son. 
PELIADES.  [Pf.i.ias.] 
PELIAS  (-ae),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Tyro,  a  daughter  of  Salmonens,  and  twin- 
brother  of  Neleus.  The  twins  were  exposed 
by  their  mother,  but  they  were  preserved  and 
reared  by  some  countrymen.  They  subse- 
quently learned  their  parentage,  and  after 
the  death  of  Cretheus,  king  of  [oleus,  who 
had  married  their  mother,  they  seized  the 
throne  of  Iolcus,  to  the  exclusion  of  Aeaon, 
the  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro.    Pelias  soon 


PELIDES. 


291 


PELOPS. 


afterward*  expelled  his  own  brother  Neleus, 
and  thus  became  sole  ruler  of  Iolcus.  After 
Pelias  had  long  reigned  there,  Jason,  the  son 
of  Aeson,  came  to  Iolcus  and  claimed  the 
kingdom  as  his  right.  In  order  to  get  rid  of 
him,  Pelias  sent  him  to  Colchis  to  fetch  the 
golden  fleece.  Hence  arose  the  celebrated 
expedition  of  the  Argonauts.  After  the  re- 
turn of  Jason,  Pelias  was  cut  to  pieces  and 
boiled  by  his  own  daughters  (the  PSVULdes), 
who  had  been  told  by"  Medea  that,  in  this 
manner  they  might  restore  their  father  to 
vigor  and  youth.  His  son  Acastns  held  fune- 
ral games  in  his  honor  at  Iolcus,  and  expelled 
Jason  and  Medea  from  the  country.  [Jason  ; 
Medea.;  Akgonautai:.]  Among  the  daughters 
of  Pelias  was  Alcestis,  the  wife  of  Admetns. 

PELIDES  (-ae),  the  son  of  Peleus,  i.e.  Achil- 
les. 

PELIGNI  (-oram),  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple, of  Sabine  origin,  in  Central  Italy,  bound- 
ed by  ihe  Marsi,  t he  Marrucini,  the  Samnites, 
and  the  Frentani.  They  took  an  active  part 
in  the  Social  war  (90-S9),  and  their  chief  town, 
Corflnium,  was  destined  by  the  allies  to  be 
the  new  capital  of  Italy  in  place  of  Rome. 

PELION,  more  rarely  PELIOS  (-ii),  a  lofty 
range  of  mountains  in  Thessaly,  in  (he  dis- 
t  id  of  Magnesia,  situated  between  the  lake 
Boebeia  and  tin-  Pagasaeau  gulf.  lis  sides 
were  covered  with  wood,  and  on  its  summit 
was  a  temple  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  Actaeus. 
Mount  Pelion  was  celebrated  in  mythology. 
Near  its  summit  iva*  the  cave  "I'  i  be  '  'entaur 
Chiron.  The  giants,  in  their  war  with  the 
gods,  are  -aid  to  have  all  cm  pled  to  heap  O.-.- a 

ami  Olympus  "ii  Pelion,  or  Pelion  and  Ossa 
on  Olympus,  in  order  to  scale  heaven.  On 
Pelion  Hie  timber  was  felled  with  which  the 
ship  Argo  was  built. 

PELLA  (-ae;.  a;  Aii  ancient  town  i.t  Mace- 
donia, in  the  district  Bottiaea,  Bituated  upon 
a  lake  formed  by  the  river  Lydias.  Philip 
made  ii  his  residence  and  the  capital  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchy.  It  was  the;  birth- 
place of  Alexander  tiie  Great.  Hence  the 
poets  '_rive  the  surname  olPellaea  to  Alexan- 
dria in  Egypt,  because  it  was  founded  by  Al- 
exander ihe  Qreat,  ami  also  nse  the  word  in 
a  general  sense  a-  equivalent  to  Esryptian. — 
<?..  a  <  ity  "i  I'll'  -line.  i-;.  nf  the  Jordan,  In 

Ii  was  the  place  of  i efnj f  ihe 

Christians  who  ib-d  from  Jerusalem  before 
it-  capture  by  the  lb. man.-. 

PELLfiNE  (-es),  ihe  most  easterly  of  the  \'i 
cities  of  Achaia,  near  the  front  iers  ol  Sii  o- 
i.  i  md  Itttateci  on  a  bill  00  stadia  from  t be 
city.  The  inhabitants  of  the  peninsula  of 
Pallene,  in  Macedonia,  professed  to  be  de- 
scended from  the  Pellenaeans  in  Achnia,  who 
we  e  shipw  recked  on  the  Macedonian 
r  return  from  Troy. 

PELOPBA  or  PBLOPlA  (-ae),  danghter  or 
i         tes  and  mother  of  Aeglsthns,    [Aeqis- 

IIH'S  i 

I'bi.i'il'iii  \s  (.ne  I,  n  celebrated  Theban 

in  lie  ii  iemi  of  Epnminon- 

da-.    !!<■  took  a  lending  pari  in  expelling  the 

Spartans  from  Thebes,  b.o.  379;  and  from  this 

time  until  hi.-  death  there  was  not  a  year  in 


which  he  was  not  intrusted  with  some  im- 
portant command.  He  was  slain  in  battle  at 
Cynaecepbalae  in  Thessaly,  lighting  against 
Alexander  of  Pherae,  b.o.  361. 

PELOPONNESUS  (-i:  Morea),  the  S.  part 
of  Greece,  or  the  peninsula,  which  w.,s  con- 
nected with  Hellas  proper  by  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name 
—Peloponnesus,  or  the  "island  of  Pelops" — 
from  the  mythical  Pelops.  [Pelops.]  This 
name  does  not  occur  in  Homer.  In  his  time 
the  peninsula  was  sometimes  called  Apia, 
from  Apis,  son  of  Phoroncus,  king  of  Argos  : 
and  sometimes  Argus;  which  names  were 
given  to  it  on  account  of  Argos  beiug  the 
chief  power  in  Peloponnesus  at  that  period. 
On  the  E.  and  S.  there  are  3  great  gulfs — the 
Argolic,  Laconian,  and  Messenian.  The  an- 
cients compared  the  shape  of  the  country  to 
the  leaf  of  a  plane-tree;  and  its  modern  name, 
the  Morea,  which  first  occurs  in  the  l'2th  cent- 
ury of  the  Christian  era,  was  given  to  it  on 
account  of  its  resemblance  to  a  mulberry- 
leaf.  Peloponnesus  was  divided  into  various 
provinces,  all  of  which  were  bounded  on  one 
side  by  the  sea,  with  the  exception  of  Aun.v- 
hia,  which  was  in  ihe  centre  of  the  country. 
These  provinces  were  Aciiaia  in  the  N.,  Eus 
in  the  W.,  Messknia  in  the  W.  and  S.,  La<<>- 
nia  in  the  S.  and  E.,  and  Cor.iNiiiiA  in  the  K. 
and  N.  An  account  of  the  geography  of  the 
peninsula  is  given  under  these  names.  The 
area  of  Peloponnesus  is  computed  to  be  7779 
English  miles,  and  it  probably  contained  a 
population  of  upwards  of  a  million  in  the 
flourishing  period  of  Creek  history.— Pelo- 
ponnesus was  originally  inhabited  by  Pelas- 
gians.  Subsequently  the  Achaeaiis.  who  be- 
longed to  the  Aeolic  race,  settled  in  the  E. 
and  S.  parts  of  the  peninsula,  in  Argoli-,  l.a- 
conia,  and  Messenia ;  ami  the  [oniaus  in  the 
N.  part,  in  Achaia  ;  while  the  remains  of  the 
original  inhabitants  of  the  country,  the  Pelas- 
gians,  collei  ted  chieflj  in  the  central  pan,  in 
Arcadia.  Eighty  years  after  the  Trojan  war, 
according  to  mythical  chronology,  the  Do- 
rians, under  the  conduct  of  tie'  iieraclidae, 
invaded  ami  conquered  Peloponnesus,  ami 
established  Doric  states  in  Argolis,  Lacouia, 
and  Messenia,  from  whence  they  extended 
their powei  overt  orinth,Sicyon,and  Megara. 
Part  oftbe  Achaean  population  remained  in 
these  provinces  as  tributary  subjects  in  the 
Dorians,  Under  Ihe  name  oi  Pei  ioei  i 
other-    of   the     Vlmcan-    pa    fed    OVOI    I"   I  hi: 

N.  of  Peloponnesus,  expelled  the  [oniaus,  ami 
settled  in  this  paii  of  the  country,  which  was 

Called    after    I  hem     \.  haia.        The    Aclolians, 

v. ho  bad  ii. i b  onnesus  along  with 

the  Dorians,  settled  in  Bus, and  became  Inter- 
mingled with  tin'  original  Inhabitants.    The 
ula   remained   under   Doric   Influence 
during  the  most  Important  period  of  Greek 

I    to    Ihe    "■eat     Ionic    City 

a-.    After  the  conquest  of  Me 
trtan  nndi 

■  if  Sparta,  I  ill  Ihe  overthrow  of  tic  no 

the    latter   by    the   Theban-    al    lie     battle    of 

l.emli  a,  11. e.  371, 

PfiLOl  i  andson  of /ens  (Jnpiti  r), 

I  and  son  of  Tantalus,  king  of  Phrygla.    Being 


PELOPS. 


292 


PENATES. 


expelled  from  Phrygia,  he  came  to  Elis,  where 
he  married  Hippodamia,  daughter  of  Oeno- 
ni.ius,  whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne.  By 
meaus  of  the  wealth  be  brought  with  him,  his 
influence  became  so  great  in  the  peninsula 
that  il  was  called  after  him  "the  island  of 
relops."  The  legends  about  Pelops  consist 
mainly  of  the  story  of  his  being  cut  to  pieces 
aud  boiled,  of  his  contest  with  Oeuomaus  and 
Hippodamia,  and  of  his  relation  to  his  sons. 
1.  l'elop8  cut  to  pieces  and  boiled.  Tantalus, 
the  favorite  of  the  gods,  once  invited  them  to 
a  repast,  and  on  that  occasion  killed  his  own 
son,  and,  having  boiled  him,  set  the  flesh  be- 
fore them  that  they  might  eat  it.  But  the 
immortal  gods,  knowing  what  it  was,  did  not 
touch  it;E>emeter  (Ceres)  alone,  being  ab- 
sorbed by  grief  for  her  lest  daughter,  con- 
sumed the  shoulder.  Hereupon  tile  gods  or- 
dered Hermes  (Mercury)  to  put  the  limbs  of 
Pelops  into  a  caldron",  and  thereby  restore 
him  to  life.  When  the  process  was  over,  Clo- 
tho  took  him  out  of  the  caldron,  aud  as  the 
Mi  ulder  consumed  by  Demeter  was  wanting, 
the  goddess  supplied  its  place  by  one  made 
of  ivory:  his  descendants  (the  Pelopidae),  as 
a  mark  of  their  origin,  were  believed  to  have 
one  shoulder  as  white  as  ivory.  2.  Contest 
with  Oenomawt  and  HippMdmla.  An  oracle 
having  declared  to  Oeuomaus,  king  of  Pisa  in 
Elis,  that  he  should  be  killed  by  his  son-in- 
law,  he  declared  that  he  wonld  bestow  the 
hand  of  his  daughter  Hippodamia  upon  the 
man  who  should  conquer  him  in  the  chariot- 
race,  but  that  whoever  was  conquered  should 
suffer  death.  This  he  did  because  his  horses 
were  swifter  than  those  of  any  other  mortal. 
He  had  overtaken  and  slaiu  many  a  suitor 
when  Pelops  came  to  Pisa.  Pelops  bribed 
Myrtilus,  the  charioteer  of  Oeuomaus,  by  the 
promise  of  half  the  kingdom,  if  he  would  as- 
sist him  in  conquering  his  master.  Myrtilus 
agreed,  and  took  out  the  linch-pins  of  the 
chariot  of  Oeuomaus.  In  the  race  the  chariot 
of  Oeuomaus  broke  down,  and  he  was  thrown 
out  and  killed.  Thus  Hippodamia  became 
the  wife  of  Pelops.  Bui  as  Pelops  had  now 
gained  his  object,  he  was  unwilling  to  keep 
faith  with  Myrtilus  ;  and  accordingly,  as  they 
were  driving  along  a  cliff,  he  threw  Myrtilus 
into  the  sea.  As  Myrtilus  sank,  he  cursed  Pe- 
lops and  his  whole  race.  Pelops  returned 
with  Hippodamia  to  Pisa  in  Elis,  and  soon 
made  himself  master  of  Olympia,  where  he 
restored  the  Olympian  games  with  greater 
splendor  than  ever.  3.  The  sons  of  Pelops. 
Chrysippus  was  the  favorite  of  his  father,  and 
was  in  consequence  envied  by  his  brothers. 
The  two  eldest  among  tbem,  Aliens  and  Thy- 
estes,  with  the  connivance  of  Hipp' 
accordingly  murdered  Chrysippus,  and  threw 
his  body  into  a  well.  Pelops,  who  suspected 
his  son's  of  the  murder,  expelled  them  from 
the  country.  Pelops,  after  his  death,  was 
honored  at  Olympia  above  all  other  heroes. 
The  name  of  Pelops  was  so  celebrated  that  it 
was  constantly  used  by  the  poets  in  connec- 
tion with  his  descendants  and  the  cities  they 
inhabited.  Hence  we  rind  Atreus,  the  son 
of  Pelops,  called  Pelopeius  Atreiis,  and  Aga- 
memnon,tbe  grandson  or  great-grandson  of 
Atreiis,  called  Pelopeius  Agamemnon.     In  the 


same  way  Iphigenia,  the  daughter  of  Aga- 
memnon, and  Hermione,  the  wife  of  Mene- 
Iatis,  are  each  called  by  Ovid  Pelopeia  >i>:io. 
Virgil  uses  the  phrase  Pelopea  moenia  to  sig- 
nify the  cities  in  Peloponnesus  which  Pelops 
and  his  descendants  ruled  over:  and,  in  like 
manner,  Mycenae  is  called  by  Ovid  Pelopel* 
ades  Mycenae. 

PELORIS  (-idis),  PELORIAS  (-adis),  or 
PELORUS  (-i:  C.  Faro),  the  >'.E.  point  of 
Sicily,  and  one  of  the  3  promontories  which 
formed  the  triangular  figure  of  the  island.  Ac- 
cording to  the  usual  story,  it  derived  its  name 
from  Pelorua,  the  pilot  of  Hannibal's  ship ; 
but  the  nar.:e  was  more  ancient  than  Hanni- 
bal's time,  being  mentioned,  by  Thucydides. 

PELTAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  and  flourish- 
ing city  in  the  X.  of  Phrygia. 

PELCSlUM  (-i:  O.T.  Sin;  both  names  are 
derived  from  nouns  meaning  mud),  a  celebra- 
ted city  of  Lower  Egypt,  standing  ou  the  E. 
side  of  the  E.-most  mouth  of  the  Nile,  which 
was  called  after  it  the  Pelusiac  mouth,  20 
stadia  {2  geog.  miles)  from  the  sea,  in  the 
midst  of  morasses,  from  which  it  obtained  its 
name.  As  the  key  of  Egypt  on  the  N.E.,  and 
the  frontier  city  towards  Syria  and  Arabia,  it 
was  Btrongly  fortified,  and  was  the  scene  of 
many  battles  aud  sieges.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  geographer  Ptolemaeus. 

PENATES  (-urn),  the  household  gods  of 
the  Romans,  both  those  of  a  private  family 
and  of  the  state,  as  the  great  family  of  citizens. 
Hence  we  have  to  distinguish  between  private 
and  public  Penates.  The  name  is  connected 
with  penus;  and  tbe  images  of  these  gods 
were  kept  in  the  penetralia,  or  the  central 
part  of  the  house.  The  Lares  were  included 
among  the  Penates,  and  both  names  are  often 
used  synonymously.  The  Lares,  however, 
though  included  in'the  Penates,  were  not  the 
only  Penates;  for  each  family  had  usually  no 
more  than  one  Lar,  whereas  the  Penates  are 
always  spoken  of  in  the  plural.  Most  ancient 
writers  believed  that  the  Penates  of  the  state 


Penates.    (.From  tbe  Vatican  Virgil.J 


PENEIS. 


293 


PERAEA. 


were  brought  by  Aeneas  from  Troy  into  Italy, 
and  were  preserved  first  at  Laviuium.  after- 
wards at  Alba  Longa,  and  finally  at  Rome. 
The  private  Penates  bad  their  place  at  the 
hearth  of  every  house,  and  the  table  also  was 
sacred  to  them.  On  the  hearth  a  perpetual 
fire  was  kept  up  in  their  honor,  and  the  table 
always  contained  the  salt-cellar  and  the  first- 
lings of  fruit  for  these  divinities. 

PENEIS  (-idis),  that  is,  Daphne,  daughter 
of  the  river  god  Peneus. 

PENELOPE  (-es),  daughter  of  Icarius  and 
Periboea  of  Sparta,  married  Ulysses, 
king  of  Ithaca.  [Respecting  her  mar- 
riage, see  Ioabids,  No.  2.]  By  Ulys- 
ses she  had  an  only  child,  Telemaehus, 
who  was  an  infant  when  her  husband 
sailed  against  Troy.  During  the  long 
absence  of  Ulysses  she  was  beleaguered 
by  numerous  and  importunate  suitors, 
whom  she  deceived  by  declaring  that  she 
must  finish  a  large  robe  which  she  was 
making  for  Laertes,  her  aged  father-in- 
law,  before  she  could  make  up  her  mind. 
During  the  daytime  she  accordingly 
worked  at  the  robe,  and  iu  the  night  she 
undid  the  work  of  the  day.  By  this 
means  she  succeeded  iu  putting  off  the 
suitors.  But  at  length  her  stratagem 
was  betrayed  by  her  servants:  and 
when,  in  consequence,  the  faithful  Pe- 
nelope' was  pressed  more  and  more  by 
the  impatient  suitors,  Ulysses  at  length 
arrived  in  Ithaca,  after  an  absence  of  20 
years.  Having  recognized  her  husband 
by  several  signs,  she  heartily  welcomed 
him,  and  tin'  days  of  her  grief  and  sor- 
row were  at  an  end.  [Ulysses.]  While 
Homer  describes  Penelope  as  a  chaste 
and  faithful  wile,  some  writers  charge 
her  with  being  tli''  reverse, and  relate 

that  she  became  the  mother  of  Pan  by 
Hermes  or  by  all  the  suitors.  They  add 
that  [Jly88es  repudiated  her  when  in-  re- 
turned :  whereupon  she  went  to  Sparta,  and 
thence  to  Mantinea.  According  to  another 
tradition,  she  married  Telegonus,  after  he 
had  killed  bis  father,  Ulysses. 

PENEUS  (-j).      (1,  'lie-  chief  river  of  Thes- 

saly,  rising  in  Mount  Plndus,  ami  after  receiv- 
ing many  affluents,  forcing  Its  way  through 
the  v  de  ofTempe  between  Mounts  Ossa  and 
Olympus  into  the  sea.  [Tempk.]  As  a  god 
Peneus  was  o  son  ofOceanus  and  Tethys,  and 
fathei  nf  Daphne  and  Cyrene. — (2)  A  river  of 
Elis,  rising  on  the  frontiers  of  Arcadia,  and 
flowing  into  the  Ionian  sea. 

PBNIU8  (-1),  a  little  river  of  Pontus,  falling 
into  the  Eaxiue. 
'    PENNINAE  ALPB8.    [At.pi 

PENTAPOLIS  ls),the  nam.'  for  any  asso- 
ciation of  6  cities,  was  applied  specifically  to 
the  •''  chief  cities  of  Cyrenalca,  in  N.  Africa— 
Cyrene,  Berenice,  Areinoe4,  Ptolemais,  and 
Apollonln. 

PENTBLICTJ8   Ml,  a   mountain   In   Attica, 

celebrated  for  its  marble,  i-  a  branch  of  Mom  it 
Fames,  from  which  it  runs  in  a  S.E.-ly  direc- 
tion  between  Athens  and  Marathon  to  the 

coast. 


1'ENTHESILEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Ares 
(Mars)  and  Otrera,  and  queen  of  the  Amazons. 
After  the  death  of  Hector  she  came  to  the 
assistance  of  the  Trojans,  but  was  slain  by 
Achilles,  who  mourned  over  the  dying  queen 
on  account  of  her  beauty,  youth,  and  valor. 
Thersites  ridiculed  the  grief  of  Achilles,  and 
was  in  consequence  killed  by  the  hero.  There- 
upon Diomedes,  a  relative  of  Thersites,  threw 
the  body  of  Penthesilea  into  the  river  Seaman- 
der;  but,  according  to  others,  Achilles  himsell 
buried  it  on  the  banks  of  the  Xauthus. 


1 

l^^fe^- 

^  li 

rA 

Hi 

\yjA 

mm 

If 

Up  y  ^=^'\ 

W  1     JU 

rVfC  1 

)\  \sA 

— ^\fci 

JlMM 

<■__ . 

•-. .  -~^  ^ i 

Penthetilea  offering  aid  to  PrlAm, 

PENTHEUS  (-Sob  or  51;  ace.  -ea  or  Sum), 
son  nf  Echlon  and  AgavS,  the  daughter  of 
Cadmus,  lie  succeeded  Cadmue  as  king  of 
Thebes ;  and  having  resisted  the  Introduction 

of  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  into  his 
kingdom,  be  WBB  driven  mad  by  the  god,  bis 

palace  waa  hurled  to  the  ground,  and  he  him- 
self was  torn  to  pieces  bj  his  own  mother  and 
her  two  Bisters,  [no  and  AutonoS,  who  in  their 
Bai  -  hlc  frenzj  believed  him  to  be  a  wild  beast. 
The  place  where  Penthene  suffered  di 
Baid  to  have  been  Mount  ( llthaet oi  ir  Mount 
Parnassus,     it  i-^  related  thai  Fenthena  got 

upon  B  tree,  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  iu 

secret  the  revelry  of  the  Bacchic  women,  bul 

on   being  discovered  by  them  was  torn   ti 

plei  e 

PENTR1  (-I'lriim),  one  of  the  most  Impor 

I  the  tribes  In  Samnlum,    Their  chief 

town  was  I'k.viamm. 
PEPARETHTJS  Mi,  a  small  island  In  the 

A hi  s.M,  off  the  coasl  ol  The    illy,  and  E. 

of  Halouesus.     It  produi  ed  a  consl  I 
qn  intlty  of  wine. 

PBPHREDO'.    [Gbai  m.i 

PERAEA  (-ae),  ''.  <■.  the  country  m  tl«-  op- 


PERCOTE. 


294 


PERICLES. 


Hide,  a  genera]  name  for  auy  district 
belonging  to  or  closely  connected  with  a 
country,  from  the  main  part  of  which  it  was 
separated  by  a  .-ea  or  river. — (1)  The  part  of 
Palestine  E.  of  the  Jordan.— (2)  Pjbbaba  Riio- 
diobum,  a  district  in  the  S.  of  Caria,  opposite 
to  t  tic-  island  of  Rhodes,  and  subject  to  the 
Rhodians,  extending  from  Mount  Phoenix  on 
the  W.  to  the  frontier  of  Lycia  on  the  E.— (3) 
A  city  on  the  W.  coast  of  Mysia,  near  Adramyt- 
tium,  one  of  the  colonies  of  the  My  tilenaeaus. 

PERCOTE  (-es),  a  very  ancient  city  of 
Mysia,  between  Abydos  and  Lampsacus,  near 
the  Hellespont. 

PERDICCAS  (-ae).  (1)  The  founder  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchy,  according  to  Herodo- 
tus, though  later  writers  represent  Caranus 
as  the  1st  king  of  Macedonia,  and  make  Per- 
diccaa  only  the  4th.  [Cabancs.]  Perdiccas 
and  his  two  brothers,  Gauanes  and  AGropus, 
are  said  to  have  come  from  Argos,  and  settled 
near  Mount  Bermins,  from  whence  they  sub- 
dued the  rest  of  Macedonia.  —  (2)  King  of 
Macedonia  from  about  b.o.  454  to  413,  sou  and 
mi  essor  of  Alexander  I.  In  the  Pelopou- 
nesian  war  we  rind  him  atone  time  in  alliance 
with  the  Spartans,  and  at  another  time  with 
the  Athenians ;  and  it  is  evident  that  he 
joined  one  or  the  other  of  the  belligerent 
parties  accordiug  to  the  dictates  of  his  own 
interest  at  the  moment. — (3)  King  of  Mace- 
donia, b.o.  3ii4-359,  second  sou  of  Amyntas 
II.,  obtained  the  throne  by  the  assassination 
of  the  usurper  Ptolemy  of  Alorus.  He  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Illyriaus. — (4)  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  generals  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  The  king  on  his  death-bed  is 
said  to  have  taken  the  royal  signet-ring  from 
his  finger  and  to  have  given  it  to  Perdiccas. 
After  the  death  of  the  king  (323),  Perdiccas 
had  the  chief  authority  intrusted  to  him  under 
the  command  of  the" new  king,  Arrhidaeus. 
His  ambitious  schemes  induced  Antipater, 
Craterus,  and  Ptolemy  to  unite  in  a  league, 
and  declare  open  war  against  Perdiccas. 
Thereupon  Perdiccas  marched  into  Egypt 
against  Ptolemy,  but  having  been  defeated 
in  I 'a  ale,  he  was  slain  by  his  own  troops, 
B.O.  3-21. 

PERDIX  (-Tcis),  the  nephew  of  Daedalus, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  saw,  the  chisel,  the 
compasses,  etc.  His  skill  excited  the  jeal- 
onsy  of  Daedalus,  who  threw  him  headlong 
from  the  temple  of  Athena  (Minerva),  on  the 
Acropolis,  but  the  goddess  canght  him  in  his 
(all,  and  changed  him  into  the  bird  which  was 
named  after  him,  perdix,  the  partridge. 

PfiRENNA,  ANNA.     [Anna.] 

PER6A  (-ae),  an  ancient  and  important 
city  of  Pampbylia,  lay  a  little  inland,  N.E.  of 
Attalia,  between  the  rivers  Catarrhactes  and 
Oestrus,  60  stadia  (6  geog.  miles)  from  the 
mouth  of  the  former.  It  was  a  celebrated  seat 
of  the  worship  of  Artemis  (Diana).  It  was 
the  first  place  in  Asia  Minor  visited  by  the 
apostle  Paul  ou  his  first  missionary  journey. 

PERGAMA  and  PERGA.MlA.  [Pebga- 
mon,  No.  1.] 

PERGAMUM  or  PERGAMUS  (-i).  The 
former  by  far  the  most  usual  form  iu  the 


classical  writers,  though  the  latter  is  more 
common  in  English,  probably  on  account  of 
its  use  in  our  version  of  the  Bible  (Rev.  ii.  12). 
The  word  is  significant,  connected  with  m;^  m . 
a  tower. — (1)  The  citadel  of  Troy,  and  used 
poetically  for  Troy  itself:  the  poets  also  use 
the  forms  Pebgama  (-drum)  and  Pekgamia 
(-ae).— (2)  A  celebrated  city  of  Asia  Minor,  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamns,  and  aft- 
erwards of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  was 
situated  in  the  district  of  S.  Mysia  called  Teu- 
thrania,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  Calais, 
about  twenty  miles  from  the  sea.  The  kinsr- 
dom  of  Pergamns  was  founded  about  b.o.  2S0 
by  Philetaerus,  who  had  been  intrusted  by 
Lysimachus  with  the  command  of  the  city. 
The  successive  kintrs  of  Pergamns  were: 
Piiili.taf.ecs,  Ji.c.  2S0-263;  Eumknes  I.,  263- 
241;  AttallS  I.,  241-197;  Eumenes  II.,  197- 
159  ;  Attai  us  II.  Pmi.ADKT.i-uLS,  159-13S;  At- 
talcs  III.  Phii.ometok,  13S-133.  The  king- 
dom reached  its  greatest  extent  after  the  de- 
feat of  Autiochus  the  Great  by  the  Romans, 
in  n.c.  190,  when  the  Romans  bestowed  upou 
Eumenes  II.  the  whole  of  Mysia,  Lydia,  both 
Phrygias,  Lycaonia,  Pisidia,  and  Pamphylia. 
It  was  under  the  same  king  that  the  cele- 
brated library  was  founded  at  Pergamus, 
which  for  a  long  time  rivaled  that  of  Alex- 
andria, and  the  formation  of  which  occasioned 
the  invention  of  parchment,  Charta  Perga- 
mena.  On  the  death  of  Attains  III.,  in  it. a 
133,  the  kingdom,  by  a  beqnest  in  his  will, 
passed  to  the  Romans.  The  city  was  an  early 
seat  of  Christianity,  and  is  one  of  the  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia  "to  which  the  Apocalyptic 
epistles  are  addressed.  Among  the  celebrated 
natives  of  the  city  were  the  rhetorician  Apol- 
lodorus  and  the  physician  Galen. 

PERGE.     [Peega.] 

PfiRlANDER(-dri),  son  of  Cypselus,  whom 
he  succeeded  as  tyrant  of  Corinth,  b.c.  625, 
and  reigned  40  years,  to  n.o.  5S5.  His  rule  was 
mild  and  beneficent  at  first,  but  afterwards 
became  oppressive.  He  was  a  patron  of  liter- 
ature and  philosophy;  and  Arion  and  Ana- 
charsis  were  in  favor  at  his  court.  He  was 
very  commonly  reckoned  among  the  Seven 
Sages. 

PERICLES  (-is  or  i),  the  greatest  of  Athe- 
nian statesmen,  was  the  son  of  Xanthippus 
and  Agariste,  both  of  whom  belonged  to  the 
noblest  families  of  Athens.  The  fortune  of 
his  parents  procured  for  him  a  careful  educa- 
tion, and  he  received  instruction  from  Damon, 
Zeno  of  Elea,  and  Anaxagoras.  Iu  b.o.  469 
Pericles  began  to  take  part  in  public  affairs, 
40  years  before  his  death,  and  was  soou  re- 
garded as  the  head  of  the  more  democratical 
party  in  the  state,  in  opposition  toCimon.  Q 
was  at  his  instigation  that  his  friend  Ephial- 
tes  proposed  in  461  the  measure  by  which  the 
Areopagus  was  deprived  of  those  functions 
which  rendered  it  formidable  to  the  demo- 
cratical party.  This  success  was  followed  by 
•tit-  ostracism  of  Cimon.  Pericles  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  geueral  as  well  as  a  states 
man,  and  frequently  commanded  the  Athe- 
nian armies  in  their  wars  with  the  neighbor- 
ing states.  In  44S  he  led  the  army  which 
assisted  the  Phociaus  iu  the  Sacred  war ;  and 


PERICLES. 


29i 


PERSEPHONE. 


in  445  lie  rendered  the  most  signal  service  to 
the  state  by  recovering  the  island  of  Ellboea, 
which  had  revolted  from  Athens.  After  the 
death  of  Cimon  in  44'J,  the  aristocratical  party 
was  headed  by  Thncydides,  the  son  ofMele- 
eiaa  j  but  on  the  ostracism  of  the  latter  in  444 
Pericles  was  left  without  a  rival,  and  through- 
out the  remainder  of  his  political  course  no 
one  appeared  to  contest  his  supremacy.  The 
next  important  event  ill  which  Pericles  was 
engaged  was  the  war  against.  Samoa,  which 
had  revolted  from  Athens,  and  which  lie  sub- 
dued after  an  arduous  campaign,  no.    The 

noel   Sophocles  was  one  of  the  L'eiier.ils  who 

fought  with  Pericles  against  Samoa.  For  the 
next  10  years,  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war,  the  Athenian-  were  n  it  engaged 
in  any  considerable  military  operations.  Peri- 
cles employed  tins  time  of  peace  in  adorning 

Athens    with    public   buildings,   which    made 

this  city  the  wonder  and  ad  mi  rat  ion  of  Greece. 

[PflmiAS.]  The  enemies  of  Pericles  made 
many  attempts  to  ruin  hi-  reputation,  lint, 
failing  in  these. they  attacked  him  through 
his  friends.  His  friends  Phidias  and  Ann  . 
agoras.aud  his  mistress  Astasia. were  all  ac- 
en  id  bi  fore  tin-  people.     Phidias  was  con- 

dei ;d and  cast  into  prison  [PbuhasJ ;  Anax- 

agi  >ra<  was  tl  t  i  entenced  to  pay  a  Qt  ■  ind 
quit  Athens  [Anaxagobas]  ;  and  Aspa  la  wa 
only  acquitted  through  the  entreaties  and 
tears  oi  Pi  li  It  'I  he  Peloponnesian  war 
ha-  been  falsely  ascribed  to  the  ambitions 
schemes  of  Pei  icles.  It  ie  true  thai  lie  c<»nn 
ielcd  the  Athenians  not  to  yield  to  the  de- 
nands  of  the  Lacedaemonians;   but  he  did 

IW   that   war   was    r 
hie;    and    that    as    loir./    as    Athens    retained 

the  greai  power  which  she  then  pa    ■     ed, 

Sparta  wouid  never  re  I  contented.  <>u  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  in  i::i  a  Pelopot  i 

army  under  Archidamu-  invaded  Attica,  and 

upon  the  advice  of  Pericles  the  Aiheniane 

Conveyed  their  propert]  into  the  city,  and  al- 
lowed the  Peloponueaians  to  desolate  AUica 


without  opposition.  Next  year  (430),  when 
the  Pelopounesians  again  invaded  Attica, 
Pericles  pursued  the  same  policy  as  before. 
In  this  summer  the  plague  made  its  appear- 
ance in  Athens.  It  carried  oft'  his  two  sons, 
Xanthippus  and  Paralus,  and  most  of  his  in- 
timate friends.  In  the  autumn  of 429  Pericles 
himself  died  of  a  lingering  sickness.  He  left 
no  legitimate  children.  His  son  Pericles,  by 
Aspasia,  was  one  of  the  generals  at  the  battu 
of  Argiuusae,  and  was  put  to  death  by  the 
Athenians  with  the  other  generals,  is.o.  40G. 

PERICLYMENTJS  (-i),  one  of  the  Arg» 
nauts,  son  of  Neleus,  and  brother  of  Nestor. 

PERILLUS.     [PiiAi.Aias.] 

PERINTIIUS  (-i),  an  important  town  of 
Thrace  on  the  Propontis,  and  founded  by  the 
Samians  about  it. o.  559,  situated  22  miles  VV. 
ofSelymbria  on  a  small  peninsula.  At  a  later 
time  it  was  called  Heraelea,  and  sometimes 
Heraclea  Thraciaeot  Heraelea  Perinthus. 

PERlPHAS  (-antis).  (l)  A  king  of  Attica. 
—(2)  One  of  the  Lapithae. — (3)  A  companion 
of  Pyri  litis  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

PERMESSTJS  (-i),  a  river  in  Boeotia,  de- 
scending from  Mount  Helicon,  and  falling 
into  the  lake  Copais  near  Haliartus. 

PERO  (-6uis),  daughter  of  Neleus  and 
Chloris,  and  wife  of  Bias. 

PERPBRENA  (-ae),  a  small  town  ofMysia, 
S.  of  Adramyttium. 

PERPERNA  orPERPENNA  (-ae:  the  for- 
mer is  the  preferable  form).  (1)  M.,  consul 
b.o.  130,  when  he  defeated  Aristonicns  in  Asia, 
and  took  him  prisoner. — (2)  M.  Pbbpmina 
Vinio,  s . .11  of  the  last,  joined  the  Marian 
party  in  the  civil  war,  and  was  raised  to  the 
praetorship.    lie  afterwards  crossed  over  into 

Spain,  and  fought   under  Sertorius   for  some 

years;  but  being  jealous  of  the  latter,  Per- 

perna  and  his  friends  assassinated  Sertorius 

at  a  banquet  in  7'-'.    His  death  soon  brought 

the  war  to  a  cloBft  I'erperna  was  defeated 
by  Pompey,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  put 

to  dentil. 

PERRHAEBI  (-orum), a  powerful  and  war- 
like Pelasgic  people  in  the  N.  of  Thc-saly. 
Homer  places  the  Perrhaebl  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  i hi'  Thessalian  Dodona  and  the  river 

TitarosiUB;   and  at  a  later  time  the  name  of 

I'en  haehia  m  as  applied  i,>  the  district  bound- 
ed ie.  Macedonia  and  the  I  nmbunian  mount- 
ains oil  the  \.,  by  Pin  dug  on  the  w.,  by  the 
Penene  on  tie-  s.  and  s  S  ,  and  by  the  Peneut 
and  Ossa  on  the  l).  The  Perrhaebl  were 
memberi!  of  the  Amphictyouic  League. 

PERSAE.    li'iiuiM. ] 

PER8E  '■•  --.or  PEKSA  I  ne),  daughtei  o( 

,    and    Wife    '  I'    Heir.-      the    Sun  |,    Ie 

whom  -he  became  the  mother  of    '< 
in'.    Paaiphai .  and  Pet  e 

PERSEIS  '-nil- '.  a  nan Ive G 

as  the  daughter  of  Pet  e         \  terla. 

PERSEPHONE I  PI 

■    i.    by  the  Roman 

/.  ii     Jupitet  i  and  i  ''He  h      Cen         in  A 

tica  she  \s.i-  wor  iiipe.i  nnder  the  nan t 

thai  i-.  the  Daughter,  namely,  of 
Demeter;  and  the  two  were  frequently  called 


PERSEPHONE. 


29(5 


PERSEPOLIS. 


^^^^^ 


Persephone  (Proserpine)  enthroned.    (Gerhard,  Arehaolog.  Zeit.  tav.  11.) 


"'ht  Mother  and  the  DaunAter.  Homer  de- 
cribes  her  as  the  wife  of  Hades  (Pluto),  and 
he  formidable,  venerable,  and  majestic  queen 
f  the  Shades,  who  rules  over  the  sonls  of  the 
lead,  along  with  her  husband.  Hence  she  is 
ailed  by  later  writers  Juno  Inferno,  A  verna, 
nd  Stygia ;  and  the  Erinyes  (Furies)  are  said 
o  have  been  her  daughters  by  Pinto.  The 
tory  of  her  being  carried  off  by  Hades,  the 
renderings  of  her  mother  in  search  of  her, 
ml  the  worship  of  the  2  goddesses  in  Attica 


at  the  festival  of  the  Eleusinia,  are  related 
under  Dicmetek.  Persephone  is  usually  rep- 
resented in  works  of  art  with  the  grave  and  se- 
vere character  of  the  Juno  of  the  lower  world. 
PEESEPoLTS  (-is),  the  capital  of  Persia 
and  of  the  Persian  empire.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, to  have  been  seldom  used  as  the  royal 
residence.  Neither  Herodotus,  Xenophon, 
Ctesias,  nor  the  sacred  writers  daring  the 
Persian  period,  mention  it  at  all ;  though  they 
often  speak  of  Babylon,  Snsa,  and  Ecbati'-'a. 


Pkbhti'iionk.    (From  a  Pompellaii  Fresco,  Naples.) 
Q2 


PERSKS. 


297 


PERSICUS. 


as  the  capitals  of  the  empire.  It  is  only  from 
the  Greek  writers  after  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest that  we  learn  its  rank  in  the  empire, 
which  appears  to  have  consisted  chiefly  in  its 
being  one  of  the  2  burial-places  of  the  kings 
(the  other  being  Pasargada),  and  also  a  royal 
treasury;  for  Alexander  found  in  the  palace 
immense  riches,  which  were  said  to  have  ac- 
cumulated from  the  time  of  Cyrus.  It  pre- 
served its  splendor  till  after  the  Macedonian 
conquest,  when  it  was  burned  ;  Alexander,  as 
the  story  goes,  setting  tire  to  the  palace  with 
his  own  hand,  at  the  end  of  a  revel,  by  the  in- 
stigation of  the  courtesan  Thais,  u.o.  331.  It 
was  not,  however,  so  entirely  destroyed  as 
some  historians  represeut.  It  appears  fre- 
quently in  subsequent  history,  both  ancient 
and  medieval.  It  is  now  deserted,  but  its  ruins 
are  considerable.  It  was  situated  in  the  heart 
of  Persis,  in  the  part  called  Hollow  Persis,  not 
far  from  the  border  of  the  Carmauiau  Desert, 
in  a  valley  watered  by  the  river  A  raxes,  and 
its  tributaries  the  Modus  and  the  Cyrus. 

PERSES  (-ae),  son  of  Helios  (the  Sun)  and 
Perse,  brother  of  Aeetes  and  Circe,  and  father 
of  Hecate. 

PERSEPS  (-eos  or  el).  (1)  The  famous 
Argive  hero,  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Danad, 
and  grandson  of  Acri- 
sius.  An  oracle  had 
told  Acrisins  that  he 
was  doomed  to  perish 
by  the  hands  ofDanae's 
son  ;  and  he  therefore 
shut  up  his  daughter  in 
an  apartment  made  "I' 
brass  or  stone.  But 
Zens,  having  metamor- 
phosed himself  into  a 
shower  of  gold,  came 
down  through  the  rout 
of  the  prison,  and  be- 
came by  her  the  father 
of  Persens.  From  this 
circumstance  Perseus  is  sometimes  called 
aurigena.  As  soon  as  Acrisins  discovered 
that  Danae  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  he 
put  both  mother  and  son  into  a  chest,  and 
threw  them  into  the  Bea  :  bnl  Zeus  caused  the 
chest  to  come  ashore  at  Seriphos,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  when  Dictys,  a  fisherman,  found 
Danafi  and  her  -on,  and 

f-arricd  them  to  Polj  flec- 

tes,  the  king  of  the  conn- 
try,  who  treated   them 
with  kindness,  in  coui  se 
of  time  Polyde 
hi  love  witii  Danafi,  and 

to    get    rid   of 

vi.o  bad  mi-  in- 
■  -.11  up  to  man- 
hood, he  sent  tlii'  young 
hero  to  fetch  the  head  of 
Medusa,  one  ol 
gons.  Gttlded  by  Hei  mi  - 
(Mercary)  ami  Athena 
(Minerva  P< 
went,  to  tiir  Graeae,  tin' 

sisters  of  the  Gorgi  >n8, 

took  from  them  their  one  tooth  and  their  one 

eye,  and  would  not  restore  them  until  they 


showed  him  the  way  to  the  nymphs,  who  pos- 
sessed the  winged  sandals,  the  magic  wallet, 
and  the  helmet  of  Hades  (Pluto),  which  ren- 
dered the  wearer  invisible.  Having  received 
from  the  nymphs  these  invaluable  presents, 
from  Hermes  a  sickle,  and  from  Athena  a  mir- 
ror, he  mounted  into  the  air,  and  arrived  at  the 
abode  of  the  Gorgous,  who  dwelt  near  Tar- 
tessus,  on  the  coast  of  the  Ocean.  He  found 
tbem  asleep,  and  cut  off  the  head  of  Medusa, 
looking  at  her  figure  through  the  mirror,  for, 
a  sight  of  the  monster  herself  would  have! 
changed  him  into  stone.  Perseus  put  her 
head  into  the  wallet  which  he  carried  on  his 
back,  aud  as  he  went  away  he  was  pursued 
by  the  other  two  Gorgons;  but  his  helmet, 
which  rendered  him  invisible,  enabled  him  vo 
escape  in  safety.  Perseus  then  proceeded  to 
Aethiopia,  where  he  saved  and  married  An- 
dromeda. [Ani'P.omepa.]  Perseus  is  also 
said  to  have  changed  Atlas  into  the  mountain 
of  the  same  name  by  means  of  the  Gorgon's 
head.  On  his  return  to  Seriphos  he  found 
that  his  mother  had  taken  refuge  in  a  temple 
to  escape  the  violence  of  Polydectes.  He  then 
went  to  the  palace  of  Polydectes,  and  meta- 
morphosed him  and  all  his  guests  into  stone. 
He  then  gave  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  to  Athena, 
who  placed  it  in  the  middle  of  her  shield  or 
breastplate.  Perseus  subsequently  went  to 
Argos,  accompanied  by  Danae  and  Androme- 
da. Acrisins,  remembering  the  oracle,  escaped 
to  Larissa,  in  the  country  of  the  Pelasgians; 
hut  Perseus  followed  him"  in  disguise,  in  order 
to  persuade  him  to  return.  On  his  arrival  at 
Larissa,  be  took  part  in  the  public  games,  and 
accidentally  killed  Acrisins  with  the  discus. 
Persens,  leaving  the  kingdom  of  Argos  to 
Megapenthes,  the  son  of  Proetus,  received 
from  him  in  exchange  the  government  of 
Tiryns.  Perseus  is  said  to  have  founded 
Mycenae.— (2)  or  Pj  the  last  king 

ofMacedouia,  was  the  eldest  sou  of  Philip  V., 
and  reigned  1l  years,  from  b.O.  ITS  to  103. 
His  war  with  the  Romans  lasted  4  years 
(b.o.  171-168),  and  was  brought  to  a  <  lose  bj 
his  decisive  defeat  by  L.  Aemiliua  Paulas  at 
the  battle  of  Pvdna  in  His*.  I  orsetis  adorned 
the  triumph  of  his  conqueror,  and  wa-  per- 
mitted to  end  his  days  iii  an  honorable  cap- 
tivity at    \  Ilia. 

PERSIA.    |I,i:iisiB.j 


■in  of  PerMUf,  king  ol  M 


PERSlCI  8  SINUS,  PERSlCUM    MARE 
the  name  given  by  the  later  geographi  ■ 


PERSIS. 


298 


PESSINUS. 


the  great  gulf  of  the  Mare  Erythraeam  (Fn- 
iiuii  Ocean),  extending  between  the  const  of 

Arab;. i   and   the    Opposite    Coast    Of   Susiana, 

mil  Carmania,  now  called  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

PERSIS  (-Mis),  very  rarely  PERSIA  (-ae), 
originally  a  small  district  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  S.W.  by  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  the  N.W. 
and  N.  by  Susiana,  Media,  and  Parthia,  and 
on  the  E.  towards  Carmania  by  no  definite 
boundaries  in  the  desert.  The  only  level 
part  of  the  country  was  the  strip  of  sea-coast: 
the  rest  was  intersected  with  mountains.  The 
inhabitants  were  divided  into  3  classes  or 
castes  :  First,  the  nobles  or  warriors,  contain- 
ing the  3  tribes  of  the  Pasaegadae,  who  were 
the  most  noble,  and  to  whom  the  royal  family 
of  the  Achaemeuidae  belonged.  Secondly, 
the  agricultural  and  other  settled  tribes. 
Thirdly,  the  tribes  which  remained  nomadic. 
The  Persians  had  a  close  ethnical  affinity  to 
the  Medes,  and  followed  the  same  cust  'ins 
and  religion  [Magi:  Zoboasteb.]  On  their 
first  appearance  in  history  they  are  represent- 
ed as  a  nation  of  hardy  shepherds,  who  under 
their  leader  Cyrus  overthrew  the  empire  of 
the  Medes,  and  became  the  masters  of  West- 
ern Asia,  ji.e.  559.  [Cyucs.J  In  the  reign  of 
Darius,  the  3d  king  of  Persia,  the  empire  ex- 
tended from  Thrace  and  Cyrenaica  on  the  \V. 
to  the  Indus  on  the  E.,  and  from  the  Enxine, 
the  Caucasus,  the  Caspian,  and  the  Oxus  and 
Jaxartes  on  the  X.  to  Aethiopia,  Arabia,  and 
the  Erythraean  sea  on  the  S.  It  embraced, 
in  Europe,  Thrace  and  some  of  the  Greek 
cities  N,  of  the  Euxine;  in  Africa,  Egypt  and 
Cyrenaica:  in  Asia,  on  the  W.,  Palestine, 
Phoenicia,  Syria,  the  several  districts  of  Asia 
Minor,  Armenia,  Mesopotamia,  Assyria,  Bab- 
ylonia, Susiana,  Atropatene,  (heat.  Media  : 
on  the  N.,  Hyrcania,  Margiaua,  Bactriana,  and 
Sogdiana;  ou  the  E.,  the  Paropamisus,  Ara- 
chosia,  and  India  (?'.  e.  part  of  the  Punjab  and 
Scinde) ;  on  the  S.,  Persis,  Carmania,  and  <;e- 
drosia  ;  and  in  the  centre  of  the  E.  part,  Par- 
thia, Aria,  and  Draugiana.  The  capital  cities 
of  the  empire  were  Babylon,  Susa,  Ecbatana 
in  Media,  and,  though  these  were  seldom,  if 
ever,  used  as  residences,  Pasargada  and  Per- 
sepolis  in  Persis.  (See  the  several  articles.; 
Of  this  vast  empire  Darius  undertook  the 
organization,  and  divided  it  into  20  satr: 
Of  the  ancient  Persian  history,  an  abstract  is 
given  tinder  the  names  of  the  several  kings, 
a  lis!  of  whom  is  subjoined:  1,  Cybus,  u.o. 
659-529;  2,  Camiiy6ES,  529-522;  3,  Usurpation 
of  the  p-eud o-Smkudis.  7  months,  522-521  ;  4, 
Dabius  r.,8on  ofHystaspes,521-4S5;  5,  Xerx- 
es L,  485-4(55;  6,  Usurpation  of  Aetahanus, 
1  months,  465-464;  T,  Aetaxebxes  I.  Longi- 
JI  an  D8,  464-425 ;  8,  Xebxeg  IL,  2  months:  9. 
Sogdianus,  i  months,  425-424 ;  10,  Ocncs,  or 
Daeius  IL  Nomus,  424-405 ;  LI,  Aetaxebxes 
II.  Mnemon, 405-359:  P2,OcnUB,  or  AbtaXBKX- 
bbIIL,  359-338;  13,  Abses,  338-336 ;  14,  Daei- 
us III.  Cot>omancs,  336-331.  [Alexander]. 
Here  the  ancient  history  of  Persia  ends,  as  a 
kingdom  ;  bat,  as  a  people,  the  Persians  prop- 
er, under  the  influence  especially  of  their  re- 
ligion, preserved  their  existence, "and  at  length 
regained  their  independence  on  the  downfall 


of  the  Parthian  empire.  [Sassanidae]  — In 
reading  the  Roman  poets,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  they  constantly  use  Persae,  as  well 
as  Medi,  as  a  general  term  for  the  peoples  E. 
of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  especially 
for  the  Parthians. 

PERSIUS  FLACCUS  (-i),  A.,  the  Roman 
poet,  was  a  knight  connected  by  blood  and 
marriage  with  persons  of  the  highest  rank, 
and  was  born  at  Volaterrae  in  Etruria,  a.d. 
34.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Cornntns  the  Stoic, 
and  while  yet  a  youth  was  on  familiar  term* 
with  Lucau,  with  Caesius  Bassos,  the  lyric 
poet,  and  with  several  other  persons  of  lit- 
erary eminence.  He  was  tenderly  beloved  by 
the  high-minded  Paetus  Thrasea,  and  seems 
to  have  been  well  worthy  of  such  affection; 
for  he  is  described  as  a  virtuous  and  pleasing 
youth.  He  died  in  a.d.  G'_',  before  he  had  com- 
pleted his  28th  year.  The  extant  works  of  Per- 
sius  consist  of  *6  short  satires,  and  were  left  in 
an  unfinished  state.  They  are  written  in  au 
obscure  style,  and  are  difficult  to  understand. 

PERTIXAX  (-acis),  IIELVIUS  (-i).  Roman 
emperor  from  January  1st  to  March  28th, 
a.d.  193,  was  reluctantly  persuaded  to  accept 
the  empire  ou  the 
death  of  Commo- 
dus.  But  having 
attempted  to  check 
the  license  of  the 
praetorian  troops, 
he  was  slain  by  the 
latter,  who  then  put 
up  the  empire  for 
sale. 

PERUSIA   (-ae: 

■yUi.^yii     \    ir ' " ""-  •  au  an" 

ifiJM5I<  y    \       cient    city    in    the 

E.  part  of  Etruria 
between  the  lake 
Tiasimenus  and 
the  Tiber,  and  one 
of  the  12  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  con- 
federacy. It  was 
situated  on  a  hill, 
and  was  strongly 
Pertinax.  fortified  by  nature 

and  by  art.  It  is 
memorable  in  the  civil  wars  as'the  place  in 
which  L.  Antonins,  the  brother  of  the  trium- 
vir, took  refuge,  when  he  was  no  longer  able 
to  oppose  Octavianus  (Augustus)  in  the  field, 
and  where  he  was  kept  closely  blockaded  by 
Octavianns  from  the  end  of  b.c  41  to  the 
spring  of  40.  Famine  compelled  it  to  sur- 
render; but  one  of  its  citizens  having  set  fire 
to  his  own  house,  the  flames  spread,  and  the 
whole  city  was  burned  to  the  ground.  It  was 
rebuilt  by  Augustus. 

PESSINUS  or  PESlXUS  (-nntis),  a  city  in 
the  S.W.  corner  of  Galatia,  on  the  S.  slope  of 
Mount  Dindymns  or  Agdistis,  was  celebrated 
as  a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele,  un- 
der the  surname  of  Agdistis,  whose  temple, 
crowded  with  riches,  stood  on  a  hill  outside 
the  city.  In  this  temple  was  an  image  of  the 
goddess,  which  was  removed  to  Rome,  to 
satisfy  an  oracle  in  the  Sibylline  book-. 


PETELIA. 


299 


PHALARIS. 


PETELIA  or  PETTLIA  (-ae:  Strongoli). 
an  ancient  Greek  town  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Brutliinii,  founded,  according  to  tradition,  by 
Philuctetes. 

PETILIUS,     CAPITOLINUS.        [Capito- 

LINUS.] 

PETRA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  cities 
built  on  rocks,  or  in  rocky  places,  of  which 
ihe  most  celebrated  was  in  Arabia  Petraea, 
the  capital,  first,  of  the  Idumaeans,  and  after- 
wards of  the  Nabathaeans.  It  lies  in  the 
midst  of  the  mountains  of  Seir,  just  half-way 
between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  head  of  the 
Aelanitie  gulf  of  the  Red  Sea,  in  a  valley,  or 
rather  ravine,  surrounded  by  almost  inacces- 
sible precipices,  which  is  entered  by  a  narrow 
gorge  on  the  E.,  the  rocky  walls  of  which 
approach  so  closely  as  in  some  places  hardly 
to  permit  2  horsemen  to  ride  abreast.  On  the 
banks  of  the  river  which  runs  through  this 
ravine  stood  the  city  itself,  and  some  flue 
ruins  of  its  public  buildings  still  remain. 
These  ruins  are  chiefly  of  the  Roman  period, 
when  Petra  had  become  an  important  city  as 
a  centre  of  the  caravan  traffic  of  the  Naba- 
thaeans. It  maintained  its  independence 
under  the  Romans  till  the  time  of  Trajan, 
by  whom  it  was  taken.  It  was  the  chief 
city  of  Arabia  Petraea  ;  and  under  the  latei 
empire  the  capital  of  Palaestina  Tenia. 

PfiTREIUS  (-i),  M.,  a  man  of  military  expe- 
rience, is  first  mentioned  ill  u.<\  62,  when  he 
served  as  legatus  to  C.  Antoniue,  and  defeat- 
ed the  army  of  Catiline,  lie  belonged  to  the 
aristocraticnl  party;  and  in  55  he  was  sent 
into  Spain  along  with  L.  Afranius  as  legatus 
of  Pompey.  Ik-  subsequently  fought  against 
Caesar  in  Africa,  and  after  tin'  loss  of  the 
battle  ofThapsus,  he  aud  Juba  fell  by  each 
h  mds. 

PfiTRlNTJM  (-i),  a  mountain  near  Sinu- 
ii  the  confines  of  Latium  and  Campania, 
on  which  good  wine  was  grown. 

PETROCORlI  <-onmi),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Aqnitanica,  in  the  modern  Perigord. 

PETROnIUS  (-i),  <'..  or  T.',  one  of  the 
chosen  companions  of  Nero,  and  regarded  as 
director-in-chief  of  i  he  impel  ial  pleasures 
(Elegantiae  arbiter)  The  Influence  which 
Petronins  thus  acquired  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Tigellinns ;  and  being  accused  of  treason, 
be  pm  an  end  i,>  his  life  By  opening  hi-  veins. 
He  i-  said  to  have  dispatched  in  hi-  lai  I 
moments  a  tester  to  the  prince,  taunting  him 
with  his  brutal  excesses.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  he  is  the  author  of  the  work,  wliieh 
ha-  comedown  ton-,  b<  aring  the  title  Petronii 
Arhihi  Satpricon,  i'  le  ■■>  orl  of  comic  ro- 
mance, filled  with  disgusting  licentiou  : 

PEUC'E  (-6s), an  island  in  Moesia  Inferior, 

formed    hv    lie-    "    BOUtheiTI    months    ol'    lie' 

Danube,  inhabited  bj  I  he  Penclni,  who  were 
a  tribe  of  the  Ba  tarnae,  and  took  their  name 
from  the  island. 
PETJCB8TA8  (-ae),  an  offlcei  of  Alexander 

the  Qreat,  on  whose  death  («,o  ::^::i  he  ob- 
tained the  government  of  Persia.    He 
on  tin'  side  of  Kumenes  against  Anllgonuj 
(817  316),    and    was    finally    deprived    of   his 
satrapy  by  Antigonus. 


PEUCETIA.     [Arrri.iA..] 

PEUCIXI.     [Petjce.] 

PHACUSSA  (-ae),  an  island  in  the  Aegaean 
sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

PHAEACES  (-urn),  a  fabulous  people  im- 
mortalized by  the  Odyssey,  who  inhabited  the 
island  Soheria  (2x«p''a),  situated  at  the  ex- 
treme western  part  of  the  earth,  and  who 
were  governed  by  king  Alcinous.  [Ana sous.] 
They  are  described  as  a  people  of  luxurious 
habits;  whence  a  glutton  is  called  Phaeaa 
by  Horace.— The  ancients  identified  the  Ho- 
meric Scheria  with  Corcyra;  but  it  is  better 
to  regard  Scheria  as  altogether  fabulous. 

PHAEDON  (-onis),  a  native  of  Elis,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  sold  as  a  slave  at  Athens, 
lie  afterwards  obtained  his  freedom,  and  be- 
came a  follower  of  Socrates,  at  whose  death 
he  was  present.  He  afterwards  returned  to 
Elis,  where  he  became  the  founder  of  a  school 
of  philosophy.  The  dialogue  of  Plato,  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  death  of  Socrates, 
bears  the  name  of  Phaedon. 

PHAEDRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Minos,  and 
wife  of  Theseus,  who  falsely  accused  her  step- 
Son  Hippolvtus.  After  the  death  Of  Hippo- 
lytus,  his  innocence  became  known  to  his 
father,  and  Phaedra  made  away  with  herself. 

PHAEDRUS  (-i),  the  Latin  Fabulist,  was 
originally  a  slave,  and  was  brought  from 
Thrace  or  Macedonia  to  Rome,  where  he 
learned  the  l.atin  language,  lie  received  his 
freedom  from  Augustus.  His  fables  are  9T 
in  number,  written  in  iambic  verse:  most  of 
them  are  borrowed  from  Aesop. 

PHAE8TUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Crete, 

near  Qortyna,  the  birthplace  of  Epimeuides. 

PIIAETIIOX  (-5nti8),  that  is,  "the  shin- 
ing," Used  as  an  epithet  or  surname  of  Helios 
(the  Sun),  but  more  commonly  known  as  ih* 

name  of  n  son  of  Helios  by  CfymentS,  He  re- 
ceived the  name  of  I'haethon  from  his  father, 
and   was   afterwards   so   presumptuous   08    tO 

request  his  father  to  allow  him  to  drive  the 

chariot  of  the  sun  across  the  heaven-  for  one 
day.  Helios  was  induced  In  the  entreaties 
of  his  son  and  ofrlytaene  to  yield,  but  the 
youth   being  too   weak    to  Check   the  horse-, 

they  i ashed  out  of  their  usual  track,  .and 
came  so  near  i  he  eat  th  a-  «] -t  to  set  it  on 

lire.     Thei, mi Zeue  killed  him  uilh  a  Hash 

I  of  lightning,  and  hurled  him  down  into  the 
river  Eridunn  .  His  sisters,  the  //,  llddae  or 
PhdSthontXddea,  who  hail  yoked  the  nor  et  to 
i  he  chariot,  were  metamorphosed  into  poplars, 
ami  their  tears  Into  amber.  I  Hkliahak,  i 
PHAfO'l'lirsA.     [Hi  i  i  w.m.i 

riiAi.A.vnus  (-1),  the  leader  ofthe  i  u  e 

d  " Hi  an-  n  in.  i ided  Tareutum  in  Italy, 

about   B.O,  T08. 

PHXLARIS  Idle),  ruler  of  Agrigeutum  In 
sicii;, ,  has  obtained  a  pi  ovet  blal  t  eleb 

a    cruel    and    inhuman    \\  lant.       Ho   I 

from  al I  b.o,  570  to  564,     i  le  pel  i  bed  bj  n 

sudden  on  (break  of  the  popular  fury.     N 

enmt  tarn  e  connected  with  him  is  moo 

i  han  I  be  bt  a/en  bull  ill  W  hlcfa  lie  is 
BSld  to  have  bullied  alive  the  victim"  of  bis 
cruelty,    and    of  whhh    we    are    told    that    he 


PHALEKUM. 


300 


PHASIS. 


Phaethon.     (ZaDnont,  Gal.  di  Firenze,  serie  4,  vol.  2.) 


made  the  first  experiment  upon  its  inventor, 
Perillus.  The  Epistles  hearing  the  name  of 
Phalaris  have  been  proved  by  Beutley  to  be 
the  composition  of  some  Sophist. 

PHALERUM  (-i),  the  most  E.-ly  of  the 
harbors  of  Athens,  and  the  one  chiefly  nsed 
by  the  Athenians  before  the  time  of  the  Per- 
sian wars.  After  the  establishment  by  The- 
mistocles  of  the  harbors  in  the  peninsula  of 
Piraeus,  Phaleram  was  not  much  used. 

PHAXAE  (-arnm),  the  S.  point  of  the 
island  of  Chios,  celebrated  for  its  temple  of 
Apollo,  and  for  its  excellent  wine. 

PHANAGQRIA  (-ae),  a  Greek  city  on  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus, 
wsis  chosen  by  the  kings  of  Bosporus  as  their 
capital  in  Asia. 

PIIAUX  (-onis),  a  boatman  at  Mitylene,  is 
said  to  have  been  originally  an  ogly  old  man  ; 
.but  having  carried  Aphrodite  (Venus)  across 
the  sea  without  accepting  payment,  the  god- 
dess gave  him  youth  and  beauty.  After  this 
Sappho  is  said  to  have  fallen  in  love  with 
him,  and,  when  he  slighted  her,  to  have  leaped 
from  the  Leucadian  rock.    [Sappho.] 

PHAKAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  the  \Y. 
part  of  Achaia,  and  one  of  the  12  Achaean 
cities,  situated  on  the  river  Pierus.— (2)  A 
town  in  Messenia  on  the  river  >Cedon,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Laconia. 

PHARMACtTSA  (-ae),  an  island  off  the 
coast  of  Miletus,  where  Julius  Caesar  was 
taken  prisoner  by  pirates. 

PHARNAHAZUS  (-i),  satrap  of  the  Persian 
pr.iTinces  near  the  Hellespont,  towards  the 
end  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  for  many 
years  subsequently.  His  character  is  distin- 
guished by  generosity  and  openness.  He  has 
been  charged,  it  is  true,  with  the  murder  of 
Alcibiade*:  but  the  hitler  probably  fell  by 
the  hands  of  others.     [Ai.oibiadkb.] 

PHARNACES  (-is).  (1)  King  of  Pontus. 
Mid  grandfather  of  Mithridates  the  Great, 
reiirned  from  about  b.c.  1H0  to  15G. — (2)  King 
Df  Pontus,  or  more  properly  of  the  Bosporus, 
was  the  son  of  Mithridates  the  Great,  whom 
he  compelled  to  put  an  end  to  his  life  in  c:i. 
[Mithbidatbs  VI.]  After  the  death  of  bis 
father,  Pompey  granted  him  the  kingdom  of 
the  Bosporus.    In  the  civil  war  between  Cae- 


sar and  Pompey,  Pharnaces  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity to  reinstate  himself  iu  his  father's  do- 
minions ;  but  he  was  defeated  by  Caesar  in  a 
decisive  action  near  Zela  (47).  The  battle 
was  gained  with  such  ease  by  Caesar  that 
he  informed  the  senate  of  his  victory  by  the 
words  Veni,  vidi,  via.  Iu  the  course  of  the 
same  year  Pharnaces  was  slain  by  Asander, 
one  of  his  generals.    [Asanpek.] 

PHARNlClA,  a  flourishing  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  coast  of  Pontus,  built  near 
(some  think  on)  the  site  of  Cerasus,  probably 
by  Pharnaces,  the  grandfather  of  Mithridates 
the  Great. 

ITIARSALUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Thessaly,  in 
the  district  Thessaliotis,  W.  of  the  river  Enip- 
ens.  Near  Pharsahts  was  fought  the  decisive 
battle  between  Caesar  and  Pompey,  u.c.  4S, 
which  made  Caesar  master  of  the  Roman 
world.  It  is  frequently  called  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia,  which  was  the  name  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  town. 

PHARUS  or  PHlROS  (-i).  (1)  A  small 
island  off  the  coast  of  Egypt.  When  Alexan- 
der the  Great  planned  the  city  of  Alexandria, 
on  the  coast  opposite  to  Pharos,  he  caused 
the  island  to  be  united  to  the  coast  by  a  mole 
7  stadia  in  length,  thus  forming  the  2  harbors 
of  the  city.  [Alexandria.]  The  island  was 
chiefly  famous  for  the  lofty  tower  built  upon 
it  by  Ptolemy  II.  for  a  light-house,  whence 
the  name  of  Pharua  was  applied  to  all  similar 
structures. — (2)  An  island  of  the  Adriatic,  off 
the  coasts  of  Dalmatia,  E.  of  Issa. 

PHASELIS  (-Idis),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Lycia,  near  the  borders  of  Pamphylia,  found- 
ed by  Dorian  colonists.  It  became  afterwards 
the  head-quarters  of  the  pirates  who  infested 
the  S.  coasts  of  Asia  Minor,  and  was  therefoia 
destroyedbyP.  Servilinslsatiricus.  Phaselisis 
said  to  have  been  the  place  at  which  the  light, 
quick  vessels  called  Phaseli  were  first  built. 

PHASIS  (-is  or  idis).  (1)  A  celebrated 
river  of  Colchis,  flowing  into  the  E.  end  of 
the  Pontus  Euxinns  (lllark  Sea).  It  was  fa- 
mous in  connection  with  the  story  of  the  A;- 
>_ronautie  expedition.  Hence  Medea  is  called 
I'hasfias,  and  the  adjective  Pha&Acu*  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  Colchian.  [Abgonautak.]  It 
has  given  name  to  the  pheasant  (phasiauns), 
which  is  said  to  have  been  first  brought  tj 


PHEGEUS. 


501 


PHILAEXI. 


Greece  from  its  banks. — (2)  Near  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  on  its  8.  Bide,  was  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  founded  by  the  Milesians. 

PHEGEUS  (-cds  or  Si),  king  of  Psophis 
in  Arcadia,  purified  Alcmaeon  after  lie  bad 
killed  his  mother,  and  gave  him  his  daughter 
Alphesiboea  in  marriage.     [Alcmaeon.] 

PHEMIUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  minstrel,  who 
snug  to  the  suitors  in  the  palace  of  Ulysses  in 
Ithaca. 

PHfiNfiUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  the  N.E. 
of  Arcadia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cyllene. 

PIIERAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  ofThes- 
saly  in  the  Pelasgian  plain,  90  stadia  from  its 
port-town  Pagasae,  on  the  Pagasaean  gulf. 
It  is  celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  residence 
of  Admetus,  and  in  history  on  account  of  its 
tyrants,  who  extended  their  power  over  near- 
ly the  whole  of  Thessaly.  Of  these  the  most 
powerful  was  Jason,  who  was  made  Tagus  or 
generalissimo  of  Thessaly  about  b.c.  374. 

PIIERAE.     [Puaeae.] 

PHERECRATES  (-is),  of  Athens,  one  of 
the  best  poets  of  t  lie  Old  Corned}',  contempo- 
rary with  Aristophanes.  He  invented  a  new 
metre,  which  was  named,  after  bim,  the 
Fherecratean. 

PHERECYDES  (-is).  (1)  Of  Syros,  an 
early  Greek  philosopher,  flourished  about 
h.o.  544.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  teacher 
of  Pythagoras,  and  to  have  taught  the  doc- 
trine of  tiic  Metempsychosis.— (2)  Of  Athens, 
one  of  the  early  Greek  logographers,  was  a 
contemporary  of  Herodotus. 

PHERES  (-etis),  son  ofCretheua  and  Tyro, 
father  of  Admetus  and  Lycurgns,  and  founder 
ofPheraein  Thessaly.  Admetus,  a-  the  Bon 
of  Pheres,  is  called  Phi  <<  tte 

PHIDIAS  (-ae),  the  greatest  sculptor  and 

statuary  Of  Greece,  was  born  at  Athens  about 

b.o.  490.    He  was  intrusted  by  Pericles  with 
the  superintendence  of  all  the  works  of  art 
which  were  erected  at  Athena  during  ; 
ministration.    Of  these  works  the  chief  were 

the  Propylaea  of  the  Acropolis,  ami 

all,  the  temple  of  Athena  on  the  Acropolis, 
called  the  Parthenon,  on  wbich  the  highest 

efforts    of   the    best    arti-t-    were    em: 

The  sculptured  ornaments  of  this  temple,  the 
remains  of  which  form  the  glory  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  were  executed  uuder  the  imme- 
diate superintendence  •>{  Phidias;   but.  the 
colossal  Btatue  of  the  divinity,  made  of  Ivory 
and   gold,  which    was   inclosed    within    thai 
magniflci  nl  -  lirine,  was  the  work  of  I  h 
1st'    own  hand.    The  Btatue  was  dedicated  in 
438.    Having  finished  hi-  great  work  at  Ath 
en  ,  hi    wenl  to  Ells  and  Olj  mpla,  «  here  he 
finished  ins  Btatue  of  the  Olympian  Zeus,  the 
greatest  of  all  his  works.    On  hie  retnrn  to 
Alien-  be  fell  ;i  victim  to  the  jealousy  i 
his  great  patron,  Pericles.    [Pkbk  lis.]    Piil-  ! 
dias  w.i  i  .|  ,,f  pei  alation,  but  tliis 

•■  was  at  once  refuted,  as,  by  the  advice 
he  gold  had  been  affixed  to  the 

Btatue   Of  Athena   in    -urh    a    manner  that    it 
COUld  be  removed,  ;iui|  the  weight  of  it  exam- 
ined.    The  accuser*   then   charged    i 
with  impiety,  in  having  introduced  into  the 

battle  of  the  Amazon.-,  on   the  shield   of  the 


goddess,  his  own  likeness  and  that  of  Peri- 
cles. On  this  latter  charge  Phidias  was 
thrown  into  prison,  where  he  died  from  dis- 
ease in  432. 

PHIDIPPIDES  or  PHILIPPIDES  (-is),  a 
celebrated  courier,  who  was  sent  by  the  Athe- 
nians to  Sparta,  in  n.c.  490,  to  ask  for  aid 
against  the  Persians,  and  arrived  there  ou 
the  second  day  from  his  leaving  Athens. 

PHIDON  (-ouis),  a  king  of  Argos,  who  ex 
tended  his  sovereignty  over  the  greater  part 
of  the  Peloponnesus.  In  n.o.  74S  he  deprived 
the  Eleans  of  their  presidency  at  the  Olympic 
games,  and  celebrated  them  jointly  with  the 
Pisans;  but  the  Eleans  not  long  after  defeat- 
ed him,  with  the  aid  of  Sparta,  ami  recovered 
their  privilege.  The  most  memorable  act  of 
Phidon  was  his  introduction  of  copper  and 
silver  coinage,  and  a  new  scale  of  weights 
and  measures,  which,  through  his  influence. 
became  prevalent  in  the  Peloponnesus,  and 
ultimately  throughout  the  greater  portion 
of  Greece.  The  scale  in  question  was  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Aeginetan,  and  it  is  nsu-' 
ally  supposed  that  the  coinage  of  Phidon  was 
struck  in  Aegina  ;  but  this  name  was  pei  haps 
given  to  it  only  in  consequence  of  the  com- 
mercial activity  of  the  Aegineians. 

PHIGALIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.W.  cor- 
ner of  Arcadia,  on  the  frontiers  ofMessenia 
and  Elis,  which  owes  its  celebrity  in  m  idem 
time-  to  the  remains  of  a  splendid  temple  in 
its  territory,  built  in  the  time  of  Pericles. 
The  sculptures  in  alto-relievo,  which  orna- 
mented the  frieze  in  the  interior,  are  now 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  They  rep- 
resent the  combat  of  the  Centaurs  and  the 
Lapith.ie,  and  of  the  Creeks  and  the  Amazons. 

PHILADELPHIA    (-ae),      (1)    A   city   of 

Lydia,  ;it  the  foot  of  .Mount  Tmolus,  built  by 
Attain-  l'hiladelphns,  k i 1 1 lt  of  Pergamus  ft 
was  an  early  Beat  of  Christianity,  ami  its 
Chnrch  is  one  of  the  T  to  which  the  Apoca- 
lypse i-  addressed.  (2)  A  city  of  Cilicia  As- 
pera,  on  the  Calycadnus,  above  Aphrodisias. 

PHlLADELPHUS  (-1),  a  surnai rPtole- 

1 1.,  king  of  Egypt  [I'toi.i.m  m:i  s],  and 
of  Attalus  II.,  KlngofPergamuiu.  i  An  mis.) 

PHlLAE    (-Sl'Um),  an    island    in    the    Nile, 

ju  i  below  the  lirst  cataract,  on  the  s.  bound- 
ary   of   the    country   towards   Aelhiopi.i.      R 

habited  by  Egyptians  ami  Ethiopians 
iointly,  ami  was  covered  with  magnificent 

temples,  "  hose  Splendid  ruins  still  remain. 

riu  i.a  EN]  '-mum),  9  brothers,  citizens  of 
Carthage,  of  whom  the  following  story  is 
\  dispute  having  arisen  between  tl  e 
Carthaginians  ami  Cyrenaeane  about  Ibeit 
boundaries,  it  was  agreed  thai  di 
should  Btarl  at  a  fixed  time  from  each  of  the 
en  ies,  ami  i  hat  the  place  of  their  meeting 
should  thenceforth  form  the  limit  ol  the  'J 
territories.  The  Philaenl  departed  from  Car- 
i hage,   nid  advanced  much  farther  than  the 

i  iv.    The  Cyn 
.  b<  in  of  having  set    foi  th  before  the  time 

i  ■  upon,  but  at  lei  fth  ci ited  to  a< 

cepl  the  spot  « heii  i  hey  had  reached  as  a 

i idary-llne,  if  the  Philaenl  would  submit 

to  be   buried  alive   there  in  the  sand.     The 


PIIILAMMOX. 


302 


PHILTPPUS. 


Philaeui  accordingly  devoted  themselves  for 
their  country  in  t inj  way  proposed.  The  (.'ar- 
thaginians  paid  high  honors  to  their  memory, 
and  erected  altars  to  them  where  they  had 
died  :  and  from  these  the  place  was  called 
"The  Altars  of  the  Philaeni." 

PHILAMMON  (-Onis),  a  mythical  poet  and 
musician,  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  Apollo, 
and  the  father  of  Thamyris  and  Eumolpus. 

PHILEMON  (-6nis).  (1)  An  aged  Phryg- 
ian, and  husband  of  Baucis,  who  hospitably 
entertained  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury).— (2)  A  celebrated  Athenian  poet  of  the 
New  Comedy,  was  a  native  of  Soli  in  Cilicia, 
but  at  an  early  age  went  to  Athens,  and  there 
received  the  citizenship.  He  flourished  in 
the  reign  of  Alexander,  a  little  earlier  than 
Menander,  whom,  however,  he  long  survived. 
He  began  to  exhibit  about  n.c.  330,  and  lived 
nearly  100  years.  Although  Philemon  was 
inferior  to  Menander  as  a  poet,  yet  he  was  a 
greater  favorite  with  the  Athenians,  and  often 
conquered  his  rival  in  the  dramatic  contests. 
[Menander.]  —  (3)  The  younger  Philemon, 
also  a  poet  of  the  New  Comedy,  was  a  sou  of 
the  former. 

PHILETAERUS.    [Pergamum.] 

PIIILETAS  (-ae),  of  Cos,  a  distinguished 
Alexandrian  poet  and  grammarian,  and  the 
tutor  of  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus. 

PIIILIPPI  (-orum),  a  celebrated  city  in 
Macedonia  adjecta,  situated  on  a  steep  height 
of  Mount  Pangaeus,  aud  founded  by  Philip 
ofMacedon  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  town, 
Crencdes,  a  colony  of  the  Thasians.  Philip- 
pi  is  celebrated  in  history  iu  consequence  of 
the  victory  gained  there  by  Octavianus  aud 
Antony  over  Brutus  and  Cassins,  b.o.  42,  and 
as  the  place  where  the  Apostle  Paul  first 
preached  the  Gospel  in  Europe,  a.d.  53.  One 
of  .St.  Paul's  Epistles  is  addressed  to  the 
Church  at  Philippi. 

PHILIPPOPOLIS  (-is:  Philippopoli),  an 
important  town  in  Thrace,  founded  by  Philip 
ofMacedon,  was  situated  in  a  large  plain, S.E. 
of  the  Hebrus,  on  a  hill  with  3  summits, 
whence  it  was  sometimes  called  Trimontium. 
Under  the  Roman  empire  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  Thracia. 

PIIlLIPPUS  (-i).— I.  Eings  of  Macedonia. 
(li  s  in  of  Argaens,  was  the  3d  king,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus  and  Thucydides,  who,  not 
reckoning  Cabandb  and  his  two  immediate 
successors,  look  upon  Perdiccas  I.  as  the 
founder  of  the  monarchy. — (2)  Youngest  sou 
of  Amyntas  II.  and  Eurydice,  reigned  b.o. 
359-330.  He  was  born  in  3S2,  and  was  brought 
up  at  Thebes,  whither  he  had  been  carried  as 
a  hostage  by  Pelopidas,  aud  where  he  received 
n  most  careful  education.  Upon  the  death 
of  his  brother,  Perdiccas  III.,  Philip  obtained 
the  government  of  Macedonia,  at  first  merely 
as  guardian  to  his  infant  nephew  Amyntas : 
but  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  he  set  aside 
the  claims  of  the  young  prince,  aud  assumed 
for  himself  the  tiile  of  king.  As  soon  as  he 
was  firmly  established  on  the  throne,  he  in- 
troduced among  the  Macedonians  a  stricter 
military  discipline,  and  organized  their  army 
on  the  plau  of  the  phalanx.    He  then  directed 


his  views  to  the  aggrandizement  of  his  king- 
dom, lie  resolved  first  to  obtain  possession 
of  the  various  Greek  cities  upon  the  Macedo- 
nian  coast.  Amphipolis,  Pydna,  Potidaea, 
Methone,  and,  finally,  Olynthus,  successively 
fell  into  his  hands".  Demosthenes,  in  his 
Philippic  and  Olynthiac  orations,  endeavored 
to  rouse  the  Athenians  to  the  danger  of  Ath- 

,  ens  and  Greece  from  the  ambitious  schemes 
of  Philip;  but  the  Athenians  did  not  adopt 
any  rigorous  efforts  to  check  the  progress  of 
the  Macedonian  king.  On  the  invitation  of 
the  Amphictyons  he  subdued  the  Phocians, 
aud  was  rewarded  with  the  place  of  the  latter 
in  the  Amphictyonic  council  (b.o.  34C).  The 
Athenians  at  length  became  thorough  Ij 
alarmed  at  his  aggrandizement;  and  accord- 
ingly, when  he  marched  through  Thermopy- 

!  lae,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Amphictyons,  to 
punish  the  Locriaus  of  Amphissa,  they  re- 
solved to  oppose  him.  Through  the  influence 
of  Demosthenes,  they  succeeded  in  forming 
an  alliance  with  thoThebans;  but  their  united 
army  was  defeated  by  Philip  in  the  month  of 
August,  338,  in  the  decisive  battle  of  Chaero- 
nea,  which  put  an  end  to  the  independence  of 

I  Greece.  A  congress  of  the  Grecian  state-  was 
now  held  at  Corinth,  in  which  war  with  Per- 
sia was  determined  on,  and  the  king  of  Mac- 
edonia was  appointed  to  command  the  forces 

|  of  the  national  confederacy.  But  in  the  midst 
of  his  preparations  for  his  Asiatic  expedition 
he  was  murdered  during  the  celebration  of 
the  nuptials  of  his  daughter  with  Alexander 
of  Epirus,  by  a  youth  of  noble  blood  named 
Pausanias.  His  motive  for  the  deed  is  stated 
by  Aristotle  to  have  been  private  resentment 

;  against  Philip,  to  whom  he  had  complained 

;  in  vain  of  a  gross  outrage  offered  to  him  by 
Attains.  His  wife,  Olympias,  however,  was 
suspected  of  being  implicated  in  the  plot. 
[Olympias.]     Philip  died  in  the  47th  year  of 

i  his  age,  and  the  24th  of  his  reign,  and  was 

j  succeeded  by  Alexander  the  Great.— (3)  The 
name  of  Philip  was  bestowed  by  the  Macedo- 
nian army  upon  Arrhidaeus,  the  bastard  sou 
of  Philip  IL,  when  he  was  raised  to  the  throne 
after  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He 
accordingly  appears  in  the  list  of  Macedonian 
kings  as  Philip  III.  [Arrutoaeds.] — (4)  Eld- 
est sou  of  Cassander,  whom  he  succeeded  on 
the  throne,  b.o.  290,  but  he  reigned  only  a 
few  months. — (5)  Son  of  Demetrius  II.,  reign- 
ed b.o.  220-176.  He  succeeded  his  uncle,  An- 
tigonns  Doson,  at  17  years  of  age.  During 
the  first  3  years  of  his  reign  he  conducted  the 
war  against  the  Aetolians  at  the  request  of 
the  Achaeans  aud  Aratus.  Bat  soon  after 
bringing  this  war  to  a  conclusion  he  became 
jealous  of  Aratus,  whom  he  caused  to  be  re- 
moved by  a  slow  and  secret  poison.  Philip 
was  engaged  in  two  wars  with  the  Romans. 
The  first  lasted  from  is.o.  215,  when  he  con- 
cluded an  alliance  with  Hannibal,  to  205. 
The  second  commenced  in  200,  aud  was 
brought  to  an  end  by  the  defeat  of  Philip,  by 
the  consul  Plamininus,  at  the  battle  ofCynos- 
cephalae,  in  197.  [Flamimnts.]  Through  the 
false  accusations  of  his  son  Perseus,  he  put 
to  death  his  other  son  Demetrius:  but  dis- 
covering afterwards  the  innocence  of  the  lat- 
ter, he  died  (i;.«.  17'J)  a  prey  to  remorse.    He 


PHILISTUS. 


in: 


PHILUS. 


was  sneceeded  by  Perseus. — II.  Family  of  the 
Marcii  PhUippL  (1)  L.  Makciub  Piiii.ippds, 
consul  h.o.  91,  opposed  with  vigor  the  meas- 
ures of  the  tribune  Drusus.  Me  was  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time. — 
(2)  L.  and  Mabcics  Philippub,  son  of  the 
preceding,  consul  b.o.  5(5,  and  step-father  of 
Augustus,  having  married  his  mother,  Atia. 
— III.  Emperors  of  Home.  M.  Junes  Pm- 
lippus,  the  name  of -J  Roman  emperors,  father 
and  son,  of  whom  the  former  reigned  a.i>. 
244-^49.  He  was  an  Arabian  by  birth,  and 
rose  to  high  rank  in  the  Roman  army.  He 
obtained  the  empire  by  the  assassination  of 
Gordian.  He  was  slain  near  Verona,  either 
in  battle  against  Decins,  or  by  his  own  sol- 
diers. His  son,  whom  he  had  proclaimed 
Augustus  two  years  before,  perished  at  the 
same  time. 

PHILISTUS  (-i),  a  Syracnsan,  and  a  friend 
of  the  younger  Dionyeius,  commanded  the 
fleet  of  the  latter  in  a  battle  with  Dion,  and, 
being  defeated,  put  an  end  to  his  life.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  celebrated  history  of  Sic- 
ily, in  which  he  closely  imitated  Thncydides. 

PHILO  (-onis).  (1)  An  academic  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Larissa  and  a  disciple 
of  Clitomachiis.  After  the  conquest  of  Ath- 
ens by  Mithridates  he  removed  to  Rome, 
where  he  had  Cicero  as  one  of  his  hearers. — 
(2)  Of  Byzantium,  a  celebrated  mechanician, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Ctesibius,  flourished 
about  h.o.  14*5. — (3)  Judaeus,  or  surnamed  the 
Jew,  was  born  at  Alexandria,  and  was  sent  to 
Rome  in  A.V.  in  on  an  embassy  to  the  emper- 
or Caligula.  He  wrote  several  works  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  in  which  he  attempts 
to  reconcile  the  sacred  Scriptures  with  the 
ines  of  the  Greek  philosophy. 

PHILO,  Q.  PTJBLlLfUS,  o  distin 
general  in  the  Samnite  ware,  proposed,  in  his 
dictatorship,  u.o.  339,  the  celebrated  Publiliae 
Leges,  which  abolished  the  power  of  the  patri- 
cian asseml  ly  of  the  curiae,  and  elei  ated  the 
pli  bei  ine  to  an  equality  with  the  patricians 
for  all  practical  pnrpi 

PHlLOCTBTlS  (-is),  a  son  of  Poeas 
(u  hem  e  he  is  calli  tl  Poi  mlU  h  ns  the 
most  celebrated  archer  in  the  Trojan  war. 
He  was  the  friend  and  armor-bearer  of  Her- 
cnlet),  who  bequeathed  to  him  his  bow  and 
t  lie  poisoned  ai  row  s,  for  ha\  ine  eel  Are  to 
the  pile  on  Mount  Oeta,  on  which  Hercules 
perished.  Philoctctes  was  also  oue  of  the 
mitors  of  Helen,  nod  thus  took  part  in  the 
Trajan  war.  On  hie  voyage  to  Tioy,  while 
staying  iu  the  I  I  ind  oft  bryi  e,  he  wai  bitten 
on  the  fool  by  a  snake,  or  wounded  by  one  of 

his  arrow-.     The  wound  produi  ed  BUCh  an  in- 

i Ireeks,  on  the  ad- 
vice of  1  lyases,  left  Philoctetes  on  the  solitary 
coast  of  Lemnos.  He  remained  in  this  island 
till  the  10th  year  of  the  Trojan  war,  when 

Ulysses  and  Diomedet  ci •  to  fetch  bun  to 

Tr  bad  dei  lared  I  hat  1 1 

could  not  be  taken  without  the  arrows  of 
Hercules.     He  accompanied  these  heroes  to 

Troy,  and   On   bis  arrival   Aesculapius  or  hi- 

nred  hia  wound.     He  slew  Pai 
many  other  Trojans.  On  bis  retain  from  Ti  oy 
b  id  to  have  settled  in  1 


PHILODEMUS  (-i),of  Gadara  in  Palestine, 
an  Epicurean  philosopher,  and  epigrammatic 
poet,  contemporary  with  Cicero.  He  is  also 
mentioned  by  Horace  {Sat.  i.,'.',  121). 

PHILOLAUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher,  was  a  native  of  Croton  or 
Taivntum,  and  a  contemporary  of  Socrates. 

PHILOMELA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Pandion, 
king  of  Athens,  and  sister  of  ProcnG,  who 
had  married  Teietis,  king  of  Thrace.  Being 
dishonored  by  the  latter,  Philomela  was  met- 
amorphosed into  a  nightingale.  The  story  is 
given  under  TeeeuS. 

PHILOMELIUM  or  PHlLOMELUM  (-i),  a 
city  of  Phrygia,  on  the  borders  of  Lycaonia 
and  Pisidia,  said  to  have  been  named  from  the 
numbers  of  nightingales  in  its  neighborhood. 

PHfLOPOEMEN  (-enis),  of  Megalopolis  in 

Arcadia,  one  of  the  few  great  men  that  Greece 
produced  in  the  decline  of  her  political  in- 
dependence. The  great  object  of  his  life  was 
to  infuse  into  the  Achaeans  a  military  spirit, 
and  thereby  to  establish  their  independence 
on  a  firm  and  lasting  basis.  He  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of Sellasia  (u.o.  221),  in 
which  Cleomenes  was  defeated.  Soon  after- 
\\  ards  he  sailed  to  Crete,  and  served  for  some 
years  iu  the  wars  between  the  cities  of  that 
island.    In  it. o.  208  he  was  elected  strategus, 

or  general  of  the  Achaean  League,  and  in  this 
year  slew  in  battle  with  his  own  band  Ma- 
chamdas,_tyrant  of  Lacedaemon.    He  was  g 

limes'  "general    of  the   Achaean    League,   and 

discharged  the  duties  of  ins  office  with  honor 

to  himself  and  advantage  to  his  country.      In 

u.o.  183,  when  be  was  marching  agai  d 

Me-senians  who  had  revolted  from  the  Achae- 
an League,  be  fell  iii  with  a  large  body  of 

Messenian    troops,   by   whom    be   was    taken 

ed  to  Messene,  where  he 

Mipelled  to  drink  poison. 

PHlLOSTRATUS,    FLiVlUS  (-i).    (1)   A 

:  I  i  unci-,  iloiii  ished  iii  the  1st  half 
of  the  3d  ceiii  in  y  ol  iau  era,  and 

tanghl  rhetoric  first  at  Athens  and  afterwards 
at  Rome.     He  wrote  several  works,  of  which 

the  most  important   is  the  I  >.<■    Oj   .1/ 

of  Tyana  in  8  books.     (2)  The  yonuger,  and 

a  grands t  the  prei  eding.    He  «  rote  n 

«  oi  b  entitled  Tmagiiu  . 

I'll  I  L0TA8  (-ae).  bi f  Parmenion.  en- 

I    v.  il   j  In  .li  pi  a  a   in  lb.   I'n.  nd  hip  I  ! 
ander,  but  was  accused  in  h.o.  880  ol 

privy  to  a  pli  i|  I    king's  life,     'I  1 1< - 1  U 

0  pi  oof  of  his  gnill  :  but  a  confc  -  Ion 

WaB  Wrung  from  him   by  torture,  and   lie  uns 

stoned  to  deal  b  bj  the  troops.    |  Pabmi  niok 

PHlLOXfiNUS  (-1),  of Cythera, fthe 

most    ,! 

i,  .,  ■:  ,        [80  0.      II" 

spent  part  of  his  life  at  Syracuse,  where  he 
h  ,o  en- 1  into  prison  by  Die  inse  hi 

bad  told  the  tyrant,  «  hen  ni  feed  to  ret 

poems,  that  I  b 
it  would  be  to  through  the 

Whole   paper.      Only  a   fe 

poem-  ii  ivi  come  oi  '>■■  n  I  <  ti 
I'liii.rs,  i 

:i  ol  Qrei  i.  in'  ratun    md  1 1  fineraenb 


PHILYKA. 


304 


PHOCYLIDES. 


ami  is  introduced  by  Cicero  as  one  of  the 
speakers  in  his  dialogue  De  Republiea. 

I'HlI.VRA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  daughter  of 
Oceanus,  and  mother  of  the  Centaur  Chiron, 
was  changed  into  a  linden  -  tree.  Hence 
Chiron  was  called  PIdly rials,  and  his  abode 
Phllyreia  tecta. 

PHINEUS  (-cos,  ei,  or  el).  (1)  Son  of  Be- 
lus  and  Auchinoe,  and  brother  of  Cepheus, 
slain  by  Perseus.  [Andbomkda  and  Perseus.] 
—(2)  Son  of  Agenor,  and  king  of  Salmydessns 
in  Thrace,  and  a  celebrated  soothsayer.  He 
deprived  his  sons  of  sight,  in  consequence  of 
a  false  accusation  made  against  them  by  Idaea, 
their  step-mother.  The  gods,  in  consequence, 
punished  him  with  the  loss  of  his  sight,  and 
sent  the  Harpies  to  torment  him.  [Harpyiae.] 
When  the  Argonauts  visited  Thrace,  he  was 
delivered  from  these  monsters  by  Zetes  and 
Calais,  the  sons  of  Boreas.  Phineus  in  re- 
turn explained  to  the  Argonauts  the  further 
cninse  they  had  to  take.  According  to  other 
accounts  he  was  slain  by  Hercules. 

PHINTIAS.  _ [Damon.] 

PHLEGETHON  (-ontis),  i.  e.  the  naming, 
a  river  in  the  lower  world,  in  whose  channel 
flowed  flames  instead  of  water 

PIILEGHA.     [Pai.i.enk.] 

PHLEGRAEI  CAMPI  (-drum),  the  name 
of  the  volcanic  plain  extending  along  the  coast 
of  Campania  from  Cumae  to  Capua,  so  called 
because  it  was  believed  to  have  been  once  on 
lire. 

PHLEGf'AS  (-ae),  son  of  Ares  (Mars)  and 
Chryse,  and  king  of  Orchomenos,  in  Boeotia. 
He  was  the  father  of  fxion  and  Coronis,  the 
latter  of  whom  became  by  Apollo  the  mother 
of  Aesculapius.  Enraged  at  this,  Phlegyas 
set  fire  to  the  temple  of  the  god,  who  killed 
him  with  his  arrows,  and  condemned  him  to 
severe  punishment  in  the  lower  world.  His 
descendants,  Phlegyae,  are  represented  as  a 
mythical  race,  who"  destroyed  the  temple  at 
Delphi. 

PHLIUS  (-untis),  the  chief  town  of  a  small 
province  in  the  N.E.  of  Peloponnesus,  whose 
territory,  Phliasia,  was  bounded  by  Sicyouia, 
Arcadia,  and  Argos. 

PHOCAEA  (-ae),  the  N.-most  of  the  Ionian 
cities  on  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  cele- 
brated as  a  great  maritime  state,  and  espe- 
cially as  the  founder  of  the  Greek  colony  of 
Mass i ha,  in  Gaul.  The  name  of  Phocaean 
is  often  used  with  reference  to  Massilia. 

PHOCION  (-onis),  an  Athenian  general  and 
statesman,  born  about  n.c. 402.  He  frequently 
opposed  the  measures  of  Demosthenes,  and 
recommended  peace  with  Philip;  but  he  was 
not  one  of  the  mercenary  supporters  of  the 
Macedonian  monarch.  On  the  contrary,  his 
virtue  is  above  suspicion,  and  his  public  con- 
duct was  always  influenced  by  upright  mo- 
tives. When  the  Piraeus  was  seized  by  Alex- 
ander, the  son  of  Polysperchon,  in  318,  Pho- 
cion  was  suspected  of  having  advised  Alex- 
ander to  take  this  step;  whereupon  he  fled 
to  Alexander,  but  was  basely  surrendered  by 
Poiysperchon  to  the  Athenians.  He  was 
condemned  to  drink  the  hemlock,  and  thus 


perished  in  317,  at  the  age  of  85.  The  Athe 
nians  are  said  to  have  repented  of  their  con 
duct. 


PHOCIS  (-idis),  a  country  in  Northern 
Greece,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Locri  Epic- 
nemidii  and  Opuntii,  on  the  E.  by  Boeotia, 
on  the  W.  by  the  Locri  Ozolae  and  Doris,  and 
on  the  S.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf.  It  was  a 
mountainous  and  unproductive  country,  and 
owes  its  chief  importance  in  history  to  the 
fact  of  its  possessing  the  Delphic  oracle.  Its 
chief  mountain  was  PabnaSSDs,  and  its  chief 
river  the  Cepuissus.  The  Phocians  played 
no  conspicuous  part  in  Greek  history  till  the 
time  of  Philip  of  Macedon  ;  but  at  this  period 
they  became  involved  in  a  war,  called  the 
Phocian  or  Sacred  War,  in  which  the  princi- 
pal states  of  Greece  took  part.  At  the  insti- 
gation of  the  Thebans,  the  inveterate  enemies 
of  the  Phocians,  the  Amphictyons  imposed  a 
fine  upon  the  Phocians,  and,  upon  their  re- 
fusal to  pay  it,  declared  the  Phocian  laud  for- 
feited  to  the  god  at  Delphi.  Thereupon  the 
Phocians  seized  the  treasures  of  the  temple 
at  Delphi  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the 
war.  This  war  lasted  10  years  (u.c.  35T-346), 
and  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the  conquest 
of  the  Phocians  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  All 
their  towns  were  razed  to  the  ground  with 
the  exception  of  Abae  ;  and  the  2  votes  which 
they  had  in  the  Amphictyonic  council  were 
taken  away  and  given  to  Philip. 

PHOCUS  (-i),  son  of  Aeacus  and  the  Nereid 
Psamathe,  was  murdered  by  his  half-brothers 
Telamon  and  Pelens.    [Pei.ei  8.] 

PHOCYLIDES  (-is),  of  Miletus,  a  gnomic 
poet,  contemporary  with  Theogues,  was  born 
u.o.  500. 


PHOEBK. 


305 


PHRYGIA. 


PHOEBE  (-ee).  (1)  A  surname  of  Artemis 
(Diana)  as  the  goddess  of  the  moon  (Luna), 
the  moon  being  regarded  as  the  female  Phoe- 
bus or  sun. — (2)  Daughter  of  Tyndareos  and 
Leda,  and  a  sister  of  Clytaemuestra.  —  (3) 
Daughter  of  Leucippns. 

PHOEBUS  (-i),  the  Brvjld  or  Pure,  an 
epithet  of  Apollo. 

PHOENICE  (-es),  a  country  of  Asia,  on' 
the  coast  of  Syria,  extending  from  the  river 
Eleutherus  on  the  N.  to  below  Mount  Carmel 
on  the  S.,  and  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Coele- 
Syria  and  Palestine.  It  was  a  mountainous 
Btrip  of  coast  laud,  not  more  than  10  or  12 
miles  broad,  hemmed  in  between  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  chain  of  Lebanon,  whose  lat- 
eral branches  run  out  into  the  sea  in  bold 
promontories,  upon  which  were  situated  some 
of  the  greatest  maritime  states  of  the  ancient 
world.  For  the  history  of  those  great  cities, 
see  Sidon,  Tybus,  etc.  The  people  were  of 
the  Semitic  race,  and  their  language  was  a 
dialect  of  the  Aramaic,  closely  related  to  the 
Hebrew  and  Syriac.  Their  written  characters 
were  the  same  as  the  Samaritan  or  Old  He- 
brew; andfrom  them  the  Greek  alphabet,  and 
through  it  most  Of  the  alphabets  of  Europe, 
were  undoubtedly  derived;  hence  they  were 
regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  inventors  of 
letters.  Other  inventions  in  the  sciences  and 
ai  ts  are  ascribed  to  them :  such  as  arithmetic, 
astronomy,  navigation,  the  manufacture  of 
glass,  and  the  coining  of  money.  That,  at  a 
very  early  time,  they  excelled  in  the  tine  arts, 
is  clear  from  the  aid  which  Solomon  received 
from  Hiram,  king  of  Tyre,  in  the  building  and 
the  sculptured  dec, nations  of  the  temple  at 
Jei  nealem,  and  from  the  references  in  Homer 
to  Sidonian  artists.  In  tin-  Bacred  history  of 
the  [sraelitish  conquest  of  Canaan,  in  thai  of 
the  Hebrew  in  uianhv,  and  in  the  ■ 
Greek  poetry,  we  find  the  Phoenicians  already 
a  '_'reat.  maritime  people.  Their  voyaj 
their  set!  lemente  extended  beyond  I  be  pil 
lars  of  Hercules  to  the  W.  coasts  of  Africa  and 
Spain,  anil  even  as  far  as  the  British  islands. 
[liuiTANMA.]  Within  the  Mediterranean  they 

planted  numerous  colonies,  on  its  Mauds,  on 

the  coasl  "i  Spain,  and  especially  on  the  N. 

coasl  of  Africa,  the  chief  of  which  was  Cab- 
TUAOO.     They  were  successively  subdued  by 

the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  Persians,  Mace- 
donians, and  Romans;  bill  these  conq ts 

did  not,  ;.iitn:lv  ruin  their  conamiTC®,  which 

I    the    Chi  j-liall    ei   i. 

.  Phoenice  formed  a  pari 

of  lie-  province  of  Syria. 

PHOENIX  (-Icis).    tl)  Son  of  Agenor  .and 

brother  of  Kni'"pa.      Being  sent  by  hi 

'n  search  of  iii-  Bister,  "ho  was  carried  oil' 
oy  Zens  (Jupiter), he  settled  in  the  country, 
which  was  called  after  him  Phoenicia.  —  (2) 
Son  of  Amyntor  by  Cleobule  or  Hlppodamia. 

His  lathe.    Ii  | 

Cached  himself  to  a  mi  i  le  net  - 

snaded  her  Bon  to  gain  the  affections  of  the 

latter.      Phoenix    Succeeded    in    the   attempt, 

but  was  in  consequence  cursed  by  hi-  father. 

Thereupon    he    lied    to    I'hlhia    in    Thl 

where  In-  was  hospitably  received  by  P<  •  n 

who  made  him  ruler  of  the  Dolopes,  and  in- 


trusted to  him  the  education  of  his  sou  Achil- 
les, lie  afterwards  accompanied  Achilles  to 
the  Trojan  war.  According  to  another  tradi- 
tion, Amyntor  put  out  the  eyes  of  his  son, 
who  fled' in  this  condition  to  Peleus ;  but 
Chiron  restored  his  sight. 

PHOLOe  (-es),  a  mountain  forming  the 
boundary  between  Arcadia  and  Elis, "men- 
tioned as  one  of  the  seats  of  the  Centaurs, 
[Puoi.cs.] 

PIlOLlTS  (-i),  a  Centaur,  accidentally  slain 
by  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows  of  Hercules, 
and  buried  in  the  mountain  called  Pholoe 
after  him.  For  the  details  of  this  story,  see 
p.  191. 

PHORCUS  (-i),  PHORCYS  (-yds),  or 
PHOKCVN  (-ynos),  a  sea  deity,  son  of  Pont  US 
and  Ge,  and  father  of  the  Graeae  and  Gor- 
goues,  who  are  hence  called  Phorcides,  Phor- 
cydes,  or  Phorcynides  (-am). 

PHORMION  (-.mis),  a  celebrated  Athenian 
general  in  the  I'eloponnesian  war. 

PHORON'EUS  (-568  or  ei),  son  of  Inachus 
and  Melia,  one  of  the  fabulous  kings  of  Ar- 
gos,  and  father  of  Niobe  anil  Apis.  Hence 
PhorGneus  and  PborGnis  are  used  in  the  gen- 
eral sense  of  Argive. 

PIIKXATES  (-ae),  the  name  of  4  kiiig.^  of 
Parthia.     [ABSAOBS  V.,  VII.,  XII.,  XV.] 

PHRA.ORTBS,  2d  king  of  Media,  son  and 
successor  of  Deioces,  reigned  ii.o.  05t>-034. 
He  was  killed  while  laying  siege  to  Ninus 
|  (Nineveh). 

PHRIXUS  [-i),6onofAthamasandNephele, 
and  brother  of  Hi  die.  In  consequence  of  the 
intrigues  of  his  step-mother,  Ino,  he  was  to  be 
sacrificed  to  Zeus  (Jupiter);  but  Nephele  re  - 
cued  her  2  children,  who  rode  awaj  through 
the  air  upon  the  ram  with  the  golden  fleei  e. 
,,f  Hermee  I  Mercnrj  >.    Between  Sige- 

ilin   and  the  (  'her-one-u-,  Helle    fell   into   I  he 

sea,  which  was  called  after  her  the  Hellespont ; 

but  I'hrixu-  arrived  in  safety  in  Colchis,  the 

kingdom  of  Aeetes,  who  gave  him  his  daugh- 
ter <  lhalciope  in  marriage.    Phrixns  sacrifii  ed 

lo  /ens  the  ram  which  had  carried  him,  and 

gave  it-'  fleece  to  Aeeles,  who  fastened  it  to 
an  oal.  [i  ove  "I'  \re-  (Mars),   This 

fleece  was  afterwards  carried  away  by  ,i  ison 
and  the  Argonauts.    [Jason.] 

I'lii.'M.i  \  \i  \Tf:i;.    [Phbyqia.] 

I'llltVCl  A  f-ae),  a  country  of  A-ia  Minor, 
which  wa  ot  diffei eul  extent  al  dlffei i  i  I 
periods.  Under  tin-  Roman  empire.  Phrygia 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  bj  Mj  la,  Lydia,  and 
Carts,  on  the  8.  by  I,  via  ami  Pisidla,  on  the 
E.  by  Lycaonla  (which  i-  often  reckoned  as  a 
part  oi  no  )  Qalal  la  (which  i 

lv   belonged    lo   Phrygln  ,   and    on    the    N.   bj 

i  'i  he  Phryp  ini  are  mentioi 
Homer  as  settled  mi  the  bantu  of  the  E 
rim-',  where  later  w  i  of  tin-  pi iwer- 

fill  Phr  "M  of  QoBWBB  and  M 

It  would  seem  thai   ' 

in  family,  oi 
the  N.u    of  Asia  W 
of  the  Bellesponl   ami  Propontis,  ami  that 

the  -iices-ive  migratl 'i  other  Thraclan 

nt,  Blthyul,  Myslans,  ami 


PHRYXICIIUS. 


(06 


PICKXTIA. 


Tencrians,  drove  tliem  farther  inland.  They 
were  not,  however,  entirely  displaced  by  the 
Mysians  and  Tencrians  from  the  country  be- 
tween the  shores  of  the  Hellespont  and  Pro- 
poutis  and  Mounts  Ida  and  01ymi)tis,  where 
they  continued  side  by  side  with  the  Greek 
colonies,  and  where  their  name  was  preserved 
in  that  of  the  district  under  all  subsequent 
changes,  namely  Piikygia  Minor  or  Phrygia 
IIei.i.espontcs.  The  kingdom  of  Phrygia  was 
conquered  by  Croesus,  and  formed  part  of  the 
Persian,  Macedonian,  and  Syro-Grecian  em- 
pires; but,  under  the  last,  the  N.E.  part,  ad- 
jacent to  Paphlagouia  and  the  llalys,  was 
conquered  by  the  Gauls,  and  formed  the  W. 
part  of  Gat.at[a  ;  and  under  the  Romans  was 
included  in  the  province  of  Asia.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  early  intellectual  culture  of 
Greece,  Phrygia  is  highly  important.  The 
earliest  Greek  music,  especially  that  of  the 
flute,  was  borrowed  in  part,  through  the 
Asiatic  colonies,  from  Phrygia.  With  this 
country  also  were  closely  associated  the  orgies 
of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  of  Cybele,  the 
Mother  "of  the  Gods,  the  Phrygia  Mater  of 
the  Roman  poets.  After  the  Persian  con- 
quest, however,  the  Phrygians  seem  to  have 
lost  all  intellectual  activity,  and  they  became 
proverbial  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
for  submissiveness  and  stupidity.  The  Ro- 
man poets  constantly  use  the  epithet  Phry- 
gian as  equivalent  to"  Trojan. 

PHRYNICHUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  and  one 
of  the  early  tragic  poets,  gained  his  first 
tragic  victory  in"  u.o.  511,  12  years  before 
Aeschylus  (499). 

PHTHIA.     [Pjitiiiotis.] 


PIITIIIOTIS  (-idis),  a  district  in  the  S.E. 
of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Maliac 
gulf,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Pagasaean  gulf, 
and  inhabited  by  Achaeans.  [Thksbai.ia.] 
Homer  calls  it  Putiiia,  and  mentions  a  city 
of  the  same  name,  which  was  celebrated  as 
the  residence  of  Achilles.  Hence  the  poets 
call  Achilles  Phthius  hero,  and  his  father  Pe- 
leus  Phthius  rex. 

PHYCUS  (-uutis),  a  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Cyreuaica,  a  little  W.  of  Apollonia. 

PHYLACE  (-es),  a  small  town  of  Thessaly 
in  Phthiotis,  the  birthplace  of  Protesilaus, 
hence  called  Phylacides ;  his  wife  Laodamia  is 
also  called  Pkylaceis. 

PHYLE  (-es),  a  strongly  fortified  place  in 
Attica,  on  the  confines  of  Boeotia,  and  mem- 
orable as  the  place  which  Thrasybulus  and  the 
Athenian  patriots  seized  soon  after  the  end 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  u.c.  404,  and  from 
which  they  directed  their  operations  against 
the  30  Tyrants  at  Athens. 

PHYLLIS.     [Demophon.] 

PHYLLUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Thessaly  in  the 
district  Thessaliotis.  The  poets  use  I'hylleia 
and  PhyllSius  in  the  sense  of  Thessaliau. 

PHYSCON.     [ProLCMAUS.] 

PICENL       [PlOENt.M.] 

PICENTIA  (-ae :  Vicenza),  a  town  in  the  S. 
of  Campania  at  the  head  of  the  Sinus  Paes- 
tanus.  The  name  of  Picentini  was  not  con- 
fined to  the  inhabitants  of  Piceutia,  but  was 
given  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  coast 
of  t he  Sinus  Paestauus,  from  the  promontory 
of  Minerva  to  the  river  Silarus.  They  were 
a  portion  of  the  Sabine  Picentes,  who  were 


View  of  Pbyle. 


PICENTINI. 


307 


FINDENISSUS. 


transplanted  by  the  Romans  to  this  part  of 
Campania  after  the  conquest  of  Picenum,  is.o. 
26S,  at  which  time  they  founded  the  town  of 
Piceutia. 

PICENTINI.     [Piokntia.] 

PlCENUM  (-i),  a  country  in  central  Italy, 
was  a  narrow  strip  of  land  along  the  coast 
of  the  Adriatic,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Umbria,  on  the  W.  by  Umbria  and  the 
territory  of  the  Sabines,  and  on  the  S.  by  the 
territory  of  the  Marsi  and  Vestini.  It  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  bird  picu.% 
which  directed  the  Sabine  immigrants  into 
the  land.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  b.o.  2(3S,  when  a  portion  of  them  was 
transplanted  to  the  coast  of  the  Sinus  Paesta- 
n us,  where  they  founded  the  town  of  Piceutia. 
[Piokntia.] 

PICTI  (-drum),  a  people  inhabiting  the 
northern  part  of  Britain,  appear  to  have  been 
either  a  tribe  of  the  Caledonians,  or  the  same 
people  as  the  Caledonians,  though  under  an- 
other name.  They  were  called  Picti  by  the 
Romans,  from  their  practice  of  painting  their 
bodies.  They  are  first  mentioned  in  a.i>.  296  ; 
and  after  this  time  their  name  frequently 
occurs  in  the  Roman  writers,  and  often  in 
connection  with  that  of  the  Scoti. 

PICTONES  (-urn),  subsequently  PICTAVI 
(-oruiii),  a  powerful  people  on  the  const  of 
Gallia  Aqnitanica.  Their  chief  town  was 
Limonnm,  subsequently  Pictavi  {Poitiers). 

PICUMNUS  and  PILTJMNUS  (-i),  two  gods 
of  matrimony  in  the  rustic  religion  of  the 
ancient  Romans.  Pilumnus  was  considered 
the  ancestor  of  Turnus. 

I'Ml'S  (-i),  a  Latin  prophetic  divinity,  son 
of  Saturnus,  husband  of  Canens,  and  fat  her  of 
Patinus.  The  legend  ofPicus  is  founded  on 
the  notion  that  the  woodpecker  is  a  prophetic 
bird,  sacred  to  Mar.-.  Pomona  was  beloved 
by  him  ;  and  when  Circe's  love  for  him  was 
not  requite  I,  she  changed  him  into  a  wood- 
pecker, who  retained  the  prophetic  powers 
which  he  had  formerly  po    e    e  I  a    a  man. 

I'Tki;  i  \  (-ae).  (l)  A  narrow  slip  of  count  ry 
on  the  B.E.  coast  of  Macedonia,  extending 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Penette  in  Thessaly  to 
the  Haliacmou,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Mount  Olympus  and  Ita  offshoots,  A  portion 
hi  these  mountains  was  called  by  the  ancient 
writers  I'n.i-.t:  ,  or  the  Pierian  mountain, 
ihabitants  of  this  conntry  were  a  Thra- 
ei  in  people,  and  are  celebrated  in  the  early 

history  of  Greek  poetry  and   music,  • ■ 

their  country  was  one  of  the  earlli    I  seats  of 

the  worship  of  the   Muses,  who  are  hence 

ailed  /'"  i  <"'' ».    a  fter  the  establlf  hmenl  of 

be  Macedonian  kingdom  In  Rmathia  In  the 

fth  cenl  ury  ii.i  .  Pterin   n  at   conquered  by 

the  Macedonians,  and  the  Inhabitants  were 

driven  out   of  the  country.     (2)  A   district   in 

M  icedonla,  E.  of  the  Strymon,  near  Mount 

ini,  h  here  the  Piet  Ian      el  tied  who 

had  been  driven  nnl  of  their  original 

by  the  Macedonians,  at  already  related.    (31 

A  district  on  the  N.  const  of  Syria,  so  called 

from  the  m tain  I'ieria,  a  branch  of  the 

Amanus,  a  name  given  to  it  by  the  Wacedo 
uians  after  tie  of  the  East. 


PIERIDES  (-urn).  (1)  A  surname  of  the 
Muses.  [Pieria,  No.  l.j— (2)  The  nine  daugh- 
ters of  Pierus,  king  of  Emathia  (Macedonia), 
to  whom  he  gave  the  names  of  the  nine  Muses. 
They  afterwards  entered  into  a  contest  with 
the  Muses,  and,  being  conquered,  were  meta- 
morphosed into  birds. 

PIERUS.  (1)  Mythological.  LPikbidks.]— 
(2)  A  mountain.     [Pieria,  No.  1.] 

PILUMNUS.     [Piounnus.] 

P1MPLEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  Macedonian 
province  of  Pieria,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  hence  called  PimplStdee.  Horace  uses 
the  form  Pimplea  in  the  singular,  and  not 
Pimpleis. 

PINARA  (-orum),  an  inland  city  of  Lycia. 

PlNiRlI  and  POTTTII  (-orum),  the  name 
of  two  ancient  Roman  families, who  presided 
over  the  worship  of  Hercules  at  Rome. 

i'INARUS  (-i),  a  river  ofCilicia,  rising  in 
Mount  Amanus,  and  falling  into  the  gulf  of 
Isstls. 

PINDAKUS  (-i),  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
Greece,  was  born  at  Cynoscephnlae,  a  village 
"in  the  territory  of  The- 
bes, aliotit  ii.o  522.    He 
commenced  his  career 

as  a  poet  at  an  ear- 
ly age,   anil   whs  soon 

employed  by  different 

stales  and  princes  in 
all  parts  of  tie-  Hel- 
lenic world  to  com- 
pose for  them  choral 
soiilts  for  special  oc- 
casions. He  received 
money    ami    presents 

for  his  WOl'kS  ;    hut   he 

'<•■■•  bi  di 1 1 1 ■  i  ated  Into 

a  common   mercenary 
poet,  ami  he  continued 
to  preserve  to  his  lat- 
est days  the  respect  of  ail  parts  of  Greece. 

The  praises  Which  he  bestowed  upon  Alexan- 
der, king  of  Macedonia,  .are  said  to  have  been 

hief  reason  which   led   Alexander  the 

Great    to   spare   the   house    of  the    poet    when 

he  destroyed  the  rent  of  Thebes,  lie  died  in 
his  80th  year,  B.O.  442.  Pindar  wrote  poems 
of  various  kinds,  most  of  which  are  mention- 
ed in  the  well-known  lines  of  Horace : 

laci    no    idltl 
Vtrba  dovoMt, , irUquo  fi  .t.ir 

Leg 

Bon  'I  -  iKiimia) 

.  .mi.  deorum 
K.."s-iii.i 

...  Kim  domum  radw  «i 

Palm  tcaal '.    Bpinieia):  .  .  . 

I  I  •  1 1 II      : .  .  ■  l|  

Ploi  a  "  (ti    Hi 

But  his  only  poems  which  hue  come  dOWD 
I nine    are    his    Epinicia,    whii'h    were 

composed  in  commemot  at  Ion  nl  <  Ictoi  le  In 
the  public  games.  Thoj  are  divided  Into  i 
celebrating!  I  he  v\<  toi  le  •  lined  In  Dm 
Olympian,  Pythian,  Nemenn,  and  Isthmian 
games. 
PINDBNI8SU8  (-11,  a   fortified   town   of 

Cilicia,  Which  was   taken  by  Cicero  when  hw 

ii  onsul  of  <  iii'  la. 


Pindar. 


PINDUS. 


308 


PIRAEEUS. 


Jt<M 


KJfi 


PINDUS  (-i).  (1)  A  lofty  range  of  mount- 
ains in  northern  Greece,  a  portion  of  the 
great  backbone  which  runs  through  the 
centre  of  Greece  from  N.  to  S.  The  name  of 
Pindns  was  confined  to  that  part  of  the  chain 
which  separates  Thessaly  and  Epirus;  and 
its  must  N.-ly  and  also  highest  part  was 
called  L acm on. — (2)  One  of  the  4  towns  in 
Doris. 

PINNA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the  Vestini, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines, 


PIRAEEUS  (-eos)  or  PIRAEUS  (-\  Porto 
Leone  or  Porto  Dracone),  the  most  important 
of  the  harbors  of  Athens,  was  situated  in  the 
peninsula  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Athens.  This 
peninsula,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  the 
general  name  of  Piraeens,  contained  .-'.'  liar 
iiors:  Pihakkus  proper,  on  the  W.  side,  by  far 
the  largest  of  the  3;  Zea,  on  the  E.  side,  sep- 
arated from  Piraeens  by  a  narrow  isthmns: 
and  Mttntchia  {Pharnari),  still  farther  to  the 
E.     It  was  through  the  suggestion  of  The- 


PIRENE. 


309 


PISISTKATUS. 


rnistocles  that  the  Athenians  were  induced  to 
make  use  of  the  harbor  of  Piraeeus.  Before 
the  Persian  wars  their  principal  harbor  was 
Plmlerum,  which  was  not  situated  in  tiie 
Piraeau  peninsula  at  all,  but  lay  to  the  E.  of 
Muuychia.  [Phaxbrgm.]  The  town  or  demus 
of  Piraeeus  was  surrounded  with  strong  forti- 
fications by  Themistocles,  and  was  connected 
with  Athens  by  means  of  the  celebrated  long 
walls  under  the  administration  of  Pericles. 
(See  p.  70.)  The  town  possessed  a  considera- 
ble population,  aud  many  public  aud  private 
buildings. 

PIHENE  (-es),  a  celebrated  fountain  at 
Corinth,  at  which  Kellerophon  is  said  to  have 
caught  the  horse  Pegasus.  It  unshed  forth 
from  the  rock  in  the  Acrnconuthtis,  was  con- 
veyed down  the  hill  by  subterraneous  con- 
duits, and  fell  into  a  marble  basin,  from  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  town  was  supplied 
with  water.  The  poets  frequently  used  Pi- 
renis  in  the  general  sense  of  Corinthian. 

PIRTTHOUS  (-i),  son  of  Ixion  and  Dia,  and 
king  of  the  Lapithae  in  Thessaly.  Pirith- 
oiis  once  invaded  Attica,  but  when  Theseus 
came  forth  to  oppose  him,  he  conceived  a 
warm  admiration  for  the  Athenian  king;  and 
from  this  time  a  most  intimate  friendship 
sprang  up  between  the  two  heroes.  When 
Pirithous  was  celebrating  his  marriage  with 
Hippodamia,  the  intoxicated  Centaur  Enry- 
tion  or  Enrytus  carried  her  off,  and  this  act 
occasioned  the  celebrated  tight  between  the 
Centaurs  and  Lapithae,  in  which  the  Centaurs 
we  e  defeated.  Theseu*,  who  was  present  at 
the  wedding  of  Pirithous,  assisted  him  iu  his 
battle   against  the  Centaurs.      Hippodamia 

afterwards  died,  anil  each  of  tin'  two  friends 
resolved  !o  wed  a  daughter  of /ens  (.Jupiter  . 

With  the  assistance  of  Pirithous,  Theseus 
carried  off  Helen  from  Sparta.  Pirithous 
waa  still  more  ambitions,  and  resolved  to 
cany  off  Persephone  (Proserpina),  the  wife 

of  the  king  of  the  lower  world.     Th i 

would  not  desert,  his  friend  in  the  enterprise, 
though  he  knew  the  risk  which  they  ran. 
The  two  friends  accordingly  descended  to  the 
lower  world;  but  they  were  seized  by  Pluto 
and  fastened  to  a  rock,  where  they  both  re- 
mained till  Hercnles  visited  the  lower  worl  I. 
Hercules  delivered  Theseus,  who  hud  made 
the  daring  attempt  only  to  please  his  friend  ; 
but  Pirithous  remained  forever  in  torment. 

PISA  (-ae),the  capital  of  PISATI9 
the  middle  portion  of  the  province  of  fills,  In 
Peloponnesus.  (  F.i.ih.  ]  Pisa  Itself  was  situated 
■  N.  of  the  Alphaeits,  al  a  very  abort  distance 
K.  of  Olympia,  and,  Iu  consequence  of  Its 
|i  oximitv  to  the  latter  p]  ice,  was  frequently 
identified!  by  the  poets  with  it.  Thelilstory 
>   the  Pisatae  consuls  of  their  stum  [le  with 

the  Bleans,  with  wl they  contended  for  the 

presidency  of  the  Olympic  games.  The  Pisa- 
tae obtained  this  honor  in  the  Bth  Olympiad 
(b.o.  748),  with  the  assistance  of  Phldoti  t.t 
rant  of  is, and  also  a  2d  time  In  the  '■'•  ith 
Olympiad  (044),  by  means  of  Iheir  own  king 
Puntaleon.  In  the  52d  Olympiad  (B72)  i ti «• 
le  between  I  he  "  people  «  i  In  mghl 
tn  a  r  i,,  e  by  l  he  couquei  i.  aud  destruction  of 
Pisa  bv  the  (Cleans. 


PISAE  (-arum:  Pisa),  an  ancient  city  of 
Etruria,  aud  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  confed- 
eration, was  situated  at  the  continence  of  the 
Arnos  and  Ausar  (Serchio),  about  6  miles  from 
the  sea.  According  to  some  traditions.  Pjsac 
was  founded  by  the  Companions  of  Nestor, 
the  inhabitants  of  Pisa  in  Elis,  who  were 
driven  upon  the  coast  of  Italy  on  their  return 
from  Troy  ;  whence  the  Roman  poets  give  the 
Etruscan  town  the  surname  of  Alphea.  In 
u.o.  ISO  it  was  made  a  Latin  colony.  Its  har- 
bor, called  Portus  PlBANUS,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Arnus,  was  much  used  by  the  Romans. 

PISANDER  (-dri),  an  Athenian,  the  chief 
agent  in  effecting  the  revolution  of  the  Four 
Hundred,  n.o.  412. 

PISXTIS.    [Pisa.] 

PISAURUM  (-i  :  Pesara),  an  ancient  town 
of  Umbria,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  I'l- 
SAURUS  (/•'»;//((),  on  the  road  to  Anminum. 

PISIHIA  (-ae),  an  inland  district  of  Asia 
Minor,  lying  N.  of  Lycia  and  Pamphylia,  was 
a  mountainous  region,  inhabited  by  a  war- 
like people,  who  maintained  their  independ- 
ence against  all  the  successive  rulers  of  Asia 
Minor. 

PISISTRATlDA R  (•arum),  a  name  given 
to  Uippias  and  Hipparchus,  as  the  sons  of 

l'isistratus. 

PISISTRATUS  (  i),  an  Athenian,  son  of  Hip- 
pocrates, belonged  to  a  noble  family  at  Athens' 
His  mother  waa  consin-german  to  the  mother 
of  Solon.  When  Solon  had  retired  from 
Athens,  after  the  establishmenl  of  his  con- 
stitution, the  old  rivalry  between  the  panes 
of  the  Plain,  the  Coast,  and  the  Highlands 
broke  nut  into  open  feud.  The  first  was  headed 
by  Lycurgna,  tiie  second  by  Megacles,  the  son 
or  Alcmaeon,  and  the  third  by  Pisistratns, 
who  had  formed  the  design  ol  making  him- 
self tyrant  or  despol  of  Athens.  Solon,  OH 
urn,  quickly  saw  through  his  designs, 

and  .attempted  m  vain  to  dissuade  hint  from 
overthrowing  the  constitution.  When  Pisis- 
tratns found  his  plana  sufficiently  ripe  for 
execution,  he  i day  made  his  appearance 

n  i he   i i.  his  mnfea  and  his  own  person 

exhibit  in  ■  recent  won  mis,  and  pretended  that 
he  bad  been  neativ  assacst  nali'il  by  hi-  ene- 
mies as  he  waa  riding  Into  the  country.  An 
assembly  of  the  people  was  forthwith  called, 
in  «  hlch  n if  ins  partisans  proposed  thai 

a  bod  y-  '.''1  at  d  of  BO  Citizens,  armed  with  clubB, 
Should    he  /ranted    10   I Piaistratllfl  tOOK 

the  opportunity  of  raising  a  much  larger  force, 
xv  ith  which  he  aelKed  the  citadel,  «.<  MO,  Ihua 
bi  i  omins  tyraul  of  Athens,  1 1  lit  m  at  pa- 
tinn  lasted  bill  a  liorl  time.  Before  in-  power 
was  firmly  rooted,  the  factions  headed  i,T 
Megoi  le    and  i. Min  em  combined,  and  PI  l»- 

i  I  ■    in  pell,  id      tO     e\    u  uate      Allien-. 

But  Wegni  lea  oud  Lycnrgne  Boon  quarreled  i 
■  v  hereupon   the    former  offered   to  r<  It 
ratu«  In  the  1 1 1  annj  If  he  would 

I  -liter.      The  propo     I 

ilns,  who  thus  became  n    t 
tyrant  of  Ath 

Ol   the   iii-ulnie'   manner  111  h  im  h  he 

his  wife,  Mi    ai  le    .■•.•  i tad*  i  omm in  a 


riso. 


310 


PISTORIA. 


with  Lyc-jrgus,  and  Pisistratus  was  a  second 
time  compelled  to  evacuate  Athens.  He  re- 
tired to  Kretria,  in  Enboea;  and  after  spend- 
ing in  years  iu  making  preparations  to  re- 
train his  power,  he  invaded  Attica,  and  made 
himself  roaster  of  Athens  for  the  third  time. 
He  was  not  expelled  again,  but  continued  to 
hold  his  power  till  his  death.  His  rule  was 
not  oppressive.  He  maintained  the  form  of 
Solon's  institutions,  and  uot  only  exacted 
obedience  to  the  laws  from  his  subjects  and 
friends,  but  himself  set  the  example  of  sub- 
mitting to  them.  He  was  a  warm  patron  of 
literature;  and  it  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the 
first  written  text  of  the  whole  of  the  poems 
of  Homer,  which,  without  his  care,  would 
most  likely  now  exist  only  in  a  few  disjointed 
fragments!  [Homekus.]  He  died  iu  b.o.  5-27, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  tyranny  by  his  two 
eons,  Hippias  and  Hipparchus."  They  con- 
tinued the  government  ou  the  same  principles 
as  their  father.  Hipparchus  inherited  his 
father's  literary  tastes.  Several  distinguished 
poets  lived  at  Athens  under  the  patronage  of 
Hipparchus,  as,  for  exam-pie,  Simonides  of 
Ceos,  and  Anacreou  of  Teos.  After  the  mur- 
der of  Hipparchus,  in  u.c.  514,  an  account  of 
which  is  given  under  Harmonics,  a  great 
change  ensued  in  the  character  of  the  govern- 
ment. Under  the  influence  of  revengeful 
feelings  and  fears  for  his  own  safety,  Hippias 
now  became  a  morose  and  suspicious  tyrant. 
His  old  enemies,  the  Alcmaeonidae,  to  whom 
Megacles  belonged,  availed  themselves  of  the 
growing  discontent  of  the  citizens  ;  and  after 
ime  or  two  unsuccessful  attempts  they  at 
length  succeeded,  supported  by  a  lai  ■ge 
under  Clcomeues,  in  expelling  Hippias  from 
Attica.  Hippias  riist  retired  to  Sigeuin,  b.c. 
510.  He  afterwards  repaired  to  the  court  of 
Darius,  and  looked  forward  to  a  restoratiou 
to  his  country  by  the  aid  of  the  Persians.  He 
accompanied  the  expedition  sent  under  Datis 
and  Artapuernes,  and  pointed  out  to  the  Per- 
sians the  plain  of  Marathon  as  the  most  suit- 
able place  for  their  landing.  He  was  now 
(490)  of  great  age.  According  to  some  ac- 
counts he  fell  in  the  battle  of  Marathon; 
according  to  others  he  died  at  Lemnos,  on  his 
return. 

PISO  (-6nis),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  Calpurnia  gens.  The  name  is 
connected  with  agriculture,  the  most  honor- 
able pursuit  of  the  ancient  Romans  ;  it  comes 
from  the  verb  pisi  re  "f  jiinsere,  and  refers  to 
the  pounding  or  grinding  of  corn.  Tiie  chief 
members  of  the  family  are:— (1)  L.  Cai.it:>.- 
mve  Piso  Caesoninus,  consul  b.o.  112,  served 
as  legatns  under  L.  Cassius  Longinus,  rs.o. 
107,  and  fell  in  battle  against  the  Tigurini, 
In  the  territory  of  the  Allobro^es.  This  Piso 
was  the  graudi'ather  of  Caesar's  father-in-law, 
a  circumstance  to  which  Caesar  alludes  in 
recording  his  owu  victory  over  the  Tigurini 
at  a  later  time.  —  (2)  L*.  Calpubnide  Piso 
Fittest,  consul  n.o.  133,  received,  from  his  in- 
tegrity and  conscientiousness,  the  surname  of 
Frngi,  which  is  nearly  equivalent  to  our  "  man 
of  honor."  He  was*  a  stanch  suppoi 
the  aristocratical  party,  and  offered  a  strong 
opposition  to  the  mea-ures  of  C.  Grao  hus. 
He  wrote  Annals,  which  contained  the  history 


of  Rome  from  the  earliest  period  to  the  age 
in  which  Piso  himself  lived.— (3)  C.  Cai.pcr.- 
nics  Piso,  consul  is.r.  07,  belonged  to  the 
aristocratical  party.  He  afterwards  adminis- 
tered the  province  of  Narbonese  Gaul  as  pro- 
consul. In  63  he  was  accused  of  plundering 
the  province,  aud  was  defended  by  Cicero. 
The  latter  charge  was  brought  against  Piso  at 
the  instigation  of  Caesar;  and  Piso,  in  re- 
venge, implored  Cicero,  but  without  success, 
to  accuse  Caesar  as  one  of  the  consp, 
of  Catiline. — (4)  M.  Cai.pcbnius  Piso,  usually 
called  M.  Prrirs  Piso,  because  he  was  adopt- 
ed by  M.  Pnpius.  He  was  elected  consul  B.O. 
01,  through  the  influence  of  Pompey.— (5)  Cn. 
Calitrnics  Piso,  a  young  uoble  who  had  dis- 
sipated his  fortune  by  his  extravagance  aud 
profligacy,  and  therefore  joined  Catiline  iu 
what  is  usually  called  his  first  conspiracy  (66). 
The  senate,  anxious  to  get  rid  of  Piso,  sent 
him  into  Xearer  Spain  as  quaestor,  but  with 
the  rank  and  title  of  propraetor.  His  exac- 
tions iu  the  province  soon  made  him  so  hate- 
ful to  the  inhabitants  that  he  was  murdered 
by  them. — (6)  L.  Cai.pcp.nus  Piso,  consul  r..c. 
58,  was  an  unprincipled  debauchee  and  a  cruel 
and  corrupt  magistrate.  Piso  and  his  col- 
league, Gabinius,  snpported  Clodius  in  his 
measures  against  Cicero,  which  resulted  in 
the  banishment  of  the  orator.  Piso  after- 
wards governed  Macedonia,  and  plundered 
the  proviuce  in  the  most  shameless  manner. 
On  his  return  to  Rome  (55),  Cicero  attacked 
him  in  a  speech  which  is  extant  (In  Pisnnem). 
Calpurnia,  the  daughter  of  Piso,  was  the  last 
wife  of  the  dictator  Caesar. — (7)  C.  C'ai.pci;- 
nidh  Piso  Fr.iot.  tne  son-in-law  of  Cicero, 
married  his  daughter  Tullia,  iu  n.c.  63.  He 
died  in  57. — (8)  Cm.  Cai.pcp.-nics  Piso  was  ap- 
pointed by  Tiberius  to  the  command  of  Syria 
in  a. ii.  lS,"in  order  that  he  might  thwart  and 
oppose  Germanicus,  who  had  received  from 
the  emperor  the  government  of  all  the  eastern 
provinces.  Piaucina,  the  wife  of  Piso,  was 
also  urged  ou  by  Livia,  the  mother  of  the  em- 
peror, to  vie  with  and  annoy  Agrippina.  Ger- 
mauicus  aud  Agrippina  were  thus  exposed  to 
every  species  of  insult  aud  opposition  from 
Piso  and  Piaucina ;  and  when  Germanicus 
fell  ill  in  the  autumn  of  19,  he  believed  that 
he  had  been  poisoned  hy  them.  Piso,  on  his 
return  to  Rome  (20),  was  accused  of  murder- 
ing Germanicus  ;  the  matter  was  investigated 
by  the  senate ;  but  before  the  investigation 
came  to  an  end  Piso  was  fouud  one  morniug 
in  his  room  with  his  throat  cut,  and  his  sword 
lying  by  his  side.  The  powerful  influence  of 
Livia  secured  the  acquittal  of  Piaucina.  - 
(9)  C.  Calpcknics  Piso,  the  leader  of  the 
well-known  conspiracy  against  Xero  in  a.d. 
05.  On  the  discovery'of  the  plot  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  by  opening  his  veins. 

PISTOR  (-oris),  the  Baker,  a  surname  of 

j  Jupiter  at  Rome,  because  when  the  Gauls 

!  were  besieging  Rome  he  suggested  to  the 

besieged  the  idea  of  throwing  loaves  of  bread 

among  the  enemies,  to  make  them  believe 

that  the  Romans  had  plenty  of  provisions. 

PIST5RIA  (-ae),  or  PlSTuRlUM  (-J  : 
j  Pi.itoia),  a  small  place  in  Etruria,  on  the  road 
I  from    Lnca   to    Floreutia,   rendered   memo- 


PITANE.  311 

rable  by  the  defeat  of  Catiliue  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

PITANE  (-cs),  a  sea-port  town  of  My  si  a,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Elaitic  gulf;  the  birthplace 
of  the  Academic  philosopher  Arcesilaus. 

P1THECUSA.     [Aenaeia.] 

PITHO  (us),  the  Greek  goddess  of  persua- 
sion, called  Su ao a  or  Suadela  by  the  Romans. 
Her  worship  was  closely  connected  with  that 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 

P1TTACUS  (-i),  one  of  "the  Seven  Wise 
Men  "  of  Greece,  was  a  native  of  Mytilene  iu 
Lesbos,  and  was  highly  celebrated  as  a  war- 
rior, a  statesman,  a  philosopher,  and  a  poet. 
In  u.o.  CuG  he  commanded  the  Mytilenaeans 
in  their  war  with  the  Athenians  for  the  pos- 
session ofSigeum,  and  signalized  himself  by 
killing  in  single  combat  Phrynon,  the  com- 
mander of  the  Athenians.  The  supreme 
power  at  Mytilene  was  fiercely  disputed  be- 
tween a  succession  of  tyrants  and  the  aristo- 
cratic  party,  headed  by  Aleaeus,  and  the  latter 
was  driven  into  exile.  As  the  exiles  tried  to 
effect  their  return  by  force  of  arms,  the  popu- 
lar party  chose  Pittacns  as  their  ruler,  with 
absolute  power,  under  the  title  of  Aesymnetes. 
11.-  held  this  office  for  10  years  (5S.9-579),  and 
then  voluntarily  resigned  it,  having  restored 
order  to  the  state.  He  died  in  509,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age. 

PITTHEUS  (-668  and  Si),  king  of  Troezene, 
was  sun  of  Pelops,  father  of  Aethra,  and 
grandfather  and  instructor  of  Theseus. 
Aethra  a-  his  daughter  is  called  Pittheis. 

PLiCENTIA    (-ae:    Piacenza),  a   Roman 

in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  founded  at  the  same 

time  as  Cremona,  b.o.  219,  and  situated  on 
tie-  right  bank  of  the  I'",  nol  far  from  the 

lie. uili    nl'   Hi''    Trebia.       It    was    taken    and 

destroyed  by  the  Gauls  in  b.o.  200,  imi  was 
sunn  rebuilt  by  the  Romans,  and  became  an 
im  port  an  I  place. 

PLANASIA  (-ae:  Pianosa),  an  island  be- 
tween Corsica  and  the  coast  of  Etruria,  to 
which  Augustus  banished  his  grandson 
Agrippa  Postumus. 

PLANt  T.\.\.    CPiso,  No.  9.] 

PL  \.VJ   its  (-i),CN.,  "ii         I  ■  ''''fend- 

ed i: . .  ;►!,  in  an  oration  still  extant,  when  he 
was  accused  of  having  practiced  bribery  in 
older  to  gain  his  election  as  curule  aedile. 

PL  \  n<  r-  me  ofa  distinguished 

family    of  t  lie    Muni  I  Ul  name 

Plancns  signified  a  person  having  Hat  splay 
feet  without  any  bend  in  them.   (l)L.Mi 
•in  -  i'i  incus,  a  friend  of  Julius  Caesar,  who 
Dominated  him  t'>  the  government  of  Trans- 
alpine Gaul   for   b.o.   it.     Eere   lie  Joined 

Antony  and   LepidUS,      He  WUI    COD   ul   in  42. 

and  governed  In  i  nccee  Ion  i  he  pi  ovit 

Asia    and    Syria.       lie    dl     I  ",y    and 

Angnstus  shot  I ly  before  tie-  bt eakin  ■  "in  "i 
tie  civil  war  between  the  two  in  81,  Both 
the  pnblic  ami  private  life  of  Piancna  was 
stained  by  nun  One  ol  H 

r>d<      >  'arm.,  I.,  , 

Mdnatius   Plarous   Bui    \,   brother  of  the 

former,  was  tribune  "i  'he  plebs  b.o.  .'■■-',  and 

mdem i  to  banishment  on  ai  count  of 


PLATO. 


his  proceedings  in  this  year.  He  fought  on 
Antony's  side  in  the  campaign  of  Mutina. — 
(3)  Gn.  Munatitjs  Pi. amu  s,  brother  of  the 
two  preceding,  was  praetor  in  43.— (4)  L. 
Pi.adtiub  Pr.ANOUB,  brother  of  the  three  pre- 
ceding, was  adopted  by  an  L.  Plautius.  He  was 
included  iu  the  proscription  of  the  triumvirs, 
43,  with  the  consent  of  his  brother  Lucius, 
and  was  put  to  death. 

PLATAEA  (-ae),  more  commonly  PLA- 
TAEAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  city  of  Boeotia, 
on  the  N.  slope  of  Mouut  Cithaeron,  nut  far 
from  the  sources  of  the  Asopus,  and  on  the 
frontiers  of  Attica.  It  was  said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  from  Plataea,  a  daughter  of 
Asopus.  At  an  early  period  the  Plataeans 
deserted  the  Boeotian  confederacy  and  placed 
themselves  under  the  protection  of  Athens  ; 
and  when  the  Persians  invaded  Attica,  n.e. 
490,  they  sent  1000  men  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Athenians,  and  fought  on  their  side  at 
the  battle  of  Marathon.  Ten  years  afterwards 
(4S0)  their  city  was  destroyed  by  the  Persian 
army  under  Xerxes  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Thebans;  and  the  place  was  still  in  ruins  in 
the  following  year  (479),  when  the  memorable 
battle  was  fought  in  their  territory,  in  which 
Mardonius  was  defeated,  and  the  independ- 
ence of  Greece  secured.  In  consequence  of 
this  victory,  the  territory  of  Plataea  was  de- 
clared inviolable.  It  now  enjoyed  a  prosperity 
of  50  years;  but  in  the  3d  year  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war  (429)  the  Thebans  persuaded 

the  Spartans  to  attack  the  town,  and  alter  a 

siege  of-.'  years  at  length  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing possession  of  the  place  (427).     Plataea 

was  now  razed  to  tin'  ground,  but  WW 

rebuilt  after  the  peace  of  Antalcidas  (:;s7>. 

It  was  destroyed  the  3d  time  by  iis  iuveterate 
enemies  the  Thebans  in  374.  it  was  once 
more  restored  under  the  Macedonian  •  uprem- 

ai  j .  mil  i  -ul  jiii'. I  iii  '  I  "in  e  nil  a  very 
liie  period. 

i  ■  I  .a  i ')  i  "i"- 1.  (1)  The  Athenian  comic 
poet,  was  a  contemporary  with  Aristophanes, 
a  nd  t  I  on  rish  I'd 
from  u.o. 423  to  :',s;>. 
He  ranked  among 
the  very  best  poeta 
of  the  Old  Comedy. 

—(2)   The    philoso- 
pher, was    ih n 

"I    Al  Iston  ami   I'e- 

rictlone  or  Potone, 

.  — ^     and    was    born    al 
\\J-    \        )   Athens     etthor     in 

\J    u.o. 429 or 428.     Ae- 
\  N/      cording   i"  i 

he  w  rig  born  in  the 

ll.'l      I, I 

terual  inn 

id     of    ha-.  ; 

dm- ;  in-  mi"  relationship 
wiih  Bolon.     lb-  wa    in  trui  ti  'I  

I  h"      | 

year  In- 1 ime  a  foil 

..I  in    si  ii dent  admirei  ,     \ ftei  u  i 

of  Socral 


PLAUTUS. 


3\2 


PLISTOANAX. 


subsequently  visited  Egypt,  Sicily,  and  the 
Greek  cities  in  Lower  Italy,  through  his  eager- 
ness for  knowledge.  During  his  residence  in 
Sicily  he  became  acquainted  with  the  elder 
Dionysins,  but  soon  fell  out  with  the  tyrant. 
According  to  a  common  story,  he  was  sold  as 
a  slave  by  the  tyrant,  but  was  set  at  liberty 
by  Anniceris  of  Gyrene.  After  his  return  he 
began  to  teach  in  the  gymnasium  of  the 
Academy  and  its  shady  avenues,  whence  his 
school  was  Bnbseqnently  called  the  Academic. 
Over  the  vestibule  of  his  house  he  set  up  the 
inscription,  "Let  no  one  enter  who  is  unac- 
quainted with  geometry."  Plato's  occupa- 
tion as  an  instructor  was  twice  interrupted 
by  his  voyages  to  Sicily;  first  wheu  Dion 
persuaded  him  to  try  to  win  the  younger 
Dionysins  to  philosophy;  the  second  time,  a 
few  years  later  (about  SCO),  when  the  invita- 
tion of  Dionysius  to  reconcile  the  disputes 
which  had  broken  out  between  him  and  Dion 
brought  him  back  to  Syracuse.  His  efforts 
were  both  times  unsuccessful  and  he  owed 
his  own  safety  to  nothing  but  the  earnest  in- 
tercession of  Archytas.  He  died  in  the  S2d 
year  of  his  age,  is.o.  347.  Plato  wrote  a  great 
number  of  works  on  different  philosophical 
subjects,  which  are  still  extant.  They  are  in 
the  form  of  dialogue,  and  are  distinguished 
by  purity  of  language  and  elegance  of  style. 

PLAUTUS(-i),T.MACClUS(notACCIUS), 
the  most  celebrated  comic  poet  of  Rome,  was 
a  native  of  Sarsina,  a  small  village  in  Umbria, 
and  was  born  about  u.c.  254.  In  early  life  he 
was  in  needy  circumstances.  He  was  first 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  actors,  and. 
having  saved  a  little  money,  he  left  Rome 
and  set  up  in  business.  But  his  speculations 
having  failed,  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  a  baker,  who  employed 
him  in  turning  a  hand-mill.  While  tints  "en- 
gaged he  wrote  3  plays,  the  sale  of  which  to 
the  managers  of  the  public  games  enabled 
him  to  quit  his  drudgery  and  begin  his  liter- 
ary career.  He  was^then  probably  about  30 
years  of  age  (224).  He  continued  his  literary 
occupation  for  about  40  years,  and  died  in 
1S4,  when  he  was  TO  years  of  age.  20  of  his 
comedies  have  come  down  to  us.  They  en- 
joyed unrivaled  popularity  among  the  Ro- 
mans, and  continued  to  be  represented  down 
to  the  time  of  Diocletian.  They  appear  to 
be  all  founded  upon  Greek  models:  but  he 
takes  greater  liberties  with  the  originals  than 
Terence. 

PLEIADES  or  PLEIADES  (-uni),  were  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  PleTone,  whence  they 
bear  the  name  of  the  Atlantides.  They  were 
called  Vergiliae  by  the  Romans.  They  were 
the  sisters  of  the  Ilyades,  and  7  in  number,  G 
of  whom  are  described  as  visible,  and  the  7th 
,as  invisible.  Some  call  the  7th  Sterope,  and 
relate  that  she  became  invisible  from  shame, 
because  she  aloue  had  loved  a  mortal  man. 
The  Pleiades  were  virgin  companions  of  Ar- 
temis (Diana),  and,  together  with  their  moth- 
er Pleione,  were  pursued  by  the  hunter  Orion 
in  Bocotia;  their  prayer  to  be  rescued  from 
him  was  heard  by  the  gods,  and  they  were 
metamorphosed  into  doves  {ireXeuiSe'?),  and 
placed  among  ths  stars.     The  rising  of  the 


Pleiades  in  Italy  is  about  the  beginning  of 
May,  and  their  "setting  about  the  beginning 
of  November.  Their  names  are  Electra, 
Maia,  Taygete,  Alcyone,  Ceiaeuo,  Sterope, 
and  Merope. 

PLEMMYRIUM  (-i),  a  promontory  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Sicily,  immediately  S.  of  Syracuse. 

PLEIONE  (-Gs),  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  and 
mother  of  the  Pleiades  by  Atlas.  [Atlas  ; 
Pleiades.] 

PLEUMOXII  (-mum),  a  small  tribe  in  Gal- 
lia Belgica,  subject  to  the  Nervii. 

PLEUKON  (-iinis),  an  ancient  city  in  Aeto- 
lia,  situated  at  a  little  distance  from  the  coast. 
It  was  abandoned  by  its  inhabitants  when 
Demetrius  II.,  king  of  Macedonia,  laid  waste 
the  surrounding  country,  and  a  new  city  was 
built  under  the  same  name  near  the  ancient 
one.  The  2  cities  are  distinguished  by  ge- 
ographers under  the  names  of  Old  Pleuron 
and  New  Pleuron  respectively. 

PLINIUS  (-i).  (1)  C.  Plinius  Secunbcs, 
frequently  called  Pliny  the  Elder,  was  born 
a.t).  23,  either  at  Verona  or  Novum  Comum 
(Cumo)  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  In  his  youth  he 
served  in  the  army  in  Germany,  and  after- 
wards practiced  for  a  time  as  a  pleader  at 
Rome.  But  he  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
time  in  study,  and  was  one  of  the  most  labo- 
rious students  that  ever  lived.  He  perished 
in  the  celebrated  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  which 
overwhelmed  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii,  in 
a.i>.  79,  being  50  years  of  age.  He  was  at  the 
time  stationed  at  Misenum  in  the  command 
of  the  Roman  fleet ;  and  it  was  his  anxiety  to 
examine  more  closely  the  extraordinary  phe- 
nomenon which  led  him  to  sail  to  Stabiae, 
where  he  landed  and  perished.  Pliny  wrote 
a  great  number  of  works,  but  the  only  one 
which  has  come  down  to  us  is  his  IJistoria 
Naturalis.  It  is  divided  into  37  books,  and  is 
dedicated  to  Titus,  the  son  of  Vespasian,  with 
whom  Pliny  lived  on  very  intimate  terms. — 
(2)  C.  Pi.incs  Cakcii.ics  Skoundcs,  frequently 
called  Pliny  the  younger,  was  the  son  of  C. 
Caecilius,  and  of  Plinia,  the  sister  of  the  elder 
Pliny.  He  was  born  at  Comum  in  a.t>.  01 ; 
and  having  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  he 
was  adopted  by  his  uncle.  From  his  youth 
he  was  devoted  to  letters.  In  his  14th  year 
he  wrote  a  Greek  tragedy,  and  in  his  loth 
year  iie  began  to  speak  in  the  forum,  and  be- 
came distinguished  as  an  orator.  He  was  a 
friend  of  the  historian  Tacitus.  In  a.i>.  100 
he  was  consul,  and  in  103  he  was  appointed 
propraetor  of  the  province  Pontics,  where  he 
diil  not  stay  quite  2  years.  His  extant  works 
are  his  Panegyricus,  which  is  a  rulsome  eulo- 
gium  on  Trajan,  and  the  10  books  of  the 
Ejiixtolac. 

PLISTHENES  (-is),  son  of  At  reus,  and 
husband  of  Aorope  or  Eriphvle,  by  whom  he 
became  the  father  of  Agamemnon,  Menelans, 
and  Anaxibia;  but  Homer  makes  the  lat- 
ter the  children  of  Atreus.  [Agamrmnon; 
Atreus.] 

PLISTOANAX  or  PLlSTOXAX  (aciist, 
king  of  Sparta  b.O.  458—408,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Pausanias  who  conquered  at  Pla- 
taea,  n.o.  479.     During  19  years  of  his  veige 


PLISTUS. 


313 


POLEMON. 


(■t4")-426)  he  lived  in  exile,  but  was  after- 
wards recalled,  in  obedience  to  the  Delphic 
oracle. 

PLISTUS  (-i),a  small  river  in  Phocis,  ris- 
ing in  Mount  Parnassus,  aud  falling  into  the 
Crissaean  gulf. 

PLOTINA,  POMPEIA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  the 
emperor  Trajan,  who  persuaded  her  husband 
to  adopt  Hadrian. 

PLOTINUS  (-i),  the  founder  of  the  Neo-Pla- 
touic  system,  was  born  in  Egypt,  about  a.h. 
203.  He  taught  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  at  Koine,  where  he  had  among  his  disci- 
ples the  celebrated  Porphyry.  His  works, 
which  have  come  down  to  us,  were  put  into 
their  present  form  by  Porphyry.  Plotinus 
died  nt  Puteoli,  in  Campania,  a.d.  202. 

PLUTARCHUS  (-i),  the  biographer  and 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Chaeronea,  in  Boe- 
otia,  probably  in  the  reign  of  Claudius.  He 
lived  for  some  time  at  Koine,  and  in  other 
parts  of  Italy  ;  and  he  was  lecturing  at  Rome 
during  the  reign  of  Domitian.  He  spent  the 
later  years  of  his  life  at  Chaeronea,  where  he 
discharged  various  magisterial  offices,  and 
held  a  priesthood.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown.  The  work  which  has  immortalized 
Plutarch's  name  is  his  Parallel  Lives  of 
Greeks  and  Romans.  Perhaps  no  work  of 
antiquity  has  been  so  extensively  read  in 
modem  times  as  these  Lives.  The  reason  of 
their  popularity  is  that  Plutarch  has  rightly 
conceived  the  "business  of  a  biographer:  his 
biography  is  true  portraiture.  His  other 
writings,  above  GO  in  number,  are  placed  mi 
der  the  general  title  of  Manilla,  or  Ethical 
works.  The  best  of  them  are  practical ;  and 
their  merits  consist  in  the  soundness  of  his 
views  on  the  ordinary  events  of  human  life, 
and  in  the  benevolence  of  his  temper. 

PLUTO  or  PLUTdN  (-onis),  the  giver  of 
wealth,  at  first  a  surname  of  Hades,  the  god 
of  the  lower  world,  and  afterwards  nsed  as 
the  real  name  of  the  god.  An  account  of  the 
god  is  given  under  Ham  s. 

PLOTL'S  (-i),  the  -oil  of  wraith,  is  de- 
scribed as  a  sou  of  lasion  and  Demeter  (Ce- 
re-). [Iasion.]  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  said  to  have 
deprived  him  of  sight,  that  be  might  distrib- 
ute his  gifts  blindly,  and  without  an  . 
to  merit. 

I'Lf'VIl'S  (-1),  ?'.  r.  "the  sender  of  rain,"  a 
surname  of  Jupiter  among  the  Romans,  to 
whom  sacrifices  were  offered  dining  long- 
protracted  droughts. 

POD1LIRIU9  f-i),  bod  of  Aesculapins,  and 

brol  her  of  Machaon.  along  with  whom  he  led 

hessnlians  of  Tricca  againsl  Troy.    He 

tvas,  like  hij  brother,  skilled  In  the  medical 

art.    On  his  return  from  Troy  he  wni  ■ 

A  storm  on  the  coast  of  SyrOB,  in  <  'aria,  wheie 
he  is  said  to  have  settled. 

PODARCBS  (-is).     (1)  The  original  name 
of  Priam,    i  Pei  ■•  mi  b  i    (2)  Son  of  [pi 
and  grandson  of  Phylacus,  was  a  younger 
brother  of  Protesilaui ,  and  led  the  1  ! 

lians  of  Phylacc  against  Troy. 

PODARGE.    [Harpyiak.] 


POEAS  (-antis),  father  of  Philoctetes,  wno 
is.  hence  called  Poeaiitiades,  Poeantius  hents, 
Poeantia  proles,  and  Poeante  satus.  Poeas  is 
mentioned  among  the  Argonauts.     [Hkbcc- 

I.t:S  ;    PlIU.OCTETKS.] 

POENI  (-orum),  a  common  name  of  the 
Carthaginians,  because  they  were  a  colony 
of  Phoenicians. 

POGOX  (-onis),  the  harbor  of  Troezen,  id 

Argolis. 

POLA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Istria,  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  coast,  and  near  the  promon- 
tory Poi. Aiiot  m,  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  the  Colchians,  who  had  been  sent  in  pur- 
suit of  Medea.  It  was  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  and  an  important  commercial  town, 
heiug  united  by  good  roads  with  Aquile  a  and 
the  principal  towns  of  Illyria.  Its  importance 
is  attested  by  its  magnificent  ruins,  of  which 
the  principal  are  those  of  an  amphitheatre, 
of  a  triumphal  arch,  aud  of  several  temples. 

POLEMon  (-onis).  (l)  I.,  king  of  Pontna 
and  the  Bosporus,  was  the  son  of  Xenon,  the 
orator,  of  Laodicca.  lie  was  appointed  by 
Antony  in  b.o.  3!)  to  the  government  of  a  part 
of  Cilicia;  and  he  subsequently  obtained  in 
exchange  the  kingdom  of  Pontus.  After  the 
battle  of  Actium  he  was  able  to  make  his 
peace  with  Augustus,  who  confirmed  him  in 
hie  kingdom.  About  u.o.  16  he  was  Intrusted 
by  Agrippa  with  the  charge  of  reducing  the 

kingdom  of  Bosporus,  of  which  he  was  made 
king  after  conquering  t  lie  country.  He  after- 
wards fell  in  an  expedition  against  the  bar- 
barian tribe  of  the  Aspnrgians.  He  was  bcc- 
ceeded  by  his  wife,  Pythodoris. — (2)  II.,  son 
of  the  preceding  and  of  Pythodoris,  was  raised 
to  the  sovereignty  of  Pontus  and  Bosporus  by 
Caligula,  in  a.».  '■'■'■>■  He  was  induced  by  Nero 
to  abdicate  the  throne  in  a.h.  62,  and  Pont  IIS 
was  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  Roman 
province.— (3)  Of  Athens,  nu  eminent  Platonic 
philosopher.  In  his  youth  he  was  extremely 
profligate;  but  one  day,  when  lie  was  about 
SO,  on  hi-  bursting  luto  the  school  nfXenocra* 
tee,  at  the  head  of  n  hand  of  livelier-,  hi-  at- 
tention  was  so  nrrested  by  the  discourse, 

which  chanced  to  he  upon  temperance,  that 
he  tore  Off  his  garland,  and  remained  an  at- 
tentive listener.  Prom  that  day  be  adopted 
an  abstemious  course  of  life,  and  continued 
to  frequent  the  school,  of  which,  on  the  death 
fif  Xenocrates,  he  became  the  head,  u.<   BIS. 

He  died  in  278,  at  a  great  age,    (4)  A  SI 

philosopher  and  an  eminent  geographer,  sur- 
named  /  i ed  lu  the  time  of  Ptole- 
my Epiphanes,  at  the  beginning  of  the  2d 
u.o,  (5)  Anton  ids,  a  celebrated 
sophist  and  rhetorician,  nourished ler Tra- 
jan, Hadrian,  and  the  first  Autouluns,  He 
wit  born  of  a  consular  family,  at  Laodlcea, 
I n it  Mien l  the  ereater  pari  of  hi-  life  at  Smyr- 
na.    Hi-  most  relebrnted  rl 

,  luring  the  lal  ler  part  of  hit  I  ■■■  lie  wn 
bo  tortu  ed  by  the  | I  that  he  resolve  i  to 

pill   an  cad   to  his  i  I   hnn- 

self  to  be  shut  up  in  the  '  >n 

at  I,  lode  ea,  v,  here  he  dad  ol  hunger,  at  III" 
age  of  06.— (6)  The  author  of  a 

work  on  Physio] my,  which  Is  Mill  extant. 


POLEMONIUM. 


3H 


POLYBIUS. 


He  probably  lived  in  the  2d  or  3d  century 
after  Christ. 

POLEMONIUM  (-i),  a  city  on  the  coast  of 
Pontile  in  Asia  Minor,  built  by  King  Polf.mon 
(probably  the  2d),  on  the  site  of  the  older  city 
of  Side,  and  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  gulf. 

POLIAS  (-adis),  i.e.  "  the  goddess  protect- 
in;.'  the  city,"  a  surname  of  Athena  at  Athens, 
where  she  was  worshiped  as  the  protecting 
divinity  of  the  acropolis. 

POLIORCETES,    DEMETRIUS.      [Dkme- 

TKItS.] 

POLITES  (-ae),  sou  of  Priam  and  Hecnba, 
and  father  of  Priam  the  younger,  was  slain 
by  Pyrrhns. 

POLITORIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  interior 
of  Latium,  destroyed  by  Ancus  Martins. 

POLLA,  ARGENTARIA  (-ae),  the  wife  of 
the  poet  Lncan. 

POLLENTIA  (-ae:  Polenza),  a  town  of  the 
S'atielli  in  Lignria,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
F  'ia  and  the  Tananis.  It  was  celebrated 
f  r  its  wool.  In  its  neighborhood  Stilicho 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Goths  under 
Alaric. 

POLLIO  (-onis),  ASINIUS  (-i),  a  distin- 
guished orator,  poet,  and  historian  of  the 
Augustan  age.  He  was  born  at  Rome  in  n.c. 
76,  and  became  distinguished  as  an  orator 
at  an  early  age.  In  the  civil  war  he  fought 
on  Caesar's  side,  and  at  the  death  of  the  dic- 
tator held  the  command  of  Further  Spain. 
He  subsequently  united  his  forces  to  those  of 
Octavian,  Antouy,  and  Lepidus.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  by  Antony  to  settle  the 
reterans  in  the  lands  which  had  been  assigned 
to  them  in  Trauspadane  Gaul.  It  was  upon 
this  occasion  that  he  saved  the  property  of 
the  poet  Virgil  at  Mantua  from  confiscation. 
In  b.o.  40  Pollio  took  an  active  part  in  effect- 
ing the  reconciliation  between  Octavian  and 
Antony  at  Brundusium.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  consul ;  and  it  was  during  his  consulship 
that  Virgil  addressed  to  him  his  4th  Eclogue. 
In  n.c.  39  Antony  went  to  Greece,  and  Pollio, 
as  the  legate  of  Antony,  defeatedjhe  Parthini 
and  took  the  Dalmatian  town  of  Salonae.  It 
was  during  his  Illyrian  campaign  that  Virgil 
addressed  to  him"  the  Sth  Eclogue.  From 
this  time  Pollio  withdrew  from  political  life, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  lite:  -attire. 
He  died  A.n.  4,  in  the  80th  year  of  his  age. 
Pollio  was  not  only  a  patron  of  Virgil,  Horace, 
and  other  srreat  poets  and  writers,  but  he  was 
also  the  first  person  to  establish  a  public 
library  at  Rome.  None  of  Pollio's  own  works 
have  come  down  to  ns,  but  they  possessed 
sufficient  merit  to  lead  his  contemporaries  to 
class  i)js  name  with  those  of  Cicero.  Virsril 
and  Sal  Inst,  as  an  orator,  a  poet,  and  an  his- 
torian. It  was  as  an  orator  that  he  possessed 
the  greatest  reputation  ;  and  Horace  speaks 
of  him  as  "Insigne  maestis  praesidinm  reis 
et  consulenti.  Pollio,  curiae."  Pollio  wrote 
the  history  of  the  civil  wars  in  17  books,  com- 
mencing with  the  consulship  of  Metellns  and 
Afraiiins,  n.c.  60.  As  a  poet,  Pollio  was  best 
known  by  his  tra<redies,  which  are  spoken  of 
iii  hisrh  terms  by  Virgil  and  Horace,  but  which 
probably  did  not  possess  any  great  merit,  as 


they  are  hardly  mentioned  by  subsequent 
writers. 

POLLIO  (-onis),  VEDIUS,  a  friend  of  Au- 
gustus, who  used  to  feed  his  lampreys  with 
human  flesh.  Whenever  a  slave  displeased 
him,  the  unfortunate  wretch  was  forthwith 
thrown  into  the  pond  as  food  for  the  fish. 
He  died  n.c.  15,  leaving  a  large  part  of  his 
property  to  Augustus.  ~  It  was  this  Pollio 
who  built  the  celebrated  villa  of  Pausilypum 
near  Naples. 

POLLUX  or  P5LYDEUCES.     [Diosccp.i.J 

POLLUX  (-r.cis),  JULIUS  (-i),  of  Naucratis 
in  Egypt,  a  Greek  sophist  and  grammarian, 
who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Comniodus.  He  ia 
the  author  of  an  extant  work,  entitled  Onoma- 
stieon,  in  10  books,  containing  explanations 
of  the  meanings  of  Greek  words. 

POLYAEXUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Lampsacas,  a 
mathematician  and  a  friend  of  Epicurus. — (2) 
A  Macedonian,  the  author  of  the  work  on 
Stratagems  in  war,  which  is  still  extant,  lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  of  the 
Christian  era. 

POLYBIUS  (-i),  the  historian,  the  son  of 
Lycortas,  and  a  native  of  Megalopolis  in 
Arcadia,  was  born  about  n.c.  204.  His  father 
Lycortas  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  the  Achaean  League;  and  Polybins  at 
an  early  age  took  part  in  public  affairs.  After 
the  conquest  of  Macedonia  by  the  Romans,  in 
it.c.  168,  Polybius  was  one  of  the  1000  distin- 
guished Achaeaus  who  were  carried  as  prison- 
ers to  Rome.  On  his  arrival  in  Italy  he  ac- 
quired the  friendship  of  the  younger  Scipio 
Africanus.  After  remaining  in  Italy  17  years, 
Polybius  returned  to  Peloponnesus  in  n.c.  151, 
with  the  surviving  Achaean  exiles,  who  were 
at  length  allowed  by  the  senate  to  revisit  their 
native  land.  Soon  afterwards  he  joined  Scipio 
in  his  campaign  against  Carthage,  and  wis 
present  at  the  destruction  of  that  city  in  146. 
Immediately  afterwards  he  hurried  to  Greece, 
where  he  arrived  soon  after  the  capture  of 
Corinth:  and  he  exerted  all  his  influence  to 
alleviate  the  misfortunes  of  his  countrymen, 
aud  to  procure  favorable  terms  for  them.  He 
undertook  journeys  into  foreign  countries  for 
the  purpose  of  visiting  the  places  which  he 
had  to  describe  in  his  history.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  82,  in  consequence"  of  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  about  b.c.  122.  His  history  con- 
sisted of  40  books.  It  began  b.o.  220,  where 
the  history  of  Arattis  left  off",  and  ended  at 
146,  in  which  year  Corinth  was  destroyed. 
It  consisted  of  2  distinct  parts.  The  first 
part  comprised  a  period  of  35  years,  bou'in- 
ning  with  the  2d  Punic  war  and  the  Social 
war  in  Greece,  and  ending  with  the  conquest 
of  Perseus  and  the  downfall  of  the  Mace- 
donian kingdom,  in  1C8.  This  was  in  fact 
the  main  portion  of  his  work,  and  its  great 
object  was  to  show  how  the  Romans  had  in 
this  brief  period  of  53  years  conquered  the 
greater  part  of  the  world;  but  siuce  the 
Greeks  were  ignorant,  for  the  most  part,  of 
the  early  history  of  Rome,  he  gives  a  survey 
of  Roman  history  from  the  taking  of  the  city 
by  the  Gauls  to  the  commencement  of  the 
2d  Punic  war  in  the  first  2  books,  which  thus 
form  au  introduction  to  the  body  of  the  work. 


POLYBUS. 


3ir> 


POLYSPEKL'IloX. 


The  second  part  of  the  work,  which  formed 
a  kind  of  supplement  to  the  former  part,  com- 
prised the  period  from  the  conquest  of  Perseus 
111  103  to  the  fall  of  Corinth  in  146.  This  his- 
tory of  Polybius  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
Works  that  has  come  down  to  us  from  an- 
tiquity; but  unfortunately  the  greater  part 
of  it  has  perished.  We  possess  the  first  5 
books  entire,  but  of  the  rest  we  have  only 
fragments  and  extracts. 

POLYBUS  (-i),  king  of  Corinth,  by  whom 
Oedipus  was  brought  up.    [Okdipcs.] 

POLYCLETUS  (-i),  of  Argos,  probably  by 
citizenship,  and  ofSicyon,  probably  by  birth, 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  statuaries  of 
the  ancient  world.  He  was  also  a  sculptor, 
an  architect,  and  an  artist  in  toreutic.  He 
was  somewhat  younger  than  Phidias,  and 
flourished  about  u.o.  452— H2.  Phidias  was 
unsurpassed  in  making  the  images  of  the 
gods,  Polycletus  in  those  of  men. 

POLYCRXtES  (-is),  tyrant  of  Samos,  and 
one  of  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  Greek 
tyrants.  He  possessed  a  large  navy,  and  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  several  of  the  neigh- 
boring islands.  The  most  eminent  artists 
and  poets  found  a  welcome  at  his  court ;  and 
his  friendship  for  Anacreon  is  particularly 
celebrated.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  prosper- 
ity, Oroetes,  the  satrap  of  Sardis,  allured  him 
to  the  mainland,  where  he  was  arrested  soon 
after  his  arrival,  and  crucified,  u.o.  522. 

POLYDaMAS  (-antis),  son  ofPanthous  and 
Phrontis,  was  a  Trojan  hero,  a  friend  of 
Hector,  and  brother  of  Euphorbus. 

POl.VT)ECTES(-ae),  king  of  the  island 
of  Seriphos,  received  kindly  DanaS  and 
Perseus.    [Perseus.] 

POLYDEUCES,  called  by  the  Romans 
Pollux.    [Dioscuri.] 

POLYDORTJS  (-i).  at  King  of  The-  .fj 
lies,  son  of  Cadmus  and  ilarmoiiia,  hus- 
band of  Nyctels,  and  father  of  Labdacus. 
—(2)  The  youngest  among  the  sons  of 
Priam  and  LaotoS,  was  Main  by  Achilles. 
This  la  the  Homeric accounl ;  but  later 
traditions  make  him  a  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecnba,  and  give  n  different  account  of 

bis  death.    When  Ilium  was  on  the  point 

of  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Greeks, 
Priam  Intrusted  Polydorua  and  a  large 
sum  of  money  to  Polvmestor  or  Polym- 
.  king  of  the  Thracian  <  ihersoue- 
sus.  Alter  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
Polymestor  killed  Polydorua  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  po  e  lou  of  his 
treasures,  and  cast  Els  body  into  the  sea, 
Jlis  body  was  afterwards  washed  upon 
the  coast,  when-  it  was  found  and  recog-        1  '■  Bssslrlltovli  I* 

nized  by  his  mother  Becuba,  «  h"  took 
vengeance  upon  Polymestor  by  killing  bis    and  Ulysses  would  have  shared  the  some  fate 

two  children,  and  putting  out  his  eyes.     Ln     had  he  not  put  out  the  eye  of  the  n  tet 

other  tradition  Btated   that    Polydonu   wa«    while  he  was  asleep.    [Uli 

intrusted  to  his  sister  Diona,who  was  mar-       POLY8PERCBON  (  ontls),  a  Mao 

ried  to  Polymestor.    She  brought  him  up  as    and  a  dislingul  bed  officer  of  Alexander  the 

her  own  son.  while  she  mode  every  one  else    Great.    Antlpater  on  his  deal h 

believe  that  tier  own  son  Delpbilas  or  Delpy-    appointed  Polysperchn  I  him  an 

Ins  was  Polydorus.    Polymestor,  at  theinsti-    regent  In  Macedonia,  while  he 

gation  of  the  Greeks,  Mew  ids  own  sun,  sup-    own  son  Cassander  the  subordinate  station  ol 

posiug  him  to  be  Polydorus  ;  whereupon  the  .  Chiliarcb.      I'olyspcrchou  SOOD   b»  I 


latter  persuaded  his  sister  Ilioua  to  put  Poly, 
mestor  to  death. 

POLYGNQTTJS  (-i),  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  Greek  painters,  was  the  son  of 
Aglaophon,  and  a  native  of  the  island  of 
Tnasos;  but  he  received  the  citizenship  of 
Athens,  on  which  account  he  is  sometimes 
called  an  Athenian.  He  lived  on  intimate 
terms  with  Cimon  and  his  sister  Elpiuice ; 
and  he  probably  came  to  Athens  in  u.o. 463. 
After  the  subjugation  of  Tbosos  by  Cimon  he 
continued  to  exercise  his  art  almost  down  to 
the  beginning  of  the  Pelopoiinesian  war  (431). 

POLYHYMNIA.    [Mtsu.  ] 

PdlYMESTOR  or  POI.Y.M  NESTOR.  LPo- 

LYDOaUS.] 

POLYMNlA.     [MtsAK.] 

POLYNICES  (-is),  son  of  Oedipus  and 
Jocasta,  and  brother  of  Eteocles  and  Au- 
tigone.    [Eteooles;  Adrabtus.] 

POLYPHEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  the  nymph  Thoosa,  was  one 
of  the  Cyclopes  in  Sicily.  [Cyclopes.]  Be 
is  represented  as  a  gigantic  monster,  having 
only  one  eye,  in  the  centre  of  his  forehead, 
caring  naught  for  the  gods,  and  devouring 
human  flesh.  lie  dwelt  in  a  cave  near  Mount. 
Aetna,  and  ted  his  docks  upon  the  mountain. 
lie  fell  in  hive  with  the  nymph  Galatea,  but 
as  she  rejected  him  forAcis,  be  destroyed  ihu 
latter  by  crushing  him  under  a  hnge  rock. 
VVhen  Ulysses  was  driven  upon  Sicily,  Poly- 
phemus devoured  some  of  his  companions; 


• 


> 


POLYXENA. 


31G 


POMPEIUS. 


volved  iu  war  with  Cassander,  aud  finally 
submitted  to  the  latter. 

l'oLYXENA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  was  beloved  by  Achilles.  [See  p.  13.] 
When  the  Greeks,  on  their  voyage  home, 
were  still  lingering  ou  the  coast  of  Thrace, 
the  shade  of  Achilles  appeared  to  them,  de- 
manding that  Polyxena  should  be  sacrificed 
to  him.  Neoptolemus  accordingly  slew  her 
on  the  tomb  of  his  father. 

POLYXO  (-us).  (1)  The  nurse  of  queen 
Hypsipyle  in  Leinnos,  celebrated  as  a  proph- 
etess.—  (2)  An  Argive  woman,  married  to 
Tlepolemus,  sou  of  Hercules,  followed  her 
husband  to  Rhodes,  where,  according  to  some 
traditions,  she  put  to  death  the  celebrated 
Helen.     [Helena.] 

POMONA  (-ae),  the  Roman  divinity  of  the 
fruit  of  trees,  hence  called  Pomorum  Patroixa. 
Her  name  is  derived  from  J'omurn.  She  is 
represented  by  the  poets  as  beloved  by  sev- 
eral of  the  rustic  divinities,  such  as  Silvan  us, 
Picus,Vertumnus,  and  others. 

l'(  >MPEIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Q,  Pom- 
peius  Kufus,  sou  of  the  consul  of  is.o.  88,  and 
of  Ci  irnelia,  the  daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla. 
She  married  C.  Caesar,  subsequent  \v  the  dic- 
tator, in  ii. c.  67,  but  was  divorced  by  him  in 
61,  because  she  was  suspected  of  intriguing 
with  Clodius,  who  stealthily  introduced  him- 
self into  her  husband's  house  while  she  was 
celebrating  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea. — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Pompey,  the  triumvir,  by  his 
third  wife  Mucia.  She  married  Faustus  Sulla, 
the  son  of  the  dictator,  who  perished  in  the 
African  war,  46. — (3)  Daughter  of  Sex.  Pom- 
pey, the  son  of  the  triumvir  and  of  Scribonia. 
At  the  peace  of  Misenum,  iu  30,  she  was  be- 
trothed to  M.  Marcellns,  the  son  of  Octavia, 
the  sister  of  Octavian.  but  was  never  married 
to  him. 

POMPEII  (-firnm),  a  city  of  Campania, 
was  situated  on  the  coast,  at  "the  foot  of  Mount 
Vesuvius;  but  in  consequence  of  the  physical 
changes  which  the  surrounding  country  has 
undergone,  the  ruins  of  Pompeii  are  found  at 
present  about  2  miles  from  the  sea.  It  was 
overwhelmed  in  a.i>.  79,  along  wiih  Hercu- 
laneum  and  Stabiae,  by  the  great  eruption  of 
Mount  Vesuvius.  The  lava  did  not  reach 
Pompeii,  but  the  town  was  covered  with  suc- 
cessive layers  of  ashes  and  other  volcanic 
matter,  on  which  a  soil  was  gradually  formed. 
Thus  a  great  part  of  the  city  has  been  pre- 
served;  and  the  excavation  of  it  in  modern 
times  has  thrown  greatlightuponmanypoints 
of  antiquity,  such  as  the  construction  of  Ro- 
man houses,  and,  in  general,  all  subjects  con- 
nected with  the  private  life  of  the  ancients. 
About  half  the  city  is  now  exposed  to  view. 

POMPEI0P5LIS.     [Soi.oe.] 

POMPEIUS  (-i).  (1)  Q.  PoMPEirs,  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  a  flute-player,  was  the 
first  of  the  family  who  rose  to  dignity  in  the 
state.  He  was  consul  in  141,  when  he  carried 
on  war  unsuccessfully  acainst  theNumantines 
iu  Spain. — (2)  Q.  Pompeii  s  Rufus,  a  zealous 
supporter  of  the  aristocratical  party,  was  con- 
sul it.c.  SS,  with  L.  Sulla.  Wheu  Sulla  set  out 
for  the  East  to  conduct  the  war  against  Mith- 


ridates,  he  left  Italy  in  charge  of  Pompeiua 
Rufus,  and  assigned  to  him  the  army  of  Cn. 
Pompeius  Strabo,  who  was  still  engaged  iu 
carrying  on  war  against  the  Marsi.  Strabo, 
however,  who  was  unwilling  to  be  deprived 
of  the  command,  caused  Pompeius  Rufus  to 
be  murdered  by  the  soldiers.  — (3)  Cn.  Pom- 
peius Strauo,  consul  is.o.  89,  when  he  carried 
on  war  with  success  against  the  allies,  sub- 
duing the  greater  number  of  the  Italian  peo- 
ple who  were  still  in  arms.  He  continued  in 
the  S.  of  Italy  as  procousul  in  the  following 
year  (S8),  when  he  caused  Pompeius  Rufus  to 
be  assassinated.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
killed  by  lightning.  His  avarice  and  cruelty 
had  made  him  hated  by  the  soldiers  to  such 
a  degree  that  they  tore  his  corpse  from  the 
bier,  and  dragged  it  through  the  streets.— (4) 
Cn.  Pompeius  ^Magnus,  the  Triumvir,  son  of 
the  last,  was  born  on  the  30th  of  September, 
n.o.  106,  and  was  contequently  a  few  months 
younger  than  Cicero,  who  was  born  on  the  3d 
of  January  in  this  year,  and  0  years  older  than 
Caesar.  He  fonght  under  his  father  iu  89 
against  the  Italians,  wheu  he  was  only  17 
years  of  age.    When  Sulla  returned  to  Italy 


Cn.  Pompeius  Magnue. 

(841,  Pompey  marched  to  his  assistance  ;  and 
in  the  war  which  followed  against  the  Marian 
party  he  distinguished  himself  as  one  of 
Sulla's  most  successful  generals.  In  conse- 
quence of  his  victories  iu  Africa  over  the 
Marian  party,  he  was  greeted  by  Sulla  with 
the  surname  of  Magnus,  a  name  which  he 
bore  ever  afterwards.  He  was  allowed  to 
enter  Rome  in  triumph  (81),  although  he  was 
still  a  simple  eques,  and  had  not  held  any 
public  office.  Pompey  continued  faithful  to 
the  aristocracy  after  Sulla's  death  (7S),  and 
supported  the  consul  Catulus  in  resisting  the 


POMI'EIUS. 


317 


POMPTINAE. 


attempts  of  his  colleague  Lepidus  to  repeal 
the  laws  of  Sulla,  He  was  afterwards  sent. 
into  Spain  as  proconsul,  to  assist  Metellus 
against,  Sertorius,  and  remained  in  that  coun- 
try for  live  years  (76-71).  [Sebtorios.]  On 
his  return  to  Rome  he  was  consul  with  M. 
Crassus,  u.c.  70.  In  his  consulship  he  openly 
hroke  with  the  aristocracy,  and  became  the 
great  popular  hero.  He  carried  a  law  restor- 
ing to  the  tribunes  the  power  of  which  they 
had  been  deprived  by  Sulla.  In  07  the  tribune 
A.  Gabinius  brought  forward  a  bill  propos- 
ing to  confer  upon  Pompey  the  command  of 
the  war  against  the  pirates,  with  extraor- 
dinary powers.  This  bill  was  carried,  and 
in  the  course  of  three  mouths  he  cleared  the 
Mediterranean  of  the  pirates,  who  had  long 
been  the  terror  of  the  Romans.  Next  year 
(6ti)  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Luctillus  in 
the  command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates. 
The  bill  conferring  upon  him  this  command 
was  proposed  by  the  tribune  C.  Manillas,  and 
was  supported  by  Cicero  in  an  oration  which 
has  come  down  to  us.  He  easily  defeated 
Mithridates,  who  fled  to  the  Cimmerian  Iios- 
portis.  He  received  the  submission  ofTigra- 
nes,  king  of  Armenia;  made  Syria  a  Roman 
province;  took  Jerusalem  ;  and,  after  settling 
the  affairs  of  Asia,  returned  to  Italy  in  G'2. 
He  disbanded  his  army  after  landing  at  P.riin- 
disium,  and  tints  calmed  the  apprehensions 
of  many,  who  feared  that  he  would  Seize  upon 
tin-  supreme  power.  lie  entered  Rome  in 
triumph  on  the  30th  of  September,  u.o.  60, 

The;   senate,   however,   refused    to    ratify   his 

acts  in  Asia;  whereupon  Pompey  entered 
into  a  close  alliance  with  Caesar.  To  lie  more 
sure  of  carrying  their  plans  into  execution, 
they  took  the  wealthy  Crassus  into  their 
counsels.  The  three  agreed  to  assist  one 
another  against  their  mutual  enemies;  and 
tints  was  formed  the  first  t  riuinvirate.     This 

union  of  the  three  most  powerful  men  at  Rome 
Crashed  the  aristocracy  for  the  time.  To  ce- 
ment their  union  more  closely,  1  'ac-ar  gave  to 
Pompey  hi-  daughter  Julia  in  marriage.  Next 

vear  <;>s)  Cae-ar  went  to  his  province  in  (iaul, 

but  Pompey  remained  in  Koine.  While  Caesar 
was  training  glory  and  influence  in  (Iaul, 
Pompey  was  gradually  losing  Influence  at 

Koine.      Ill  56   Pompey  was  consul   a   second 

time  with  Crassus.  Pompey  received  as  his 
provinces  the  two  Spains,  which  were  gov- 
erned by  his  legates,  I..  A f ran iu  nnd  M. 
Petreius, while  he  himself  remained  in  the 

neighborhood  of  the  city.  Caesar's  Increas- 
ing power  and  Influence  at  length  made  it 

clear  to  Pompey  that  a  Straggle  mUSl  take 
place  between  them,  sooner  or  later.  The 
death  of  his  wife  Julia,  in  54,  to  whom  he  was 
tenderly  attached,  broke  I  In-  last   link  which 

still  connected  him  with  Caesar.  In  order 
to  obtain  supreme  power,  Pompey  cecretly 
encouraged  the  civil  discord  with  which  the 
state  was  torn  asunder;  and  snch  frightful 
of  anarchy  followed  the  death  ofClo- 

dius  at  i  be  beginnlt i  52  thai  the 

had  no  alternative  bnl  calling  in  the 
ance  of  Pompey,  who  was  accordingly  made 
sole  consul  iii  52,  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
order  to  the  state.    Soon  afterwards  Pompey 
became  reconciled  to  the  aristocracy,  and  was 


now  regarded  as  their  acknowledged  lead. 
The  history  of  the  civil  war  which  followed 
is  related  in  the  life  of  Caesau.  After  the 
battle  of  l'harsalia  (48),  Pompey  sailed  to 
Egypt,  where  he  was  put  to  death  by  order 
of  the  ministers  of  the  young  king  Ptolemy. 
Pompey  got  into  a  boat,  which  the  Egyptians 
sent  to  bring  him  to  land;  but  just  as  the 
boat  reached  the  shore,  and  he  was  stepping 
on  land,  he  was  stabbed  in  tin;  back  in  sight 
of  his  wife,  who  was  anxiously  watching  him 
from  the  ship.  He  was  slain  on  the  29th  of 
September,  n.o.  48,  and  had  just  completed 
his  5Sth  year.  His  head  was  cut  off,  and  was 
brought  to  Caesar  when  he  arrived  in  Egypt 
soon  afterwards,  but  he  turned  away  from  the 
sight,  shed  tears  at  the  melancholy  death  of 
his  rival,  and  put  his  murderers  to  death. 
Pompey  was  married  5  times.  The  names 
of  his  wives  were— 1,  Antistia  ;  '2,  Aemilia ; 
:s,  Mucia;  4,  Julia;  r>,  Cornelia.  —  (5)  Cn. 
Pompeii  is  M  w;m  b,  elder  son  of  the  triumvir, 
by  his  third  wife  Mucia,  carried  on  war 
against  Caesar  iii  Spain,  and  was  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Munda,  n.o.  45.  He  was  Bhortly 
afterwards  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death. 
— (o)  Skx.  Pompkids  Magnus,  younger  son 
of  the  triumvir  by  his  third  wife  Mucia, 
fought,  along  with  iiis  brother,  against  Caesar 
at  Munda,  but  escaped  with  his  life.  After 
Caesar's  death  (44)  he  obtained  a  large  fleet, 
became  master  of  the  sea,  and  took  possession 

of  Sicily.    He  wa-  eventually  defeated  by  the 

licet  of  All 'j  ii st  us,  and  lied  from  Sicily  to  Asia, 

where    he    was    taken    prisoner,   and    put   to 

deal  h  (35). 
POMPEIUS  FESTUS.    il-'isns.  | 
POMPEIUS  TROGUS.    [Jostinus.] 
POMPEII  I  oiiis:  Pamplona),  equivalent 

to  Pompeiopolis,  so  (ailed  by  the  sons  of 

Pompey,  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Vasconea 

in  Hispania  Tarraconeusis. 
POMPILIUS,  NI'M.V     |Ni  mv.1 
I'OMI'fAlA   (  ae).      (1)  Sister  of  T.  Pom- 

ponius    Allien-,    was    married    to    (I.    Cicero, 

the  brother  ..f  the  orator,  n.o.  68.  The  mar- 
riage proved  an  unhappy  one.  Q.  Cicero, 
after  leading  a  miserable  life  with  his  wife 
for  almost   '2  1   year-,  at    length   divorced   her, 

u.o.  46  or  44.    i2>  Daughter  of  T.  Pompon I in 

Allien-,,  inn  i  led    to    M.   Vi|i-  mi'c      V- 1  ipp  i 

Her  daughter,  \  Ipsanin    Vgrippina,  mat  rled 

Tiber  in-.  I  be  BUCCeSSOr  Of  Align  Mil". 

POMPONlUS,  8EXTU8  (-i).  a  distinguish- 
ed Roman  Jurist,  who  lived  under  Aotoulnns 

Plus  and   \\.  Aurelins. 

POMP0NKJ8  ATTmTs.    rAi  riooa  1 
POMPONll  S  MELA.     [Mela  i 
POMPTlNAEor  PONTIN  \  i-:    arum 

I  i  his  ,  ,m,i,  the  Pontine  Marsh,   ,  I i< 

of  a  low,  marshy  plain  on  the  coast  of  Lai  It 

between   ( 'ii  111 1    and   'I'm  reina. 

been    n  called  nfter  an  ancient  town  P 

which  disappeared  a  I      !  he 

marshes  are  formed  chiefl]  by  :i  number  of 

Binnll  -I  i  cane,  \\  ulcb,  in- 1' 

«  ;,v  IntO  '    id  Over  this  plain.      The 

ml  iiiii     ,M  Ing  fr the  e  mai  he    nre  ex- 

Ceediugly  unhealthy  in  I  In-  mminer.      At  an 


TOXTIA. 


118 


POKSENA. 


early  period  they  either  did  not  exist  at  all 
or  were  confined  to  a  narrow  district.  We 
are  told  that  originally  there  were  23  towns 
in  this  plain  :  and  in  b.c.  312  the  greater  part 
of  it  must  have  been  free  from  the  marshes, 
since  the  censor  Appins  Claudius  conducted 
the  celebrated  Via  Appia  iu  that  year  through 
the  plain,  which  must  then  have  been  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  bear  the  weight  of  this  road. 
In  the  time  of  Angnstus  there  was  a  naviga- 
ble canal  running  alongside  of  the  Via  Appia 
from  Fornm  Appii  to  the  grove  of  Ferouia, 
which  was  intended  to  carry  off  a  portion  of 
the  waters  of  the  marshes.  Horace  embarked 
upon  this  canal  on  his  celebrated  journey 
from  Rome  to  Brundisium  in  37. 

PONTiA  (-ae:  Pmiza),  a  rocky  island  off 
the  coast  of  Latinm,  opposite  Formiae,  taken 
by  the  Romans  from  the  Volscians,  and  colo- 
nized b.o.  313.  Under  the  empire  it  was  used 
as  a  place  of  banishmeut  for  state  criminals. 

PONTIUS  (-i),  C,  general  of  the  Samnites  in 
b.o.  321,  defeated  the  Roman  army  in  one  of 
the  mountain  passes  near  Caudium,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  pass  under  the  yoke.  Nearly 
30  years  afterwards  Pontius  was  defeated  by 
Q.  Fabius  Gnrges  (292),  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  put  to  death  after  the  triumph  of  the 
consul. 

PONTUS  (-i),  the  N.E.-most  district  of 
Asia  Minor,  along  the  coast  of  the  Euxine, 
E.  of  the  river  Halys,  having  originally  no 
specific  name,  was  spoken  of  as  the  country 
on  the  Pontus  (Kiixinus),  and  hence  acquired 
the  name  of  Pontus,  which  is  first  found  iu 
Xenophon's  Anabasis.  The  name  first  ac- 
quired a  political  importance  through  the 
foundation  of  a  new  kingdom  in  it,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  4th  century  b.c,  by  Abiobab- 
zanes  I.  This  kingdom  reached  its  greatest 
height  under  Mithridates  VI.,  who  for  many 
years  carried  on  war  with  the  Romans.  [Mith- 
bwateb  VI.]  In  a.t).  62  the  country  was  con- 
stituted by  Nero  a  Roman  province.  It  was 
divided  into  the  3  districts  of  Pontes  Ga- 
LATicus  in  the  W.,  bordering  on  Galat  a ; 
P.  Poi.EMi.NiAcrs  in  the  centre,  so  called 
from  its  capital  Polbmonijtm  ;  and  P.  Cappa- 
riocics  iu  the  E.,  bordering  on  Cappadocia 
(Armenia  Minor).  Pontus  was  a  mountain- 
ous country ;  wild  and  barren  in  the  E.,  where 
the  great  chains  approach  the  Euxine;  but 
in  the  W.  watered  by  the  great  rivers  Halts 
and  Ibis,  and  their  tributaries,  the  valleys  of 
which,  as  well  as  the  land  along  the  coast, 
are  extremely  fertile.  The  E.  part  was  rich 
in  minerals,  and  contained  the  celebrated  iron 
mines  of  the  Chalybes. 

PONTUS  EUXINUS,  or  simply  PONTUS 
{■i:  the  Black  Sea),  the  great  inland  sea  in- 
Closed  by  Asia  Minor  on  the  S.,  Colchis  on  the 
E.,  Sarmatia  on  the  N.,  and  Dacia  and  Thracia 
on  the  W.,  and  having  no  other  outlet  than 
the  narrow  Bospop.rs  Thbaoit/8  in  its  8.W. 
corner.  Its  length  is  about  700  miles,  and  its 
breadth  varies  from  400  to  160.  The  Argo- 
nantic legends  show  that  the  Greeks  had  some 
acquaintance  with  this  sea  at  a  very  early 
period.  It  ;s  -aid  that  they  at  first  called  it 
inhospitable),  from  the  savage  charac- 
ter of  the  peoples  on  its  coast,  and  from  the 


supposed  terrors  of  its  navigation,  and  thai 
afterwards,  on   their   favorite   principle   of 
euphemism  (?'.  e.,  abstaining  from  words  of  evil 
omen),  they  changed  its  name  to  Eufei  o?,  Ion. 
Eufeo/or,   hospitable      The   Greeks   of  Asia 
Minor,  especially  the  people  of  Miletus,  found- 
ed many  colonies  and  commercial  emporiums 
on  its  shores. 
POPILLIUS  LAENAS.     [Laenab.] 
POPLICOLA.     [Pcblioola.] 
POPPAEA  SABINA.    [Sabina.] 
POPPAEUS  SABINUS.     [Sabints.] 
POPULONIA  (-ae),  or  POPULONIUM  (-i), 
an  ancient  town  of  Etruria,  situated  on  a 
lofty  hill,  sinking  abruptly  to  the  sea,  and 
forming  a  peninsula.     It  was  destroyed  by 
Sulla  in  the  civil  wars. 

PORCIA  (-ae).    (1)  Sister  of  Cato  Uticen- 
sis,  married  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  consul 
b.c.  54,  who  was  slain  in  the  battle  of  Pharsa- 
lia.— (2)  Daughter  of  Cato  Uticensis,  married 
first  to  M.  Bibulns,  consul  b.c.  59,  and  after- 
wards to  M.  Brutus,  the  assassin  of  Julius 
Caesar.      She  induced  her  husband  on  the 
night  before  the  15th  of  March  to  disclose  to 
her  the  conspiracy  against  Caesar's  life,  and 
she  is  reported  to  have  wounded  herself  in 
the  thigh  in  order  to  show  that  she  had  a 
courageous  soul,  and  could  be  trusted  with 
the  secret.    She  put  an  end  to  her  own  life 
after  the  death  of  Brutus  in  42. 
PORCIUS  CATO.     [Cato.] 
PORCIUS  FESTUS.     [Festus.] 
PORCIUS  LATRO.     [Lateo.] 
PORCIUS  LICINUS.     [Lioraus.] 
PORPHYRION  (-finis),  one  of  the  giants 
who  fought  against  the  gods,  slain  by  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Hercules. 

PORPHYP.IUS  (-i),  usually  called  POR- 
PHYRY, a  Greek  philosopher  of  the  Neo- 
Platonic  school,  was  born  a.t>.  233,  either  in 
Batanea  in  Palestine  or  at  Tyre.  His  original 
name  was  Malchm,  the  Greek  form  of  the 
Syrophoenician  Melech,  a  word  which  signi- 
fied king.  He  studied  at  Athens  under 
Longinns,  who  changed  his  name  into  Por~ 
phyrius  (in  allusion  to  the  usual  color  of 
royal  robes).  He  settled  at  Rome  iu  his 
30th  year,  and  there  became  a  disciple  of 
Plotinus,  whose  writings  he  corrected  and 
arranged.  [Plotinus.]  His  most  celebrated 
work  was  his  treatise  against  the  Christian 
religion,  which  was  publicly  destroyed  by 
order  of  the  emperor  Theodosius. 

PORSENA,  PORSENA,  or  PORSENNA 
(-ae),  LAPS  (-tis),  king  of  the  Etruscan  town 
of  Clu-ium,  marched  against  Rome  at  the 
head  of  a  vast  army,  in  order  to  restore  Tar- 
quinius  Superbns  to  the  throne.  He  took 
possession  of  the  hill  Jauicnlnm,  and  would 
have  entered  the  city  1)3'  the  bridge  which 
connected  Rome  with  the  Janiculnm  had  it 
not  been  for  the  superhuman  prowess  of  Ho- 
ratius  Codes.  [Coci.es.]  He  then  proceeded 
to  lay  siege  to  the  city,  which  soon  began  to 
suffer  from  famine.  Thereupon  a  yonng  Ro- 
man, named  C.  Mucins,  resolved  to  deliver 
his  country  bv  murdering  the  invading  king 


Poseidon.    (Dolce  Collectioa.) 


PORTUNUS. 


319 


POSEIDON. 


He  accordingly  went  over  to  the  Etruscan 

camp,  but,  ignorant  of  the  person  of  Porsena, 
killed  the  royal  secretary  instead.  Seized, 
and  threatened  with  torture,  he  thrust  his 
right  hand  into  the  tire  on  the  altar,  and  there 
let  it  burn,  to  show  how  little  he  heeded  pain. 
Astonished  at  his  courage,  the  king  hade  him 
depart  in  peace  ;  and  Scaevola,  as  he  was 
henceforward  called,  told  him,  out  of  grati- 
tude, to  make  peace  with  Koine,  since  300 
noble  youths  had  sworn  to  take  the  life  of  the 
king,  and  he  was  the  tirst  upon  whom  the  lot 
had  fallen.  Porsena  thereupon  made  peace 
with  the  Romans,  and  withdrew  his  troops 
from  the  Janiculum  after  receiving  20  host- 
ages from  the  Romans.  Such  was  the  tale 
by  which  Roman  vanity  concealed  one  of  the 
earliest  and  greatest  disasters  of  the  city. 
The  real  fact  is  that  Rome  was  completely 
conquered  by  Porsena,  and  compelled  to  pay 
tribute. 

POlVrrxrs  or  PORTUMNUS  (-i),  the  pro- 
tecting genius  of  harbors  among  the  Romans, 
identified   with  the  Greek  Palaemou.    [Pa- 

T.AEMON.] 

POKUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  the  Indian  prov- 
inces E.  of  the  river  Hydaspcs,  offered  a  for- 
midable resistance  to' Alexander  when  the 
latter  attempted  to  cross  the  river,  n.o.  327. 
He  was  conquered  by  Alexander,  and  was 
afterwards  received  into  his  favor.  We  arc 
told  that  Poms  was  a  man  of  gigantic  stature 
— not  less  than  rive  cubits  in  height — and  that 
his  personal  strength  and  prowess  in  war 
were  not  less  conspicuous  than  his  valor. — 
(2)  Another  Indian  monarch  at  the  time  of 
Alexander's  expedition.  His  dominions  were 
subdued  by  Bcpbaestion,  and  annexed  to 
those  of  the  preceding  Porus,  who  was  his 
kinsman. 

POSEIDON,  called  NEPTfJNUS  (-i)  by  the 
Romans,  was  the  '_'od  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea.  Hi-  name  seems  to  be  connected  with 
ir<',Ti><..  ir.n  tih,  and  irorafiot ,  according  to  which 
he  is  the  god  of  the  llniil  element,      lie  was  a 

son  of  Cronos  (Saturuns)  and  Rhea,  whence 
he  is  called  ( 'run i us,  and  by  Latin  poets  S<i- 
turniiu.  Be  was  accordingly  a  in-other  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hades  (Pluto),  and  it  wae 
determined  by  lot  thai  he  should  mlc  over 
the  sea.     Like  his  brothers  aud  sisters,  he 


Posol.J.h   CNiptiir.i"). 


Neptune  and  a  Nymph. 

was,  after  his  birth,  swallowed  by  his  father 
Cronos,  hut  thrown  up  again.  In  the  Ho- 
meric poems  Poseidon  is  described  as  equal 
to  Zens  iii  dignity,  but  less  powerful,  lie  re- 
sents the  attempts  of  Zeus  to  intimidate  him ; 
he  even  threatens  his  mightier  brother,  and 
oi. i  e  conspired  with  Sera  (Juno)  and  Athena 
i  Minerva)  to  put  him  in  chains ;  but  on  other 
occasions  we  And  him  submissive  to  Zens. 
The  palai e  of  Poseidon  was  in  t in-  depth  of 
the  Bea  near  Ae/ae  in  Euboea,  where  be  kept 
his  horses  with  brazen  hoots  and  golden 
mnnes.  With  these  horses  he  ridci  In  a  char- 
iot over  the  waves  of  the  sea.  whii  h  become 
smooth  as  he  approaches,  while  the  monsters 

of  the  deep  play  around  his  chariot.  Posei- 
don,  in   conjunction   with   Apollo,   It   said   lo 

have  built  the  walls  of  Troy  lor  Laomedon, 
whence  Troy  i-  called  Neptunia  Pergama, 
Laomedon  refused  to  give  these  gods  the  re 

ward    Which    had    been    Stipulated,    and    ever 

dismissed  them  with  threats.  Poseidon  In 
consequence  sent  n  marine  monster,  which 
was  on  the  point  of  devonring  Laomedon' 

daughter,   when    it    \\a-    Killed    by    lb 

He  continued  to  bear  an  Implacable  hatted 

the  Trojans,   and    he   sideil    willi   the 

in  i  he  n/ar  again 1 1  their  ell  jr.    In  thi 

Odyssey  be  appears  hostile  |o  DlySSeS,  whole 

he  prevents  from  n  ,  In  conse- 

quence of  his  having  blinded  Polj  nhem  i 

sou  of  Poseidon  by  the  nymph  Tl »b.    He 

is  said  to  have  created  the  horse,  when  he 

dispnted  with    Vthena  a    to  « hicn  ol 

i  h  1 1 1 1 1  ■  i  ■  ■  1 1 1  ■  1 1 . 1 1 1  .  ■  :  • .  the  ■  i  pi  t al  "i   V 1 1 1 1  i 

[  Atiii-.n  a.  i    He  was  accordingly  believed  In 

have  tanghl  men  the  at  t  nf  mat 

by  the  bridle,  and  to  have  been  the  orlgii  *   ■' 


TO.SIDONIA. 


320 


PRIAPUS. 


and  protector  of  horse-races.  He  even  mcta- 
morphosed  himself  into  a  horse,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deceiving  Demeter  (Ceres).  Poseidon 
vas  married  to  Amphitrite,  by  whom  lie  had 
three  children,  Triton,  Rhode,  and  Benthe- 
sicyme;  but  he  had  also  a  vast  number  of 
children  by  other  divinities  and  mortal  wom- 
en. The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  generally 
consisted  of  black  and  white  bulls,  but  wild 
boars  and  rams  were  also  sacrificed  to  him. 
Horse  and  chariot  races  were  held  in  his 
honor  on  the  Corinthian  isthmus.  The  sym- 
bol of  Poseidon's  power  was  the  trident,  or  a 
spear  with  three  points,  with  which  he  used  to 
shatter  rocks,  to  call  forth  or  subdue  storms, 
to  shake  the  earth,  and  the  like.  In  works 
of  art  Poseidon  may  be  easily  recognized  by 
his  attributes — the  dolphin,  the  horse,  or  the 
trident,  and  he  is  frequently  represented  in 
groups  along  with  Amphitrite,  Tritons,  Ne- 
reids, dolphins,  etc.  The  Roman  god  Nkp- 
tuncs  is  spoken  of  in  a  separate  article. 

POSfDONIA.     [Paestum.] 

PQSlDONlUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Stoic 
philosopher,  born  at  Apamea  in  Syria,  about 
b.c.  135.  He  studied  at  Athens  under  Penae- 
tius,  aud  taught  at  Rhodes  with  great  success. 
He  gave  instruction  to  Cicero,  and  numbered 
Pompey  among  his  friends.  In  it.o.  51  Posi- 
donius  removed  to  Rome,  and  died  soon  after 
at  the  age  of  84. 

POSTtJMlUS.    [Ai.binus.] 

POSTUMUS  (-i),  assumed  the  title  of  em- 
peror in  Gaul  a.t>.  258,  and  reigned  till  267, 
when  he  was  slain  by  his  soldiers. 

POSTVERTA  or  POSTVORTA  (-ae),  a  Ro- 
man goddess  presiding  over  childbirth. 

P5TENTIA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Picenum,  on 
the  river  Flosis. 

P5TIDAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  narrow  isthmus  of  the  peninsula  Pallene, 
was  a  colony  of  the  Corinthians.  It  after- 
wards became  tributary  to  Athens,  and  its 
revolt  from  the  latter  city,  in  r..c  432,  wan  one 
of  the  immediate  causes  of  the  Peloponndeian 
war.  It  was  taken  by  the  Athenians  in  429, 
after  a  siege  of  more  than  2  years,  its  inhab- 
itants expelled,  and  their  place  supplied  by 
Athenian  colonists.  In  356  it  was  taken  by 
Philip,  who  destroyed  the  city  and  gave  its 
territory  to  the  Olynthians.  Cassauder  built 
a  new  city  on  the  same  site,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Cassandren,  and  which  soon  be- 
came the  most  flourishing  city  in  all  Mace- 
donia. 

P5TITIL     [Pinaria  Gkns.] 

POTNIAE  (-arum),  a  small  town  in  Boeo- 
tia,  on  the  Asopus.  The  adjective  Potniadea 
fclng.  Potman)  is  an  epithet  frequently  given 
to  the  mares  which  tore  to  death  Glaucus  of 
Potniae.     [Gi.auocb,  No.  1.] 

PRAENESTE  (-is:  Palertrina),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  towns  of  Latium,  situated  on  a 
steep  and  lofty  hill  about  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Rome.  It  \\  as'  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Telegonus,  the  son  of  Ulysses.  It  was  strong- 
ly fortified  by  nature  and  by  art,  and  frequent- 
ly resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Romans.  To- 
gether with  the  other  Latin  towns,  it  became 


subject  to  Rome,  and  was  at  a  later  period 
made  a  Roman  colony.  It  was  here  that  the 
younger  Marias  took  refuge,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  Sulla's  troops.  Praeneste  possessed 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Fortuna,  with  an  ora- 
cle, which  is  often  mentioned  under  the  name 
of  Praenestlnae  sortes.  In  consequence  of 
its  lofty  situation,  Praeneste  was  a  cool  aud 
healthy  residence  in  the  great  heats  of  sum 
mer  (hence  frigidum  J'raene.stc,  in  Horace). 

PRAETORIA  AUGUSTA.  [Augusta,  No 
4.] 

PRASlI  (-drum),  a  great  and  powerful  per> 
pic  of  India,  on  the  Ganges,  governed  at  the 
time  of  Seleucus  I.  by  king  Sandkooottub. 
Their  capital  city  was  Palibothra  (Patna). 

PRATINAS  (-ae),  one  of  the  early  tragic 
poets  at  Athens,  and  a  contemporary  of  Aes- 
chylus. 

PRAXITELES  (-is),  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished sculptors  of  Greece,  nourished  about 
b.o.  364  and  onwards.  He  was  a  citizen,  if 
not  a  native,  of  Athens.  He  stands,  with 
Scopas,  at  the  head  of  the  later  Attic  school, 
so  called  in  contradistinction  to  the  earlier 
Attic  school  of  Phidias.  Without  attempting 
those  sublime  impersonations  of  divine  maj- 
esty in  which  Phidias  had  been  so  inimitably 
successful,  Praxiteles  was  unsurpassed  in  the 
exhibition  of  the  softer  beauties  of  the  human 
form,  especially  iu  the  female  figure.  His 
most  celebrated  work  was  a  marble  statue  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  which  was  distinguished 
from  other  statues  of  the  goddess  by  the  name 
of  the  Cuidians,  who  purchased  it. 

PRlAMlDES  or  PRIAMIDES  (-ae),  that  is, 
a  son  of  Priam,  by  which  name  Hector,  Paris, 
Helenus,  Deiphobus,  and  the  other  sons  of 
Priam,  are  frequently  called. 

PRLAMUS  (-:),  the  famous  king  of  Troy 
at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war.  was  a  son  of 
Laomedon.  His  original  name  was  Podarces, 
i.e.  "the  swift -footed,"  which  was  changed 
into  Priamus,  "the  ransomed"  (from  irpta- 
fiai),  because  he  was  ransomed  by  his  sister, 
Hcsione,  after  he  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
Hercules.  He  was  first  married  to  Arisba, 
and  afterwards  to  Hecuba.  According  to 
Homer,  he  was  the  father  of  50  sons,  19  of 
whom  were  children  of  Hecuba.  In  the  ear- 
lier part  of  his  reign  Priam  supported  the 
Phrygians  in  their  war  against  the  Amazons. 
When  the  Greeks  landed  on  the  Trojan  coast 
Priam  was  advanced  in  years,  and  took  no 
active  part  in  the  war.  Once  only  did  he 
venture  upon  the  field  of  battle,  to  conclude 
the  agreement  respecting  the  single  combat 
between  Paris  and  Menelaus.  After  the  death 
of  Hector,  Priam  went  to  the  tent  of  Achilles 
to  ransom  his  son's  body  for  burial,  and  ob- 
tained it.  Upon  the  capture  of  Troy  he  was 
slain  by  Pyrrhus,  the  sou  of  Achilles. 

PRIAPUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus) and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  was  born  at 
Lampsacus,  on  the  Hellespont,  whence  he  is 
sometimes  called  Hellenpontiaeus.  He  was 
regarded  as  the  god  of  fruitfnlncss  in  general, 
and  was  worshiped  as  the  protector  of  flocks 
of  sheep  and  goats,  of  bees,  of  the  vine,  and 
of  all  garden  produce.     He  was  represented 


PRIENE. 


321 


PROETUS. 


Priftpus.     (Visconti,  Mus.  Pio.  CI 


1.1,  pi.  50.) 


hi  carved  images,  mostly  in  the  form  of  fier- 
mae,  carrying  fruit  iii  his  garment,  and  either 
a  sickle  or  cornucopia  in  his  hand. — (2)  A  city 
of  Mysia,  on  the  Propontis,  E.  of  Pariam,  n 
colony  of  the  Milesians,  and  a  seat  of  the 
worship  of  the  god  Priapns. 

PRlENS  (-es),  one  of  the  12  Ionian  cities 
(in  the  Coasl  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  N.W. 
corner  of  <  laria,  at  the  fool  of  Mounl  Myeale. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bias,  one  of  the  Sev- 
en Sages  of  tircece. 

PRIMUS,  M.  ANTONIUS  (-i),  a  general  of 
Vespasian,  who  gained  a  victory  over  the  Vi- 
tellian  arm;  al  Bedriacnm,  *.i>,  69. 

PRI8CliNTJS  Mi,  ,i  Roman  grammarian, 
il 'ished  abonl  *.i>.  450,  and  taught  gram- 
mar at  Constantinople.  Several  of  his  gram 
matical  works  nre  extant 

PRISCU8,  HELVlDlUS  '  i  ,  son-in-law  of 

Thra-ea  Ptietns,  distinguished  l>y  his  hive  of 

virtue,  philosophy,  and  liberty,  was  pul  to 
death  by  Vespasian. 

PRIVERNTJM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  La- 
till  tii  .  i>n  the  river  AmatemU). 

PRdBUS,    A  KM  i  I. lis.     [Ni  pob,   ' 

I.U'M.  | 

PROBUS,  M.  VURBLlUS  (-i),  Roman  em 
peroi  A.r>.  276  282,  wot  th cce  boi  of  Taci- 
tus. Daring  his  reign  he  gained  many  brill- 
iant victories  over  the  barbarians  on  the 
frontiers  of  Gaol  and  [llyricum,  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  Roman  empire.    He  was  killed 

in  a  mutiny  of  lilt  own  soldiers. 

PROCAS  '  ae).  one  of  the  fabulous  kings 

of  Alba  LoDga,  father  of  Ntiinilor  and  Amu- 
lius. 


PROCHYTA  (-ae  :  Procida),  an  island  off 
the  coast  of  Campania,  near  the  promontory 
Misennm. 

PROCLES,  one  of  the  twiu  sons  of  Aristo- 
dermis.    [Eurysthenes.] 

PROCLUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
teachers  of  the  Neo-Platonic  school,  was  born 
at  Byzantium  a.d.  412,  and  died  a.i>.  4S5.  He 
laid  claim  to  the  possession  of  miraculous 
power,  and  his  philosophical  system  is  char- 
acterized by  vagueness  and  mysticism.  Sev- 
eral of  his  works  are  Still  extant. 

PROCNE  (-es),  daughter  of  king  Pandion 
of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Tercus.     [Terrub.] 

PROCONNESUS  (-i:  Marmora),  an  island 
of  the  Propontis,  which  takes  from  it  iis  mod- 
ern name  (Sea  of  Marmora),  off  the  N.  coast 
of  Mysia,  N.W.  of  the  peninsula  ofCyzicus  or 
Dolionie.  The  island  was  celebrated  for  its 
marble,  and  hence  its  modern  name. 

PROCRIS  (-is),  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  and 
wife  of  Cephalns.     [Cephaxus.] 

PROCRUSTfiS  (-ae),  that  is,  "the  Stretch- 
er," a  surname  of  the  famous  robber  Polype- 
mon  or  Damastes.  He  used  to  tie  all  travel- 
ers who  fell  into  his  hands  upon  a  bed;  if 
they  were  shorter  than  the  bed,  he  stretched 
their  limbs  till  they  were  of  the  same  length  : 
if  they  were  longer  than  the  bed,  he  made 
them  of  the  same  size  by  cutting  off  some  of 
their  limbs.     He  was  slain  by  Theseus. 

PROCtJLElUS,  C,  a  Roman  eqnes,  one  of 
the  friends  of  Augustas,  is  said  to  have  di- 
vided his  property  with  his  brothers  (pel  haps 
cousins),  Caepio   and   Miirena,  who  had   lost 

their  property  in  the  civil  wars. 
I'l.'i'n'i  I. is  (-i).  the  jurist,  was  the  con 

temporary  of  the  jurist  Nerva  the  younger, 
who  was  probably  the  father  of  the  emperor 
Nerva.  The  fact  thai  Procnlns  gave  his  name 
to  the  school  or  s<  cl  Proculiani  or  Procutef- 
ii  a  i,,  which  was  opposed  to  that  of  the  Sabinl- 
ani  show  -  tii.it  he  was  n  Jtu  1st  of  uote. 

PROCi  Ll  S,  -it  ins  .  a  Ri  m 
ator,  is  said  to  have  informed  the  Roman 
people,  after  the  death  oi  Ri  imnlus,  i  hat  their 
Icing  had  appeared  to  him,  and  bane  him  tell 
the  people  to  honor  him  in  future  ae  a  god, 
under  the  name  "f  Quirinus. 

PRODlCUS  (-1),  a  celebrated  sophist,  was 
;i  native  of  lnii^  in  the  Island  ofCeos,  and 
lived  In  the  time  of  the  Peloponneslau  war 
and  subsequently.  He  frequently  visited  Ath- 
ens. 

PROETIDE8.    [Paoi  ri 

PROET1  s  (-i),  son  of  Abas  and  Oi  ilea, 
and  twin-brother  of  Acrli  las.    In  the  dispute 

between  the  2   biothers    for  the   kinu'd if 

Proetns  was  expelled,  whereni 
flea  '"  [obate    In  Lyi  la,  and  mai  i  led   Intfla 

or  sibeneboei.  the  daughter  of  the 

With  the  a    I  i  n "i  [obate  .  Proetna  re- 

turned  to  his  native  land, 

him  a  share  of  hi    klnRd  im,  surrendering  to 

him  'I'n  \  ii- ,  Mlden 

Proetu    had  8  dan  one,  Iphlmn . 

and  [phianai  often  mentloi  i 

der  ii eneral  mime  of  Pi  i   i  ^  Ii  m 

the  e  daughti         I  the  aga  of  m 


riloMKTIIEUS. 


322 


PROTOGENES. 


tv  they  were  stricken  with  mildness,  either 
from  despising  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus), or  from  presuming  to  compare  their 
beauty  with  that  of  Hera  (Juno).  [Mela.m- 
pus.]  The  frenzy  spread  to  the  other  women 
of  Argos,  till  at  length  Proetus  agreed  to  di- 
vide his  kingdom  between  Melampns  and  his 
brother  Bias,  upon  the  former  promising  that 
he  would  cure  the  women  of  their  madness. 
Proetus  also  plays  a  prominent  part  in  the 
story  of  Bellerophon.  [Bellekopiion.]— Ac- 
cording to  Ovid,  Acrisius  was  expelled  from 
his  kingdom  by  Proetus :  and  Perseus,  the 
grandson  of  Acrisius,  avenged  his  grandfa- 
ther by  turning  Proetus  into  stone  by  means 
of  the  "head  of  Medusa. 

PROMETHEUS  (-eos  or  el),  son  of  the  Ti- 
tan lapetus  and  Clymene,  and  brother  of  At- 
las, Menoetius,  and  Epimetheus.  His  name 
signifies  "forethought,"  as  that  of  his  broth- 
er Epimetheus  denotes  "afterthought."  He 
is  represented  as  the  great  benefactor  of  men 
in  spite  of  Zeus  (Jupiter).  He  stole  tire  from 
heaven  in  a  hollow  tube,  and  taught  mortals 
all  useful  art*.  In  order  to  punish  men,  Zeus 
gave  Pandora  as  a  present  to  Epimetheus,  in 
consequence  of  which  diseases  and  sufferings 
of  every  kind  befell  mortals.  [Pani>oija.] 
He  also  chained  Prometheus  to  a  rock  on 
Mount  Caucasus,  where  in  the  day-time  an 
eagle  consumed  his  liver,  which  was  restored 
in  each  succeeding  night,  Prometheus  was 
thus  exposed  to  perpetual  torture ;  but  Her- 
cules killed  the  eagle  and  delivered  the  suf- 
ferer, with  the  consent  of  Zeus,  who  in  this 
way  had  an  opportunity  of  allowing  his  son 
to  gain  immortal  fame.  There  was  also  a 
legend  which  related  that  Prometheus  cre- 
ated man  out  of  earth  and  water.  He  is  said 
to  have  given  to  men  a  portion  of  all  the  qual- 
ities possessed  by  the  other  animals. 


Prometheus.     (Bellorii,  Ant.  Loc«rn.  Sepolc.  tav.  2.) 

PR5NUBA  (-ae),  a  snrname  of  Juno  among 
the  Romans,  describing  her  as  the  deity  pre- 
siding over  marriage. 

PROPERTIUS  (-i),  SEX.  AURELIUS,  the 
Roman  poet,  was  a  native  of  Unibria,  and 
was  born  about  i:.o.  51.  He  began  to  write 
poetry  at  a  very  early  age,  and  the  merit  of 
his  productions  attracted  the  attention  and 
patronage  of  Maecenas.  The  year  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  Propertius  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  Roman  elegiac  poets. 

PROPONTIS  (-idis :  Sea  of  Marmora),  so 
called  from  its  position  with  reference  to  the 


Pontus  (Euxinus),  being  wpo  to!  tlovrov,  "be- 
fore the  Pontus,"  is  the  small  sea  uniting  the 
Euxine  and  the  Aegaean,  and  dividing  Eu- 
rope (Thracia)  from  Asia  (Mysia  and  Bithy- 
nia). 

PROSERPINA.    [Persephone.] 

PROTAGORAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  sophist, 
was  born  at  Abdera  in  Thrace,  probably 
about  b.o.  4S0,  and  died  about  411,  at  the  age 
of  nearly  TO  years.  He  was  the  first  who 
called  himself  a  sophist,  and  taught  for  pay  ; 
and  he  practiced  his  profession  for  the  space 
of  40  years.  His  instructions  were  so  highly 
valued  that  he  sometimes  received  100  minae 
from  a  pupil ;  and  Plato  says  that  Protagoras 
made  more  money  than  Phidias  and  10  other 
sculptors.  In  411  he  was  accused  of  impiety 
by  Pythodorus,  one  of  the  Four  Hundred. 
His  impeachment  was  founded  on  his  book 
on  the  gods,  which  began  with  the  statement— 
"Respecting  the  gods,  I  am  unable  to  know 
whether  they  exist  or  do  not  exist"  The 
impeachment  was  followed  by  his  banish- 
ment, or,  as  others  affirm,  only  by  the  burn- 
ing of  his  book. 

PROTESILAUS  (-i),  son  of  Iphiclus  and 
Astyoche,  was  a  native  of  Phylace  in  Thessa- 
ly.  He  is  called  Phylacius  and  Phylacides, 
either  from  that  circumstance  or  from  his  be- 
ing a  grandson  of  Phylacus.  He  led  the  war- 
riors of  several  Thessalian  places  against 
Troy,  and  was  the  tirst  of  all  the  Greeks  who 
was  killed  by  the  Trojans,  being  the  first  who 
leaped  from  the  ships  upon  the  Trojan  shore. 
According  to  the  common  tradition,  he  was 
slain  by  Hector. 

PROTEUS  (-los,  ei,  or  ei),  the  prophetic  old 
man  of  the  sea,  is  described  in  the  earliest 
legends  as  a  subject  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
whose  flocks  (the  seals)  he  teuded.  Accord- 
ing to  Homer,  he  resided  in  the  island  of  Pha- 
ros, at  the  distance  of  one  day's  journey  from 
the  river  Aegyptus  (Nile);  whereas" Virgil 
places  his  residence  in  the  island  of  Carpa- 
thos,  between  Crete  and  Rhodes.  At  mid- 
day Proteus  rose  from  the  sea,  and  slept  in 
the  shade  of  the  rocks,  with  the  monsters  of 
the  deep  lying  around  him.  Any  one  wish- 
ing to  learn  futurity  from  him  was  obliged  to 
catch  hold  of  him  at  that  time  :  as  soon  as  he 
was  seized  he  assumed  every  possible  shape, 
in  order  to  escape  the  necessity  of  prophesy- 
ing, but  whenever  he  saw  that  his  endeavors 
were  of  no  avail  he  resumed  his  usual  form, 
and  told  the  truth.  After  finishing  his  proph- 
ecy he  returned  into  the  sea.  Homer  ascribes 
to'him  a  daughter  Idothea. — Another  set  of 
traditions  describes  Proteus  as  a  son  of  Po» 
seidon,  and  as  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  had  two 
sons,  Telegonus  and  Polygonus  or  Tmolus. 

PROtOGENES  (-is),  a  celebrated  Greek 
painter.  He  was  a  native  of  Caunus  in  Caria, 
a  city  subject  to  the  Rhodians.  and  flourished 
n.o.  332-300.  He  resided  at  Rhodes  almost 
entirely  ;  the  only  other  city  of  Greece  which 
he  is  said  to  have  visited  is  Athens,  where  he 
executed  one  of  his  great  works  in  the  Pro- 
pylaea.  Up  to  his  50th  year  he  is  said  to  have 
lived  in  poverty  and  in  comparative  obscu- 
rity.   His  fame  had,  however,  reached  the 


PROXEXUS. 


323 


PTELEUM. 


ears  of  Apelles,  who,  as  the  surest  way  of 
making  the  merits  of  Prutogenes  known  to 
his  fellow-citizens,  offered  him  for  his  finished 
works  the  enormous  sum  of  50  talents  apiece, 
and  thus  led  the  Rhodians  to  understand 
what  aa  artist  they  had  among  them. 

PROXENUS  (-i),  a  Boeotian,  was  a  disciple 
of  Gorgias,  and  a  friend  of  Xenophon. 

PRTJSA  or  PRPSIAS  (-ae).  (1)  A  £reat 
city  of  Bithyuia,  on  the  N.  side  of  Mount 
Olympus,  15*Roman  miles  from  Cius  and  25 
from  Nicaea, — (2)  Some  writers  distinguish 
from  this  a  smaller  city,  which  stood  N.W.  of 
the  firmer,  and  was  originally  called  Cikius. 

PRFSIAS  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Bithynia  from 
about  b.o.  228  to  ISO.  He  was  the  son  of  Zie- 
las,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  monarch  of  vigor  and  ability,  and 
raised  his  kingdom  of  Bithynia  to  a  much 
higher  pitch  of  power  and  prosperity  than  it 
had  previously  attained.  He  basely  surren- 
dered Hannibal,  who  had  taken  refuge  at  his 
court,  to  the  Romans  ;  but  who  escaped  fall- 
ing into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  by  a  volun- 
tary death. — (2)  The  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  reigned  from  about  ISO  to  149.  He 
courted  assiduously  the  alliance  of  the  Ro- 
mans. He  carried  "on  war  with  Attains,  king 
of  Pergamus,  with  whom,  however,  he  was 
compelled  by  the  Romans  to  conclude  peace 
in  154. 

PSAMMENTTUS  (-i),  king  of  Egypt,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amasis  in  n.c.  526,  and 
reigned  only  C  months.  He  was  conquered 
by  Cambyses  in  526,  and  his  country  made  a 
province  of  the  Persian  empire. 

PSAMMIS,  king  of  Egypt,  succeeded  his 
father  N'echo,  and  reigned  from  n.o.  001  to 
595. 

PSAMMITICIIUS  or  PSAMMfiTlCHTJS 
(-i),  a  king  of  Egypt,  and  founder  of  t  hi-  Sail  ir 
dynasty,  reigned  from  n.o.  6T1  to  017.  Be  was 
originally  one  of  the  12  kings  wh..  obtained 
an  independent  sovereignty  in  the  confusion 
which  followed  the  death  ofSetho.  Having 
been  driven  into  banishment  by  the  other 
kings,  he  took  refuge  in  the  marshes;  bnl 
shortly  afterwards,  with  the  aid  of  some 
Ionian  and  Caiian  pirate-,  he  conquered  the 
other  kin^s,  and  became  sole  ruler  of  Egypt. 
The  employment  of  foreign  mercen 
Psammitichus  gave  great  offense  to  the  mili- 
tary caste  in  Egypt;  and  being  Indignant  at 
other  treatment  which  they  received  from 
him,  they  emigrated  in  a  body  of  240,000  men 
into  Ethiopia,  where  settlements  wit,    . 

ed  to  them  by  the  Ethiopian  king. 
PSOPHIS  (-idis:  Khan  of  Mpotamo),  a 

town  in  tin-  N.W.  of  Arcadia,  on  the  river 
Erymantltus,  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
called  I'm  '.i  \. 

PSYCHE  (-<*),  "the  BOul,"  occurs  in  the 
later  time-  of  antiquity  a-  a  personification 

of  the  human  BOUl.     Psyche  WW  Hi'-  VO 

of  tin- :;  daughters  of  a  king,  and  excited  by 
her  beanty  the  Jealousy  and  envy  of  Venn-. 
In  order  to  avenge  herself,  the  goo 
ed  Cupid  or  At ■  to  Inspire  Psyche  with  a 

love   for  the   i  mptible  Of  all   men  : 

but  Cupid  was  eo  stricken  witli  tier  beauty 


that  he  himself  fell  in  love  with  her.  He  ac- 
cordingly conveyed  her  to  a  charming  spot, 
wherenuseeu  and  unknown  he  visited  her 
every  night,  and  left  her  as  soon  as  the  day 
began  to  dawn.  But  her  jealous  sisters  made 
her  believe  that  in  the  darkness  of  night  she 
was  embracing  some  hideous  monster,  and 
accordingly  once,  while  Cupid  was  asleep,  she 
drew  near  to  him  with  a  lamp,  and,  to  her 
amazement,  beheld  the  most  handsome  and 
lovely  of  the  gods.  In  the  excitement  of  joy 
and  fear,  a  drop  of  hot  oil  fell  from  her  lamp 
upon  his  shoulder.  This  awoke  Cupid,  who 
censured  her  for  her  mistrust,  and  fled. 
Psyche's  happiness  was  now  gone,  and  after 
attempting  in  vain  to  throw  herself  into  a 
river,  she  wandered  about  from  temple  to 
temple,  inquiring  after  her  lover,  and  at 
length  came  to  the  palace  of  Venus.  There 
her  real  sufferings  began,  for  Venus  retaiucd 
her,  treated  her  as  a  slave,  and  imposed  upon 
her  the  hardest  and  most  humiliating  labors. 
Psyche  would  have  perished  under  the  weight 
of  her  sufferings  had  not  Cupid,  who  still 
loved  her  in  secret,  invisibly  comforted  and 
assisted  her  in  her  toils.  With  his  aid  she  at 
last  succeeded  in  overcoming  the  jealousy 
and  hatred  of  Venus  :  she  became  immortal, 
and  was  united  to  him  forever.  In  this  pleas- 
ing story  Psyche  evidently  represents  the 
human  soul,  which  is  purified  l>y  passions 
and  misfortunes,  and  thus  prepared  for  the 
enjoyment  of  true  and  pure  happiness.  In 
works  of  art  Psyche  is  represented  as  a  maid- 
en with  the  wings  of  a  butterfly,  along  with 
Cupid  in  the  different  situations  described  in 
the  allegory. 


i  (From 


PSTLL1  (  Oram),  a  Libyan  people,  theearll> 
est  known  Inhabitants  of  the  district  of  N. 
Africa  <aiied  i  lyrenali  a. 

PS1  TTAI.KA.      [S\t.\M!».] 

I'  I  I.I.F'.I'M  f-i).    (ll(/V--/„i),  an  am,,  | 

port  town  of  Thee  aly  In  the  district  Phthio* 

-i  the  sinus  Pa- 

iyed  by  tin'  Romans.— (2) 

A  town  in  Elis  Trlphylia,  laid  to  have  bceu 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


324 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


a  colony  from  the  preceding. — (3)  A  fortress 
of  Ionia,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  belong- 
ing to  Erythrae. 

PTOLSMAEUS  (-i),  usually  called  PTOL- 
EMY, the  name  of  several  kings  of  Egypt. 
I.  Snrnamed  Soter,  the  Preserver,  but  more 
commonly  known  as  the  son  of  Lagus,  reign- 
ed h.o.  323-2S5.  His  father  Lagus  was  a 
Macedonian  of  ignoble  birth,  but  his  mother 
Arsinoe  had  been  a  concubine  of  Philip  of 
Macedon,  on  which  account  it  seems  to  have 
been  generally  believed  that  Ptolemy  was 
in  reality  the  offspring  of  that  monarch. 
Ptolemy  accompanied  Alexander  throughout 
his  campaigns  in  Asia,  and  on  the  division  of 
the  empire  which  followed  Alexander's  death 
(323),  obtained  the  government  of  Egypt. 
He  afterwards  enlarged  his  dominions  by 
seizing  upon  the  important  satrapy  of  Phoe- 
nicia and  Coele-Syria,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Jerusalem  by  attacking  the  city  on 
the  Sabbath-day.  These  provinces  he  lost,but 
again  recovered  in  a  war  with  Antigonus  and 
his  son  Demetrius.  Ptolemy  subsequently 
crossed  over  to  Greece,  where  he  announced 
himself  as  the  liberator  of  the  Greeks,  but 
he  effected  little.  In  300  he  was  defeated  by 
Demetrius  in  a  great  sea  fight,  off  Salamis  in 
Cyprus,  by  which  helostthatimportantisland. 
Next  year  (305)  Ptolemy  reudered  the  most 
important  assistance  to  the  Rhodians,  who 
were  besieged  by  Demetrius:  and  when 
Demetrius  was  at  length  compelled  to  raise 
the  siege  (304),  the  Rhodians  paid  divine 
honors  to  the  Egyptian  monarch  as  their 
saviour  and  preserver  (Soter).  The  latter 
years  of  Ptolemy's  reign  appear  to  have  been 
devoted  almost  entirely  to  the  arts  of  peace, 
and  in  285  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  young- 
est son  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  He  survived 
this  event  2  years,  and  died  in  283.  The  char- 
acter of  Ptolemy  does  not  merit  unqualified 
praise;  but  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
ruler  and  as  a  patron  of  literature  and  sci- 
ence. He  is  thought  to  have  founded  the 
Library  and  the  Museum  of  Alexandria. 
Many  men  of  literary  eminence  were  gather- 
ed around  the  Egyptian  king:  among  whom 
may  be  especially  noticed  Demetrius  of  Pha- 
lerus,  the  great  geometer  Euclid,  the  philoso- 
phers Stilpo  of  Mcgara,  Theodoras  of  Cyreue, 
and  Diodorus  surnamed  Cronus ;  as  well  as 
the  elegiac  poet  Philetas  ofCos,  and  the  gram- 
marian Zenodotns.  Ptolemy  was  himself  an 
author,  and  composed  a  history  of  the  wars 
of  Alexander. — II.  Pimladei.puds  (h.o.  2S5- 
247),  the  son  of  Ptolemy  I.  by  his  wife  Bere- 
nice, was  born  in  the  island  of  Cos,  309.     His 


Coin  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus. 


long  reign  was  marked  by  few  events  of  a 
striking  character.  He  was  long  engaged  ill 
war  with  his  half-brother  Magas  for  the  pos- 
session of  the  Cyrenaica,  which  he  eventually 
ceded  to  Magas.  Ptolemy  also  concluded  a 
treaty  with  the  Romans.  He  was  frequently 
engaged  in  hostilities  with  Syria,  which  were 
terminated  towards  the  close  of  his  reign  by 
a  treaty  of  peace,  by  which  Ptolemy  gave  hit. 
daughter  Berenice  in  marriage  to  Antiochus 
II.  Ptolemy's  chief  care,  however,  was  di- 
rected to  the  internal  administration  of  his 
kingdom,  and  to  the  patronage  of  literature 
and  science.  Under  him  the  Museum  of  Alex- 
andria became  the  resort  and  abode  of  all  the 
most  distinguished  men  of  letters  of  the  day, 
and  in  the  library  attached  to  it  were  accu- 
mulated all  the  treasures  of  ancient  learning. 
According  to  a  well-known  tradition,  it  was 
by  his  express  command  that  the  Holy  Script- 
ures of  the  Jews  were  translated  into  Greek. 
The  new  cities  or  colonies  founded  by  him  in 
different  parts  of  his  dominions  were  ex- 
tremely numerous.  All  authorities  concur 
in  attesting  the  great  power  and  wealth  to 
which  the  Egyptian  monarchy  was  raised  un- 
der Philadelphus,  but  his  private  life  and  re- 
lations do  not  exhibit  his  character  in  as  fa- 
vorable a  light  as  we  might  have  inferred 
from  the  splendor  of  his  administration. — III. 
Eueuoetfs  (is.o. 247-222),  eldest  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Philadelphus.  Shortly  after  his  ac- 
cession he  invaded  Syria,  in  order  to  avenge 
the  death  of  his  sister  Berenice.  He  advanced 
as  far  as  Babylon  and  Susa,  and  after  reduc- 
ing all  Mesopotamia,  Babylonia,  and  Susiana, 
received  the  submission  of  all  the  upper  prov- 
inces of  Asia  as  far  as  the  confines  of  Bactria 
and  India.  From  this  career  of  conquest  he 
was  recalled  by  the  news  of  seditions  in 
Egypt,  and  returned  to  that  country,  carry- 
ing with  him  an  immense  booty,  comprising 
amono;  other  objects  all  the  statues  of  the 
Egyptian  deities  which  had  been  carried  off 
by  Cambyses  to  Babylon  or  Persia,  and 
which  he  restored  to  their  respective  temples. 
Hence  he  obtained  the  title  of  Euergetes  (the 
Benefactor).  His  ileets  were  equally  success- 
ful ;  but  it  appears  that  the  greater  part  of 
the  eastern  provinces  speedily  fell  again  into 
the  hands  of  Seleucus,  while  Ptolemy  retain- 
ed possession  of  the  maritime  regions  and  a 
great  part  of  Syria  itself.  During  the  latter 
years  of  his  reign  he  subdued  the  Ethiopian 
tribes  on  his  southern  frontier,  and  advanced 
as  far  as  Adule,  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea.  Piol- 
emy  Euergetes  is  scarcely  less  celebrated  than 
his'father  for  his  patronage  of  literature  and 
science. — IV.  Philopatoe  (is.o.  222- 
205),  eldest  son  and  successor  of 
Euergetes,  was  very  far  from  inher- 
iting the  virtues  or  abilities  of  his 
father,  and  his  reign  was  the  com- 
mencement of  the  decline  of  the 
Egyptian  kingdom.  Its  beginning 
was  stained  with  crimes  of  the 
darkest  kind.  He  put  to  death  his 
mother  Berenice,  his  brother  Ma- 
gas, and  his  uncle  Lysimachus,  and 
then  gave  himself  up  without  re- 
straint to  a  life  of  indolence  and 
luxury,  while  he  abandoned  to  hi-' 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


minister  Sosibius  the  care  of  all  political  af- 
fairs. Antiochus  the  Great,  kin i^  of  Syria, 
availed  himself  of  this  state  of  disorder,  and 
conquered  the  greater  part  of  Code-Syria  and 
Palestine;  but  in  the  3d  year  of  the  war  (217) 
he  was  completely  defeated  by  Ptolemy  in 
person,  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Raphia.  On 
his  return  from  his  Syrian  expedition  Ptole- 
my gave  himself  up  more  and  more  to  every 
species  of  vice  and  debauchery,  and  thus 
shortened  his  life.  He  died  in  '205.  Like  his 
predecessors,  he  encouraged  philosophers  and 
men  of  letters,  and  especially  patronized  the 
distinguished  grammarian  Aristarchus. — V. 
Epiphanes  (b.o.  205-181),  son  and  successor 
of  Ptolemy  IV.  He  was  a  child  of5  years  old 
at  the  death  of  his  father  (205).  Philip,  king 
of  Macedonia,  and  Autiochus  III.,  of  Syria, 
took  advantage  of  the  minority  of  Ptolemy, 
and  entered  into  a  league  to  divide  his  do- 
minions between  them.  In  pursuance  id"  this 
arrangement  Autiochus  conquered  Coele- 
Syria,  while  Philip  reduced  tin-  Cyclades  and 
the  cities  in  Thrace  which  had  still  remained 
subject  to  Egypt ;  but  the  Romans  command- 
ed both  mouarchs  to  refrain  from  further  hos- 
tilities and  to  restore  all  the  conquered  cities. 
In  196  the  young  kincr  was  declared  of  age, 
and  the  ceremony  of  his  Auacleteria  or  coro- 
nation was  solemnized  with  great  magnifi- 
cence, on  which  occasion  the  decree  was  is- 
sued which  has  been  preserved  to  us  in  the 
celebrated  inscription  known  as  the  Rosetta 
stone.  As  long  as  1'tolemy  continued  under 
the  guidance  and  influence  of  Aristomenes 
his  administration  was  equitable  and  popular. 
Gradually,  however,  he  became  estranged 
from  his  able  and  virtuous  minister,  and  at 
length  compelled  him  to  take  poison.  To- 
wards the  close  of  his  reign  Ptolemy  con- 
ceivi  d  the  project  of  recovering  Coele-Syria 
from  Seleucns,  the  successor  of  Antiochus,  as 
the  latter  monarch  had  not  restored  that 
province,  according  to  treaty,  when  Ptolemy 
married  his  daughter  Cleopatra.  But  having 
by  an  unguarded  expression  excited  the  ap- 
prehensions of  some  of  his  friends,  he  wasi  m 
off  by  poison  in  the  2ith  year  of  his  reign 
and  lhe2'Jth  of  hi-  age  'I>1;.  Hi-  reign  was 
marked  by  the  rapid  decline  "l  i  he  Egyptian 
monarchy,  and  at  his  death  Cyprus  and  the 
CyrenaTca  were  almost  the  only  foreign  pos- 
sessions still  atta'  bed  to  the  crown  of  Egypt. 
—VI.  Phu.ombtob  (h  a  181  I  it'o,  eldi 
and  successor  of  Ptolemy  v.  He  was  a  child 
at  the  death  of  hi-  lather  in  181,  nud  Hi'-  re- 
gency was  assumed  during  bis  minority  by 
his  mother  I  leopal  ra.  i  ath,  in 

173,  his  ministers  bad  tie-  rosl o  enga  ;e 

in  war  witli  Autiochus  Epiphanes,  I 
Syria,  in  the  v. on  hope  "i  recovering  the 
provinces  of  Coele-Syria  and  Phoenicia.  I  hit 
their  ,'irmy  was  totally  defeated  by  Antiochue 
near  Pelusium,  and  Antiochus  advanced  as 
far  as  Memphis  (170).  The  young  kim.'  him- 
self fell  into  his  hands,  jjnl  was  treated  with 
kindness  and  distinction,  as  Antiochus  hoped 
by  his  means  to  make  himself  the  ma  tei  .i 
Egypt.  I'm  \>rni'  unable  to  take  Alexandria, 
which  was  defended  by  Ptolemy's  younger 
brother,  Antiocbnt  withdrew  into 

establishing  Philomelor  as  king  at  Memphis, 


but  retaining  in  his  hands  the  frontier  for- 
tress of  Pelusium.  This  last  circumstauce, 
together  with  the  ravages  committed  by  the 
Syrian  troops,  awakened  Philometor,  who 
had  hitherto  been  a  mere  puppet  in  the  hands 
of  the  Syrian  king,  to  a  sense  of  his  true  po- 
sition, ami  he  hastened  to  make  overtures  of 
peace  to  his  brother,  who  during  Ptolemy's 
captivity  had  assumed  the  title  of  king  Euer- 
getes  II.  It  was  agreed  that  the  two  broth- 
ers should  reign  together,  and  that  Philome- 
tor should  marry  his  sister  Cleopatra.  Upon 
this  Antiochus  advanced  a  second  time  to  the 
walls  of  Alexandria,  but  withdrew  to  his  own 
dominions  (Ills)  at  the  command  of  M.  Popil- 
lius  Lacnas,  the  Roman  embassador.  Dis- 
sensions soon  broke  out  between  the  two 
brothers,  and  Energetes  expelled  Philometor 
from  Alexandria.  Hereupon  Philometor  re- 
paired in  person  to  Rome  (104),  where  he  was 
received  by  the  senate  with  the  utmost  honor, 
aud  deputies  were  appointed  to  reinstate  him 
in  the  sovereign  power.  The  remainder  of 
his  reign  was  chiefly  occupied  with  Syrian  af- 
fairs. In  140  he  gained  a  decisive  victory  over 
Alexander  Balas,  but  died  a  few  days  after- 
wards in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse 
dining  the  battle,  lie  had  reigned  ::.'>  years 
from  tin;  period  of  his  first  accession,  ami  is 
from  his  restoration  by  the  Romans.  Philo- 
metor i-  praised  for  the  mildness  and  human- 
ity of  his  disposition  j  and  if  not  one  of  the 
greatest,  he  was  at  least  one  of  the  best  id' 
the  race  of  the  Ptolemies,  vii.  i.i  i  hoi  us 
II.,  or  I'nvsroN  (that  is,  Big-Belly),  reigned 
n.o.  140-117.  In  order  to  secure  undisputed 
possession  of  the  throne,  he  married  his  sis- 
ter Cleopatra,  the  widow  of  his  brother  Philo- 
metor, and  |iut  to  death  bis  nephew  Ptolemy, 

who  had  been  proclaimed  king  under  the  sur- 
name of  Enpator.    A  reign  thus  commenced 

in  blood  was  continued  ill  a  similar  spirit. 
Many  of  the   leading  Citizens   of  Alexandria, 

who  had  taken  part  against  him  on  the  death 
ot  his  brother,  were  pnl  to  death,  and  the 
streets  of  the  city  were  repeatedly  deluged 

With  hi 1.      At   the  same   lime   that    he  thus 

ed  I  lie  haired  of  hi-  subjects  by  his 
cruelties,  he  rendered  himself  an  object  of 
their  aversion  and  contempt  by  abandoning 
himself  to  the  mosl  degrading  vices,  lie  be- 
came enamored  of  his  niece  Cleopatra  (the 

Offspring  Of  his  wife  by  her  former  in  , 

wit  h    I'lnlo loi  |,  ami   lie  dl  I   Qi  'I    In'    Hale  io 

divorce  the  mother  and  reeeive  (,<•  i  daughter 

instead  at  bit  « Ife  and  queen.     Bj  I 

in-  alienated  still  i the  m 

I  U  ■*  ibjei  I  -,  and  In  -  vi<  .-  and  CI  tiell  1 68 

ai  lengl  h  produced  an  Insurrection  at  \ 

di  la.     Thereupon   he  thai  ;  rj  I  ml  the 

Alexandrians  dot  lared   alt    slstei    I  leopatra 
i  n   ,  .  '    i  i  bis,  Ptolemy  put  to 
deal  ti  Memphii  I  .  bis  Bon  by  <  lleopati  a,  and 
sent  hiN  bead  and  he  nhappymoth- 

it.     Bul  •  lleopatru  h  aft<  r- 

wards  expelled  from  ter  turn, 

Ptolemy  found  himself  unexpected!}  n 
ed be  lb e   121      Hi 

the  death  ol 

motor.     Although  the  ch  irai  tor  nl  PI 

Physcon  *>.  a    -  mined  by  t  be  mi 

vices  and  by  the  mosl    an   niuary  cruelty,  h« 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


320 


PUBLICOLA. 


Btill  retained  thatlove  of  letters  which  appears 
to  have  been  hereditary  in  the  whole  race  of 
the  Ptolemies. — VIII.  SoterIL,  and  also  Pm- 
lom  btob,  but  more  commonly  called  Latiiyeis 
or  Lathdeus,  reisrned  n.o.  117-107,  and  also 
S9-S1.  Although  he  was  of  full  age  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death  (117),  he  was  obliged 
to  reign  jointly  with  his  mother  Cleopatra, 
who  had  been  appointed  by  the  will  of  her 
hue  husband  to  succeed  him  on  the  throne. 
After  reigning  10  years  he  was  expelled  from 
Alexandria  by  an  insurrection  of  the  people, 
which  she  had  excited  against  him  (107).  His 
brother  Alexander  now  assumed  the  sover- 
siguty  of  Egypt,  in  conjunction  with  his 
mother,  and  reigned  for  IS  years.  After  the 
death  of  Cleopatra  and  the  expulsion  of  Alex- 
ander in  89,  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  who  had  es- 
tablished himself  at  Cyprus,  was  recalled  by 
the  Alexandrians,  and"  established  anew  on 
the  throne  of  Egypt,  which  he  occupied  thence- 
forth without  interruption  till  his  death  in 
81.  The  most  important  event  of  this  period 
was  the  revolt  of  Thebes,  in  Upper  Egypt, 
which  was  taken  after  a  3  years'  siege,  and 
reduced  to  the  state  of  ruin"  in  which  it  has 
ever  since  remained.  —  IX.  Alexander  I., 
youugest  sou  of  Ptolemy  VII.,  reigned  con- 
jointly with  his  mother  Cleopatra"  from  the 
expulsion  of  his  brother  Lathyrus,  h.o.  107  to 
90.  In  this  year  he  assassinated  bis  mother  : 
but  he  had  not  reigned  alone  a  year,  when  he 
was  compelled  by  a  general  sedition  of  the 
populace  and  military  to  quit  Alexandria.— 
X.  Alexandre  II.,  son  of  the  pieccding,  put 
to  death  by  the  Alexandrians  shortly  after 
his  accession.— XI.  Dionysus,  but  more  com- 
monly known  by  the  appellation  of  Auletes, 
the  flute-player,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Ptole- 
my Lathyrus,  was  on  the  deatli  of  Alexander 
11.  proclaimed  king  by  i he  Alexandrians,  n.c. 
So.  To  obtain  the  ratification  of  his  title  from 
tin'  Romans,  he  expended  immense  sums, 
which  he  was  compelled  to  raise  by  the  im- 
position of  fresh  taxes,  and  the  discontent 
thus  excited  combining  with  the  contempt 
entertained  for  his  character,  led  to  his  expul- 
sion by  the  Alexandrians  in  5S.  Thereupon 
he  proceeded  in  person  to  Home  to  solicit  as- 
sistance ;  but  it  was  not  till  55  that  A.  Gabin- 
ius,  proconsul  in  Syria,  was  induced,  by  the 
influence  of  Pompey,  aided  by  the  enormous 
bribe  of  10,000  talents  from  Ptolemy  himself, 
to  undertake  his  restoration.  One  of  his  first 
acts  was  to  put  to  death  his  daughter  Bere- 
nice (whom  the  Alexandrians  had  placed  on 
the  throne)  and  many  of  the  leading  citizens 
of  Alexandria.  He  died  in  51,  after  a  reign 
of  W  years  from  the  date  of  his  first  accessiou. 
— XII.  Eldest  son  of  the  preceding.  By  his 
ather's  will  the  sovereign  power  was  left  to 
linself  and  his  sister  Cleopatra  jointly;  but. 
h(  latter  was  expelled  by  the  minister  Pothi- 
ju:  after  she  had  reigned  in  conjunction  with 
he;  brother  about  3  years.  Hereupon  she 
took  refuge  in  Syria,  and  assembled  an  army, 
with  which  she  invaded  Egypt.  Shortly  after, 
Caesar  arrived  in  Egypt,  and  as  Cleopatra's 
charms  gained  her  his  support,  Pothinus  de- 
termined to  excite  an  insurrection  against 
him.  Hence  arose  what  is  usually  called  the 
Alexandrian  war.    Ptolemy,  who  was  at  first 


in  Caesar's  hands,  managed  to  escape,  and 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  insurgents,  but 
he  was  defeated  by  Caesar,  and  was  drowned 
in  an  attt.mpt  to  escape  by  the  river  (47). — 
XIII.  Youngest  son  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  was 
declared  king  by  Caesar  in  conjunction  with 
Cleopatra,  after  the  death  of  his  elder  brother; 
but  in  43  Cleopatra  put  him  to  death. — Kiwis 
(if  other  Countries:  (1)  Ptolemy,  surnamed 
Ai.okites,  that  is,  of  Alorus,  regent,  or,  accord- 
ing to  some  authors,  king  of  Macedonia,  as- 
sassinated by  Perdiccas  III.,  364. — (2)  Sur» 
named  Apion,  king  of  Cyrene  (117-9(1),  an  ila 
legitimate  son  of  Ptolemy  Physcon,  king  of 
Egypt. — (3)  Surnamed  Cbeadnds,  son  of  Ptol- 
emy I.,  king  of  Egypt,  assassinated  Seleucus 
(2S0)  and  took  possession  of  the  Macedonian 
throne.  After  reigning  a  few  months  he  was 
defeated  in  battle  by  the  Gauls,  taken  prison- 
er, and  put  to  death.— (4)  Tetrarch  of  Ciialois, 
in  Syria,  reigned  from  about  70  to  40. — (5) 
King  of  Cyprus,  the  younger  brother  of  Ptol- 
emy Auletes,  king  of  Egypt,  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  57. — (  )  King  of  Ei'iiuis,  the  2d  son 
of  Alexander  II.  The  date  of  his  reign  can 
not  be  fixed  with  certainty,  but  it  may  be 
placed  between  239-229.— (7)  King  of  Ma'crk- 
tania,  was  the  son  and  successor  of -Tuba  II. 
By  his  mother,  Cleopatra,  he  was  descended 
from  the  kings  of  Egypt,  whose  name  he  bore. 
He  reigned  from  a.i>.  IS,  or  earlier,  till  a.h. 
4u,  when  he  was  summoned  to  Koine  by 
Caligula,  and  shortly  after  put  to  death. 

PTOLEMAEUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  astronomer,  and  geog- 
rapher. Of  Ptolemy  himself  we  know  abso- 
lutely nothing  but  his  date.  He  certainly 
observed  in  a.i>.  139,  at  Alexandria;  and  since 
he  survived  Antoninus  he  was  alive  a.d.  161. 
His  Geography,  in  8  books,  is  his  most  cele- 
brated work. 

PTOLEMAIS  (-idis).  (1)  Also  called  ACE 
(in  Old  Test.  ACCO:  Arab.  Akka,  Fr.  St.  Jean 
d'Acre,  Eng.  Acre),  a  celebrated  city  on  the 
coast  of  Phoenicia,  S.  of  Tyre,  and  N.  of  Mount 
Carmel,  lies  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  surround- 
ed by  mountains,  in  a  position  marked  out 
by  nature  as  a  key  of  the  passage  between 
Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  cities  of  Phoenicia,  being  mentioned 
in  the  Book  of  Judges  (i.  31).— (2)  (Atornear 
El-Lahum),  a  small  town  of  Middle  Egypt,  in 
the  Nonios  ArsinoTtes. — (3)  P.  Hermii  (Men- 
shieh,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  W 
bank  of  the  Nile,  below  Abydos.— (4)  P.  Tue- 
eon,  or  Epithei'.as,  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Troglodytae. — (5)  (Tolme'ita, 
or  Tulometa,  Ru.),  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Cyre- 
naica,  one  of  the  5  great  cities  of  the  Libyar 
Pentapolis. 

PUBLIC5LA,  or  POPLICULA,  or  POPLI- 
COLA  (-ae),  a  Roman  cognomen,  signifying 
"one  who  courts  the  people"  (from  populus 
and  colo),  and  thus  "a  friend  of  the  people.'' 
The  form  Poplieida  or  Poplicola  was  the  more 
ancient,  but  Ptiblicola  was  the  one  usually 
employed  by  the  Romans  in  later  times. — 
(1)  P.  Valerius  Puisi.icola  took  an  active 
part  in  expelling  the  Tarquins  from  the  city, 
and  was  thereupon  elected  consul  with  Brutus 
(u.o.  509).     He  secured  the  liberties  of  the 


PUBLILIA. 


PYLENE. 


people  by  proposing  several  laws,  and  order- 
ed the  lictors  to  lower  the  fasces  before  I  he 
people,  as  au  acknowledgment  that  their 
power  was  superior  to  that  of  the  consuls. 
Hence  he  became  so  great  a  favorite  with 
the  people  that  he  received  the  surname  of 
Publieota.  He  was  consul  :;  times  again, 
namely,  in  50S,  50T,  and  504.  He  died  in  503. 
— (2)  L.  Gki.liis  Pculiooi.a,  consul  with  On. 
Lentulus  Clodianus,  n.o.  VI.  He  belonged 
to  the  aristocratical  party.  In  C::  he  warmly 
supported  Cicero  in  the  suppression  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy. — (3)  L.  Gki.lii  b  Pi  b- 
i.icoi.a,  son  of  the  preceding,  espoused  the  re- 
publican party  and  went  witii  M.  Brutus  to 
Asia,  but  deserted  to  the  triumvirs  Octavian 
and  Antony,  for  which  treachery  he  obtained 
the  consulship  iu  36.  In  the  war  between 
Octavian  and  Antony  he  espoused  the  side 
of  the  latter,  and  commanded  the  right  wiug 
of  Antony's  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Actium. 

PUBLILIA  (-ae),  the  2d  wife  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero,  whom  lie  married  h.o.  46. 

Pl'BLILIl'S  PHILO.     [I'im.o.] 

PUBLlLlUS,  (-i),  VOLfiRO  (-onia),  tribune 
of  the  plebs,  B.O.  472,  and  again  471,  effected 
an  important  change  in  the  Roman  constitu- 
tion. In  virtue  of  the  laws  which  he  proposed, 
the  tribunes  of  the  plebs  and  the  aediles  were 
elected  by  the  comitia  tributa,  instead  of  by 
the  comitia  centuriata,  as  had  previously  been 
the  case,  and  the  tribes  obtained  the  power 
of  deliberating  and  determining  in  all  matters 
affecting  the  whole  nation,  and  not  such  only 
as  concerned  the  plebs. 

PUBLICS  SYRUS.    [Syiub.1 

PUDK'iTlA  (-ae),  a  personification  of 
modesty, was  worshiped  both  in  Greece  and 
at  Rome.  At  Athens  an  altar  was  dedicated 
to  her.  At  Home  two  sanctuaries  were  dedi- 
cated to  her.  one  under  the  name  of  Pudicitia 
patricia,  and  the  other  under  thai  of  Pudicitia 
plebeia. 

PULCHER,  CLATJDIU8.    [Clai  imcs.] 

PI  LCHRUM    PROMONTORIUW 
promontory  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  <  'artluii'in- 
ian  territory  in  N.Africa,  probably  identical 

with  the  Ai-oi.i.isis  PBOMONTOHIVH. 

PTJPI1NTJ8  .MAXiMl's,  M.  CLODlUS  (  I), 
was  elected  emperor  with  Balbinus  in  a.t>. 
'jus,  when  the  senate  received  Intelligence  of 
the  death  of  the  two  Gordiane  in  Africa;  but 
tie  ii. ■■,■.  emperor  were  slain  by  the  soldiers 
at  Rome  in  tie-  rami 

PtlPIUS  [-1  .  a  Roman  dramatist 

PURPURARlAE  IN8CLAE  i  arum)  prob, 
tie-  Madeira  group),  a  group  of  Islands  in  lh< 
Atlantic  Ocean,  off  the  N.W.  con  I  of  Lfrii  l 

lM'i'f:oi.AM'M   (-i),  a  country-hon  e  of 

Ciceri ar    Pnteoll,  where   he  wrote   ins 

Qitaertionea  Academicae,  nud  where  tie-  em- 
peror Hadrian  was  buried. 

rrTf;oi„\Nrssi.Ni:s(-i:  BayofNapl 
a  bay  of  tii.-  sea  on  the  coaal  of  Campania 
between  the  promontory  Misennm  and  the 
promontory  of  .Minerva,  which  was  originally 

called  ( lumanus. 

it'i  fii'ii.l  (-r.riim  :  Pozzuolf),  originally 
named  DICAEARCHIA,  a  celebrated  aea-porl 


town  of  Campania,  situated  on  a  promontory 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Puteolanus  Sinus,  and  a 
little  to  the  E.  of  Cumae,  was  founded  by  tln» 
Greeks  of  Cumae,  b.o.  521,  under  the  name  of 
Dicaearchia.  It  obtained  the  name  of  Puteoli 
either  from  Its  numerous  wells  or  from  the 
stench  arising  from  the  mineral  springs  in  its 
neighborhood.  The  town  was  indebted  for 
its  importance  to  its  excellent  harbor,  which 
was  protected  by  an  extensive  mole  to  which 
Caligula  attached  a  floating  bridge,  which  ex- 
tended as  far  as  Baiae,  a  distance  of  2  miles. 
Puteoli  was  the  chief  emporium  for  the  com- 
merce with  Alexandria  and  with  the  greater 
pari  of  Spain.  The  town  was  colonized  by 
the  Romans  in  u.0.  194,  and  also  anew  by  Au- 
gustus, Nero,  and  Vespasian.  It  was  destroy- 
ed by  Alaric  in  a.i>.  410,  by  Gensen'e  in  455, 
ami  also  by  Totilas  in  545, but  was  on  each 
occasion  speedily  rebuilt.  There  are  still 
many  ruins  of  the  ancient  town  at  the  modern 
Pozznoli. 

PYDNA  (-ae :  Kitron),  a  town  of  Macedonia 
in  thi'  district  Pieria,  was  situated  at  a  small 
distance  W.  of  the  Thermaic  L'ttlf,  on  which 
it  had  a  harbor.  It  was  originally  a  Greek 
colony,  but  it  was  subdued  by  the  Macedonian 
kings,  from  whom,  however,  it  frequently  re- 
volted. It  was  subdued  by  Philip,  who  en- 
larged and  fortified  the  place.  It  is  especially 
memorable  on  account  of  the  victorj  ■■.  i  ed 
under  its  walls  by  Aeniilius  Paulus  over  Per- 
sens,  the  lasl  king  of  Macedonia,  168.  Under 
the  Romans  ii  was  also  called  Citrum  or  ci- 
trus. 

PYGELA  or  PHYGfiLA  (-ae),  a  small  town 

0*  Ionia,  on  the  coast  of  Lj  dia. 

PYGMAE1  (-5rum),  Le.  mm  cf  the  height 

of  a  Tv-.nx,  i . ,-.  i:;j  Inches,  a  fabulous  people 
tirsi  mentioned  by  Homer  as  dwelling  on 
the  shores  of  Ocean,  ami  attacked  |»j 
in  spring-time.  Some  writers  place  them  in 
Aethiopia,  Others  in  India,  and  others  in  the 
extreme  N.  of  the  earth. 
PYGW  \U"  I  rprns. 

He  i-  said  to  have  fallen  in  love  with  the 
ivory   Image  of  a   maiden    which   lie   himself 

had  made,  and  to  have  prayed  to  tubrodite' 

(VenUS)    to    breathe    life    into    it.       When    the 

request  wat  granted,  Pygmalion  married  the 

maiden,  and    became    by   her    the    father    nf 

Paphns.    {?.)  8on  of  Belus   and  brother  of 

Dido,  who  murdered  Slchaeus,  Dido's  bus- 

Dmo.] 

i"i  LADE8  (-is),    (l)  Son  oi  Stronhlus  and 

Anaxibia,  a  si  mi  mnon,  Ills  fathei 

PhocU ;  and  after  the  death  ■  f 

Agamemnon, Orestes  was  secretly  carried  to 

ourt.     Hen-  Pyladea  conl 

that    friendship    with    (iie-tes  which    becamtl 

prove i  bial.    Qea    IstedOn    ti    In  mu 
ioI  her  i  llytaemne  tra,  and  evei 
married  his  sister  Electra.    [Obmtbb  l  -(2)  A 
pantomime  dancer  in  the  Justus. 

PYLAE  I  arum),  a  general  name  for  auj 
narrow  pass,  such  as  Thermopylae^  I'ylae 
Albanl      I 

p'J  |.i.\  i,  nl    tow  n  of  ArtnllM 

near  the  coast,  mentioned  liy  Homer.  Th» 
Aeollani  who  took   Pylene  afterwards  r» 


l'YLOS. 


PYKKIIO. 


moved  higher  up  into  the  country  and  found- 
ed Peosohtum. 

PY  LOS  (-i),  the  name  of  3  towns  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Peloponnesus.  (1)  In  Elis,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Scollis,  and  about  70  or  80  stadia 
from  the  city  of  Elis  on  the  road  to  Olympia, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Ladon  and  the 
Peneus.  —  (2)  In  Triphylia,  about  30  stadia 
from  the  coast,  on  the  river  Mamaus,  W.  of 
the  mountain  Minthe,  and  N.  of  Lepreum. — 
(3)  In  the  S.W.  of  Messenia,  was  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Aegaleos  on  a  promontory 
&t  the  N.  entrance  of  the  basin,  now  called 
the  Bay  of  Xavarino,  the  largest  and  safest 
harbor  in  all  Greece.  This  harbor  was  front- 
ed and  protected  by  the  small  island  of  Sphac- 


20;  their  greatest  height  is  between  11,000 
and  12,000  feet.  The  continuation  of  the 
mountains  along  the  Mare  Cantabricum  was 
called  Saltus  Vasconum,  and  still  further  W. 
Mons  Vindius  or  Vinnius. 

PYRENES  PROMOXToRIUM,  or  PROM. 
VENERIS  (C.  Crew),  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  Spain,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Gaul,  "derived  its  2d  name  from  a  temple  of 
Venus  on  the  promontory. 

PYRGI  (-ornm).  (1)  The  most  S.-ly  town 
of  Triphylia,  in  Elis,  near  the  Messenian 
frontier,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Minyae.— (2)  (Santa  Sever  a),  an  ancient  Pelas- 
Lric  town  on  the  coast  of  Etruria,  was  used  as 
the  port  of  Caere  or  Agylla,  and  was  a  place 


Bay  of  Nflvarino. 


teria  (Sphagia),  which  stretched  along  the 
coast  about  H  miles,  leaving  only  2  narrow 
entrances  at  each  end.  Pylos  became  mem- 
orable in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  when  the 
Athenians  under  Demosthenes  bniit  a  fort  on 
the  promontory  Coryphashim  a  little  S.  of  the 
ancient  city,  and  just  within  the  N.  entrance 
to  the  harbor  (u.o.  425).  The  attempts  of  the 
Spartans  to  dislodge  the  Athenians  proved 
unavailing  ;  and  the  capture  by  Cleon  of  the 
Spartans  who  had  landed  on  the  island  of 
Sphacteria  was  one  of  the  most  important 
events  in  the  whole  war. 

PYRACMON.     [Cyclopes.] 

PYRAMUS.     [Thisbe.] 

PYRAMUS  (-i :  Jihan),  one  of  the  largest 
rivers  of  Asia  Minor,  rises  in  the  Anti-Taurus 
range,  near  Arabissus,  in  Cataonia  (the  S.E. 
part  of  Cappadocia),  and  after  running  S.E., 
first  underground,  and  then  as  a  navigable 
river,  breaks  through  the  Taurus  chain  by  a 
deep  and  narrow  ravine,  and  then  flows  S.W. 
through  Cilicia,  in  a  deep  and  rapid  stream, 
about  1  stadium  (606  feet)  in  width,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  near  Mallus. 

PYRENE  (-es)  or  PYRENAEI  (-ornm) 
MONTES  (Pyrenees),  a  range  of  mountains 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  forming  the  boundary  between 
Gaul  and  Spain.  The  length  of  these  mount- 
ains is  about  270  miles  in  a  straight  line; 
their  breadth  varies  from  about  40  miles  to 


of  considerable  importance  as  a  commercial 
emporium. 

PYRGOTELES  (-is),  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated gem-engravers  of  ancient  Greece,  was 
a  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great,  who 
placed  him  ou  "a  level  with  Apelles  and  Lysip- 
pus,  by  naming  him  as  the  only  artist  who 
was  permitted  to  engrave  seal-rings  for  the 
king. 

PYRIPHLEGETHON  (-ontis),  that  is,  flam- 
ing with  fire,  the  name  of  one  of  the  rivers  in 
the  lower  world. 

PYRRHA  (-ae).  (1)  [Deucalion.]— (2)  A 
town  on  theW.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lesbos, 
ou  the  inner  part  of  the  deep  bay  named  after 
it,  and  consequently  on  the  narrowest  part  of 
the  island.— (3)  A  town  and  promontory  of 
Phthiotis,  in  Thessaly,  on  the  Pagasaean  gulf, 
and  near  the  frontiers  of  Magnesia.  Off  ihifi 
promontory  there  were  2  small  islands  named 
Pyrrha  and  Deucalion. 

"PYRRHO  (-onis),  the  founder  of  the  Skep- 
tical or  Pyrrhonian  school  of  philosophy,  waa 
a  native  of  Elis,  in  Peloponnesns.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  poor,  and  to  have  followed,  at 
first,  the  profession  of  a  painter.  He  is  then 
said  to  have  been  attracted  to  philosophy  br 
the  books  of  Democritus,  to  have  attended 
the  lectures  of  Bryson,  a  disciple  of  Stilpon, 
to  have  attached  himself  closely  to  Anaxar- 
chns,  and  with  him  to  have  joined  the  expe- 
dition of  Alexander  the  Great.    He  asserted 


PYRRHUS. 


3l'*J 


PYTHAGORAS. 


that  certain  knowledge  on  any  subject  was 
unattainable,  and  that  the  great  object  of 
man  ought  to  be  to  lead  a  virtuous  life.  Pyr- 
rho  wrote  no  works  except  a  poem  addressed 
to  Alexander,  which  was  rewarded  by  the 
latter  in  a  royal  manner.  His  philosophical 
system  was  first  reduced  to  writing  by  his 
disciple  Timon.  He  reached  the  age  of  90 
years,  but  we  have  no  mention  of  the  year 
either  of  his  birth  or  of  his  death. 

PYRRHUS  (-i).    (1)  Mythological.    [Nko- 
CTolemus.]— (2)   I.   King   of  Epirus,   sou   of 


Aeacides  and  Phthia,  was  born  n.o.  Ills.  Cas- 
eander  having  prevailed  upon  the  Epirots  to 
expel  their  young  king,  Pyrrhus.  who  was  only 
it  years  of  age,  accompanied  hi--  brother-in- 
law  Demetrius  tO  Asia,  ami   was   present  al 

the  battle  of  tpsus,301,in  which  he  gained 
great  renown  for  his  valor.    Afterwards  he 
went  as  a  hostage  for  Demetrius  into  Egypt 
where  he  married  Antigone,  the  daughter  of 
Berenice.     Ptolemy  now  supplied  him  with 
forces,  with  which  he  regained  his  kit 
(295).  JSTter  this  he  made  an  attempt  toi 
qner  Macedonia,  and  actually  obtained  a  share 
of  the  throne  with  Lysimachus,  but  was  driven 
out  of  the  country  after  a  reign  of  I  months 
C-'si^yj    For  the  next  few  years  Pyrrhus  reign- 
ed quietly  in  Epirus ;  but  in.280.he  w 
the  invitation  of  the  Tarentines  to  assisl  them 
in  their  war  against  the  Romans.    He 
over  to  Italy  with  a  large  army,  and  in  the  I  Si 
campaign  defeated   the   Roman  consul,  M. 
Valerius  Laevinus,  near  Heraclea.  The  battle 
was  long  and  bravely  contested;  and  it  was 
not  till  I'ynini-  brought  forward  his  elephants, 
which  bore  down  ei  ei  j  thin    hi  fore  I  hem,l  hal 
the  Romans  took  to  night    The  loss  of  Pyr- 
rhus, though  inferior  to  thai  of  I  he  R 
was  still  very  cot  Iderable.     Rence  he  ad- 
vanced within  '2i  mill     of  Ri ime  ,  bul 

IS rand  it  Imp  i  ... jm  i  the  R am  to 

accept  peace,  be  retrai  ed  his  Btcps,  and  wlth- 
drew  Into  winter-qunriers  to  Tarentum,  In 
the  2d  campaign  (279)  Pyrrhus  gained  another 

victory  nen  llum  over  Ihe   R    » 

we  •■  commanded  by  the  eon- tile  i\  Declu 
Mus  and  P.  Sulpicius  Saverrio.    The 
however,  was  followed  by  no  decisive  results, 
and  his  forces  were  so  much  exhausted  hj  it 

that  he  lent  a  ready  ear  to  the  ln\  Itat  I t 

the  Greeks  in  Sicily,  who  begged  him  t 

to  their  assistance  against  thi  ■  <  tai  I  h  .i.  i  ma  lis. 


He  accordingly  crossed  over  into  Sicily,  wliere 
he  remained  from  the  middle  of  "IT*  to  the 
end  of  276.  At  first  he  met  with  brilliant 
success,  but  having  failed  in  an  attempt  upon 
Lilybaenm,  he  lost  his  popularity  with  t lie 
Greeks,  who  began  to  form  cabals  and  plots 
against  him.  His  position  in  Sicily  at  length 
became  so  uncomfortable  and  dangerous 
that  he  returned  to  Italy  in  the  autumn  of 
276.  The  following  year  he  was  defeated 
with  great  loss  near  Beneventuta  "by  the 
Roman  consul  Curius  UentafTls,  iir^l  obliged 
to  leave  Italy.  (lie  brought 
bark  with  turn  To  Epirus- 
only  sunn  foot  and  600  horse, 
and  had  not  money  to  main- 
tain even  these  without  un- 
dertaking new  wars.  He 
therefore  invaded  Macedo- 
nia, of  which  he  became 
king  a  second  time,  and 
afterwards  turned  his  arms 
against  Sparta  and  Argoi| 
In  the  last  City  he  was  killed 


nty 
(272)  by  a  tile  hurled  l»j  a 

woman  from  the  house-top, 
in  the  46th  year  of  his  age 
and  23d  of  his  reign.  Pj  r- 
rhus  was  the  greatest  war- 
rior and  one  of  the  best 
princes  of  his  time.— (3)  II. 
King  of  Epirus,  son  of  Alexander  II.  and 
Olympias,  and  grandson  of  I'vrrhus  I. 

PTTHlGORAS  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher,  a  native  of  Santos,  nour- 
ished in  the  times  of  l'oly crates  and  Tarquin- 
[us  s  u  perl  his  (u.o.  540-510).  He  studied  in  his 
own  country  under  Creophiltis,  Pherecydes 

Of  Syros,  and  others,  and  is  said  to  have  veil- 
ed Egypt  and  many  countries  of  the  Easl  for 

the  pm  pose  of  acquiring  know  ledge,  He  be- 
lieved in  ih"  transmigrate f  souls ;  nnd  is 

said  to  have  pretended  thai  he  had  been  Eu- 
phorbus,  the  son  of  Panthos,  In  the  Trojan 
war,  as  wed  as  various  other  characters  lb' 
paid  greal  attention  to  arithmetic,  and  its  ap- 
plication to  weights,  measures,  and  the  ii ry 

of  mm ic  lie  pretended  to  divinai Ion  and 
prophecy:  and  ne  appears  as  the  revealer  of 
a  mode  or  life  calculated  to  raise  his  dlsi  I  pies 

above  the  level  of  mankind,  aud  to  r m- 

mend  them  to  the  favor  of  tb ids,    Hai  Ing 

>  el  tied  al  <  Irotona,  in  Italy,  be  formed  a  i  led 
brotherhood  or  club  of  BOt 

Of  VOW    to  ]  IS  and  i-;nh  Other,  for  the 

purpose  of  cultival  Ing  the  rel      >u 

cetic  observances  enjoined  by  their  master, 

and  of  si  adj  lug  his  rell  rlon  -  and  phllosoph- 

ii  al  theories,    it  appi  ors  thai  they  bad 

sei  rel  conventional  symbols  by  which  mem- 
bers of  the  fraternity  c  ml  i  rei  n  mlze  eai  b 

oi  in  r,  and  they  were  i Bul 

i  in-  populace  of  <  irotona  roi  e  agalni  t  them  ; 
the  building  In  which  i  hey  ai  i  embtud  ■■ 
on  flre,  ami  only  it" 

meinbci  -  escaped.    Slmll  u  commotions  en- 
:  ne  i  in  i  be  ol  net  citii     of  Mag 
which  i  n  med. 

he  fat e  of  P  I   mi  elf, 

rants  varied, 
el  in  the  temple  w  Ith  b  others 

that  he  fled  flrsl  to  T itum,  ni 


PYTHKAS. 


330 


QUIRINUS. 


driven  thence,  be  escaped  to  Metapontum, 
and  there  starved  himself  to  death. — (2)  Of 
Rhegium,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  statua- 
ries of  Greece,  probably  flourished  n.o.  4S0- 
430. 

RYTHfiAS  (-ae).  (1)  An  Athenian  orator, 
distinguished  by  his  unceasing  animosity 
against  Demosthenes.  —  (2)  Of  Massilia,  in 
Gaul,  a  celebrated  Greek  navigator,  who 
probably  lived  iu  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  or  shortly  afterwards.  He  appears  to 
have  undertaken  voyages,  one  in  which  he 
visited  Britain  and  'Thule,  and  a  second  in 
which  he  coasted  along  the  whole  of  Europe 
from  Gadira  (Cadiz)  to  the  Tanais,  and  the 
description  of  which  probably  formed  the 
subject  of  his  Periplus.  Pytheas  made  Thule 
a  0  days'  sail  from  Britain :  and  said  that 


the  day  and  the  night  were  each  6  months 
long  in  Thule.  Hence  some  modern  writers 
have  supposed  that  he  must  have  reached 
Iceland;  while  others  have  maintained  that 
he  advanced  as  far  as  the  Shetland  Isl- 
ands. But  either  supposition  is  very  im- 
probable. 

PYTHIUS  (-i),  the  Pythian,  a  surname  of 
the  Delphian  Apollo.     [Python.] 

PYTHON  (-onis),  the  celebrated  serpent 
which  was  produced  from  the  mud  left  on  the 
earth  after  the  deluge  of  Deucalion.  He  lived 
in  the  caves  of  Mount  Parnassus,  but  was 
slaiu  by  Apollo,  who  founded  the  Pythian 
games  in  commemoration  of  his  victory,  and 
received  in  consequence  the  surname  Pythitts. 

PYXUS.     [Buxentcm.] 


Q. 


QUADI,  a  powerful  German  people  of  the 
Suevic  race,  dwelt  in  the  S.E.  of  Germany,  be- 
tween Mount  Gabreta,  the  Hercynian  forest, 
the  Sarin atiau  mountains,  and  the  Danube. 
They  were  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Marco- 
niauui,  with  whom  they  were  always  closely 
united,  on  the  N.  by  the  Gothini  and  Osi,  on 
the  E.  by  the  Iazyges  Metanastae,  from  whom 
they  were  separated  by  the  river  Granuas 
(Gran),  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Pannonians, 
from  whom  thev  were  divided  by  the  Danube. 
In  the  reign  of  Tiberius  the  Qnadi  were  taken 
under  the  protection  of  the  Romans.  In  the 
reign  of  M.  Aurelins,  however,  they  joined 
the  Marcomanni  and  other  German  tribes  iu 
the  lon<r  and  bloody  war  against  the  empire, 
which  lasted  during  the  greater  part  of  that 
emperor*s  reign.  Their  name  is  especially 
memorable  in  the  history  of  this  war  by  the 
victory  which  M.  Aurelitis  gained  over  "them 
in  174.  The  Qnadi  disappear  from  history  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  4th  century. 

QUADRIFROXS  (-ontis),  a  surname  of 
Janus.  It  is  said  that  after  the  conquest  of 
the  Paliscans  an  image  of  Janus  was  found 
with  4  foreheads.  Hence  a  temple  of  Janus 
Quadrifrons  was  afterwards  built  in  the 
Ponun  transitorinm,  which  had  4  gates.  The 
fact  of  the  god  being  represented  with  4  heads 
is  considered  by  the  ancients  to  be  an  indica- 
tion of  his  being  the  divinity  presiding  over 
the  year  with  its  4  seasons. 

QUADRlGARlUS,  Q.  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  a 
Roman  historian  who  flourished  u.o.  100-T8. 
Hi-  work  commenced  immediately  after  the 
destruction  of  Rome  by  the  Ganls^  and  must 
in  all  probability  have  come  down  to  the 
death  of  Sulla. 

QUINTILIUS  VARUS.     [Varus.] 

QUINTlLlAXUS,M.FABiUS(-i).  the  most 
celebrated  of  Roman  rhetoricians,  was  born 
at  Calagurris  (Calahorra),  in  Spain,  a.i>.  40. 
He  completed  his  education  at  Home,  and 
began  to  practice  at  the  bar  about  OS.  But 
he  was  chiefly  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of 
eloqueuce,  bearing  away  the  palm  in  this  de- 
partment from  all  his  rivals,  and  associating 


his  name,  even  to  a  proTerb,  with  pre-emi- 
nence in  the  art.  By  Domitian  he  was  invest- 
ed «  th  the  insignia  and  title  of  consul  (am- 
mlaria  ornamenta),  and  is,  moreover,  cele- 
brated as  the  first  public  instructor  who,  iu 
virtue  of  the  endowment  by  Vespasian,  re- 
ceived a  regular  salary  from  the  imperial  ex- 
chequer. He  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
118.  The  great  work  of  Quintilian  is  a  com- 
plete system  of  rhetoric,  in  12  books,  entitled 
be  Itistitutione  Oratoria  Libri  XII.,  or  some- 
times Iitstitutionen  Oratoriae,  dedicated  to  his 
friend  Marcellus  Victorius,  himself  a  celebra- 
ted orator  and  a  favorite  at  court.  This  pro- 
duction bears  throughout  the  impress  of  a 
clear,  sound  judgment,  keen  discrimination, 
and  pure  taste,  improved  by  extensive  read- 
ing, deep  reflect  ion,  and  long  practice.  There 
are  also  extant  104  declamations  under  the 
name  of  Quintilian,  but  no  one  believes  these 
to  be  genuine,  and  few  suppose  that  they 
proceeded  from  any  one  individual. 

T.  QUINTIUS  CAPITOLINUS  BARBA- 
TUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  general  in  the  early 
history  of  the  republic,"  and  equally  distin- 
guished in  the  internal  history  of  the  state. 
He  was  six  times  consul,  namelv,  in  u.o.  471, 
40S,  465,  440,  44:;,  40'.).— Several  of  his  descend- 
ants held  the  consulship,  but  none  of  these 
require  mention  except  T.  Qcintics  Pknnus 
CaI'itiji.inps  Cuibpinds,  who  was  consul  208, 
and  was  defeated  by  Hannibal. 

QUINTIUS  CINCINNATUS.  [Cincinna- 
tts.] 

QUINTIUS    FLiMlNlNUS.       [Flaauni- 

NTS.] 

QOINTUS  CURTIUS.    [Crnmns.] 
QLTNTUS   SMYRNAEUS  (-i),  commonly 
called   QUINTUS   CALABER,  author   of  a 
Greek  epic  poem  on  the  events  of  the  Trojan 
war  from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  return 
of  the  Greeks.   Quintus  closely  copied  Homer, 
but  not  a  single  poetical  idea  of  his  own  :-eema 
ever  to  have  inspired  him. 
QUIRIXA.LIS  MON8.     [Roma.] 
QUIRINUS  (-i),  a  Sabine  word,  perhaps  de- 
rived from  quiris,  a  lance  or  spear     It  •■ccurs 


RABIRIUS. 


331 


REGULUS. 


first  of  all  as  the  name  of  Romulus,  after  he 
had  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  divinity: 
and  the  festival  celebrated  iu  his  honor  bore 


the  name  of  Quirinalia.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
surname  of  Mais,  Janus,  and  even  of  Au- 
gustus. 


R. 


RABIRIUS  (-i).  (1)  C,  an  aged  senator, 
was  accused  in  is.o.  G3,  by  T.  Labienus,  tribune 
of  the  plebs,  of  having  put  to  death  the  tribune 
L.  Appuleiiis  Saturninus  in  100,  nearly  40 years 
before.  i_Satiir.ni.nus.]  The  accusation  was 
set  mi  foot  at  the  instigation  of  Caesar,  who 
judged  it  necessary  to  deter  the  senate  from 
resorting  to  arms  against  the  popular  party. 
The  LHiumviri  Perauellionis  (an  obsolete  tri- 
bunal) appointed  to  try  Rabirius  were  C. 
Caesar  himself  and  his  relative  L.  Caesar. 
Rabirius  was  condemned,  but  appealed  to  the 
people  in  the  comitia  of  the  centuries.  The 
case  excited  the  greatest  interest:  since  it 
was  not  simply  the  life  or  death  of  Rabirius, 
but  the  power  and  authority  of  the  senate 
which  were  at  stake.  Rabirius  was  defended 
by  Uicen) ;  but  the  eloquence  of  his  advocate 
was  ol' no  avail,  and  the  people  would  have 
ratified  the  decision  of  the  duumvirs  had  not 
the  meeting  been  broken  up  by  the  praetor, 
<.{.  Metellus  Celer,  who  removed  the  military 
flag  which  floated  on  the  Jauieulum. — (2)  C. 
R  iiiiiiits  Postumds  was  the  son  of  the  Bister 
of  the  preceding.  After  the  restoration  of 
Ptolemy  Auletes  to  his  kingdom  by  means  of 
Gabinius  in  B.O.  55,  Rabirius  repaired  to  Alex- 
andria, and  was  invested  by  the  king  with  the 
oflice  of  Dioecetes,  or  chief  treasurer.  In  this 
office  his  extortions  were  so  terrible  that 
Ptolemy  had  him  apprehended  ;  but  Rabirius 
escaped  from  prison,  probably  through  the 

connivance  of  the  king,  and  returned  to  Ro 

Here  a  trial  awaited  him.  Gabinius  had  been 
senteuced  to  pay  a  heavy  fine  on  account  of 
his  extortions  iu  Egypt;  and  as  he  was  un- 
able to  pay  this  tin'-,  a  suit,  was  Instituted 

against  Rabirius,  who  was  liable  to  make  up 

the  deficiency,  if  it  could  be  proved  that  In- 
had  received  any  of  I  he  money  ol  ■■.  ii  h  I  .a 
hinius  had  illegally  become  possessed.  Rabi- 
rius was  defended  by  Cicero,  and  wac  proba- 
bly condemned.  — (3;  A  Roman  poet, who  lived 
in  the  last  year«  of  the  republic,  and  n  rote  a 
poem  on  the  Civil  Wars. 

RAMSES,  the  name  of  many  kings  of  Egypt 
<,r  tin-  18th,  I'.mii,  ami  20th  dynasties. 

RAI'llTA  or  RAPHSA  '-ae:  itepha). a  sea- 
port town  in  tne  extreme  s.w.  of  Palestine, 
beyond  Gaza,  on  the  desert 

RASSNA    [Etdobia.] 

RATOMAGUS  or  ROTOM  S.GU8  '-i .-  Bou- 
on),  the  chief  town  of  the  Vellocasses  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensls. 

I; Al   DII  CAMPL     [Camim  Rai:i>ii.] 

RAURAC1  p<  ople  In  Gallia  Bel- 

gica,  bounded  on  the  s.  by  the  Relvetll,  on 
the  vv".  by  the  Seqnani,  on  the  N.  by  the  Trl 

bocci,  and  on  the  \\,  by  the  Rhine     'I  hi 
have    been    a    |,e,,|,le    of  I  on  liderable    impor- 
tance, as  23,000  of  them  are  said  to  have  emi- 
grated with  the  Helvetil  in  B.O.  .'>^,  and  they 


possessed  several  towns,  of  which  the  moot 
important  were  Augusta  [August)  and  Basilia 
(Basle  or  Bdle). 

RAVENNA (-ae:  (Northern Italy) Radenna), 
an  important  town  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  on  thn 
river  licdesis,  and  about  ;i  mile  from  the  BOB, 
though  it  is  now  about  r,  miles  in  the  interior, 
in  consequence  of  the  sea  having  receded  ail 
along  tins  coast.  Ravenna  uas  situated  in 
the  midst  of  marshes,  and  was  only  accessible 
in  one  direction  by  land,  probably  by  the  road 
leading  from  Ariminum.  It  was  said  to  have 
been  rounded  by  Thessalians  (PelaBgians), 
and  afterwards  to  have  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  Uinbrians,  bnt  it  long  remained  an  in- 
significant place,  and  it.-  greatness  does  not 
begin  till  the  time  id' the  empire,  when  Au- 
gustus made  it  one  of  the  2  chief  stations  of 
the  Roman  fleet.  Ravenna  thus  suddenly  be- 
came one  of  the  most  important  places  in 
the  N.  of  Italy.  When  the  Roman  empire 
was  threatened  by  the  barbarians,  the  em- 
peror- of  the  West  took  up  tbeir  residence 
at  Ravenna,  which,  on  account  of  its  situa- 
tion and  fortifications,  was  regarded  as  im- 
pregnable. After  the  downfall  of  the  West- 
ern empire, Theodoric  also  made  it  tin-  capi- 
tal of  his  kingdom  ;  and  after  the  overthrow 
of  the  Gothic  dominion  by  Nar-e-,  it  became 

dence  of  the  exarch-,  or  the  governors 
of  the  Byzantine  empire  in  Italy,  till  the  Lom- 
bards took  the  town,  a.o.  752. 

RBA1  F;  (-is :  Riett),  an  am  lent  town  "f  thn 
Sabine-   iu   Central   Italy,  Bald   to  have   In  en 

i  in  |  he  \  ien  iglnes  "i  Pelasgian  ,vi  is 
situated  on  the  Lacns  Velinna  and  tin-  Vio 
It  was  the  chief  place  of  assembly 
for  the  Sabines,  and  was  snoseqnenl  h 

or  a  municiplum.  The  vallej  In  whli  h 
Reute  was  Bituaten  wae  bo  beautiful  that  it 

received  the  name  ofTempC     1  111  ltl 

borhood  Is  the  celebrated  «  nterfall,  whli  b  is 
now  known  under  the  name  ..rthe  fall  of 
Term  or  the  Cascade  delle  Marmot*, 

REDON  IS      nm  I,  a  | pie   in   the  interior 

<>r  <;  ail  ia  Lngdunensls,  whose  chief  town  was 
Condate  i  Ri 

REGILLU8  LACUS  lake  In  1  ilium, 

memorable  for  the  victory  gained  on  it-  bank'* 
by  the  Romans  over  the  Latins,  u  o.  498  it 
was  lv  of  Rome,  In  the  territoi  v  ol  Tnsculum, 

and  between   l.avif  uni  and  Gaoll ;   bill   it  can 

not    be  Identified   with  certainty  with  any 

in   1(1 1     ii   I  ike. 

REGIUM    LfiPlDI,  REGIUM    L8PID1  M. 
or  simplj   iMa.ii  M,  si    •  FORI  m  I 
IU  i  (o  .  a  town  of  the  rem  In  Gallia  i 
plnn. 

i:i  i,i  i ,i  9    i  .  the  nami  ..rthe 

\iii,a    -i  i     |tf.  Atii.ii     I.'i  01  '  i 

the  Sallentli 
town  of  Brunduslum,  and  obtained  In 


REGIUS. 


332 


RHAETIA. 


quence  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  In  256  he  was 
consul  a  second  time  with  L.  Mauling  Vulso 
Longus.  The  2  consuls  defeated  the  Cartha- 
ginian fleet,  and  afterwards  lauded  in  Africa 
with  a  large  force.  They  met  with  great  and 
striking  success ;  and  after  Manlius  returned 
to  Rome  with  half  of  the  arm}',  Regulus  re- 
mained in  Africa  with  the  other  half,  and 
prosecuted  the  war  with  the  utmost  vigor. 
The  Carthaginian  generals,  Hasdrubal,  Bos- 
tar,  and  Hamilcar,  withdrew  into  the  mount- 
ains, where  they  were  attacked  by  Regulus, 
and  defeated  with  great  loss.  The  Cartha- 
ginian troops  retired  within  the  walls  of  the 
city,  and  Regulus  now  overran  the  country 
without  opposition.  The  Carthaginians  in 
despair  sent  a  herald  to  Regulus  to  solicit 
peace;  but  the  Roman  general  would  only 
grant  it  on  such  intolerable  terms  that  the 
Carthaginians  resolved  to  continue  the  war, 
and  hold  out  to  the  last-  A  Lacedaemonian 
named  Xauthippus  pointed  out  to  the  Car- 
thaginians that  their  defeat  was  owing  to  the 
incompetency  of  their  generals,  and  not  to 
the  superiority  of  the  Roman  arms.  Beiug 
placed  at  the  head  of  their  forces,  he  totally 
defeated  the  Romans,  and  took  Regulus  him- 
self prisoner  (255).  Regulus  remained  in  cap- 
tivity for  the  next  5  years,  till  250,  when  the 
Carthaginians,  after  their  defeat  by  the  pro- 


Coin  of  a  Livineius,  with  Head  of  Regulus. 

consul  Metellus,  sent  an  embassy  to  Rome  to 
solicit  peace,  or  at  least  an  exchange  of  pris- 
oners. They  allowed  Regains  to  accompany 
the  embassadors  on  the  promise  that  he  would 
return  to  Carthage  if  their  proposals  were  de- 
clined. This  embassy  of  Regulus  is  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  stories  in  Roman  history. 
It  is  related  that  he  dissuaded  the  senate  from 
assenting  to  a  peace,  or  even  to  an  exchange 
of  prisoners,  and  that,  resisting  all  the  per- 
suasions of  his  friends  to  remain  in  Rome,  he 
returned  to  Carthage, where  a  martyr's  death 
awaited  him.  On  his  arrival  at  Carthage  he 
is  said  to  have  been  put  to  death  witti  the 
m  ist  excruciating  tortures.  When  the  news 
of  the  barbarous  death  of  Regulus  reached 
Rome,  the  senate  is  said  to  have  given  Hamil- 
car and  Bostar,  2  of  the  noblest  Carthaginian 
prisoners,  to  the  family  of  Regulus,  who  re- 
venged  themselves  by  putting  them  to  death 
with  cruel  torments.  But  many  writers  have 
supposed  that  this  tale  was  invented  in  order 
to  excuse  the  cruelties  perpetrated  by  the 
family  of  Rcrulus  on  the  Carthaginian  pris- 
oners" committed  to  their  custody.  Romulus 
was  one  of  the  favorite  characters  of  early 
Roman  story.  Not  only  was  he  celebrated 
on  account  of  his  heroism  in  giving  the  senate 
advice  which  secured  him  a  martyr's  death, 
hut  also  on  account  of  his  frugality  and  sim- 
plicity of  life.— (2)  C,  surnamed  Seekanus, 


consul  in  257,  when  he  defeated  the  Carthagin- 
ian fleet  off  the  Lipareau  islands,  and  obtain- 
ed possession  of  the  islands  of  Lipara  and 
Melite.  He  was  consul  a  second  time  in  250, 
with  L.  Manlius  Vulso.  This  Regulus  is  the 
first  Atilius  who  bears  the  surname  of  Ser- 
ranus. 

REMI  or  RHEMI  (-f>rum),  one  of  the  most 
powerful  people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  iuhabited 
the  country  through  which  theAxona  flow  ed,i 
aud  were  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Nervii, 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  Veromandui,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Suessiones  and  Bellovaci,  aud  on  the  W.< 
by  the  Nervii.  They  formed  an  alliance  with 
Caesar,  when  the  rest  of  the  Belgae  made 
war  against  him,  ii.c.  57.  Their  chief  town 
was  Dnrocortorum,  afterwards  called  Remi 
(Rheimx). 

REMUS.    [Romui.cs.] 

RESAINA,  RESAENA,  RESINA  (-ae -. 
Ras-el-Ain),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Chaboras,  on  the  road  from 
Carrae  to  Nisibis.  After  its  restoration  aud 
fortification  by  Theodosius,  it  was  called 
Tu  Eonosioro  LIS. 

REUDIGNI  (-drum),  a  people  in  the  N. 
of  Germany,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Albis, 
N.  of  the  Langobardi. 

REX  (R^gis),  MARCIUS.  (1)  Q.,  praetor 
B.O.  144,  built  the  aqueduct  called  Aqua  Mnr- 
cia.  —  (2)  Q.,  consul  in  IIS,  founded  in  this 
year  the  colony  of  Norbo  Martins  in  Gaul. — 
(3)  Q.,  consul  in  03,  and  proconsul  in  Cilicia  in 
the  following  year.  Being  refused  a  triumph 
on  his  return  to  Rome,  he  remained  outside 
the  city  til!  the  Catilinariau  conspiracy  broke 
out  iu  63,  when  the  senate  sent  him  to  Faesu- 
lae  to  watch  the  movements  of  C.  Mallius  or 
Manlius,  Catiline's  general. 

RHA  (Volga),  a  great  river  of  Asia,  first 
mentioned  by  Ptolemy,  who  describes  it  as 
rising  in  the"  N.  of  Sarmatia,  in  2  branches, 
Rha  Occidentalis  and  Rha  Orientalis  (the 
Volga  and  the  Kama),  after  the  junction  of 
which  it  flowed  S.W.,  forming  the  boundary 
between  Sarmatia  Asiatica  and  Scythia,  till 
near  the  TanaTs  (Don),  where  it  suddenly 
turns  to  the  S.E.,  and  falls  into  the  N.W.  part 
of  the  Caspian. 

RIlADAMANTIIUS  (-i).  son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Europa,  and  brother  of  king  Minos 
of  Crete.  From  fear  of  his  brother  he  fled  to 
Ocalea  in  Boeotia,  and  there  married  Alcmene. 
In  consequence  of  his  justice  throughout  life, 
he  became  after  his  death  one  of  the  judges 
in  the  lower  world. 

RHAETIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province  S.  of 
the  Danube,  was  originally  distinct  from  Vin- 
delicia, and  was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Helvetii.  on  the  E.  by  Noricum.  on  the  N.  bv 
Vindelicia,  aud  on  the  S.  by  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
thus  corresponding  to  the  Grisons iu  Switzer- 
land, and  to  the  greater  part  of  the  Tyrol. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  first  century,  however, 
Vindelicia  was  added  to  the  province  of  Rhae- 
tia.  whence  Tacitus  speaks  of  Augusta  Vin- 
delicorum  as  situated  in  Rhaetia.  At  a  later 
time  Rhaetia  was  subdivided  into  2  provinces, 
Rhaetia  Prima  and  Rhaetia  Secunda,ihe  lor- 
mer  of  which  answered  to  the  old  province  of 


RHAGAE. 


333 


RHEDONES. 


Rhaetia,  and  the  latter  to  that  of  Viudelicia. 
Rhaetia  was  a  very  mountainous  country, 
since  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps  ran  thri  ugh 
the  greater  part  of  the  province.  These 
mountains  were  called  Alpes  Rhaeticae,  and 
extended  from  the  St.  Gothard  to  the  Orteler 
by  the  pass  of  the  stelvio;  and  in  them  rose 
the  Oenus  (Inn)  aud  most  of  the  chief  rivers 
in  the  N.  of  Italy,  such  as  the  Athesis  (Adige) 
and  the  Addua"(,ltW«).  The  original  inhab- 
itants of  the  country,  the  Ruakti,  are  said  by 
most  ancient  writers  to  have  been  Tuscans, 
who  were  driven  out  of  the  N.  of  Italy  by  the 
invasion  of  the  Celts,  and  who  took  refuge  iu 
this  mountainous  district  under  a  leader  called 
Rhaetns.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike 
people,  and  caused  the  Romans  much  trouble 
by  their  marauding  incursions  into  Gaul  and 
the  N.  of  Italy.  They  were  not  subdued  by 
the  Romans  fill  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and 
they  offered  a  brave  and  desperate  resistance 
against  both  Drusus  and  Tiberius,  who  finally 
conquered  them.  Rhaetia  was  then  formed 
into  a  Roman  province,  to  which  Vindelicia 
was  afterwards  added,  as  has  been  already 
stated.  The  only  town  in  Rhaetia  of  any  im- 
portance was  Teiijentinu.m  {Trent). 

RHAGAE  (-arum:  AVr/.Ru.  S.E.  of  Tehran), 
the  ■_  reatest  city  of  .Media,  lay  in  the  extreme 
\.  of  Great  Media,  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  mount- 
ains (Caspir.s  M.)  which  border  the  S.  shores 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
great  pass  through  those  mountains  called  the 
Caspian  Pylae.  It  was  therefore  the  key  of 
Media  towards  Parthia  and  Hyrcania.  Hav- 
ing been  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  it  was 
restored  by  Selencns  Nicator,  and  named 
EuBOPOS.  In  t tie  Parthian  wars  it  was  again 
destroyed,  but  it  was  rebuilt  by  Arsaces,  and 
called  Absaoi a.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was 
still  a  great  city  under  its  original  Dame, 
slightly  altered  (itoi);  and  it  was  finally  de- 
stroyed by  the  Tartars  in  the  l-'th  century. 

RHAMNtTS  (-uniis:  Obrio  Kastro),  ademns 
in  Attica,  belonging  to  the  tribe  Aeantis, 

which  derived  its  name  from  the  rlmm mis,  :i 

kind  of  prickly  shrub.    Rhamnus  was  situated 

on  a  small  rocky  peninsula  on  the  E.  t 

Attica, 60  stadiafrom  Marathon.   It  po 

a  celebrated  temple  of  Xemesi  ,  "h"  le  bena 

called  tjy  the  Latin  poets  KhamnvMa  dea  or 

virgo. 

BHAMP8INTTTJ8  (-i),  one  of  the  ancient. 
kiiiL's  of  Egypt,  succeeded  Proteus,  and  was 
succeed*  >-.   Rhampsinitns  belon  - 

to  th«-  'jut 1 1  dynasty, and  is  known  in  in  crip- 
Uont  by  tie-  name  oi  liamt    •>  Vi  ta    ■ 

RHfi  \     ae  .  an  ancient  Greek  godd< 
pears  to  have  been  agoddess  of  the  earth,  8ne 
rest  nted  at  ;>  daughter ol  i  Iranne  ami  Go, 
and  the  wife  oi  i  iron  l>y  whom  she 

became  the  mother  of  Hestin  (Vesta  .  Heme!,  r 
(i  ere  i,  Hern  Juno    B  oVPoseidon 

(Neptune),  and  Zens    Jupiti         i 
vonred  ill  hi  Rhea,  but  wheu  she 

was  on  the  point  of  giving  birth  to  Zens,  she 
went  to  I. vein-,  iii  Crete,  by  the  advice  of  her 
parents,  when  Zeus  was  born  she  gave  tot  !ro- 

nine  wrapped  up  like  an  Infant,  which 

;  he  -<ni  swallowed,  supposing  it  to  be  bis  child. 
Crete  was  undoubtedly  the  earliest  seat   Ol 
B 


the  worship  of  Rhea,  though  many  other 
parts  of  Greece  laid  claim  to  the  honor  of  be- 
ing the  birthplace  of  Zeus.  Rhea  was  after- 
wards identified  by  the  Greeks  in  Asia  Minor 
with  the  great  Asiatic  goddess  known  under 
the  name  of  "the  Great  Mother,"  or  "the 
Mother  of  the  Gods,"  aud  also  bearing  other 
names,  such  as  Cybele,  Agdistis,  Dind- ; 
etc.  Hence  her  worship  became  of  a  wild 
and  enthusiastic  character,  and  various  East- 
ern rites  were  added  to  it,  which  soon  spread 
through  the  whole  of  Greece.  From  the  or- 
giastic nature  of  these  rites  her  worship  be- 
came closely  connected  with  that  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus).  Under  the  name  of  Cybele  her 
worship  was  universal  in  Phrygia.  Under 
the  name  of  Agdistis  she  was  worshiped  with 
great  solemnity  at  lVssinus,  in  (ialatia,  which 
town  was  regarded  as  the  principal  seat  of 
her  worship.  Under  different  names  we 
might  trace  the  worship  of  Rhea  as  far  as 
the  Euphrates,  and  even  Bactriana.  She  was, 
in  fact,  the  great  goddess  of  the  Eastern 
world,  and  we  find  her  worshiped  there  un- 
der a  variety  of  forms  and  names.  As  re- 
gards the  Romans, they  had  from  the  earliest 
time-  worshiped  Jupiter  and  his  mother  Ops, 
the  wife  of  Saturn,  who  seems  to  have  been 
identical  with  Rhea.  In  all  Euro;  ean  coun- 
tries Rhea  was  conceived  to  be  accompanied 
bv  the  Curetes,  who  are  inseparably  connect- 
ed with  the  birth  and  bringing  up  of  Zeus  ju 
Crete;  and  iii  Phrygia,  by  the  Corybantes, 
Atvs,  and  A-distis.  The  Cory  ban  tea  were 
her  enthusiastic  priests,  who  with  drums, 
cymbals,  horns,  and  in  full  armor,  performed 
their  orgiastic  dances  iu  the  forests  ami  on 
He-  mountains  of  Phrygia.     in  Rome  the 

Galli  were  her  priests.     The  lion  was  - 

to  her.  In  works  of  art  she  is  usually  repre- 
,  uted  sealed  on  a  throne,  adorned  with  a 
mural  crown,  from  which  a  veil  bangs  down. 
Lions  appear  crouching  on  the  right  ami  left 

of  her  tin. me.  and  sometimes  she  is  seen  rid- 
ing in  a  chariot  drawn  by  lions. 


Rhu,  01  ■ 

Kill.  \    Ml. VI  \.      |  ROMI  m| 

RHBDONES.    [Reiki 


RHEGIUM. 


334 


RHODANUS. 


RHEGIUM  (-i:  Reggio),a  celebrated  Greek 

town  on  the  coast  of  Bruttiuin,  in  the  S.  of 
Italy,  was  situated  on  the  Fretilin  Siculum, 
or  the  strait  which  separates  Italy  and  Sicily. 
Rhegium  was  founded  about  the  beginning 
of  the  first  Messeniau  war,  n.c  743,  by  Aeo- 
lian Chalcidiaus  from  Euboea  and  by  Doric 
Messenians,  who  had  quitted  their  native 
country  on  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
between  Sparta  and  Messenia.  Even  before 
the  Persian  wars  Rhegium  was  sufficiently 
powerful  to  send  3000  of  its  citizens  to  the 
assistance  of  the  Tarentines,  and  in  the  time 
of  the  elder  Dionysius  it  possessed  a  fleet  of 
SO  ships  of  war.  This  monarch,  having  been 
offended  by  the  inhabitants,  took  the  city 
and  treated  it  with  the  greatest  severity. 
Rhegium  never  recovered  its  former  great- 
ness, though  it  still  continued  to  be  a  place 
of  considerable  importance.  The  Rhegians 
having  applied  to  Rome  for  assistance  when 
Pyrrhns  was  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  the  Romans 
placed  in  the  town  a  garrison  of  4000  soldiers, 
who  had  been  levied  among  the  Latin  colo- 
nies in  Campania.  These  troops  seized  the 
town  in  279,  killed  or  expelled  the  male  in- 
habitants, and  took  possession  of  their  wives 
and  children.  The  Romans  were  too  much 
engaged  at  the  time  with  their  war  against 
Pyrrhns  to  take  notice  of  this  outrage;  but 
when  Pyrrhns  was  driven  out  of  Italy  they 
took  signal  vengeance  upon  these  Campa- 
nians,  and  restored  the  surviving  Rhegians 
to  their  city.  Rhegium  was  the  place  from 
which  persons  usually  crossed  over  to  Sicily, 
but  the  spot  at  which  they  embarked  was 
called  Coi.cmna  Ruf.gi.na  (Torre  di  Carallo), 
and  was  100  stadia  N.  of  the  towu. 

RHENEA  (-ae),  anciently  called  Ortygia  and 
Celadmsa,  an  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea  and 
one  of  I  he  Cyclades,W.  of  Delos,  from  which 
it  was  divided  by  a  narrow  strait  only  4  sta- 
dia in  width. 

RHENUS  (-i).  (1)  (Rhein  in  German,  Rhine 
in  English),  one  of  the  great  rivers  in  Europe, 
forming  in  ancient  times  the  boundary  be- 
tween Gaul  and  Germany,  rises  in  Mount 
Adulas  (St.Gothard),  not  far  from  the  sources 
of  the  Rhone,  and  flows  first  in  a  W.-ly  direc- 
tion, passing  through  the  Lacus  Brigantinus 
(Lake  of  Constance)  till  it  reaches  Basilia 
(Basle),  where  it  takes  a  N.-ly  direction,  and 
eventually  flows  into  the  ocean  by  several 
mouths.  The  ancients  spoke  of  2  main  arms 
into  which  the  Rhine  was  divided  on  enter- 
ing the  territory  of  the  Batavi,  of  which  the 
one  on  the  E.  continued  to  bear  the  name  of 
Rhenus,  while  that  on  the  \V.,  into  which  the 
M  .-  i  (Maas  or  Mease)  flowed,  was  called  Va- 
halis  (Waal).  After  Drusus,  in  b.o.  12,  had 
connected  the  Flevo  Lacus  (Zuyder-Zee)  with 
the  Rhine  by  means  of  a  canal  (in  making 
which  he  probably  made  use  of  the  bed  of  the 
YsseV),  we  find  mention  of  .'!  months  of  the 
Rhine.  Of  these  the  names,  as  given  by 
Pliny,  arc — on  theW.,  Helium  (the  Vahalis  of 
Other  writers);  in  the  centre,  Rhenus  ;  and 
on  the  E.,  Flevum  ;  but  at  a  later  time  we 
again  find  mention  of  only  2  mouths.  The 
Rhine  is  described  by  the  ancients  as  a  broad, 
rapid,  and  deep  river.    It  receives  many  trib- 


utaries, of  which  the  most  important  are  the 
Mosella  {Moselle)  and  Mosa  (Maas  or  Merise) 
on  the  left,  and  the  Nicer  (Neckar),  Moentia 
(Main),  and  Luppia  (Lippe)  on  the  right.  Its 
whole  course  amounts  to  about  960  miles. 
The  inundations  of  the  Rhine  near  its  mouth 
are  mentioned  by  the  ancients.  Caesar  was 
the  first  Roman  general  who  crossed  the 
Rhine.  He  threw  a  bridge  of  boats  across 
the  river,  probably  in  the  neighborhood  of 

Cologne (2)  (Reno),  a  tributary  of  the  Padus 

(Pa)  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  near  Bouonia,  on  a 
small  island  of  which  Octavian,  Antony,  and 
Lepidus  formed  the  celebrated  triumvirate. 

RHESUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river-god  in  Bithynia, 
one  of  the  sons  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys. — (2) 
Son  of  king  Eionens  in  Thrace,  marched  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Trojans  in  their  war 
with  the  Greeks.  An  oracle  had  declared 
that  Troy  would  never  be  taken  if  the  snow- 
white  horses  of  Rhesus  should  once  drink 
the  water  of  the  Xautlms  and  feed  upon  the 
grass  of  the  Trojan  plain.  But  as  soon  as 
Rhesus  had  reached  the  Trojan  territory,  and 
had  pitched  his  tents  late  at  night,  Ulysses 
and  Diornedes  penetrated  into  lii^  camp,  slew 
Rhesus  himself,  and  carried  oft"  his  horses. 

RHIANUS  (-i)  of  Crete,  a  distinguished 
Alexandrian  poet  and  grammarian,  flourish- 
ed b.o.  222. 

RHINOCOLURA  orRHINOCORURA  (ICu- 
lat-el-Arish),  the  frontier  towu  of  E^ypt  and 
Palestine,  lay  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  brook  (El-Arislt)  which 
was  the  boundary  between  the  countries, 
and  which  is  called  in  Scripture  the  River  of 
Egypt. 

RHIPAEI  MONTES  (-ortim),  the  name  of 
a  lofty  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  earth,  respecting  which  there  are 
diverse  statements  in  the  ancient  writers. 
The  name  seems  to  have  been  given  by  the 
Greek  poets  quite  indefinitely  to  all  the 
mountains  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  Thus  the  Rhipaei  Montes  are 
sometimes  called  the  Hyperborei  Montes. 
[Hvpkkhobki.]  The  later  geographical  writ- 
ers place  the  Rhipaean  mountains  N.E.  of 
Mount  Alauiuis  on  the  frontiers  of  Asiatic  Sar- 
matia,  and  state  that  theTanais  rises  in  these 
mountains.  According  to  this  account  the 
Rhipaean  mountains  may  be  regarded  as  a 
western  branch  of  the  Ural  Mountains. 

RHIUM  (-i :  Castclln  di  Mnrea),  a  promon- 
tory in  Achaia,  opposite  to  the  promontory 
of  Antirrhium  (Castello  di  Rmne.Ua),  on  the 
borders  of  Aetolia  and  Locris,  with  which  it 
formed  the  narrow  entrance  to  the  Corinthian 
gulf,  which  strait  is  now  called  the  Little  Dar- 
danelles. 

RHODA  or  RIlODUS  (-ae  or  i:  Rozae), 
a  Greek  emporium  on  the  coast  of  the  Indi- 
getaein  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  founded  by 
the  Rhodians,  and  subsequently  occupied  by 
the  inhabitants  ofMassilia. 

RHODANUS  (-i;  Rhone),  one  of  the  chit  f 
rivers  of  Gaul,  rises  in  Mounl  Adulas,  on  the 
Pennine  Alps,  not  far  from  the  sources  of  the 
Rhine,  flows  first  in  a  W.-ly  direction,  and 
after  passing  through  the  Lacus  Lemantis 


RHODE. 


335 


KIIOETUS. 


turns  to  the  S.,  passes  by  the  towiiB  of  Lug- 
dunum,  Vienna,  Avenio,  and  Arelate,  receives 
several  tributaries,  and  finally  falls  by  se\  era! 
months  into  the  Sinus  Gallictis  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  Rhone  is  a  very  rapid  river, 
aud  its  upward  navigation  is  therefore  diffi- 
cult, though  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels 
as  high  as  Lugdunum  (Lyon),  aud  by  means 
of  the  Arar  still  farther  north. 

RHODE.     [Riiodob.] 

RHODIUS  (-i  :  prob.  the  brook  of  the  Dar- 
danelles), a  small  river  of  the  Troad,  mention- 
ed both  by  llomcr  and  Hesiod.  It  rose  on 
the  lower  slopes  of  Mouut  Ida,  aud  Rowed 
N.W.  into  the  Hellespont,  between  Abydus 
and  Uardauus,  after  receiving  the  Selleis  from 
the  W. 

RH0D5PK  (-Os),  one  of  the  highest  ranges 
of  mountains  in  Thrace,  extending  from 
Mount  Scomius,  E.  of  the  river  Nesius  and 
the  boundaries  of  Macedonia,  in  a  S.K.-ly  di- 
rection almost  down  to  the  coast.  It  is  high- 
est in  its  northern  part,  and  is  thickly  covered 
with  wood.  Rhodope,  like  the  rest  of  Thrace, 
was  sacred  to  Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

KHODOPIS  (-idis),  a  celebrated  Greek 
courtesan,  of  Thraciau  origin,  was  a  fellow- 
slave  with  the  poet  Aesop,  both  of  them  be- 
longing to  the  Samian  Iadmon.  She  after- 
wards I  »'ca me  the  property  of  Xauthne, anoth- 
er Samian,  who  carried  her  to  Nancratie  in 
Egypt,  in  the  reign  of  Ama.-is,  and  at  this 
great  sea-port  she  carried  on  1 1 1  <  -  trade  of  an 
hetaera  for  the  benefit  of  her  master.  While 
thus  employed,  <  iharaxus,  the  brother  of  the 
poetess  Sappho,  who  had  come  to  Nancratis 
as  a  merchant,  fell  In  love  with  her,  and  ran- 
somed her  from  slavery  tor  a  large  sum  of 
money.  She  was  in  consequence  al  tacked  by 
Sappho  in  a  poem.  She  continued  to  live  at 
Nancratis,  and  with  the  tenth  part  of  her  gains 
she  dedicated  at  Delphi  10  Iron  spits,  which 
were  seen  by  Herodotus,  she  is  called  Rho- 
dopit  by  Herodotus,  but  Sappho  In  hi 

spoke  of  her  under  the  name  of  Dorlcha.      It 

Is  therefore  probable  thai  Doricha  was  her  real 
name,  and  that  she  received  that  ofRhodopis, 
which  signifies  the  "  rosy-cheeked,"  on  ac- 
conht  <>f  her  beanty. 

Kilouos,  sometimes  called  RHODl 
daughter  ofPoseldon  (Neptune)  and  Helia.  or 
of  Hello  j  Sol)  and  Ampbitrite,  or  of  Poseidon 
and  Aphrodite  (V<  i 

Prom  her  the  Island  of  Rh  to  have 

derive.]  its  name  ;  and  In  this  Island  she  bore 
to  Helios  7  si 

RHODES  (-1:  RhodoH,  Rhode  .  the  most 
eastei  I  gnean,  or,  mor< 

ciflcallj .of thi   l   irpathiaii  in"  the  s. 

coast  of  I  in  i.  dne  8.  of  the  promontory  of 
Cynoi   ems    ' '    I  \ou\  oV  al  the  distance  of 

ah. mm  12  | ■   mill        i     length,  froi 

to  s. \\\,  i   about  i'.  n  breadth 

about   10  to  26.     In  enrlj  called 

Aethrnea  and  Ophlni  'a,  and   sevei  .1  other 
nami   .  Thereare  \  at  Ion 
about  its  origin  and  peoplli         I      I  lelleulc 
eolonizal  Ion  i    asct  Ibed  to  'I  lepolomn 

son    .,1    I  [l   r.   hies,    before    the   TfOJ  ill    « 

after  thai  war  to  Mtbaemene*.  Homer  men- 
tions the  8  Dorian  sett.. 


namely,  Lindus,  Ialystis,  and  Camirus;  and 
these  cities,  with  Cos,  Cnidus,  and  Halicarnas- 
sus,  formed  the  Dorian  Hexapolis,  which  was 
established,  from  a  period  of  unknown  antiq- 
uity, in  the  S.W.  corner  of  Asia  Minor. 
Rhodes  soon  became  a  great  maritime  state, 
or  rather  confederacy,  the  island  being  par- 
celed out  between  the  3  cities  above  men- 
tioned. The  RhodianS  made  distant  voyages, 
and  founded  numerous  colonies.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  Rhodes 
was  one  of  those  Dorian  maritime  states 
winch  were  subject  to  Athens  ;  but  in  the  -J0th 
year  of  the  war,  u.o.  412,  it  joined  the  Spartan 
alliance,  and  the  oligarchical  party, which  had 
been  depressed,  and  their  leaders,  the  Erati- 
dae,  expelled,  recovered  their  forme1,  power, 
under  Dorieus.  Iu40S  the  new  capital,  called 
Riioiu  s,  was  built,  and  peopled  from  the  3 
ancient  cities  of  Ialystis,  l.indus.  and  Cami- 
rus. At  the  Macedonian  conquest  the  Rho- 
dians  submitted  to  Alexander,  but  upon  his 
death  expelled  the  Macedonian  garrison.  In 
the  ensuing  wars  they  formed  an  alliance  with 
Ptolemy,  the  son  or  Lagus,  and  their  city, 
Rhodes,  successfully  endured  a  most  famous 
siege  by  the  forces  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetee. 
who  at  length,  in  admiration  of  the  valor  of 
the  besieged,  presented  them  with  the  engines 
lie  had  used  against  the  city,  from  the  sale  of 
which  they  defrayed  the  cost  of  the  celebrated 
Colossus.  At  length  they  came  Into  connec- 
tion with  the  Romans,  whose  alliance  they 
joined,  with  Attain-,  king  of  IVrgamus,  hi 
the  war  against  Philip  111.  of Macedon.  in 
the  ensuing  war  with  Antiochns  the  Rho- 
dians  gave  the  Romam  gn  il  aid  with  their 

Heel  ;   and,  in  the  sub-  e.pieiit  partition  "I'the 

Syrian  possessions  of  Asia  Mi ',  they  were 

rewarded  by  the  supremacy  of  8. Carlo,  where 
they  had  had  settlement*  from  an  early  period. 

A  temporary  Interruption  of  their  allli ■ 

with  Rome  was  cansea  by  their  espousing  the 
cause  of  Perseus,  for  which  they  were 
ly  punished,  168;  but  they  recovered  the  fa- 
vor of  Rome  by  the  Important  naval  aid  thev 
rendered  In  the  Mlthrldatic  war.    [n  the  civil 

wars  they  took  part  with  (  ae-ar,  ami 

lii  consequent  e  fci  m  I  'tu  iuf .   12,  bnl  were 

afterwards  ( ipensated  for  their  Iossck  by 

the  favor  of  Antonlns.    They  were  nl  length 
deprived  of  their  Independence  by  I  lauding ; 
and  their  prosperity  received  It*  ftnnl  blow 
from  an  earthquake,  w  hich  laid  the 
Rhode    In  i  ulna,  In  the  reign  of  Antoninus 

1'itlS,  A. I..    160 

RHOEl  !US    I).  1 1 1  A  l  entaur,  who.  In  con- 

■■.  th  Hylni  '-ta  in 

...  bnl  was  killed  by  her  u  Ith  nn  nn  ow. 

i.  nd  re« 

Inte  that  he  « n    w  onnried  nl  the  niiptlnli  of 

Plrithous.— (2)  Son  ,,f  Phllene  oi  I 

Sam os,  an  architect  and  -  tatitary.  Hoi  i 

allOllt     ll.e.    040,  He     ill'   'I.'.    'I     Hi 

ne    I  n  b  ron  zi    int 
RHOETfil  MM:  C.  Tntepeh  oi  Bat '  I 

promonl 
ing  Into  several  promouti  ■<■  on 

lespont,  near  Aeantiom.  with  a  town 

of  the  same  name  (prob.  /  '"<■  0  '  '•'  '""• 

i;ikii:i  D8.     'ii  A  Centaur.     [Ban 


KI10X0LANI. 


336 


KOMA. 


—(2)  One  of  the  giants  who  was  slain  by 
Dionysus  ;  he  is  usually  called  Eurytus. 

RHOXOLANI  or  ROXOLANI  (-orum),  a 
warlike  people  in  European  Sarmatia,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Falus  Maeotis,  and  between  the 
Borysthenes  and  the  Tanais,  usually  supposed 
to  be  the  ancestors  of  the  modern  Russians. 

RHYNDACUS  (-i:  Edrenos),  or  Lyocs,  a 
considerable  river  of  Asia  Minor.  Rising  in 
Mount  Dindymeue,  opposite  to  the  sources 
of  the  Hermus,  it  flows  N.  through  Phrygia, 
then  turns  N.W.,  then  W.,  and  then  N.  througu 
the  lake  Apolloniatis,  into  the  Propontis. 
From  the  point  where  it  left  Phrygia,  it  form- 
ed the  boundary  of  Mysia  and  Bithynia. 

RHYPES,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia, 
situated  between  Aeginm  and  Patrae.  It  was 
destroyed  by  Augustus,  and  its  inhabitants 
removed  to  Patrae. 

RHYTIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Crete,  mentioned 
by  Homer. 

RICIMER  (-eris),  the  Roman  "King-Mak- 
er," was  the  son  of  a  Suevian  chief,  and  was 
biottght  up  at  the  court  of  Valentinian  III. 
In  a.d.  472  he  took  Rome  by  storm,  and  died 
40  days  afterwards. 

ROBIGUS  or  ROBIGO  (-i  or  inis),  is  de- 
scribed by  some  Latin  writers  as  a  divinity 
worshiped  for  the  purpose  of  averting  blight 
or  too  great  heat  from  the  young  corn-fields. 
The  festival  of  the  Robigalia  was  celebrated 
on  the  25th  of  April,  and  was  said  to  have 
been  instituted  by  Numa. 

ROBUS  (-i),  a  fortress  in  the  territory  of 
the  Rauraci,  in  Gallia  Belgica. 

ROMA  (-ae:  Rome),  the  capital  of  Italy  and 
of  the  world,  was  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  river  Tiber,  on  the  N. W.  confines  of  Lati- 
lim,  about  16  miles  from  the  sea.  Rome  is 
said  to  have  been  a  colony  from  Alba  Louga, 
and  to  have  been  founded  by  Romulus  about 
u.o.  753.  [Romulus.]  All  traditions  agree 
that  the  original  city  comprised  only  the 
Moris  Palatinus  or  Palatium,  and  some  por- 
tion of  the  ground  immediately  below  it.  It 
was  surrounded  by  walls,  and  was  built  in  a 
square  form,  whence  it  was  called  Roma  Qua- 
drata.  On  the  neighboring  hills  there  also 
existed  from  the  earliest  times  settlements 
of  Sabines  and  Etruscans.  The  Sabine  town, 
probably  called  Quirium,  and  inhabited  by 
Quirites,  was  situated  on  the  hills  to  the  N. 
of  the  Palatine,  that  is,  the  Quirinalis  and 
Capitolinus,  or  Capitolium,  on  the  latter  of 
which  hills  was  the  Sabine  Arx  or  citadel. 
Affording  to  traditions,  the  Sabines  were 
united  with  the  Romans,  or  Latins,  in  the 
reign  of  Romulus,  and  thus  was  formed  one 
people,  under  the  name  of  "Populns  Roma- 
uns(et)Qnirites."  The  Etruscans  were  settled 
on  Mons  Caelius,  and  extended  over  Mons  Cis- 
pius  and  Mons  Oppius,  which  are  part  of  the 
Esquiline.  These  Etruscans  were  at  an  early 
period  incorporated  in  the  Roman  state,  but 
were  compelled  to  abandon  their  seats  on  the 
hill^.  atid  to  take  up  their  abode  in  the  plains 
between  theCaelinsaud  the  Esquiline,  whence 
the  Vicus  Tuscics  derived  its  name.  Under  the 
kiitL^  the  city  rapidly  grew  in  population  and 
in  size.    Ancus  Martins  added  the  J/»n«  Avcn- 


tinus  to  the  city.  The  same  king  also  built 
a  fortress  on  the  Janieidus,  a  hill  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Tiber,  as  a  protection  against  the 
Etruscans,  and  connected  it  with  the  city  by 
means  of  the  Pons  Sublicius.  Rome  was  Mill 
further  improved  and  enlarged  by  Tarquinius 
Priscus  and  Servius  Tullius.  The  completion 
of  the  city,  however,  was  ascribed  to  Servius 
Tullius.  This  king  added  the  Mons  Viniina- 
lis  and  Mon$  Esquilinus,  and  surrounded  the 
whole  city  with  a  line  of  fortifications,  which 
comprised  all  the  seveu  hills  of  Rome  (Pala- 
tums, Capitolinus,  Quirinalis,  Caelius,  Aven- 
tinus,  Viminalis,  Esquilinus).  Hence  Rome 
was  called  Urbs  SepticoUi*.  These  fortifica- 
tions were  about  7  miles  in  circumference.  In 
u.o.  390  Rome  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
Gauls,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  houses  on 
the  Palatine.  On  the  departure  of  the  bar- 
barians it  was  rebuilt  in  great  haste  and  con- 
fusion, without  any  attention  to  regularity, 
and  with  narrow  and  crooked  streets.  After 
the  conquest  of  the  Carthaginians  and  of  the 
monarchs  of  Macedonia  and  Syria,  the  city 
began  to  be  adorned  with  many  public  build- 
ings and  handsome  private  houses ;  and  it  was 
still  further  embellished  by  Augustus,  who 
used  to  boast  that  he  had  found  the  city  of 
brick  and  had  left  it  of  marble.  The  great  fire 
at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Nero  (a.d.  64)  destroy- 
ed two  thirds  of  the  city.  Nero  availed  him- 
self of  this  opportunity  to  indulge  his  passion 
for  building  ;  and  the  city  now  assumed  a  still 
more  regular  and  stately  appearance.  The 
emperor  Aurelian  surrounded  Rome  with  new 
walls,  which  embraced  the  city  of  Servius 
Tullius  and  all  the  suburbs  which  had  subse- 
quently grown  up  around  it,  such  as  the  .1/. 
Janiculvs  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  and 
the  Collis  Hortulorum,  or  M.  Pincianus,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  river,  to  the  N.  of  the  Quiri- 
nalis. The  walls  of  Aurelian  were  about  11 
miles  in  circumference.  They  were  restored 
by  Honorius,  and  were  also  partly  rebuilt  by 
Belisarius.  Rome  was  divided  by  Servius 
Tullius  into  4  Regiones  or  districts,  corre- 
sponding to  the  4  city  tribes.  Their  names 
were:  1,  Suburana,  comprehending  the  space 
from  the  Subura  to  the  Caelius,  both  inclu- 
sive ;  2,  Esquilina,  comprehending  the  Esqui- 
line hill ;  3.  Collina,  extending  over  the  Quiri- 
nal  and  Viminal ;  4,  Palatina,  comprehend- 
ing the  Palatine  hill.  The  Capitoliue,  as  the 
seat  of  the  gods,  and  the  Aventine,  were  not 
included  iu  these  Regiones.  These  Regionei 
were  again  subdivided  into  27  Sacella  Argae- 
orum,  which  were  probably  erected  where 
two  streets  {comfitta)  crossed  each  other.  The 
division  of  Servius  Tullius  into  4  Regiones 
remained  unchanged  till  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus, who  made  a  fresh  division  of  the  city  into 
14  Regiones,  viz.:  1,  Porta  Capena;  2,  Cacli- 
montium;  3,  Isis  <t  Serapis;  4.  Via  Sacra; 
5,  Esquilina  root  Colle  Viminali;  6,  Alta  .S'<- 
mita;  7.  Via  Lata:  S,  Forum  Romanum;  '.', 
Circus  Flaminius;  10,  Palatium;  11,  Circus 
Maximus;  12,  Piscina  Publica;  13,  Aventinus; 
and,  14,  Trans  Tiberim,  the  only  region 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  Each  of 
these  Regiones  was  subdivided  into  a  certain 
number  of  Viet,  analogous  to  the  Sacella  of 
Servius  Tullius.     The  houses  were  divided 


ROMA. 


337 


ROMA. 


k"f«>     Bird*  •;•  Vim  of  thi  Fonun  from  thi  OtpltoL 


fnti)  'i  different  classes,  called 
iii, a, us  and  tnsuUte.    The  former  were  thi 
dwelling  of  the  Roman  nobles,  correspond- 
ing to  iIk'  modern  palazzi;  the  lattei  were 
the  habitations  of  the  middle  and  lowei 
■  ■-.    B>ai  h  in -ul.'i contained  I rnenta 

or  Beta  of  apartments,  which  were  lei  to  dif- 
ferent families;  and  it  wa«  frequently  pur- 
ronnded  with  simp'-.   The  nnmbei  of  ini>nlne 

of  course  ;.Tc:itl.V  r\i  ccil.il  lint  of  HlP  (lnllli. 
It  is  hinted  that  then:  wen-  10,603  llUUlae  lit 


Rome,  bul  only  it;ih  doma  ,    We  li  n  n  from 
Ihi   Monnmentnm  \  in  ■  i  anum  i  hal  thi 
in  the  i lm< 

This  ili'l  nol  Inclnde  the  wo n,  noi  the  »en- 

utor    not   knigh  lal  the  free  p 

To  this  nnmber  we  ran  il  odd  1 1  ■ 

I     I 

luentlj  Hi" 
population  ol  Rome  In  thi  I  mi  ol  v 
must  Iihy.-  been  al  leas)  1,800,1 ,  and  In  nil 


ROMULEA. 


338 


RUBRA  SAXA. 


probability  greatly  exceeded  that  number. 

Moreover,  ae  we  know  that  the  city  continued 
to  increase  iu  size  and  population  down  to 
the  time  of  Vespasian  and  Trajan,  we  shall 
not  be  far  wrong  iu  supposing  that  the  city 
contained  nearly  2  millions  of  inhabitants  iu 
the  reigns  of  those  emperors.  The  Aqueducts 
(Aquaeductus)  supplied  Rome  with  an  abun- 
dance of  pure  water  from  the  hills  which  sur- 
round the  Campagna.  The  Romans  at  first 
had  recourse  to  the  Tiber  and  to  wells  sunk 
in  the  city.  It  was  not  till  n.c.  313  that  the 
first  aqueduct  was  constructed,  but  their  num- 
ber was  gradually  increased,  till  they  amount- 
ed to  l-t  in  the  time  of  Procopius,  that  is,  the 
6th  century  of  the  Christian  era. 

ROMULEA  (-ae),  au  ancient  town  of  the 
Hirpini  in  Samnium,  ou  the  road  from  Beue- 
ventum  to  Tarentum. 

ROmITLUS  (-i)i  the  founder  of  the  city  of 
Rome,  must  not  be  regarded  as  a  real  per- 
sonage. The  stories  about  him  are  mythical. 
According  to  the  common  legend,  Romulus 
and  Remus  were  the  sous  of  Rhea  Silvia  by 
Wars.  Silvia  was  the  daughter  of  Numitor 
(a  descendant  of  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas), 
who  had  been  excluded  from  the  throne  of 
Alba  Longa  by  his  brother,  Amulius:  and  as 
Silvia  was  a  vestal  virgin,  she  and  her  twiu 
offspring  were  condemned  to  be  drowned  iu 
the  Tiber.  The  cradle  in  which  the  children 
were  exposed  haviug  stranded,  they  were 
stickled  by  a  she-wolf,  which  carried  them  to 
her  den, where  they  were  discovered  by  Faus- 
tulus,  the  king's  shepherd,  who  took  the  chil- 
dren to  his  own  house,  and  gave  them  into 
the  care  of  his  wife,  Acca  Larentia.  When 
they  were  grown  up,  Romulus  and  Remus  left 
Alba  to  found  a  city  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber. 
A  strife  arose  between  thebrothersasto  where 
the  city  should  be  built,  and  after  whose  name 
it  should  be  called,  in  which  Remus  was  slain 
by  his  brother.  As  soon  as  the  city  was  built, 
Romulus  found  his  people  too  few  in  numbers. 
He  therefore  set  apart,  on  the  Capitoline  hill, 
an  asylum,  or  sanctuary,  in  which  homicides 
and  runaway  slaves  mi^ht  take  refuge.  The 
city  thus  became  tilled  with  men,  but  they 
wanted  women.  Romulus  therefore  pro- 
claimed that  games  were  to  be  celebrated  in 
honor  of  the  god  Cousns,  and  invited  his 
neighbors,  the  Latins  and  Sabines,  to  the  fes- 
tival, during  which  the  Roman  youths  rushed 
upon  their  guests,  and  carried  off  the  virgins. 
This  produced  a  war  bet  ween  the  two  nations; 
but  during  a  long  and  desperate  battle  the 
Sabine  women  rushed  in  between  the  armies, 
and  prayed  their  husbands  and  fathers  to  be 
reconciled.  Their  prayer  was  heard  ;  the  two 
people  not  only  made  peace,  but  agreed  to 
form  only  one' nation.  But  this  union  did 
not  last  long.  Titus  Tatius,  the  Sabine  king, 
who  reigned  conjointly  with  Romulus,  was 
slain  at  a  festival  at  Lavininm  by  some  Lan- 
reutines,  to  whom  he  had  refused"  satisfaction 
for  outrages  which  had  been  committed  by 
his  kinsmen.  Henceforward  Romulus  ruled 
alone  over  both  Romans  and  Sabines.  After 
reiirning  37  years,  he  was  at  length  taken  away 
from  the  world  by  his  father,  Mars,  who 
carried  him  up  to  heaven  in  a  fiery  chariot. 


Shortly  afterwards  he  appeared  iu  more  than 
mortal  beauty  to  Julius  Proculus,  and  bade 
him  tell  the  Romans  to  worship  him  as  their 
guardian  god,  under  the  name  of  Quiriuus. 
Such  was  the  glorified  end  of  Romulus  in  the 
genuine  legend ;  but,  according  to  another 
tale,  the  senators,  discontented  with  the  ty- 
rannical rule  of  their  king,  murdered  him  dur- 
ing the  gloom  of  a  tempest,  cut  up  his  body, 
and  carried  home-  the  mangled  pieces  under 
their  robes. 
ROMULUS    AUGUSTULUS.      [ArorsTu- 

LCS.] 

ROMULUS  SILVIUS.     [Silvics.] 

ROSCIANUM  (-i:  Rossano),  a  fortress  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium  between  Thurii  and 
Paternum. 

ROSCIUS.  (1)  L.,  a  Roman  embassador 
sent  to  Fidenae  in  b.c.  438.  —  (2)  Sex.,  of 
Ameria,  a  town  in  Umbria,  accused  of  the 
murder  of  his  father,  and  defended  by  Cicero 
(ii.o.  SO)  in  au  oration  which  is  still  extant. — 
(3)  Q.,  the  most  celebrated  comic  actor  at 
Rome,  was  a  native  of  Solonium,  a  small  place 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Lanuvium.  His  his- 
trionic powers  procured  him  the  favor  of  many 
of  the  Roman  nobles,  and,  among  others,  of 
the  dictator  Sulla,  who  presented  him  with  a 
gold  ring,  the  symbol  of  equestrian  rank. 
Roscius  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Cicero,  who 
constantly  speaks  of  him  in  terms  both  of  ad- 
miration and  affection.  Roscius  was  consid- 
ered by  the  Romans  to  have  reached  such  per- 
fection in  his  profession  that  it  became  the 
fashion  to  call  every  one  who  became  partic- 
ularly distinguished  in  the  histrionic  art  by 
the  name  of  Roscius.  He  realized  an  immense 
fortune  by  his  profession,  and  died  in  62. 

ROTOMAGUS.     [Ratomagtjs.] 

ROXAXA,  daughter  of  Oxyartes  the  Bac- 
trian,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Alexander  on  his 
capture  of  the  hill -fort  in  Sogdiana  named 
"  the  Rock,"  n.c.  327.  Alexander  was  so  cap- 
tivated by  her  charms  that  he  married  her. 
So  .11  after  Alexander's  death  (233)  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son  (Alexander  Aegus),  who  was 
admitted  to  share  the  nominal  sovereignty 
with  Arrhidaeus,  under  the  regency  of  Perdic- 
cas.  Roxana  afterwards  crossed  over  to  Eu- 
rope with  her  son,  placed  herself  under  the 
protection  of  Olympias,  and  threw  herself 
into  Pydna  along  with  the  latter.  In  316 
Pydna  was  taken  by  Cassander;  Olympias 
was  put  to  death ;  and  Roxana  and  her  son 
were  placed  in  confinement  in  Amphipolis, 
where  they  were  murdered  by  Cassander's 
orders  iu  311. 

ROXOLiNL     [Rhoxoi.aitc.] 

RUBI  (-drum :  Ruvo),  a  town  in  Apulia,  on 
the  road  from  Canusium  to  Bruudusium. 

RUBICO  (-onis),  a  small  river  in  Italy,  fell- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  a  little  X.  of  Ariminum. 
formed  the  boundary  in  the  republican  period 
between  the  province  of  Gallia  Cisalpina  and 
Italia  proper.  It  is  celebrated  in  history  on 
account  of  Caesar's  passage  across  it  at  the 
head  of  his  army,  by  which  act  he  declared 
war  against  the  republic. 

RLTBRA  SAXA,  called  Rubrae  breves  («; 


RTJBRESUS  LACUS. 


339 


SABATE. 


petrac)  by  Martial,  a  small  place  in  Etruria, 
only  a  few  miles  from  Rome,  near  the  river 
Cremera,  and  on  the  Via  Flaminia. 
RUBRESUS  LiCUS.     [Nasbo.] 
RUBRUM  MAKE.     [Ekytiieaecm  Make.] 
RUDIAE   (arum:   Rotigliano  or  Huge),  a 
town  of  the  Peucetii  in  Apulia,  on  the  road 
from  Brtrudusiam  to  Venusia,  was  originally 
a  Greek  colony,  and  afterwards  a  Roman 
municipium.     Rndiae  is  celebrated  as  the 
birthplace  of  Ennius. 

RUGII  (-dram),  an  important  people  in 
Germany,  originally  dwelt  on  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic  between  the  Viadus  (Oder)  and  the 
Vistula.  After  disappearing  a  long  time  from 
history,  they  are  found  at  a  later  time  in  At- 
tila's  "army";  and  after  Attila's  death  they 
founded  a  new  kingdom  on  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Danube,  in  Austria  and  Hungary,  t  lie  name 
of  which  is  still  preserved  in  Hie  modern  jRw- 
giland.  They  have  left  traces  of  their  name 
in  the  country  which  they  originally  inhabit- 
ed, in  the  modern   Uirn-n,  Uiiyenwalde,  liega, 

linn'illl-iililr. 

RULLUS,  P.  SERVILIUS  (-i),  tribune  of 
the  plebs  u  o  63,  proposed  an  agrarian  law, 
which  Cicero  attacked  in  y  orations,  which 
have  come  down  to  us. 

RUPILIU8  (-i),  P.,  consul  b.0.  132,  prose- 
cuted with  the  utmost  vehen.ence  all  the  ad- 
herents of  Tib.  Gracchus,  who  had  been  slain 
in  the  preceding  year.  As  proconsul  in  Sicily 
in  the  following  year  he  made  various  regu- 
lations for  the  frovernmenl  of  the  province, 
which  were  known  by  the  name  of  Leges  Ru- 
piliae.  Rnpiliuswas  condemned  in  the  tribu- 
nate »f  C.  Gracchus,  123,  on  account  of  hie 
illegal  and  rniei  acts  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
friends  of  Tib.  Gracchus. 

RTJS<  [NO  (-finis),  a  town  of  the  Bordonee 
or  Sordi,  in  the  s.E.  part  of  Gallia  Narbonen- 
nio,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 


RUSELLAE  (-arum:  nr.  Gresseto,  Ru.),  one 
of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Etruria,  situated 

On  an  eminence  E.  of  the  lake  PreliUS  and  on 
the  Via  Aurelia.  The  walls  of  Rusellae  still 
remain,  and  are  some  of  the  most  ancient  in 
Italy. 

RUSTICUS  (-i).L.  JUNIUS  ARULENUS, 
was  a  friend  and  pupil  of  Paetus  Thrasea,  and 
an  ardent  admirer  of  the  Stoic  philos 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Domitian, because  he 
had  written  a  panegyric  upon  Thrasea. 

RUTENI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  on  the  frontiers  of  Gallia  Narboncn 
sis,  in  the  modern  Rovergne. 

RUTlLll's  LUPUS.    [Lupus.] 

RUTILIUS  RUFUS  (-i),  P.,  a  Roman  Btates- 
man  and  orator.  He  was  military  tribune 
under  Scipio  in  the  Numantine  war,  praetor 
is.o.  Ill,  consul  in  105,  and  legatus  in  95  under 
Q.  Mucins  Scaevola,  proconsul  of  Asia.  While 
acting  in  this  capacity  he  displayed  so  much 
honesty  and  firmness  in  repressing  the  extor- 
tions of  the  publican!,  that  be  became  an  ob- 
ject of  fear  and  hatred  to  the  whole  body. 
Accordingly,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  he  was 
impeached  of  malversation  '•■  repetxt 
found  guilty,  and  compelled  to  withdraw  into 
banishment,  92. 

Rf'Tf'HA  (-ae:  Roya).  a  river  on  the  coasl 
of  Liguria,  which  flows  into  the  sea  near  Al- 
bum Intemelium. 

Rp'l  i 'I.I  (-orum),  an  ancient  people  in  Italy, 
inhabiting  ;c  narrow  slip  of  couutn  on  the 
coast  of  Latium,  a  little  to  the  S.  of  the  Tiber, 
Their  chief  town  was  Ardea,  which  w 
residence  of  Turnns.  They  w  ere  subd 
an  early  period  by  the  Romans,  and  disap- 
pear fi  "in  historj 

RUTUPAE  or  l.i  li  Pi  \l"  (Richborough), 
a  port  oftheCantii,  In  the  s.ic.  of  Britain, 
where  there  are  still  several  Roman  remains 


s. 


SABA  (-ae).    (l)  (O.  T.  Bheba),  the  capital 

Of  the  Sahai-.i,  in  Arabia  Felix,  lay  on  a  high 

woody  mountain,  and  was  pointed  oul  by  an 
Arabian  tradition  as  the  residence  of  the 
"Queen  of  Sheba."-  (2)  There  wae  another 
city  of  the  same  name  in  the  interior  of  Ara- 
bia Felix,  where  a  place  8abea  l<  Btill  found, 
nearly  In  the  centre  of  El'Yemen.— (3)  A  sea- 
port town  of  Aethlopia,  on  the  Red  Sea,  s.  of 
Ptolemals  Theron. 

SABlCON,  a  king  of  Ethiopia.  Who  invad- 
ed Egypt  in  the  reign  ol  the  blind  king  Any  si*, 
whom  be  dethroned  and  drove  Into  the  marsh- 
es. The  Ethiopian  conqueror  then  i 
over  Egypt  foi  60  years,  but  al  length  q 
the  country  in  consequence  of  a  drc  on.  where- 
upon Anysie  regained  bl«  kingdom,  This  is 
the  account  which  Herodotnc  received  from 
the  pi  ie  1 10) :  but  ii  appears  from 

m  .i  el  ho  that  I  here  were  :;  Ethiopian  kings 
who  reigned  over  Egypt,  named  Babaeon,  ae- 
bichns,  and  Taraeus,  whose  collei  tlvi 
amount  to  40  or  C>0  years,  and  who  form  the 


'Mh  dynasty  of  that  writer.    The  account  of 
eferred  to  that  of  n>  rod 

otllH. 

B  LB  \i:i  oi  8  IB  \i:  I m  or  Irrnit  ;  O.T. 

Shebalim),  oi fthe  chlefpeopli  t  ol 

dwelt  in  the  8.W.  comer  of  the  peninsula,  In 

the  -i  beautiful  pan  of  Irabla  Fe  i\.  the 

N,  and  centre  of  the  province  of  Kl-Yrmen. 
s.i  at  least  Ptolemy  placet  I  hem  ;  but  I 

of  a  race  w  Inch,  at  an  eoi  Ij   , 
was  widely  spi  end  on  both  •  Ide    of  tin 
part  of  the  Red  Sen,  where 

pia  all  inn  Jol I  at  the  narrow 

i '  Handi  b,  and  hence,  prol 
often  made  betwci  i 

. ,  or  between  the 
und  tin  1  hell  coiiutrj 

ed  ail  the  m 

SABATE,  b  town  ..r  Etrurln,  on  tbe  road 
.  and  on  Hie  N  W.<  orner 


SABATINI. 


',40 


SABINUS. 


of  a  lake,  which  was  named  after  it  Lacus 
Sabatinus  {Logo  di  Bracciano). 

SABATINI  (-ovum),  a  people  in  Campania, 
who  derived  their  name  from  the  river  Saba- 
tus  (Sabbato),  a  tributary  of  the  Calor,  which 
flows  into  the  Vulturnns. 

SABAZIUS  (-i),  a  Phrygian  divinity,  com- 
monly described  as  a  son  of  Rhea  or  Cybele. 
In  later  times  he  was  identified  with  the  mys- 
tic Dionysus  (Bacchus),  who  hence  is  some- 
times called  Dionysns  Sabazius.  For  the  same 
t  reason  Sabazius  is  called  a  son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) by  Persephone,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
reared  by  a  nymph,  Nysa  ;  though  others,  by 
philosophical"  speculations,  were  led  to  con- 
sider him  a  son  of  Cabirus,  Dionysus,  or 
Cronos.  He  was  torn  by  the  Titans  into  7 
pieces. 

SlBELLI.    [Sabini.] 

SABINA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Hadriau,  was  the  grand-niece  of  Trajan,  being 
the  daughter  of  Matidia,  who  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Marciana,  the  sister  of  Trajan.  Sabina 
was  married  to  Hadrian  about  a.i>.  100,  but 
the  marriage  did  not  prove  a  happy  oue.  Sa- 
bina at  length  put  an  end  to  her  life,  probably 
in  13S,  and  there  was  a  report  that  she  had 
even  been  poisoned  by  her  husband. 


SABINA,  POPPAEA  (-ae),  a  woman  of  sur- 
passing beantv',  but  licentious  morals. was  the 
daughter  of  T.  Ollius,  but  assumed  the  name 
of  her  maternal  grandfather,  Poppaeus  Sabi- 
nus,wbo  had  been  consul  a.d.  0.  She  was  first 
married  to  Kufius  Crispinus,  and  afterwards 
toOtho,who  was  one  of  the  boon  companions 
of  Nero.  The  latter  soon  became  enamored 
of  her;  and  in  order  to  get  Otho  out  of  the 
way,  Nero  sent  him  to  govern  the  province 
of  Lusitania  (58).  Poppaea  now  became  the 
acknowledged  mistress  of  Nero,  over  whom 
she  exercised  absolute  sway.  Anxious  to  be- 
come the  wife  of  the  emperor,  she  persuaded 
Nero  first  to  murder  his  mother  Agrippina 
(50),  who 'was  opposed  to  such  a  disgraceful 
union,  and  next  to  divorce  and  shortly  after- 
wards put  to  death  his  innocent  and  virtuous 
wife  Octavia  (r.-.'i.  She  then  became  the  wife 
of  Nero.  In  ('■.">,  Poppaea,  being  pregnant,  was 
killed  by  a  kick  from  her  brutal  husband. 


SABINI  (-ornm),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
and  powerful  of  the  peoples  of  Central  Italy. 
The  ancients  usually  derived  their  name  from 
Sabinus,  a  son  of  the  native  god  Sancus.  The 
different  tribes  of  the  Sabine  race  were  wide- 
ly spread  over  the  whole  of  Central  Italy,  and 
were  connected  with  the  Opicans,  Umbriaus, 
and  those  other  peoples  whose  languages  were 
akin  to  the  Greek.  The  earliest  traces  of  the 
Sabines  are  found  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Amiternum,  at  the  foot  of  the  main  chain  of 
the  Apennines,  whence  they  spread  as  far  S. 
as  the  confines  of  Lncania  and  Apulia.  The 
Sabines  may  be  divided  into  3  great  classes, 
called  by  the  names  of  Sabini,  Sabelli,  and 
Samnites  respectively.  The  Sabini  proper 
inhabited  the  country  between  the  Nar,  the 
Anio,  and  the  Tiber,  between  Latiam,Etruria, 
Umbria,  and  Picenum.  The  Sabelli  were  the 
smaller  tribes  who  issued  from  the  Sabines. 
To  these  belong  the  Vestiui,  Marsi,  Marrucini, 
Peligni,  Frentaui,  and  Hirpini.  The  Picentes, 
the  Picentini,  and  the  Lucaui  were  also  of 
Sabine  origin.  The  Samnites,  who  were  by 
far  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  Sabine  peo- 
ples are  treated  of  in  a  separate  article. 
[Samniu.m.]  There  were  certain  national 
characteristics  which  distinguished  the  whole 
Sabine  race.  They  were  a  people  of  simple 
and  virtuous  habits,  faithful  to  their  word, 
and  imbued  with  deep  religious  feeling. 
Hence  we  find  frequent  mention  of  omens 
and  prodigies  in  their  country.  They  were  a 
migratory  race,  and  adopted  a  peculiar  sys 
tern  of  emigration.  With  the  exception  of 
the  Sabines  in  Lucnnia  and  Campania,  they 
never  attained  any  high  degree  of  civilization 
or  mental  culture  ;  but  they  were  always  dis- 
tinguished by  their  love  of  freedom,  which 
they  maintained  with  the  greatest  bravery. 
The  Sabines  formed  oue  of  the  elements  of 
which  the  Roman  people  was  comuosed.  In 
the  time  of  Romulus,  a  portion  of  tne  Sabines, 
after  the  rape  of  their  wives  and  daughters, 
became  incorporated  with  the  Romans,  and 
the  2  peoples  were  united  into  one  under  the 
general  name  of  Quirites.  The  remainder  of 
the  Sabini  proper,  who  were  less  warlike  than 
the  Samnites  and  Sabellians,were  finally  sub- 
dued by  M.  Curius  Dentatus,  b.o.  290,  and  re- 
ceived the  Roman  franchise,  sine  suffragio. 

SABINUS  (-i).  (1)  A  contemporary  poet 
and  a  friend  of  Ovid,  who  informs  us  that 
Sabinus  had  written  answers  to  six  of  his 
Epistolae  Heraidum. — (2)  Flavits,  brother  of 
the  emperor  Vespasian,  governed  Moesia  for 
7  years  during  the  reign  of  Claudius,  and  held 
the  important  office  of  praefectus  urbis  dur- 
ing the  last  11  years  of  Nero's  reign.  He  was 
removed  from  this  office  by  Gallia,  but  was 
replaced  in  it  on  the  accession  of  Otho,  who 
was  anxious  to  conciliate  Vespasian.  He  con- 
tinued to  retain  the  dignity  under  Vitellius. 
During  the  struggle  for  the  empire  between 
Vespasian  and  Vitellius,  Sabinus  took  refuge 
in  the  Capitol,  where  he  was  attacked  by  the 
Vitellian  troops.  In  the  assault  the  Capitol 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  Sabinus  was  takeu 
prisoner,  and  put  to  death  by  the  soldiers  in 
the  presence  of  Vitellius,  who  endeavored  in 
vain  to  save  his  life.  Sabinus  was  a  man  of 
distinguished  reputation,  and  of  unspotted 


SAB  IS. 


341 


SALAMIS. 


character. — (3)  Massukius,  was  a  distinguish- 
ed jurist  in  the  time  of  Tiberius.  This  is  the 
Sabinus  from  whom  the  school  of  the  Sabini- 
ani  took  its  name.  [Capito.] — (4)  Poppaei  b, 
consul  A.n.  9,  was  appointed  in  the  life-time 
of  Augustus  governor  of  Moesia,  and  was  not 
only  confirmed  in  this  government  by  Tiberi- 
us, but  received  from  the  latter  the  provinces 
of  Achaia  and  Macedonia  in  addition.  He 
continued  to  hold  these  provinces  till  his 
death  in  35,  having  ruled  over  Moesia  for  24 
years.— (5)  Q,.  Titdeiub,  one  of  Caesar's  leg- 
ates in  Gaul,  who  perished  along  with  L.  Au- 
ninculeius  Cotta  in  the  attack  made  upon 
them  by  Ambiorix  in  b.o.  54. 

S  U'.IS  (-is:  Sombre).  (1)  A  broad  and  deep 
river  in  Gallia  Belgica  and  in  the  territory  of 
the  Ambiani,  falling  into  the  river Mosa. — (2) 
A  small  river  on  the  coast  of  Carmauia.— (3) 
[Sapis]. 

SABRATA.     [Aurotoncm.] 

SABRINA  (-ae),  also  called  SABRIANA 
(Severn),  a  river  in  the  W.  of  Britain,  which 
flowed  by  Venta  Silurum  into  the  ocean. 

SA.CAE  (-arum),  one  of  the  most  numerous 
and  most  powerful  of  the  Scythian  nomad 
tribes,  had  their  abodes  10.  and  N.K.  of  the 
Massagetae,  as  far  as  Serica,  in  the  steppes  of 
Central  Asia,  which  are  now  peopled  by  the 
Kirghiz  Khaiaks,  in  whose  name  that  of  their 
ancestors  is  traced  by  some  geographers. 
They  were  very  warlike,  and  excelled  espe- 
cially as  cavalry,  and  as  archers  both  on  horse 
and  foot.  The  name  of  the  Sacae  is  often 
Used  loosely  for  other  Scythian  tribes,  and 
sometimes  for  the  Scythians  in  general, 

SACER  MON8.  (1)  An  isolated  hill  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabines,  on  the  righl  bank  of 
the  Anio  and  W.  of  the  Via  Nomentana,  3 
miles  from  Rome,  to  which  the  plebeiaus  re- 
paired in  their  celebrated  secessions.— (2)  A 
mountain  in  Hispania  Tarraconeusis  near  the 
Minius. 

SACRA  VTA.  the  principal  street  in  Rome. 
ran  from  the  valley  between  the  Caelian  and 
Esqniline  hills,  through  the  arch  of  Titus,  and 
past  the  Forum  Romanum,  to  the  Capitol. 

SACRlPORTTJS  (-us),  a  Bmall  place  in  l.a- 
tiuin,  of  nncertain  site,  memorable  for  the 
victory  of  Sulla  m  •■'    the  j  out  gi  i    Mai 
ii.  c  82. 

s\(  RUM   PROMONTORIUM.     (] 
Vina  hi  ,  on  the  W 

■ 
al  o  !/■'■'  i 1,  Efla  Km  I  oi  J<  •' >  Ii 
7  point-),  the  extreme  point  of  the  mountain 
« 'r.iLrn- ,  in  l.'.'i.i.  between  Xanthna  and  Tel- 
missa  i.     'i,    ft  i< >•■  mo 

tory  in  Lycta,  near  the  confines  of  Pumpbyllu, 
andoppo  Ite  the  Chelidonlan  islands, whence 
it  is  also  called  Prom.  <  'm  i.ihomi  m. 

saiiv  vn  ES     i    .  a  King  of  Lydl 
cecded  hie  fal  her  Ardys,  and  n 
817.    He  can ied  on  war  with  the  Milesians 
for  G  years,  and  al  hi*  death  bequeathed  the 
war  to  his  soi'  and  successor,  Alyattes.   \\i.\- 
*  i  i . 

8AEPIN1  M  or  SEPINUM  (-is:  Sq 

pium  in  Samnium,  on  the  road  from 

Allifae  to  Beueventtim. 

88 


SAETXBIS  (-is).  (1)  (Alcori f),  a  river  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  W.  of 
the  Sucro.  —  (2)  Or  Sktabis  (Setabitanus . 
Jativa),  an  important  town  of  the  Contestant 
in  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  and  a  Roman 
munieipinm,  was  situated  on  a  hill  S.  of  the 
Sucro,  and  was  celebrated  for  its  manufacture 
of  linen. 

SAGALASSUS  (-i:  Allahsun,  Ru.),  a  large 
f;:rtitl:-d  c 1 1 v  ::!  1;  3  ::h  i  n.'ar  the  Phrv_:  in 
border,  a  day's  journey  S.E.  of  Apamea  Cibo- 
tus.  It  lay,  as  its  large  ruins  still  show,  in 
the  form  of  an  amphitheatre  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  mid  had  a  citadel  on  a  rock  30  feet  high. 

sa<;.\i;ts  (-is),  a  river  of  Sarmatia  Euro- 
paea,  falling  into  a  bay  in  the  N.W.  of  the 
Kuxine,  which  was  called  after  il   Sai.  w;i.  i\- 

Sini rs,  aud  which  also  received  the  river  Axi- 
aces. 

SAGARTII  (-.".rum),  according  to  Her.. do. 
tus,  a  nomad  people  of  Persia.  Afterwards 
they  are  found,  on  the  authority  of  Ptolemy, 
iu  Media  aud  the  passes  of  Mount  Zagros. 

SAGRA  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Magna  Grae- 
cia,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  filling  int. 
the  sea  between  Caulouia  and  Locri. 

8AGUNTTJM.  iu..re  rarely SAGTJNTU8  -i: 
Mwrviedro), said  i"  have  I"  en  rounded  by  ih< 
Zacynthians,  a  town  of  tin'  Edetani  or  Sede 
t.iiii,  in  Spain,  s.  of  the  Iberus,  on  th. 
Palantias,  about  :;  mile-  from  tin-  coast  Al- 
though S.  ..I'  the  Iberus,  ii  had  formed  all  alli- 
ance with  the  Unmans :  and  its  siego  by  n  lu- 
mbal, n.o.  219,  was  the  immediate  canse  of  thi 
2d  Punic  war.  The  ruins  of  a  theatre  and  ;i 
temple  of  Bacchus  are  extant  at  Mm 
which  is  a  corruption  of  Muri  n  t,  res, 

s.\Ts  (-is;  sn-i i-iii mi-,  Rn.).  a  great  cltj 

'.I    I.    \  ],!,   in   the   Delia',  on   the    fc.  side   llf  lh( 
IC  branch  Of  the  Nile.      Ii   «rat   the  an- 
cient capital  nf  Lower  Egypt,  and  contained 

1  In-  palace  and   bin  ia1-plaC6 

as  well  a-  the  i. mib  ofOslrls.    The  city  gave 
me  to  t  ic  Saltes  Nomos. 
saTTIS,  a  Burname  of  Athena,  under  which 

she  had  a  sanctuary  i  n  Mi. lint  Pi 

l.eina,  in   Argolls.      The  name  was  traced  by 

the  Qreeke  to  the  Egyptians,  ni 
Athena 
s  \i.a  (-ae:  Saale).    (1)  A  river  ofGermnny, 

between  which   and   the   Rhine   1 1   11 

h  was  a  tributary  ..i  the   lib)  , 

■  trlbutarj  of 

the  HoeUUSj  whi'  h   I'm  med  I  he  bound 

tweuu  the  Hermundnri  and  Chatli,  with 

■      'hi. ol  In. ml. 

s A  I.  \ i  i  \  (-ae),  the  female  divinity  -r  the 

mo  ii"  ihe  Soman  .  ami  the  wit.-  i 

tune.    The  name  i-  evidently  ' ected  with 

i dlngly  denotes  the  n  Ide, 

M  i 
oil'  ii,.-  w    .  ..  in. m  m  in.  h  ii  la 

..-.I  by  a  narrow  channel,    li  foi ma  ihe 
s.  boundary  "f  the  bit     if  Elctt  i 

i-i  length,  from  N.  i"  s.,  la  about  '■'• 
and  it 

called  Salami-  In.m  a  daiiediler  .  d    \  ■  I 

this    name.        It    wua   I  oloniwd   at   ■'  f 


SAL  API  A. 


345 


SALLUSTIUS. 


time  by  the  Aeacidae  of  Aegina.  Telamon, 
the  sun  of  Aeacus,  fled  thither  after  the  mur- 
der of  his  half-brother  Phocns,  and  became 
sovereign  of  the  islaud.  His  son  Ajax  ac- 
compauied  the  Greeks  with  12  Salaminian 
ships  to  the  Trojan  war.  Salamis  continued 
an  independent  state  till  about  the  beginning 
of  the  10th  Olympiad  (b.o.  G20),  when  a  dis- 
pute arose  for  its  possession  between  the  Me- 
gariane  and  the  Athenians.  After  a  long 
struggle  it  tirst  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Me- 
-.  bat  was  finally  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Athenians  through  a  stratagem  of  So- 
lon [Solon],  and  became  one  of  the  Attic 
demi.  It  continued  to  belong  to  Athens  till 
the  time  of  Cassander.  when  its  inhabitants 
voluntarily  surrendered  it  totheMacedouiaus, 
31S.  The 'Athenians  recovered  the  island  in 
232  through  Aratus,  and  punished  the  Sala- 
miniaus  f  >r  their  desertion  to  the  Macedo- 
nians with  great  severity.  The  old  city  of  Sal- 
amis  stood  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island,  oppo- 
site Aegina:  but  this  was  afterwards  deserted, 
and  a  new  city  of  the  same  name  built  on  the 
E.  coast  opposite  Attica,  on  a  small  bay  now 
called  Ambelakia.  At  the  extremity  of  the  S. 
promontory  forming  this  bay  was  the  small 
island  of  Pbyttai.ia  i.L;ipnokutali),  which  is 
about  a  mile  long,  and  from  200  to  300  yards 
wide.  Salamis  fs  chiefly  memorable  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  battle  fought  off  its  coast, 
in  which  the  Persian  fleet  of  Xerxes  was  de- 
feated by  the  Greeks,  i!.c.  4S0. — (2)  An  ancient 
city  of  Cyprus,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the 
E.  coast  a  little  N.  of  the  river  Pediaeus.  Un- 
der Coustantine  it  suffered  from  an  earth- 
quake, which  buried  a  large  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  beneath  its  ruins.  It  was,  how- 
ever, rebuilt  by  Constant) ne,  who  gave  it  the 
name  of  Coust.-intia,  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  the  islaud.  There  are  still  a  few  ruins  of 
this  town. 

SaLAPIA  (-ac:  Salpi),  an  ancient  town  of 
Apulia,  in  the  district  Daunia,  was  situated 
S.  of  Sipontum,  on  a  lake  named  after  it.  It 
is  not  mentioned  till  the  2d  Punic  war,  when 
it  revolted  to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae  ;  but  it  subsequently  surrendered  to 
the  Romans,  and  delivered  to  the  latter  the 
Carthaginian  garrison  stationed  in  the  town. 

SaLXPiN.V  PALUS  (Lago  di  Salpi),  a  lake 
of  Apulia,  between  the  months  of  the  Cerba- 
1ns  and  Aufldus. 

SALARIA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Bastetani,  in 
HispauiaTarracouensis,  and  a  Roman  colony. 

SXLARIA  Via,  a  Roman  road  which  ran 
from  t lie  Porta  Salaria  through  Fidenae, 
Reate,  and  Ascnlnm  Picenuin,  to  Castrnm 
Truentinum,  and  thence  along  the  coast  to 
Ancona. 

s.\  LA  SSI  (-firum),  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple in  Gallia  Transpadana,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Duria,  at  the  foot  of  the  Graiau  and  Pen- 
nine Alps,  whom  some  regarded  as  a  branch 
of  the  Salves  or  Sallnvii,  in  Gaul.  Their  chief 
town  was  Augusta  Praetoria  (Aosta). 

SALEXTINI  or  8ALLENTTNI  (-onim),  a 
people  in  the  S.  part  of  Calabria,  who  dwelt 
around  the  promontory  Iapyginm,  which  is 
hence  called  SALENTixrM  orSAt.F.NTiNA.  They 


were  subdued  by  the  Romans  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  their  war  with  Pyrrhus. 

SXLERNUM  (-i:  Salerrw),  an  ancient  town 
in  Campauia,  at  the  innermost  corner  of  the 
Sinus  Paestanus,  situated  on  a  hill  near  the 
coast.  It  was  made  a  Roman  colony  b.c.  194; 
but  it  attained  its  greatest  prosperity  in  the 
middle  ages,  after  it  had  been  fortified  by  the 
Lombards. 

SALGANEUS  or  SALGAXEA  (-i  or  ae),  a 
small  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  Euripus,  and 
on  the  road  from  Authedou  to  Chalcis. 

SALlNAE  (-arum),  salt-works,  the  name  of 
several  towns  which  possessed  salt -works  in 
their  vicinity. — (1)  A  town  in  Britain,  on  the 
E.  coast,  in  the  S.  part  of  Lincolnshire. — (2)  A 
town  of  the  Suetrii,  in  the  Maritime  Alps,  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis,  E.  of  Reii.  —  (3)  (Torre 
delle  Saline),  a  place  on  the  coast  of  Apulia, 
near  Salapia. — (4)  A  place  in  Picenum,  on  the 
river  Sannus  (Salino). — (5)  (Tarda),  a  place  in 
Dacia. — (-5)  Sai.inak  Heeccleae,  near  Heicu- 
laneum,  in  Campania. 

SXLINATOR  (-oris),  LIVIUS.  (1)  M.,  con- 
sul ii.c.  219,  with  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  carried 
on  war  along  with  his  colleague  against  the 
Illyriaus.  On  their  retnrn  to  Rome  both 
consuls  were  brought  to  trial  ou  the  charge 
of  having  unfairly  divided  the  booty  among 
the  soldiers.  Livius  was  condemned, but  the 
sentence  seems  to  have  been  an  unjust  one, 
and  Livius  took  his  disgrace  so  much  to 
heart  that  he  retired  to  his  estate.  In  210 
the  consnls  compelled  him  to  return  to  the 
city,  and  in  207  he  was  elected  consul  a  2d 
time  with  C.  Claudius  Jsero.  He  shared  with 
his  colleague  in  the  glory  of  defeating  Has- 
drubal  on  the  Metaurus.  '[Neko,  Ci.Atrmcs.] 
Next  year  (200)  Livius  was  stationed  i*i  Etrti- 
ria,  as  proconsul,  with  an  army,  and  his  im- 
perium  was  prolonged  for  2  successive  years. 
In  204  he  was  censor  with  his  former  colleague 
in  the  consulship,Claudius  Nero,  and  imposed 
a  tax  upon  salt,  in  consequence  of  which 
,  he  received  the  surname  of  Salinator,  which 
seems  to  have  been  given  him  in  derision,  but 
which  became,  notwithstanding,  hereditary 
:  in  his  family.— (2)  C,  curule  aedile,  203,  and 
praetor  in  202,  in  which  year  he  obtained  Brut- 
tii  as  his  province.— (3)  C,  praetor  in  191,  when 
he  had  the  command  of  the  fleet  in  the  war 
against  Antiochus.  He  was  consul  in  188,  and 
obtained  Gaul  as  his  province. 

SALLENTINI.     [Salenti.ni.] 

SALLUSTIUS  CRISPUS,  C,  or  SALUS- 
TILS  (-i).  (1)  The  Roman  historian,  belong- 
ed to  a  plebeian  family,  and  was  born  ao.  s.0, 
at  Amiternum,  in  the  "country  of  the  Sabines. 
He  was  quaestor  about  59,  and  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  52,  the  year  in  which  Clodius  was 
killed  by  Milo.  "in  his  tribunate  he  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  took  an  active  part  i' 
opposing  Milo.  In  50  Sallust  was  expelled 
from  the  senate  by  the  censors,  probably  be- 
cause he  belonged  to  Caesar's  party,  though 
some  give  as  the  ground  of  his  ejection  from 
the  senate  his  adultery  with  the  wife  of  Milo. 
In  the  civil  war  he  followed  Caesar's  fortune. 
In  4~  we  find  him  praetor  elect,  by  obtaining 
which  dignity  he  was  restored  to  his  rank. 


SALMANTICA. 


343 


SAMAKIA. 


He  nearly  lost  his  life  in  a  mutiny  of  some  of 
Caesar's  troops  in  Campania,  who  had  been 
led  thither  to  pass  over  into  Africa.  He  ac- 
companied Caesar  in  his  African  war  >4n  . 
and  was  left  by  Caesar  as  the  govern"!'  of 
Numidia,  in  which  capacity  he  is  charged 
with  having  oppressed  the  people,  and  en- 
riched himself  by  unjust  means.  The  charge 
is  somewhat  confirmed  by  the  fact  of  bis  be- 
coming immensely  rich,  as  was  shown  by  the 
expensive  gardens  which  he  formed  (horti 
Sallugtiani)  on  the  Quirinalis.  lie  retired 
into  privacy  after  he  returned  from  Africa, 
and  passed  quietly  through  the  troublesome 
period  after  Caesar's  death.  He  died  in  34, 
about  4  years  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 
The  story  of  his  marrying  Cicero's  wife,  Te- 
rentia,  ought  to  be  rejected.  It  was  probably 
not  till  after  his  return  from  Africa  that  Saf- 
lust  wrote  his  historical  works,  namely,  the 
Catilina,  or  Bellum  Cattiinarium,  a  history  of 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  during  the  consul- 
ship of  Cicero  in  G.'i ;  the  Juffurtna,  or  Bellum 
Jugurthinum,  the  history  of  the  war  of  the 
Romans  against  Jngurtha,  king  of  Numidia; 
and  the  Bixtoriarum  Libri  Quinque.  This 
I  a  si  work  i<  Lost,  with  the  exception  of  frag- 
ments which  have  been  collected  and  ar- 
ranged.  Besides  these,  there,  are  attributed 
to  Sal  lust  Duae  Epistolae  de  Republica  ordi- 
nanda,  and  a  Declamatw  in  Ciceronem.  S  »me 
of  the  Roman  writers  considered  thatSallust 
imitated  the  style  of  Thucydides.  His  lan- 
guage is  generally  concise  and  perspicuous; 
perhaps  bis  love  of  brevity  may  have  caused 
the  ambiguity  that  is  sometimes  found  in  his 
sentence-.     He  also  affected  archaic  words. 

He  has,  however,  probably  the  merit  of  being 

1  Roman  who  wrote  what  is  usnall] 
called  history. — (2)  The  grandson  oftbe 
of  the  historian,  was  adopted  by  the  latter, 
and  inherited  his  great  wealth.  On  the  fall 
.,i  Maecenas  be  bei  ame  the  principal 
of  Augustas,  lie  died  in  a.i>.  20,  al  an  ad- 
vanced age.  One  Hi'  ll'  <  •"  m. 
ii.  2)  i-  addree  sed  to  him. 

8ALMANTICA  |  -ae:    Salamanca 
HELMANTICA  or  HERMANDIGA  by  I. ivy, 
and  ELMANTICA  by  Polybius,  an  important 
town  of  the  Vettones  in  Lusitania,  8.  of  the 
Dnrius,  on  the  road  from  Bmei  ita  to  I 
augusta. 

SALMONA  or  SALMON]  \  ie),  a  town 
of  Ells,  in  the  district  Pisatis,  on  the  river 
Bnipeus,  said  t"  b  inded  by  Sal- 

SALMONEI  8  ofAeolnsand 

Euarete,  and  brother  of  Sisyphus.    H 
nally  lived  iii  Thessaly,  bul  em]  rated 

•      he    bull  I     the    !    IM  li    (if  S.lllliolie.       |li- 

aption  ami  ai  rogani  e  ••• 
Hi  ii  he  deemed  himself  equal  I 

flered  saci Iflce*  i"  be  oil I  to 

i :  nay,  In-  even  imitated  the  thunder 
And  lightning  of  Zens,  bul  the  father  of  the 
gods  kiiied  him  wiib  his  thunderbolt,  de- 
stroyed bis  town,  and  punished  him  in  the 
:  wo  Id.    ii;    daughter  Tyro  bears  tie' 

patronymic  Salmon 

8ALMYDE8SUS  (-i),  called  HALMYDE8- 
SCS  also  in  later  times  (JHidja  or  M> 


town  of  Thrace,  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxine,  S. 
of  the  promontory  Thynias.  The  name  was 
originally  applied  to  the  whole  coast  from 
this  promontory  to  the  entrance  of  the 
poms;  and  it  was  from  this  coast  that,  the 
Black  Sea  obtained  the  name  of  Pontus  Ax*- 
7iog,  or  inhospitable. 

SALO  (-onis:  Xalrrn),  a  tributary  of  the  Ha- 
rris, in  Celtiberia,  which  flowed  by  Bilbilis 
the  birthplace  of  Martial,  who  accordingly 
frequently  mentions  it  in  his  poems. 

SALONA  (-ae),  SALONAE  (-arum),  or  SA- 
LON (-onis:  Salotia),  an  important  town  of 
Illyria,  and  the  capital  of  Dalmatia,  was  sit- 
uated on  a  small  bay  of  the  sea.  The  em- 
peror Diocletian  u  as  born  at  the  Small  village 
ofDioclea,  near  Salona;  and  after  his  abdi- 
cation he  retired  to  the  neighborhood  of  this 
town,  and  here  spent  the  res!  of  his  days. 
The  remains  of  his  magnificent  palace  are 
still  to  be  seen  at  the  village  of  Spalatro,  the 
ancient  Spoi.atfm,  l-t  miles  S.  of  .Salona. 

8ALVIUS  OTHO.     [Otho.] 

SALUS  (-litis),  a  Roman  goddess,  the  per- 
sonification of  health,  prosperity,  and  the  pub- 
lic welfare.  In  the  first  of  these  three 
she  answers  closely  to  the  Greek  11 
and  was  accordingly  represented  in  works  of 
art  with  the  same' attributes  as  the  Greek 
goddess.  In  the  second  sense  she  represents 
prosperity  in  general.     In  the  third 

She    is    the    goddess    of    tin-    public    welfare 

{Sains  publico  or  Romana).  In  this  capacity 
a  temple  was  vowed  to  her  in  the  year  <..<■. 
80T  by  the  censor  C.  Junius Bubulcus, on  the 
Quirinal  hill, which  was  afterwards  decorated 
with  paintings  by  < I,  Fablus  Pictor.    she  was 

worshiped    publicly   on    the  :;n|h    of   A  |.i  il,   in 

conjunction  with  1'ax,  Concordia,  and  J 
Saliis  was  represented,  like  Fortnna,  with  a 

rudder,  a  globe  al  her  feci,  and  some;  | 

a  Bitting  posture,  pouring  from  ■>  patera  a 

libation   upon  an  altar,  round   w  he  h 
pent  is  winding. 

i  -Til  s.     [Saw 
SALYES  (-urn)  '"  SALLTJA  ll  (-orun 
mo-i  powerful  and  mosl  celebrated  ol 
Llgunan  tribes,  inhabited  the  8.  coasl  of  Gaul 

from  the  Rhone  to  the  Mai  in Alps,   The* 

were  troublesome  neighbors  to  Ma*sllla,witn 
which  '  Ity  they  frequenl  on  wai 

They  were   subdued    by    the    Kotnans    in    ice. 

Ie,  and 
the  colony  of  Aipi  ii  founded  in 

their  territory  by  lb  jus. 

SAMARA.    [Scai:  man  i.] 

g  [  M  \i;i  \  (•ae:  Heb.  Bhomrou,  Chaldee, 
shimr  iln ;  Samarfti    ,  pi  ift,  Bi  - 

',./«.  Kil   I,  on,'  ..i  Lit 

oi  Palestlne.wai  bulll  bj  0  I  I 

(aboUl    11.1  .922),  ",i    a    hill    in    the    lllldl 

nrrounded  by  mountain 

I  VV.    Of    tie-    Jortl  oi.       ll 

mine'  wns  derived  from  Shemer,  ti wncr 

lull  whi'h  tie 

Ii  was  the  capital  ••!  Ihe  kingdom  ■•'  I 

and  He  I  the  Idolal 

to  whe  Ii  tin-  ten  n  it"      ■  ■  "utll 

byShalinnneser,  k 

..  tbe  inhabit- 


SAMAROBRIVA. 


344 


SAMOS. 


ants  of  the  city  and  of  the  surrounding  conn- 
try,  which  is  also  known  in  history  as  Sama- 
ria [see  below],  and  replaced  them  by  hea- 
then peoples  from  the  E.  provinces  of  his  em- 
pire. When  the  Jews  returned  from  the 
Babylonish  captivity,  those  of  the  Samaritans 
who  worshiped  Jehovah  offered  to  assist 
them  in  rebuilding  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem  ; 
but  their  aid  was  refused,  and  hence  arose 
the  lastiug  hatred  between  the  Jews  and  the 
Samaritans.  Under  the  Syrian  kings  and 
the  Maccabaean  princes,  we  find  the  name  of 
Samaria  used  distinctly  as  that  of  a  province, 
which  consisted  of  the  district  between  Gali- 
lee on  the  N.  and  Judaea  on  the  S.  Pompey 
assigned  the  district  to  the  province  of  Syria, 
and  Gabinius  fortified  the  city  anew.  Au- 
gustus gave  the  district  to  Herod,  who  great- 
ly renovated  the  city  of  Samaria,  which  he 
called  Sebaste  in  honor  of  his  patron.  By 
the  4th  century  of  our  era  it  had  become  a 
place  of  no  importance.  Its  beautiful  site  is 
now  occupied  by  a  poor  village,  which  bears 
the  Greek  name  of  the  city,  slightly  altered, 
viz.,  Sebustieh.  As  a  district  of  Palestine, 
Samaria  extended  from  Ginaea  (Jeniri)  on  the 
N.  to  Bethhoron,  N.W.  of  Gibeon,  on  the  S. ; 
or,  along  the  coast,  from  a  little  S.  of  Caesarea 
on  the  N.  to  a  little  N.  of  Joppa  on  the  S.  It 
was  intersected  by  the  mountains  of  Ephra- 
im,  running  N.  and  S.  through  its  middle, 
and  by  their  lateral  branches,  which  divide 
their  country  into  beautiful  and  fertile  valleys. 
[Palaestina.] 

S_AMAROBRlVA  (-ae),  afterwards  AM- 
BIANI  (Amiens),  the  chief  town  of  the  Am- 
biani  in  Gallia  Belgica,  ou  the  river  Samara; 
whence  its  name,  which  signifies  Samara- 
Bridge. 

SAME  (-es)  or  SlMOS  (-i),  the  ancient 
name  of  Cephalleuia.  [Cephai.i.enia.]  It 
was  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  4  towns  of 
Cephalleuia.  The  town  Same  or  Samos  was 
situated  ou  the  E.  coast,  opposite  Ithaca,  and 
was  taken  aud  destroyed  by  the  Romans, 
u.c.189. 

SAMNIUM  (-i)  (Samnites,  -um,  more  rare- 
ly Sanmitae,  pi.),  a  country  in  the  centre  of 
Italy,  bouuded  on  the  N.  by  the  Marsi,  Pelig- 
ni,  and  Marrucini,  on  the  W.  by  Latin m  and 
Campania,  on  the  S.  by  Lucauia,  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  Frentani  and  Apulia.  The  Samnites 
were  an  offshoot  of  the  Sabines,  who  emigrat- 
ed from  their  country  between  the  Nar,  the 
Tiber,  and  the  Anio,  before  the  foundation 
of  Rome,  aud  settled  in  the  country  after- 
wards called  Samuium.  [Sabini.]  This  coun- 
try was  at  the  time  of  their  migration  inhab- 
ited by  Opicans,whom  the  Samnites  conquer- 
ed, and  whose  language  they  adopted  ;  fur  we 
rind  at  a  later  time  that  the  Samnites  spoke 
Opicnn  or  Oscan.  Samnium  is  a  country 
marked  by  striking  physical  features.  The 
greater  part  of  it  is  occupied  by  a  huge  mass 
of  mountains,  called  at  the  present  "day  the 
Matese,  which  stands  out  from  the  central 
line  < if  the  Apennines.  The  Samnites  were 
distinguished  for  their  bravery  and  love  of 
freedom.  Issuing  from  their  mountain  fast- 
nesses, :  hey  overran  a  great  part  of  Campania; 
and  it  was  in  consequence  of  Capua  applying 


to  the  Romans  for  assistance  against  the 
Samnites  that  war  broke  out  betweeu  the  2 
peoples  in  n.c.  343.  The  Romans  found  the 
Samnites  the  most  warlike  and  formidable 
enemies  whom  they  had  yet  encountered  in 
Italy ;  and  the  war,  which  commenced  in  343, 
was  continued  with  few  interruptions  for  the 
space  of  53  years.  The  civil  war  between 
Marius  and  Sulla  gave  them  hopes  of  recov- 
ering their  independence  ;  but  they  were  de- 
feated by  Sulla  before  the  gates  of  Rome  (S2), 
the  greater  part  i  f  their  troops  fell  in  battle, 
and  the  remainder  were  put  to  death.  Their 
towns  were  laid  waste,  the  inhabitants  sold 
as  slaves,  and  their  place  supplied  by  Roman 
colonists. 

SAMOS  or  SAMUS  (-i:  Greek  Samo,  Turk- 
ish Susam  Adassi),  one  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Aegaean  sea,  lying  in  that  portion  of 
it  called  the  Icariau  sea,  off  thecoast  of  Ionia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  only  by  a  narrow 
strait  formed  by  the  overlapping  of  its  E. 
promontory  Posidium  (C.  Cotonna)  with  the 
W.-most  spur  of  Mount  Mycale,  Pr.  Trotnlium 
(G  S.  Maria).  This  strait, which  is  little  more 
than  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide, was  the  scene 
of  the  battle  of  Mycale.  The  island  is  formed 
by  a  range  of  mountains  extending  from  E. 
to  W.,  whence  it  derived  its  name  :  for  Ti'i^m 
was  an  old  Greek  word  signifying  a  mount- 
ain. The  circumference  of  the  island  is 
about  SO  miles.  According  to  the  earliest 
traditions,  it  was  a  chief  seat  of  the  Carians 
and  Leleges,  and  the  residence  of  their  first 
king,  Ancaeus  :  and  was  afterwards  colonized 
by  Aeolians  from  Lesbos,  and  by  Iouians 
from  Epidaurus.  The  Samians  early  ac- 
quired such  power  at  sea  that,  besides  ob- 
taining possession  of  parts  of  the  opposite 
coast  of  Asia,  they  founded  many  colonies. 
After  a  transition  from  the  state  of  an  heroic 
monarchy,  through  an  aristocracy,  to  a  de- 
mocracy, the  island  became  subject  to  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  so-called  tyrants, 
Polycuates  (n.c.  532),  under  whom  its  power 
aud  splendor  reached  their  highest  pitch,  and 
Samos  would  probably  have  become  the  mis- 
tress of  the  Aegaean  but  for  the  murder  of 
Polycrates.  At  this  period  the  Samians  had 
I  extensive  commercial  relations  with  Egypt, 
!  and  they  obtained  from  Amasis  the  privilege 
of  a  separate  temple  at  Naucratis.  The 
',  Samians  now  became  subject  to  the  Persian 
.  empire,  under  which  they  were  governed  by 
tyrants,  with  a  brief  interval  at  t lie  time  of 
the  Ionic  revolt,  until  the  battle  of  Mycale, 
which  made  them  independent,  b.o.  47'.).  "They 
|  now  joined  the  Athenian  confederacy,  of 
which  they  continued  independent  members 
until  ii. o.  440,  when  an  opportunity  arose  for 
reducing  them  to  entire  subjection  and  de- 
priving 'them  of  their  fleet,  which  was  effect- 
ed by  Pericles  after  an  obstinate  resistance 
!  of  9  months'  duration.  In  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  Samos  held  firm  to  Athens.  Transferred 
to  Sparta  after  the  battle  of  Aegospotami,  405, 
it  was  soon  restored  to  Athens  by  that  of 
Cnidus,  394;  but  it  went  over  to  Spuria  aL'ain 
in  390.  Soon  after  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Persians,  being  conquered  by  the  satrap 
Tigranes;  but  it  was  recovered  by  Timotheus 
for  Atheus.    In  the  Social  war,  tlie  Athenians 


SAMOSATA. 


345 


SAPPHO. 


successfully  defended  it  against  the  attacks 
of  the  confederated  Chians,  Rhodians,  and 
Byzantines,  and  placed  in  it  a  body  of '2000 
cleruchi,  b.c.  352.  After  Alexander's  death  it 
was  taken  from  the  Athenians  by  Perdiccas, 
323  ;  but  it  was  restored  to  them  by  Polysper- 
chon,  319.  In  the  Macedonian  war  Samos 
was  taken  by  the  Rhodians,  then  by  Philip, 
and  lastly  by  the  Rhodians  again,  B.C.  200. 
It  took  part  with  Mithridates  in  his  first  war 
against  Rome,  on  the  conclusion  of  which  it 
was  finally  united  to  the  province  of  Asia, 
jj.o.  84.  Meanwhile  it  had  greatly  declined, 
and  during  the  war  it  had  beenwasted  by 
the  incursions  of  pirates.  Its  prosperity  was 
partially  restored  under  the  propraetorship 
of  O.  Cicero,  is.e.  62,  but  still  more  by  the 
residence  in  it  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  32, 
and  afterwards  of  Octavianus,  who  made  Sa- 
mos a  free  state.  It  sank  into  insignificance 
as  early  as  the  2d  century.  Samos  may  be 
regarded  as  almost  the  chief  centre  of  Ionian 
manners,  energies,  luxury,  science,  and  art. 
In  very  early  times  there  was  a  native  school 
of  statuary,  and  Samian  architects  became 
famous  beyond  their  own  island.  In  painting, 
the  island  produced  Calliphon,  Theodoras, 
Agatharchus,  and  Timanthes.  Its  pottery 
was  celebrated  throughout  the  ancient  world. 
In  literature,  Samos  was  made  illustrious  by 
the  poets  Asius,  Choerilus,  and  Aeschrion; 
by  the  philosophers  Pythagoras  and  Melissus; 
and  by  the  historians  Pagaeus  and  Doris.— 
The  capital  city,  also  called  Samos,  stood  on 
the  S.I-:,  side  of  the  island,  opposite  Pr.  Tro- 
gilium,  partly  on  the  shore,  and  partly  rising 
on  the  hills  behind  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. It  had  a  magnificent  harbor,  and 
numerous  splendid  buildings,  among  which, 
besides  the  Heraeimi  and  oilier  temples,  the 
chief  were  the  senate-bouse,  the  theatre,  ami 
a  gymnasium  dedicated  to  Bros.    In  the  tunc 

of  Herodotus,  Samos  was  reckoned  n f  the 

finest  cities  of  the  world.     Its   rains  an-  so 
Considerable  as  to  allow  its  plan  to  be  traced  : 
there  are  remains  of  its  walls  and   towers, 
ami  of  I  he  theatre  and  aqneduct. 
SAMosATA  (Someimt),  Hm-  capital  of  the 

pi 'i. !  wards  kingdom,  >>f  < loin- 

magene,  in  the  N.  of  Syria,  stood  on  thi 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  N.W.  -i  Ede     i       [I 
is  celebrated  in  literary  history  as  tin'  birth- 
place of  Lncian,  and  in  t 'lunch  hi  i 
that  of  the  heretic  Paul,  bishop  or  Antfoch, 
in  the  3d  century.     Nothing  remains  of  it 

bnt  a  heap  of  ruins. 

SAMOTHRlCfl  (-.--)  and  SA  MoTI  1 1:  \<  I  \ 
(-ae :  Samothraki  .  a  small  Island  in  the  N. 
of  tin-  Aegaean  sea,  opposite  the  month  of 

the  Ilebrus  in  Thrace,  from  which   it   was  88 

miles  distant  it  is  about  B2  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  Contain!  in  its  centre  a  lofty 
mountain,  called  Saoob,  from  which  Homer 

Bays  'hat  Troy  Could    be   seen.       Samolhrace 

was  the  chiel  eal  of  the  worship  of  the  Ca- 
biri  [CamBI],  and  was  celebrated  for  i:  re- 
ligions mysteries,  which  were  some  of  the 

hit  I    line  Alt   in   I  he  aie  t-li  t   world.      The  po- 
litical history  of  Samolhrace  i-  of  little  Impor- 
tant c. 
SAMP8ICERAMU8 ( I),  thenamaofs  pi  tty 


prince  of  Emesa  in  Syria;  a  nickname  triven 
by  Cicero  to  Cn.  Pompeius. 

SANCHUNIATHON  (-onis),  said  to  have 
been  an  ancient  Phoenician  writer,  whose 
works  were  translated  into  Greek  by  Philo 
Byblius,  who  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the  1st 
century  of  the  Christian  era.  A  considerable 
fragment  Of  the  translation  of  Philo  i  I 
served   by  Eusebius   in   the  first   book  of  Lis 

Praeparatio  Evangelica;  but  it  is  now  gen- 
erally agreed  among  modern   scholars   that 
the  work  was  a  forgery  of  Philo. 
SANCUS,  SANGUS,  or  SEMO  SANCTIS  (-1), 

a  Roman  divinity,  said  to  have  been  original- 
ly a  Sabine  god,  and  identical  with  Hercules 
and  Dins  Fidius.  The  name,  which  is  etymo- 
logical Iy  the  same  as  Sanetus,  ami  connected 
with  Sancire,  seems  to  just  if}  this  belief,  and 
characterizes  Sanctis  as  a  divinity  presiding 
over  oaths.     Sanctis   had   a   temple  at    Rome, 

on  the  Qnirinal,  opposite  that  of  Ouirinns, 
and  close  by  the  gate  which  derived  from  him 
the  name  of  Sanqualia porta. 

SANDROCOTTTJS  f-i),  an  Indian  king  in 
the  time  ofSeleucus  Nicator,  ruled  < 
powerful  nation  of  the  ( iangariilae  and  Prnxii 
on  the;  banks  of  the  Ganges. 

SANGiRlUS  (-i),  8ANGXRIS,  or  s.\- 
<;ARIS  {Sakariyeh),  the  largest  river  of  taia 
Minor  after  the  Halys,  bad  its  Bource  In  r 
mountain  called  Adoreus,  near  the  little  to wn 
of  Sangia,  on  the  borders  of  Galatia  and 
Phrygia,  whence  it  flowed  first  N.  through 
Galatia,  then  W.  and  N.W.  through  the  N.E. 
part  of  Phrygia,  and  then  N.  through  Bitliyn- 
ia,  of  which  it  originally  Formed  the  eastern 
boundary.     It  fell  at  last  into  the  Euxine. 

al t    half-way  between    the   Bosporus   and 

Heraclea. 
SANGIA.    [Sanoabu     | 

SANNlO  (-ouis'i.  a  name  of  the  buffoon  in 

the  mimes, derived  from  Haniia,s\hem  i 
the  Italian  Za  tir  Ztm 

SANN1  l.'l'  '  an    Athenian   comic 

poet,  flourished  b.o.  407  and  onwards.     UN 
Ive  leanness  was  ridiculed  bj  Straitis 
ami  Aristophanes. 

8ANT0NES  (-um)  or  S AVIUM  |  ..rumi, 
a  powerful  people  in  Galll  I,  dwell 

on  the  coast  of  the  ocean,  N.  ol  theGarnmna. 
Under  t  lie  Romans  tbej  «  ei  e  i  i  ee  | 
Their  chief  town  was  Hediolauom,  afterwards 
Santoni 

SiPAEl   -ornm),  a  i pie  in  Thi  n<  i 

on  .Mount  Pan  ai  n  .  bei  ween  the  It  ■ 
i  the  coast. 

SiPIS  (-is  :  8avio).  a  small   river  111  ■ 

i  i  he  Apennines,  and  flow  - 
ing  into  the  Adriatic  B.  or  Ravei 
He  I'o  and  the  kteri 
BXPOR.    [Sabsanidaic.] 

S  XI'I'llTi  (.Qs),  one  ofthi  two 

of  the     ', 

being  I  in-  oi  hei  I,  •■■.  as  a  ual  Ive  of  \i  ■,  t  |]< 

'-apple 
mill    PI ttnCUB,       'I  h  i'      le      ■    I      IIOl    Olll)    I  on 

tempoi  ■  I  in  fi  lend 


SARANCAE. 


3  \  6 


SARDINIA. 


■  >f  the  poetry  of  both.  Of  the  events  of  her 
life  we  have  no  other  information  than  an 
obscure  allusion  in  the  Parian  Marble,  and  in 
Ovid  (Her.  xv.  51),  to  her  flight  from  Mytilene 
to  Sicily,  to  escape  some  unknown  danger, 
between  604  and  592  ;  and  the  common  story 
that,  being  in  love  with  Phaou,  and  finding 
her  love  unrequited,  she  leaped  down  from 
the  Leucadiau  rock.  This  story,  however, 
seems  to  have  been  an  invention  of  later 
times.  At  Mytilene,  Sappho  appears  to  have 
been  the  centre  of  a  female  literary  society, 
most  of  the  members  of  which  were  her  pupils 
in  poetry,  fashion,  and  gallantry.  The  ancient 
writers  atrree  in  expressing  the  most  unbound- 
ed admiration  for  her  poetry.  Her  lyric 
poems  formed  9  books,  but  of  these  only 
fragments  have  come  down  to  us.  The  most 
important  is  a  splendid  ode  to  Aphrodite 
(Venus),  of  which  we  perhaps  possess  the 
whole. 


Alcaeus  and  Sappho. 

SARANCAE,  SARANGAE  or  -ES  (-arum), 
a  people  of  Sogdiana. 

SARDANAPALTJS  (-)),  the  last  king  of  the 
Assyrian  empire  of  Niuus  or  Nineveh,  noted 
for  his  luxury,  licentiousness,  and  effeminacy. 
He  passed  his  time  in  his  palace  unseen  by 
any  of  his  subjects,  dressed  in  female  apparel", 
and  surrounded  by  concubines.  At  length 
Arbaces,  satrap  of  Media,  and  Belesys,  the 
noblest  of  the  Chaldaean  priests,  resolved  to 
renounce  allegiance  to  such  a  worthless  mon- 
arch, and  advanced  at  the  head  of  a  formida- 
ble army  against  Nineveh.  But  all  of  a  sud- 
den the  effeminate  prince  threw  off  his  luxuri- 
ous habits,  and  appeared  an  undaunted  war- 
rior. Placing  himself  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
he  twice  defeated  the  rebels,  but  was  at  length 
worsted  and  obliged  to  shut  himself  up"  in 
Nineveh.  Here  he  sustained  a  siege  for  two 
years,  till  at  length,  finding  it  impossible  to 
hold  out  any  longer,  he  collected  all  his  treas- 
ures, wives,  and  concubines,  aud  placing  them 
on  an  immense  pile  which  he  had  constructed, 
eet  it  on  fire,  aud  thus  dest roved  both  him- 


self and  them,  b.c.  S7G.  This  is  the  account 
of  Ctesias,  which  has  been  preserved  by  Dio- 
dorus  Siculus,  and  which  has  been  followed 
by  most  subsequent  writers  and  chronologists. 
Modern  writers  however  have  shown  that  the 
whole  narrative  of  Ctesias  is  mythical,  and 
it  is  in  direct  contradiction  to  Herodotus  aud 
the  writers  of  the  Old  Testament. 
SARDI.     [Sabdinia.] 

SARDINIA  (-ae:  Sardi:  Sardinia),  a  large 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  is  in  the  shape 
of  a  parallelogram,  upwards  of  140  nautical 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  with  an  average 
breadth  of  00.  It  was  regarded  by  the  an- 
cients as  the  largest  of  the  Mediterranean 
islands,  aud  this  opinion,  though  usually  con- 
sidered an  error,  is  now  found  to  be  correct ; 
since  it  appears  by  actual  admeasurement 
that  Sardinia  is  a  little  larger  than  Sicily. 
Sardinia  lies  in  almost  a  central  position  be- 
tween Spain,  Gaul,  Italy,  and  Africa. 
A  chain  of  mountains  runs  alone  the 
whole  of  the  E.  side  of  the  island  from 
N.  to  S.,  occupying  about  one  third  of 
its  surface.  These  mountains  wee 
called  by  the  ancients  Iusani  Monies, 
a  name  which  they  probably  dei  ived 
from  their  wild  and  savage  appear- 
ance, aud  from  their  being  the  haunt 
of  numerous  robbers.  Sardinia  was 
very  fertile,  but  was  not  extensively 
cultivated,  in  consequence  of  the  un- 
civilized character  of  its  inhabitants. 
Still  the  plains  in  the  W.  and  S.  parts 
of  the  island  produced  a  great  quan- 
tity of  corn,  of  which  much  was  ex- 
ported to  Rome  every  year.  Among 
the  products  of  the  islaud  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  was  the  Sard/mica 
herba,  a  poisonous  plant,  which  was 
said  to  produce  fatal  convulsions  in 
the  person  who  ate  of  it.  These  con- 
vulsions agitated  and  distorted  the 
mouth  so  that  the  person  appeared  to 
laugh,  though  in  excruciating  pain: 
hence  the  well-known  risus  Sardoni- 
ews.  Sardinia  contained  a  large  quan- 
tity of  the  precious  metals,  especially  silver, 
the  mines  of  which  were  worked  in  antiquity 
to  a  great  extent.  There  were  likewise  nu- 
merous mineral  springs  ;  and  large  quantities 
of  salt  were  manufactured  on  the  W.  and  S. 
coasts. — The  population  of  Sardinia  was  \'f  a 
very  mixed  kind.  To  what  race  the  origii  al 
inhabitants  belonged  we  are  not  informed; 
but  it  appears  that  Phoenicians,  Tyrrhenians, 
and  Carthaginians  settled  in  the  island  at 
different  periods.  The  Greeks  are  also  said 
to  have  planted  colonies  in  the  island,  bit 
this  account  is  very  suspicions.  Sardinia  was 
known  to  the  Greeks  as  early  as  h.o.  500, 
since  we  find  that  Histiaeus  of  Miletus  prom- 
ised Darius  that  be  would  render  the  island 
ofSardo  tributary  to  his  power.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Carthaginians  at  an  early  period, 
and  continued  in  their  possession  till  the  end 
of  the  first  Puuic  war.  Shortly  after  this 
event  the  Romans  availed  themselves  of  the 
dangerous  war  which  the  Carthaginians  were 
carrying  on  against  their  mercenaries  in 
Africa  to  take  possession  of  Sardinia,  n.o. 


SAEDIS. 


SARMA'I  I  A. 


23S.      It   was  now  formed   into   a   Roman 

Eroviuce  under  the  government  of  a  praetor: 
ut  a  large  portion  of  it  was  only  nominally 
subject  to  the  Romans;  and  it  was  uot  till 
af:er  mauy  years  and  numerous  revolts  that 
the  inhabitants  submitted  to  the  Roman  do- 
minion. Sardinia  continued  to  belong  to  the 
Roman  empire  till  the  5th  century,  when  it 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Vandals. 

SARDIS  (-is)  or  SARDES  (-ium:  Sardiani: 
Sart,  Ru.).  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  famous 
cities  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  capital  of  the 
great  Lydian  monarchy, stood  on  the  S.  edge 
of  the  rich  valley  of  the  Hermits,  at  the  N. 
foot  of  the  Mount  Tniolus,  on  the  little  river 
Pactolus,  30  stadia  (:;  geog.  mile?)  S.  of  the 
junction  of  that  river  witli  the  Hennas.  On 
a  lofty  precipitous  rock,  forming  an  outpost 
of  the  range  of  Tmolns,  was  the  almost  im- 
pregnable citadel,  which  some  suppose  to  be 
the  Hyde  of  Homer,  who,  though  he  never 
mentions  the  Lydians  or  Sardis  by  name, 
s).eik>  of  Mount  Tmolns  and  the  lake  of 
Gyges.  The  erection  of  this  citadel  was  as- 
cribed to  Meles,  an  ancient  king  of  Lydia.  It 
waa  surrounded  by  a  triple  wall,  and  con- 
tained the  palace  and  treasury  of  the  Lydian 
kiiiL's.  At  the  downfall  of  the  Lydian  empire 
it  resisted  all  the  attacks  of  Cyras,  and  waa 
only  taken  by  surprise.  Under  the  Persian 
and'  Greco-Syrian  empires,  s,ardis  was  the 
residence  of  the  satrap  of  Lydia.  The  rise 
of  Pergamus  greatly  diminished  its  impor- 
tance; but  under  the  Romans  it  was  still  a 
considerable  city,  and  the  seat  ofaconventus 


juridicus.  In  the  reign  of  Tiberius  it  was 
almost  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
but  it  was  restored  by  the  emperor's  aid.  It 
was  one  of  the  earliest  Beats  of  the  Christian 
religion,  and  one  id'  the  7  churches  of  the 
province  of  Asia  to  which  St.  John  addressed 
the  Apocalypse ;  but  the  apostle's  language 
implies  that  the  Church  at  Sardis  had  already 
sunk  into  almost  hopeless  decay  (Rev.  iii.  1, 
foil.).  In  the  wars  of  the  middle  ages  the 
city  was  entirely  destroyed,  and  its  site  now 
presents  one  of  the  most  melancholy  seems 
of  desolation  to  be  found  among  the  ruins  of 
aDcient  c 

SARMlTAE  or  SATJROMXTAE  (-firura),  a 
people  of  Asia,  dwelling  on  the  N.E.  of  the 
Pains  Maeotis  {Sea  of  Azov),  B.  of  the  river 

Tanais  (Don),  which  separated  them  from  the 

Scythians  of  Europe.    [Sakmatia.] 

S  \i;m  \'i  i.\  -ae),  (the  E.  par;  of  Poland 
and  S.  pari  of  Russia  in  Europe),  a  name  first 
nsed  by  Mela  for  the  part  of  >;.  Europe  and 
A-ia  extending  from  the  Vistula  (WwMt)  and 
the  Sakmattoi  Months  oh  the  W.,  which  di- 
vided it  f  "in  ( iermany,  to  the  Rha  (  Volga  )  on 
the  E.,  which  divided  it  from  Scythia ;  bound- 
ed   on    the    8.W.    and    S.    by    the    :  ivei  -    I    ter 

Danube),  Tibiscus  {Theiss),  and  Tyras  {Dnies- 
ter), which  divided  it  from  Pannonin  and  l)a- 
cia,  and,  farther,  by  the  Kuxine,  and  beyond 
it  by  Mount  Caucasus,  which  divided  ii  from 
Colchis, Iberia, and  Albania;  and  extending 
on  the  n.  as  far  us  the  Baltic  and  the  unknown 
regions  of  N.  Europe.  The  people  from  whom 
the  name  of  S  irtnalia  was  derived  Inhabited 


Kuinl  "f  Sur<IL. 


SARMATICAE. 


348 


SASSAXIDAE. 


only  a  small  portion  of  the  country.  The 
greater  part  of  it  was  peopled  by  Scythian 
tribes  :  but  some  of  the  inhabitants  ofits  W. 
part  seem  to  have  been  of  German  origin,  as 
the  Veneju  on  the  Bailie,  and  the  Iazygks, 
Riioxola.ni,  and  Hamaxohii  in  S.  Russia;  the 
chief  of  the  other  tribes  W.  of  the  Tanais  were 
the  Alauni  or  Alani  Scythae,  a  Scythian  peo- 
ple who  came  out  of  Asia  and  settled  in  the 
central  parts  of  Russia.  The  whole  country 
was  divided  by  the  river  Tanais  (Don)  into  2 
parts,  called  respectively  Sarmatia  Europaea 
and  Sarmatia  Asiatica;  but  it  should  be  ob- 
served that,  according  to  the  modern  divis- 
ion of  the  continent,  the  whole  of  Sarmatia 
belongs  to  Europe.  It  should  also  be  noticed 
that  the  ChersonesusTaurica  (Crimea), though 
falling  within  the  specified  limits,  was  not 
considered  as  a  part  of  Sarmatia,  but  as  a 
separate  country. 

SARMATICAE  PORTAE  (-arum),  (Pass  of 
Ji  ■■'),  the  central  pass  of  the  Caucasus,  lead- 
ing from  Iberia  to  Sarmatia. 

SARMATICI  MONTES  (part  of  the  Car- 
pathian Mountains),  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Central  Europe,  extending  from  the  sources 
of  the  Vistula  to  the  Danube,  between  Ger- 
many on  the  W.  and  Sarmatia  ou  the  E. 

SARMiTlCUS  OCEANUS  and  PONTUS, 
SARMATlCTJM  MAKE  (Baltic),  a  great  sea, 
washing  the  N.  coast  of  European  Sarmatia. 

SARNUS  (-i:  Sarno),  a  river  in  Campania, 
flowing  by  Nuceria,  and  falling  into  the  Sinus 
Puteolauus  near  Pompeii. 

SARONICUS  SINUS  (G.  of  Aegina),  a  bay 
of  the  Aegaean  sea  lying  between  Attica  and 
Argolis,  and  commencing  between  the  prom- 
ontory of  Sunium  in  Attica  and  that  of  Scyl- 
laeum  in  Argolis. 

SARPEDON  (-onis).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Europa,  and  brother  of  Minos 
and  Rhadamanthus.  Being  involved  in  a 
quarrel  with  Minos  about  Miletus,  he  took 
refuge  with  Cilix,  whom  he  assisted  against 
the  Lyciaus.  [Miietcs.]  He  afterwards  be- 
came king  of  the  Lycians,  and  Zeus  granted 
him  the  privilege  of  living  3  generations. — 
(2)  Sou  of  Zeus  and  LaodamTa,  or,  according 
to  others,  of  Evander  and  Deidamia,  and  a 
brother  of  Clarus  and  Themou.  He  was  a 
Lycian  prince,  and  a  grandson  of  No.  1.  In 
trie  Trojan  war  he  was  an  ally  of  the  Trojans, 
anil  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor,  but 
was  slain  by  Patroclns. 

SARPEDON  PROMONTORIUM  (C.Lutsan 
el  Kapeh),  a  promontory  of  Cilicia,  in  long. 
34°  E.,  SO  stadia  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Caly- 
cadnus. 

SARPEDONIUM  PROM,  (-i),  a  promon- 
tory of  Thrace,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
rivers  Melas  and  Erginus,  opposite  the  island 
of  Imbros. 

8ARRASTES.     [Sarnus.] 

SARSINA  (-ae:  Sarsina),  an  ancient  town 
of  LTrabria,  on  the  river  Sapis,  S.W.  of  Ari- 
rrniium,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  ninni- 
cipinm,  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
comic  poet  Plautus. 


SARUS  (-i :  Seihan),  a  considerable  river  in 
the  S.E.  of  Asia  Minor.  Rising  in  the  Anti- 
Taurus,  in  the  centre  of  Cappadocia,  it  flows 
S.  past  Comana  to  the  borders  of  Cilicia, 
where  it  receives  a  W.  branch  that  has  run 
nearly  parallel  to  it;  and  thence,  flowing 
through  Cilicia  Campestris  in  a  winding 
course,  it  falls  into  the  sea  a  little  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Cydnus,  and  S.E.  of  Tarsus. 

SASO  or  SASONIS  INSULA  (Saseno,  Sas- 
sono,  Hassa),  a  small  rocky  island  off  the  coast 
of  Illyria,  N.  of  the  Acrocerauuian  promon- 
tory, much  frequented  by  pirates. 

SASPTRES  (-urn)  or  SASPIRI  (-ornm),  a 
Scythian  people  of  Asia,  S.  of  Colchis  and  N. 
of  Media,  in  an  inland  position  (i.  e.  in  Ar- 
menia), according  to  Herodotus,  but  accord- 
ing to  others  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxiue. 

SASSANIDAE  (-arum),  the  name  of  a  dy- 
nasty which  reigned  in  Persia  from  a.t>.  226 
to  a.d.  C51. — (1)  Artaxeexes  (the  Asdibhib 
or  Aehsuir  of  the  Persians),  the  fouuder  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Sassanidae,  reigned  a.d. 
226-240.  He  was  a  son  of  one  Babek,  an  in- 
ferior officer.  Artaxerxes  had  served  with 
distinction  in  the  army  of  Artabauus,  the  king 
of  Parthia,  was  rewarded  with  ingratitude, 
and  took  revenge  in  revolt.  He  claimed  the 
throne  on  the  plea  of  being  descended  from 
the  ancient  kings  of  Persia,  the  progeny  of 
the  great  Cyrus.  The  people  warmly  "sup- 
ported his  cause,  as  he  declared  himself  the 
champion  of  the  ancient  Persian  religion.  In 
226  Artabanus  was  defeated  in  a  decisive  bat- 
tle; and  Artaxerxes  thereupon  assumed  the 
pompons  but  national  title  of  "  King  of 
Kings."  One  of  his  fir>t  legislative  acts  was 
the  restoration  of  the  religion  of  Zoroaster 
and  the  worship  of  fire.  Having  succeeded 
in  establishing  his  authority  at  home,  Artax- 
erxes demanded  from  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severus  the  immediate  cession  of  all  those 
portions  of  the  Roman  empire  that  had  be- 
longed to  Persia  in  the  time  of  Cyrus  and 
Xerxes,  that  is,  the  whole  of  the  Roman  pos- 
sessions in  Asia,  as  well  as  Egypt  An  im- 
mediate war  between  the  two  empires  was 
the  direct  consequence.  After  a  severe  con- 
test, peace  was  restored,  shortly  after  the  mur- 
der of  Alexander  in  237,  each  nation  retaining 
the  possessions  which  they  held  before  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war. — "(2)  Sapor  I.  Sn  \- 
pur),  the  son  and  successor  of  Artaxerxes  I., 
reigned  240-273.  He  carried  on  war  first 
against  Gordian,  and  afterwards  against  Va- 
lerian. The  latter  emperor  was  defeated  by 
Sapor,  taken  prisoner,  and  kept  in  captivity 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  After  the  capt- 
ure of  Valerian,  Sapor  conquered  Syria,  de- 
stroyed Antioch,  and,  having  made  himself 
master  of  the  passes  in  the  Taurus,  laid  Tar- 
sus in  ashes,  and  took  Caesarea.  His  further 
progress  was  stopped  by  Odenathus  and  Ze- 
nobia. — (3)  HormisdasI.  (Hormcz),  son  of  the 
precedini',  who  reigned  only  one  year,  and 
died  in  271. —  4  Varanes  or  Vararam  -  1. 
(Baiip.am  or  1".  wiaram),  sou  of  Hormisdas  I., 
reigned  274-277.  He  carried  on  unprofitable 
wars  against  Zenobia,  and,  after  her  captivity, 
was  involved  in  a  contest  with  Aurelian. 
which,  however,  was  not  attended  with  any 


Bust  of  SaTubn  (Cronos).    (Vatican  Musaum.) 


SASSULA. 


r,ir> 


SATURN  US. 


serious  results,  on  account  of  the  sudden 
death  of  Aurelian  in  2T5.  In  his  reign  the 
celebrated  Maui  was  put  to  death. — (5)  Va- 
ranks  II.  (Bahuam),  son  of  Varanes  I.,  reign- 
ed '277-294.  He  was  defeated  by  Cams,  who 
took  both  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon,  and  his 
dominions  were  only  saved  from  further  con- 
quests by  the  sudden  death  of  Cams  [283).— 
(  )  Varanes  III.  (Baiikam),  elder  son  of  Va- 
ranes II.,  died  after  a  reign  of  8  months,  in 
294.— (7)  Narses  (Nausi),  younger  son  of  Va- 
ranes II.,  reigued  294-303.  He  carried  on  a 
formidable  war  agaiust  tin-  emperor  Diocle- 
tian ;  but  in  the  second  campaign  Narses  was 
defeated  with  great  loss,  and  was  obliged  to 
conclude  a  disadvantageous  peace  with  the 
Romans.  In  303  Narses  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  sou,  and  died  soon  afterwards.— (8)  IIou- 
ihsiias  II.  (Hokmcz),  son  of  Narses,  reigned  303 
-310.  During  his  reign  nothing  or  importance 
happened  regarding  Rome.  —  (9)  Savor  II. 
Postcmus  (Shamir),  son  of  Hormisdas  IT., 
was  born  after  the  death  of  his  father,  and 
was  crowned  in  his  mother's  womb,  the  Ma  ;i 
placing  the  diadem  with  great  solemnity  upon 
the  body  of  his  mother.  He  reigned  310-381. 
His  reiiru  was  signalized  by  a  cruel  persecu- 
tion of  the  Christians.  He  carried  on  a  sne- 
CessfnJ  war  for  many  years  against  Constan- 
tins  II.,  and  his  successors.  Sapor  has  been 
surnamed  the  Great,  and  no  Persian  king  bad 
ever  caused  such  terror  to  Rome  as  this  M  ,,,. 
arch.  Sapor  was  succeeded  by  18  princes  of 
the  same  dynasty:  but  in  651  resdigerd  III., 
the  last  king, was  defeated  and  slain  by  Kaleb, 

feneral  of  the  Caliph  Alm-ivkr.    Persia  then 
ecame  a  Mohammedan  country. 

SASSULA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Latium,  belong- 
ing to  the  territory  of  Tiber. 

BXTXLA  (-drum),  a  considerable  town  in 
the  N.E.  of  Armenia  Minor,  important  as  the 
key  of  the  mountain  passes  into  Pont  as.  [I 
stood  at  the  junction  of  4  roads  leading  to 
places  on  the  Euxine,  a  little  N.  of  the  Btl 
phrates,  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  mountains, 
325  Roman  miles  from  Caesarea  in  Cappa 
docia,  and  139  from  Trapezus. 

SXTTcC'LA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Samnium, 
situated  upon  a  mountain  on  the  fronl 

Campania. 

BATRlt  I'M  -i :  Casale  dt  Oonea),a  town  in 
Latium.  uear  Autiura. 

BiTtTRAE  I'Al.Ps  [La  ,  a  lake 

<>r  marsh  in  Latium.  formed  by  the  river  Nym- 
phaeue,  .md  near  the  promontory  Circeium. 

BITURIUM  or  SATt    IMillM      i: 

ii  town  in  ti  urn.  cel- 

ebrated for  its  horses.    (Hor.,  Sat.  1.6.69.) 
BATURNlA  (-ae       I  ime  of 

I   i      1 1  M.i  \  |.     :■.  y  called 

A  i  ii  iia,  an  ancient  town  ol  I  trut  In,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Peln  glaus,  was 
i  [n  tin    territory  of  Caletrn.  on  the 
road  from  Home  t.,  i  osa,  aboul  20  mill 

SATt'DNTM's  (-i),  (1)  One  of  the  Thirty 
Tyrants,  wa  I  I  alet  Ian,  b 

he  was  much  beloved.     Disgusted  bj 

pted  from  the 
soldiem  the  title  of  emperor,  but  wa-  put  to 


death  by  the  troops,  who  could  not  endure 
the  sternness  of  his  discipline.— (2)  A  native 
of  Gaul,  and  an  able  officer,  wan  appointed  by 
Aurelian  commander  of  the  Eastern  frontier, 
and  was  proclaimed  emperor  at  Alexandria 
daring  the  reign  ofProbus,  by  whose  soldiers 
he  was  eventually  slain. 

SiTURNINUS  v-i  ,  I,.  APPTJLE1US,  tin 
celebrated  demagogue,  was  quaestor  u.o.  104, 
and  tribune  of  the  plebs  for  the  first  time  in 
102.  He  entered  into  a  close  alliance  with 
Marins  and  his  friends,  and  soon  acquired 
great  popularity.  He  became  a  candidate  for 
the  tribunate  for  the  2d  time  in  100,  and  ob- 
tained it  by  the  murder  of  his  rival.  A 
ae  lie  had  entered  upon  office,  he  brought  for- 
ward an  agrarian  law,  which  led  to  the  ban- 
ishment ofMetellus  Numidii  us.  as  is  related 
elsewhere.  [Mktki.i.i  is.]  Satnrmnus  proposed 
other  popular  measure-,  BUCh  as  a  l.ex  l-'iu- 
mentaria,  and  a  law  for  founding  new  colonies 
in  Sicily,  Achaia,  and  Macedonia,  iu  the 
comitia  for  the  election  of  the  magistrates 
for  the  following  year.  Satin •iiinus  obtained 
the  tribunate  for  the  third  time.  At  the 
time  there  was  a  Btruggle  for  the  consulship 
between  Glattcia  and  Hem  mi  us,  and  as  the 

latter  seemed  likely  to  carry  hi-  clei  lion,  Sat- 

urninus  and  Glaucta  hired  some  ruffians  who 
murdered  him  openly  in  the  comitia.  This 
last  act  produced  a  complete  reaction  against 
Saturninus  and  bis  ass  iciates.  Thi  - 
declared  them  public  enemies,  and  ordered 
the  consuls  to  put  them  down  by  f  irci .  Ma- 
rius  was  unwilling  to  net  agaiust  his  friends, 
but  he  had  no  alternative,  and  his  backward- 
ne  -  wa-  compensated  by  the  zeal  of 
Driven  out  of  the  forum,  Saturninus,  i . 

anil  the  in  the 

Capitol,  but.  the  paitisaii-  of  ihe  senate  cut 
oir  the  pipes  which  Bupplied  the  < 'apltol  with 
water,  unable  to  hold  ont  nnj  louger,  they 
surrendered  i<    M  it  ti      The  latter  did  all  he 

COUld  tO  BSVe  their  li\e-  :    a-  n  a-  they  <le- 

i  from  i  in- 1  lapltol,  be  plai  ed  them  for 

lilt    the   moll 

pulled  off  the  tiles  of  the  senate-house,  and 
pelted  them  with  the  tiles  t 111  the 

s.Vi  i  RNlUB    I),  that  is,  a    in  ofSaturnus, 
and  accordingly  used  a   a  surname  of  Jupiter, 

Neptune,    ami    PlUtO.       For    the    same 

the  name  of  Sati  i.  m  t  i    given  both  la  Juno 

and  Ye-  la. 

SATURNTJ8  (-1),  u  mythical  king  of  Italy, 

whom  lie    I; 

the  <  treat  I  i  onos,  ami  hem  e  made  the  for- 

i  ithi  i  ofJuplter,Neptnne,  Pluto,J , 

etc.  I' !bo  ioi  I;  hut  there  ■  no  re- 

mi  e  bet  ween  I  be  at!  he  two 

deities,  except  i  hat  bol  u  were  n     irded 
most  ancient  dlvinltie     In   their  n 

...  'the  resemblao 
between  Demeter   Cen  iturn,  for  nil 

that    the  i.i. 

•  d  b -.    ne    I :  i 
:     1 1        1 1  .  n  I  •      I 
.   and    was   reputed    the    lutrodll 

civilization  and    octal  ordi 

eived  for  the  same  n  oson  to  hue  he*ii 
Ii  ultural  in 


SATYRI. 


350 


SCAEVOLA. 


dnstry  is  the  source  of  wealth,  his  wife  was 
Ops,  the  representative  of  plenty.  The  story 
ran  that  the  god  came  to  Italy  in  the  reign 
of  Janus,  by  whom  he  was  hospitably  re- 
ceived, and  that  he  formed  a  settlement  on 
the  Capitoline  hill,  which  was  hence  called 
the  Saturuian  hill.  At  the  foot  of  that  hill, 
on  the  road  leading  up  to  the  Capitol,  there 
stood  iu  after-times  the  temple  of  Saturn. 
Saturn  then  taught  the  people  agriculture, 
suppressed  their  savage  mode  of  life,  and  in- 
troduced among  thenTcivilization  and  moral- 
ity. The  result  was  that  the  whole  country 
was  called  Saturnia,  or  the  laud  of  plenty.  It 
is  further  related  that  Latitini  received  its 
name  (from  latco)  from  the  disappearance  of 
Saturn,  who  was  suddenly  removed  from 
earth,  and  who  for  the  same  reason  was  re- 
garded by  some  as  a  divinity  of  the  nether 
world.  Respecting  the  festival  solemnized 
by  the  Romans  in  honor  of  Saturn,  see  Diet, 
of  Antiq.  s.  v.  Saturnalia.  The  statue  of  Sa- 
turnus  was  hollow  and  tilled  with  oil,  proba- 
bly to  denote  the  fertility  of  Latinm  in  olives ; 
inhis  hand  he  held  a  crooked  pruning-knife, 
and  his  feet  were  surrounded  with  a  woolen 
ribbon.  The  temple  of  Saturn  was  used  as 
the  treasury  of  the  state,  and  many  laws  were 
also  deposited  iu  it. 

S.lTYRI  (-dram),  the  name  of  a  class  of  be- 
ings in  Greek  mythology,  who  are  insepara- 
bly connected  with  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus),  and  represent  the  luxuriant  vital 
powers  of  Nature.  They  are  commonly  said 
to  be  the  sons  of  Ilermes  and  Iphthima,  or  of 
the  Naiades.  The  Satyrs  are  represented  with 
bristly  hair,  the  nose  round  and  somewhat 
turned  upward,  the  ears  pointed  at  the  top, 
like  those  of  animals,  with  2  small  horns 


Satyr's  Head. 

growing  out  of  the  top  of  the  forehead,  and 
with  a  tail  like  that  of  a  horse  or  goat.  In 
works  of  art  they  are  represented  at  different 
stages  of  life  ;  the  older  ones  were  commonly 
called  Sileni,  and  the  younger  ones  are  termed 


Satyrisci.  The  Satyrs  are  always  described 
as  fond  of  wine  (whence  they  often  appear 
either  with  a  cup  or  a  thyrsus  iu  their  hand), 
and  of  every  kind  of  sensual  pleasure,  whence 
they  are  seen  sleeping,  playing  musical  in- 
struments, or  eutragedin  voluptuous  dances 
with  nymphs.  They  are  dressed  with  the 
skins  of  animals,  and  wear  wreaths  of  vine, 
ivy,  or  fir.  Like  all  the  gods  dwelling  in  for- 
ests and  fields,  they  were  greatly  dreaded  by 
mortals.  Later  writers,  especially  the  Ro- 
man poets,  coufonud  the  Satyrs  with  the  Ital- 
ian Fauui,  and  accordingly  represent  them 
with  larger  horns  and  goats'  feet,  although 
originally  they  were  quite  distinct  kinds  of 
beings. 

SATYRUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  comic  actor 
at  Athens,  is  said  to  have  given  instructions 
to  Demosthenes  in  the  art  of  giving  full  effect 
to  his  speeches  by  appropriate  action. 

SAVO  (-Onis:  Saone),  a  river  iu  Campania, 
which  flows  into  the  sea  S.  of  Siuuessa. 

SAVUS  (-i:  Save  or  San),  a  navigable  trib- 
utary of  the  Daunbe,  which  rises  iu  the  Car- 
nic  Alps,  forms  first  the  boundary  between 
Noricum  and  Italy,  and  afterwards  between 
Paunonia  aud  Illyria,  and  falls  into  the  Dan- 
ube near  Singiduimm. 

SAXA  (-ae),  DECIDIUS,  a  native  of  Celti- 
beria,  and  originally  one  of  Caesar's  common 
soldiers,  eventually  accompanied  Antony  to 
the  East,  and  was  made  by  him  governor  of 
Syria.  Here  he  was  defeated  by  the  younger 
Labienus  and  the  Parthians,  and  was  slain  in 
the  flight  after  the  battle  (40). 

SAXA  (-ae),  Q.  VOCONIUS,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  b.c.  169,  proposed  the  Voconia  lex,  re- 
specting which  see  Diet,  of  Antiq.  s.  v. 

SAXA  RUBRA.    [RumtA  Saxa.] 

SAXOXES  (-um),  a  powerful  people  in  Ger- 
many, who  originally  dwelt  iu  the  S.  part  of 
the  Cimbric  Chersonesus,  between  the  rivers 
Albis  (Elbe)  and  Chalusus(7Vare),  consequent- 
ly in  the  modern  Holstein.  The  Saxones  first 
occur  in  history  in  a.i>.  2S6,  and  afterwards 
appear  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  confederacy 
of  German  peoples,  whp  became  united  un- 
der the  general  name  of  Saxons,  and  who 
eventually  occupied  the  country  between  the 
Elbe,  the  Rhine,  the  Lippe,  and  the  German 
Ocean.  A  portion  of  the  Saxons,  iu  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Angli,  conquered  Britain  about 
the  middle  of  the  5th  century. 

SCAEVA  (-ae),  CASSlUS,  a  centurion  in 
Caesar's  army,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  extraordinary  feats  of  valor  at  the  battle 
of  Dyrrhachium. 

SCAEVOLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Mucia  gens. — (1)  C.  Mu- 
cius  Soakvoi.a.  When  King  Porsenna  was 
blockading  Rome,  C.  Mucins  went  out  of  the 
city  with  the  intention  of  killing  him,  but  by 
mistake  stabbed  the  king's  secretary  instead 
of  Porsenna  himself.  The  king  iu  his  pas- 
sion aud  alarm  ordered  him  to  be  burned 
alive,  upon  which  Mucins  thrust  his  right 
hand  into  a  fire  which  was  already  lighted  for 
a  sacrifice,  and  held  it  there  without  fliuch- 
ing.  The  king,  amazed  at  his  firmness,  or- 
dered him  to  be  removed  from  the  altar,  and 


SCALDIS. 


3ol 


SCAUUUS. 


bade  him  go  away  free  and  uninjured.  To 
make  some  return  for  his  generous  behav- 
ior, Mncius  told  him  that  there  were  300  of 
the  first  youths  of  Rome  who  had  agreed 
with  one  another  to  kill  the  king,  that  the 
lot  fell  on  him  to  make  the  first  attempt,  and 
that  the  rest  would  do  the  same  when  their 
turn  came.  Porsenna  being  alarmed  for  his 
„ife,  which  he  could  not  secure  against  so 
many  desperate  men,  made  proposals  of  peace 
to  the  Romans,  and  evacuated  the  territory. 
Mucins  received  the  name  of  Scaevola,  or 
left-handed,  from  the  circumstance  of  the  loss 
of  his  right  hand. — (2)  P.  Mucins  Soaevoi.a, 
tribune  of  theplebsiu  141;  praetor  in  136;  and 
consul  in  133,  the  year  in  which  Tib.  Gracchus 
lost  his  life.  In  131  he  succeeded  his  brother 
Mucianus  as  pontifex  maximus.  Scaevola 
was  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  the 
Jim  I'ontijicium.  His  fame  as  a  lawyer  is  re- 
corded by  Cicero  iu  several  passages. — (3)  Q. 
Mrcius  Scaevola,  the  augur,  married  the 
daughter  of  C.  Laelius,  the  friend  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger.  He  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  128,  plebeian  aedile  in  125,  and  as  prae- 
tor was  governor  of  the  province  of  Asia  in 
121,  the  year  in  which  C.  Gracchus  lust  his 
life.  He  was  prosecuted  after  his  return  from 
his  province  for  the  offense  of  repetundae,  iu 
120,  by  T.  Albucius,  bnl  was  acquitted.  He 
was  consul  in  1  IT.  He  lived  at  least  to  the  tri- 
bunate of  P.  Sulpicius  Rains,  88.  Cicero,  who 
was  born  in  100,  informs  us  that  after  he  had 
put  on  the  toga  viriiis,  his  father  took  him  to 
Scaevola,  Who  was  then  an  old  man,  and  that 
he  kept  as  close  to  him  as  he  could,  in  older 
to  profit  by  his  remarks.  After  his  death 
i   he. -.line  a  hearer  of  (,>.  .Mueiii- 

ola,  the  pontifex.  The  augur  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  the  law;  but 
none  of  his  writings  are  recorded.  Be  i- 
one  of  tin-  speakers  in  the  treatise  /"-  Ora- 
tore,  in  the  Laelius,  and  in  the  !>•■  Republica 
(i.  12).  —  (4)  <£.  Miens  Soakvola,  pontifex 
maximus,  son  of  No.  2,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  106, cnrrtle  aedile  in  104,  and  consul 
in  95,  with  Liclnius  t  !i  assns,  tie  i 
colleague.    After  his  consulship  Scaevola  was 

pi- nsul  of  Asia,  in  which  capacity  be 

ed  the  esteem  of  the  people  under  in 
ernment.    Subsequently  he  was  made  pontl 

fex  maximus.    lb-  In  the  < sul- 

shlp  of  C.  Marias  the  younger  and  Cn.  Panl- 

the  Mai  '."i  pari  v.    The  vii  toe 

■  ro,  who,  after  the  death 
of  ili<-  augur,  became  an  attendant  (auditor) 
of  tin-  pontifex.  Tie-  purity  of  bis  moral 
( ion  at  tei ,  bl  '"■  alted  notion'*  ol  equll  y  and 
fair  dealing,  I  as  an  administrator, 

m  orator,  and  a  jurist,  place  him  anion;-  lie- 
first  of  the  Illustrious  mi 
countrie  -    He  I    the  fl    ]  Roman  to  whom 

we   can    all! 

handling  or  the  Jus  <  llvile,  which  be  accom- 
plished in  a  work  in  1^  hooks. 

S<  A  I,  IU.-  |  |i  :   8eht ''/'  .  an  iin  port  a  nt  river 
in  tie-  N.  of  (iailia  Belgica,  flowing  into  the 

hut  which  Cae  ar  erroni -  y  makes 

a  tributary  of  the  Mosa. 

SCiMANDER  (-dri).    (lj  A  river  in  the  W. 


part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  falling  into  the 
sea  near  Segesta.— (2)  The  celebrated  river 
of  the  Troad.    [Tboas.]    As  a  mythological 

Eersonage,  the  river-god  was  called  Xanthus 
y  the  gods. 

SCAMANDRlTJS  (-i),  son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache,  whom  the  people  of  Troy  call- 
ed Astyanax,  because  his  father  was  the  pre, 
tector  of  the  city  of  Troy. 

SCANDEA.     [Cythkba.] 

SCANDIA  or  SCANDINAVIA  (-ae),  the 
name  given  by  the  ancients  to  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  the  surrounding  islands. 

SCAM >tl, A  (-ae:  Scandole),  a  small  island 
in  the  N.E.  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  between  Pep- 
arethos  and  Scyros. 

SCANTIA  SII.VA  (-ae),  a  wood  in  Cam- 
pania. 

SCAPTfi  I1VI.K  !-es),  also  called,  but  less 
correctly,  Soaftxsylk,  a  small  town  on  the 
coast  ofThrace,  opposite  the  island  of  Tha6os. 
It  contained  celebrated  gold  mines,  which 
were  originally  worked  by  the  Thrasians. 
Thucydides  here  arranged  the  materials  for 
hi.-  history. 

S(  APTIA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  iu  Latium, 
which  gave  its  name  to  a  Roman  tribe,  but 
which  disappeared  at  an  early  period. 

scaI'Ci.a  (-ae  ,  I'.  OSTORIUS,  governor 
of  Britain  about  a.d.  50,  defeated  the  power- 
ful tribe  of  the  Silures,  took  prisoner  their 
king  CaraCtacUS,  and  seut  him  in  chains  to 

Kollie. 

SCARDTJSorSCORDTJS  M0NS(-i),8range 

of  lofty  moan  tains,  forming  the  boundary  bc- 

tweeu  Moesia  and  Macedonia. 

SC  \i;i'iik  i  •  ,  SC  \i;i'iiF;  \.  or  SC  \i:- 
I'li  I  a  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Epicneroidil  Locrl, 
at  which  the  roads  leading  through  Therroop- 
j  lae  n -'i. 

SCAURUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  family  of 

I  In-  A  em  ilia  gens.— (1)  M.  Ai.Mii.n  s  SOAURUS, 

raised  his  family  from  obscurity  to  tin-  high- 
est rank  among  the  Roman  nobles,  lb-  was 
born  in  B.o,  108.  Notwithstanding  his  patri- 
cian descent,  in-  at  flrsl  thought  of  c 
on  some  mean  trade,  like  his  rather,  hut  final- 
\e.i  io  devote  himself  to  the  study 
of  eloquence,  with  tin-  hone  i  f  rising  to  the 
honors  of  the  state.     He  1  ed   hi 

the  arm] ,  w  b<  re  hi 

some  distinction,  lie  wat  curule  aedile  in 
i -.•:;.  He  obtained  the  consulship  In  116,  when 
he  carried  on  war  with  su 

III  I  12  In-  u 

ai  iii.'  head  ol  an  embassy  to  Ju 

in  iii  hu  accompanli  A  tin  i  alpur- 

niii-  Bestia,  b  i  In  the  war 

.1  a    HI  lha.      Both   he   and    II iimiiI 

bes  from  the  Numidlan  i 
obtain  i  orable  peace,  for  « lili  h 

offense  an  indictment  was  brought  forward 
bj  i  .  m  tribune  of  the  plebs;  but 

though  Si  am  u  one  of  th< 

guilty,  such  was  inu  influence  In  tbi 
that  he  conti  Ived  to  be  nppoluted  one  of  iim 

laesitores,  who  were  ele<  ted  under  the 
bill,  for  the  pn  ■  i  Im- 

:  treu  himself,  but  v 


SCELERATUS. 


352 


SCIPIO. 


able  to  save  any  of  his  accomplices.  In  109 
Scaurus  was  ceusor  with  M.  Livius  Drusus. 
Id  his  consulship  he  restored  the  Milvian 
bridge,  and  constructed  the  Aemilian  road. 
In  107  he  was  elected  consul  a  2d  time,  in 
place  of  L.  Cassias  Longinus.  In  the  strug- 
gles between  the  aristocratical  and  popular 
parties,  Scaurus  was  always  a  warm  support- 
er of  the  former.  He  died  about  89. — (2)  M. 
Aemilics  Soaurds,  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  stepson  of  the  dictator  Sulla,  served 
uuder  Pompey  as  quaestor  in  the  3d  Mith- 
ridatic  war.  After  this  he  commanded  an 
army  in  the  East.  He  was  curule  aedile  in 
58,  when  he  celebrated  the  public  games  with 
extraordinary  splendor.  In  56  he  was  prae- 
tor, and  in  the  following  year  governed  the 
province  of  Sardinia,  which  he  plundered 
without  mercy.  On  his  return  to  Rome  he 
was  accused  of  the  crime  of  repetundae.  He 
was  defended  by  Cicero,  Hortensins,  and  oth- 
ers, and  was  acquitted,  notwithstanding  his 
guilt.  He  was  accused  again  in  52,  under 
Pompey's  new  law  against  ambitus,  and  was 
condemned. — (3)  M.  Aemilics  Scaurus,  son  of 
No.  2  and  Mucia,  the  former  wife  of  Pompey 
the  triumvir,  and  consequently  the  half-broth- 
er of  Sex.  Pompey.  He  accompanied  the  lat- 
ter into  Asia,  after  the  defeat,  of  his  fleet  in 
Sicily,  but  betrayed  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
generals  of  M.  Antonius  in  35. — (4)  Ma.mercus 
Akmiliuh  Scaurus,  sou  of  No.  3,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished orator  and  poet,  but  of  a  dissolute 
character.  Being  accused  of  majestas  under 
Tiberius,  a.i>.  34,  he  put  au  end  to  his  own 
life. 

SCELERlTUS  CAMPUS  (-i),  a  place  in 
Rome,  close  to  the  Porta  Collina,  where  ves- 
tals who  had  broken  their  vows  were  en- 
tombed alive. 

SCENITAE  (-arum)  (i.e.  dwellers  in  tent*), 
the  general  name  used  by  the  Greeks  for  the 
Bedawee  (Bedouin)  tribes  of  Arabia  Deserta. 

SCEPSIS  (prob.  Eski-Upshi,  or  Eski-ShUp- 
she,  Ku.),  an  ancient  city  in  the  interior  of  the 
Troad,  S.E.  of  Alexandria,  in  the  mountains 
of  Ida. 

SCHERIA.    [Piiaeaoes.] 

SCIATHUS  (-i:  Skiatho),  a  small  island  in 
the  Aegaean  sea,  N.  of  Enboea  and  E.  of  the 
Magnesian  coast  of  Thessaly,  with  a  town  of 
the  same  name  upon  it. 

sriLLtJS  (-untis),  a  town  of  Elis  in  the  dis- 
trict Triphylia,  on  the  river  Selinus,  20  stadia 
S.  of  Olympia. 

SCIONE  (-is),  the  chief  town  in  the  Mace- 
donian peninsula  of  Pallene,  on  the  W.  coast. 

SCIPIO  (-onis),  the  name  of  an  illustrious 
patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens,  said  to 
^iave  been  given  to  the  founder  of  the  family 
because  he  served  as  a  staff  in  directing  his 
blind  father.  This  family  produced  some  of 
the  greatest  men  in  Rome,  and  to  them  she 
was  more  indebted  than  to  any  others  for  the 
empire  of  the  world.  The  family  tomb  of 
the  Scipios  was  discovered  in  17S0,  ami  the 
inscriptions  and  other  curiosities  are  now 
deposited  in  the  Museo  Pio-Clementino,  at 
Rome.  —  (1)  P.  Cobnklius  Soirao,  magister 
c  qui  turn,  n.o.  396,  and  consular  tribune  in  395 


and  394.— (2)  L.Corn.  Scirio,  consul  in  350.— 
(3)P.Cokn.  ScirioBARKATus,consulin32S,  and 
dictator  in  306.  He  was  also  pontifex  maxi- 
mus.— (4)  L.  Corn.  SoipioB  ARUATue,the  great- 
great-grandfather  of  the  conqueror  of  Han- 
nibal, consul  in  298,  when  he  carried  on  war 
against  the  Etruscans,  and  defeated  them 
near  Volaterrae. — (5)  Cn.  Corn.  Soipio  Asina, 
sou  of  No.  4,  was  consul  in  260,  in  the  1st  Punic 
war,  and  a  2d  time  in  254.— (6)  L.  Corn.  Soip- 
io, also  son  of  No.  4,  was  consul  in  259.  lie 
drove  the  Carthaginians  out  of  Sardinia  and 
Corsica,  defeating  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian 
commander.  He  was  censor  in  258. — (7)  P. 
Corn.  Soipio  Asina,  son  of  No.  5,  was  consul 
in  221,  and  carried  on  war,  with  his  colleague 
M.  Minucius  Rufus,  against  the  Istri,  who 
were  subdued  by  the  consuls. — (8)  P.  Corn. 
Scipio,  son  of  No.  6,  was  consul,  with  Ti. 
Semprouius  Longus,  in  218,  the  1st  year  of 
the  2d  Punic  war.  He  encountered  Hau- 
nibal,  on  his  march  into  Italy,  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul;  but  the  Romans  were"  defeated,  the 
consul  himself  received  a  severe  wound,  and 
was  only  saved  from  death  by  the  courage  of 
his  young  sou  Ptiblius,  the  future  conqueror 
of  Hannibal.  Scipio  now  retreated  across  the 
Ticinus,  crossed  the  Po  also;  first  took  up  his 
quarters  at  Placentia,  and  subsequently  with- 
drew to  the  hills  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tre- 
bia,  where  he  was  joined  by  the  other  consul, 
Semprouius  Longus.  The  latter  resolved  upon 
a  baitle,  in  opposition  to  the  advice  of  his  col- 
league. The  result  was  the  complete  defeat 
of  the  Roman  army,  which  was  obliged  to 
take  refuge  within  the  walls  of  Placentia.  In 
the  following  year,  217,  Scipio,  whose  impe- 
rium  had  been  prolonged;  crossed  over  into 
Spain,  where,  with  his  brother  Cneins,  he 
made  head  against  the  Carthaginians  till  211, 
when  they  were  defeated  and  slain.— (9)  Cn. 
Corn.  Soipio  Calvcs,  son  of  No.  6,  and  broth- 
er of  No.  8,  was  consul  in  222,  with  M.  Claudius, 
Marcel] us. — (10)  P.  Corn.  Scino  Africancb  1 
Major,  son  of  No.  8,  was  born  in  234.  Me  I 
was  unquestionably  one  of  the  greatest  men 
of  Rome,  and  he  acquired  at  an  early  age  the 
confidence  and  admiration  of  his  countrymen. 
His  enthusiastic  mind  led  him  to  believe  that 
he  was  a  special  favorite  of  the  gods  ;  and  he 
never  engaged  in  any  public  or  private  busi- 
ness without  first  going  to  the  Capitol,  where 
he  sat  some  time  alone,  enjoying  communica- 
tion from  the  gods.  He  is  first  mentioned  in 
218  at  the  battle  of  the  Ticinus,  when  he  saved 
the  life  of  his  father,  as  has  been  already  re- 
lated. He  fought  at  Cannae  two  years  after- 
wards (216), when  he  was  already  a"  tribune  of 
the  soldiers,  and  was  one  of  the  few  Roman 
officers  who  survived  that  fatal  day.  He  was 
chosen  along  with  Appius  Claudius  to  com- 
mand the  remains  of  the  army,  which  had 
taken  refuge  at  Canusinm  ;  and  it  was  owing 
to  his  youthful  heroism  and  presence  of  mind 
that  the  Roman  nobles,  who  had  thought  of 
leaving  Italy  in  despair,  were  prevented  from 
carrying  their  rash  project  into  effect  He 
had  already  gained  the  favor  of  the  people  to 
such  an  extent  that  lie  was  elected  aedile  in 
212,  although  he  had  not  yet  reached  the  le- 
gal age.  In  210,  after  the  death  id'  his  father 
aud  uncle  iu  Spain,  Scipio,  then  barely  24, 


SCIPIO. 


was  chosen  with  enthusiasm  to  take  the  com- 
mand ill  that  country.  His  success  was  strik- 
ing and  rapid.  In  the  first  campaign  (210)  lie 
took  the  important  city  of  Carthago  Nova, 
ami  in  the  course  of  the* next  3  yearslie  drove 
the  Carthaginians  entirely  out  of  Spain.  He 
returned  to  Rome  in  206,  and  was  elected  con- 
sul for  the  following  year  (205),  although  he 
had  not  yet  filled  the  office  of  praetor,  and 
was  only'30  years  of  age.  He  was  anxious  to 
cross  over  at  once  to  Africa,  and  bring  the 
contest  to  an  end  at  the  gates  of  Carthage ; 
and,  after  much  opposition,  obtained  a  fleet 
and  army  for  that  purpose.  After  spending 
the  winter  in  Sicily,  and  completing  all  his 
preparations  for  the  invasion  of  Africa,  he 
crossed  over  to  the  latter  country  in  the  course 
of  the  following  year.  Success  again  attend- 
ed his  arms.  The  Carthaginians  and  their 
ally  Syphax  were  defeated  with  great  slaugh- 
ter ;  and  the  former  were  compelled  to  recall 
Hannibal  from  Italy  as  the  only  hope  of  sav- 
ing their  country.  The  long  struggle  be- 
tween the  two  peoples  was  at  length  brought 
to  a  close  by  the  battle  fought  near  the  city  of 
Zaina  on  the  10th  of  October,  '202,  in  which 
Scipio  gained  a  decisive  and  brilliant  victory 
over  Hannibal.  Carthage  had  no  alternative 
but  submission  ;  but  the  final  treaty  was  not 
concluded  till  the  following  year  (201).  Scip- 
io returned  to  Italy  in  201,  and  entered  Rome 


in  triumph,  He  was  received  with  universal 
enthusiasm,  and  the  surname  of  Africauus 

v.a-  conferred  upon  him.    Be  took  no  pr - 

Inenl  pari  in  pnbl  i 

few  years.  He  was  censor  in  100  with  I'. 
Aelius  Paetus,  and  consul  a  second  tlmo  in 
194  with  Ti.  Sempronios  Longu        in  198 he 

■ r  i  in-  :■  comml    loners  «  ho  were 

i  \ in.  i  to  mediate  !"■!  ween  Ma 
ami  the  I  nlnns ;  and  in  the  sain 

he  was  one  of  the  i  o  Antl 

art  Hannibal 
was  then  residing,    in  190  African ne    i 
as  legate  under  his  brother  Lucius  in  the  war 
against  AntiochUS  the  Ureat.     After  Ikeil  re 


3  SCIPIO. 

turn,  Lucius  and,  subsequently,  Africanus 
himself  were  accused  of  having  received  bribes 

from  Autiochus  to  let  the  monarch  off  too 
leniently,  and  of  having  appropriated  to  their 
own  use  part  of  the  money  which  had  been 
paid  by  Antiochus  to  the  Roman  state.  The 
successful  issue  of  the  prosecution  of  Lucius 

emboldened  his  enemies  to  bring  the  great 
Africanus  himself  before  the  people.  11  is  ac- 
cuser was  M.  Naevius,  the  tribune  of  the  peo. 
pie,  and  the  accusation  was  brought  in  W). 
When  the  trial  came  on,  and  Africanus  was 
stinin ed,  hi'  proudly  reminded  the  people 

that  this  was  the  anniversary  of  the  day  on 
which  he  had  defeated  Hannibal  at  Zaina, 
and  called  upon  them  to  follow  him  to  the; 
Capitol,  in  order  there  to  return  thanks  to 
the  immortal  gods,  and  to  pray  that  they 
would  grant  the  Roman  state  other  citizens 
like  himself.  Scipio  struck  a  chord  which  vi- 
brated on  every  heart,  and  was  followed  by 
crowds  to  the  Capitol.  Having  thus  set  all 
the  laws  at  defiance,  Scipio  immediately  quit- 
ted Rome,  and  retired  to  his  country-seal  at 
Liturnnm.  The  tribunes  wished  to 
the  prosecution,  but  QracchllS  wisely  per- 
suaded them  to  let  it  drop.  Scipio  never  re- 
turned to  Rome.  The  year  of  his  death  is  un- 
certain ;  but  he  probably  died  in  ls;i.  .  (11)  L. 
Cobn.  Soifio  Asi  vi  [i  us,  also  called  A- 1 1 
or  AsiAGENDB,  was  the  son  of  No.  B,  and  the 
brother  of  the  great  Africauus.     He  served 

under  his  brother  in  Spain;  was  praetor  ill 
193,  when  he  obtained  the  province  nf Sicily; 
and  i  . instil  in  190,  with  C  I. aelius.  lie  de- 
feated Antiochus  at  Mount  Sipvlus  In  190,  en- 
tered Rome  in  triumph  in  the  following  year, 
and  assumed  the  surname  of  Asiaticus.     ll!~ 

aCCnsatiOU  and  condemnation  have  been  al- 
ready related  in  the  life  of  his  brother. — (18) 
P.  Corn.  Soipio  Afbioanub,  elder  s.m  of  1 1 ■• 
great  Africanus.  was  prevented  by  ins  weak 
be  iii ii  from  taking  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
— (13)  L.  or  Cn.  Cobn.  Soipio  Aran 
younger  s.m  of  the  great  Africanus.     He  ac- 

> panied   his   father  into  Asia   in    190,  and 

Was  taken  prisoner  by  AntiochUS.  This  8cip- 
[O   W8(      '  Q    Of   an    lllui  I 

sire.— (14)  L  Cobn,  Soipio  Asiatioui 
Bcendanl  of  No.  11,  belonged  to  the  Marian 

.1  in  -;;  u  ith CNoi 
(15)  P.  Cobn.  Soipio  Akmimaittu   Ivbioa  ids 
Minob,  was  the  younger  son  nf  I..  Aemlllus 

P .  the  nonqueroi  i  it  M  w  edonla,  nm 

adopted  bj  P.  Si  Iplo  |No.  19],  the  Bon  of  the 
ir  of  Hannibal.    He  was  born  about 
is:.,     in  iii-  171  ii  ( sar  he  accompanied  I 
ilea  Paolo    i"  <  Ireei  e,  and  fought  nndei  him 

at  the  battle  of  Pydna.  168.    Bclpl ™ted 

him-eii  with  ardor  to  the  studj  n 

i  Intimate  fi  end  Ii  p  ■■■ 
lybloa  and  Punaei  Im .     He  llkev 
in.   poi      i  .oid  Terence  to  111 

111  if  v,   (II  1  tl 

iii  the  c poi  It  ion  of  hi  111 

ti  lend  hipwith  Lai  rl  pm  ■ 

entitled      I  Al> 

though  thin   devoted  tn  the  ntudj  i  i  polite 
nil  to  have  cull 

the  \  n  im'    w  lie  ii 


SCIPIO. 


354 


SCODRUS. 


Romans,  and  to  have  made  Cato  the  model 
of  his  conduct.  Scipio  first  served  in  Spain 
with  great  distinction  as  military  tribune  un- 
der the  consul  L.  Lucullus  in  151.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  3d  Punic  war  in  149  he  ac- 
companied the  Roman  army  to  Africa,  again 
with  the  rank  of  military  tribune.    Here  he 

fained  still  more  renown.  By  his  personal 
ravery  and  military  skill  he  repaired,  to  a 
great  extent,  the  mistakes  of  the  consul  Ma- 
nilius,  whose  army  on  one  occasion  he  saved 
from  destruction.  He  returned  to  Rome  in 
148,  and  had  already  gained  such  popularity 
that  when  he  became  a  candidate  fur  the 
aedileship  for  the  following  year  (147)  he  was 
elected  consul,  although  he  was  only  37,  and 
had  not  therefore  attained  the  legal  age.  The 
senate  assigned  to  him  Africa"as  his  prov- 
ince, to  which  he  forthwith  sailed.  He  pros- 
ecuted the  siege  of  Carthage  with  the  utmost 
vigor;  and,  in  spite  of  a  desperate  resistance, 
captured  it  in  the  spring  of  146.  After  re- 
ducing Africa  to  the  form  of  a  Roman  prov- 
ince, Scipio  returned  to  Rome  in  the  same 
year,  and  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph  on 
account  of  his  victory.  The  surname  of  Afri- 
canus,  which  he  had  inherited  by  adoption 
from  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal,  had  been 
now  acquired  by  him  by  his  own  exploits. 
In  142  Scipio  was  censor,  and  in  the  admin- 
istration of  the  duties  of  his  office  he  attempt- 
ed to  repress  the  growing  luxury  and  im- 
morality of  his  contemporaries.  In  130  Scip- 
io was  accused  by  Ti.  Claudius  Asellus  of 
majestas,  but  acquitted.  The  speeches  which 
he  delivered  ou  the  occasion  obtained  great 
celebrity,  and  were  held  in  high  esteem  in  a 
later  age.  It  appears  to  have  been  after  this 
event  that  Scipio  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to 
Egypt  and  Asia,  to  attend  to  the  Roman  in- 
terests in  those  countries.  The  long  contin- 
uance of  the  war  in  Spain  again  called  Scipio 
to  the  consulship.  He  was  appointed  consul 
in  his  absence,  and  had  the  province  of  Spain 
assigned  to  him  in  134.  His  operations  were 
attended  with  success ;  and  in  133  he  brought 
the  war  to  a  conclusion  by  the  capture  of  the 
city  of  Numantia  after  a  long  siege.  He  now 
received  the  surname  of  Numaritinus  in  ad- 
dition to  that  of  Africanus.  During  his  ab- 
sence in  Spain, Tib.  Gracchus  had  been  put  to 
death.  Scipio  was  married  to  Sempronia,  the 
sister  of  the  fallen  tribune,  but  he  had  no 
sympathy  with  his  reforms,  and  no  sorrow 
for  his  fate.  Upon  his  return  to  Rome  in  132 
he  tock  the  lead  in  opposing  the  popular 
party,  and  endeavored  to  prevent  the  agra- 
rian  law  of  Tib.  Gracchus  from  being  carried 
into  effect.  In  the  disputes  that  arose  in  con- 
sequence he  was  accused  by  Carbo  with  the 
bitterest  invectives  as  the  enemy  of  the  peo- 
ple; and  upon  his  again  expressing  his  ap- 
proval of  the  death  of  Tib.  Gracchus,  the  peo- 
ple shouted  out,  "Down  with  the  tyrant!" 
In  the  evening  he  went  home  with  the  inten- 
tion of  composing  a  speech  for  the  following 
day  ;  but  next  day  he  was  found  dead  in  his 
room.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  murder- 
ed, and  Cicero  mentions  Carbo  as  his  assas- 
sin.—  (16)  P.  Corn.  Scipio  Nasica,  that  is, 
"Scipio  with  the  pointed  nose,"  was  the  son 
of  Cu.  Scipio  Calvus,who  fell  in  Spain  in  211 


[No.  9].  He  is  first  mentioned  in  204  as  a 
young  man  who  was  judged  by  the  senate  to 
be  the  best  citizen  in  the  state,  and  was  there- 
fore sent  to  Ostia  along  with  the  Roman  ma- 
trons to  receive  the  statue  of  the  Idaean 
Mother,  which  had  been  brought  from  Pessi- 
nus.  He  was  curule  aedile  in  196  j  praetJr  in 
194,  when  he  fought  with  success  in  Farther 
Spain ;  and  consul  in  191, when  he  defeated  the 
Boii,  and  triumphed  over  them  on  his  return 
to  Rome.  Scipio  Nasica  was  a  celebrated 
jurist,  and  a  house  was  given  him  by  the 
state  in  the  Via  Sacra,  in  order  that  he  might 
be  more  easily  consulted. — (17)  P.  Corn.  Scip- 
io Nasica  Cop.cn.rM,  son  of  No.  16,  inher- 
ited from  his  father  a  love  of  jurisprudence, 
and  became  so  celebrated  for  his  discernment, 
and  for  his  knowledge  of  the  pontifical  and 
civil  law,  that  he  received  the  surname  of 
Corculum.  He  was  elected  pontifex  maxi- 
mus  in  150. — (18)  P.  Corn*.  Scipio  Nasica  Se- 
rafio,  son  of  No.  17,  is  chiefly  known  as  the 
leader  of  the  senate  in  the  murder  of  Tib. 
Gracchus.  In  cousequence  of  his  conduct  on 
this  occasion,  Nasica  became  an  object  of  such 
detestation  to  the  people  that  the  senate 
found  it  advisable  to  send  him  on  a  pretend- 
ed mission  to  Asia,  although  he  was  pontifex 
maximns,  and  ought  not,  therefore,  to  have 
quitted  Italy.  He  did  not  venture  to  return 
to  Rome,  and,  after  wandering  about  from 
place  to  place,  died  soon  afterwards  at  Perga- 
mum. — (19)  P.  Corn.  Scipio  Nasica,  son  of 
No.  IS,  was  consul  in  111,  and  died  during  his 
consulship. — (20)  P.  Corn.  Scipio  Nasica,  son 
of  No.  19,  praetor  in  94.  This  Scipio  became  the 
father-in-law  of  Cn.Pompey  the  triumvir,  and 
fell  in  Africa  in  46.  His  life  is  given  under 
Metei.i.us. — (21)  Cn.  Corn.  Scipio  HisrALi.rs, 
son  of  L.  Scipio, who  is  only  known  as  a  broth- 
er of  the  2  Scipios  who  fell  in  Spain.  Hispal- 
lus  was  praetor  in  179,  and  consul  in  171. — (22) 
Cn.  Corn.  Scipio  Hispallus,  son  of  No.  21, 
was  praetor  in  139,  when  he  published  an  edict 
that  all  Chaldaeaus  (i.e.  astrologers)  should 
leave  Rome  and  Italy  within  10  days. 

SCIRITIS,  a  wild  and  mountainous  district 
in  the  N.  of  Laconia,  on  the  borders  of  Ar- 
cadia, with  a  town  called  Scircs. 

SCIRON  (-onis),  a  famous  robber  who  in- 
fested the  frontier  betweeu  Attica  and  Me- 
garis.  He  not  only  robbed  the  travelers  who 
passed  through  the  country,  but  compelled 
them  on  the  Scironian  rock  to  wash  his  feet, 
and  kicked  them  into  the  sea  while  they  were 
thus  employed.  At  the  foot  of  the  rock  there 
was  a  tortoise,  which  devoured  the  bodies  of 
the  robber's  victims.  He  was  slain  by  The- 
seus. 

SCIRONIA  SAXA(-0rnm:  Derveni  Bouno), 
large  rocks  on  the  E.  coast  of  Megaris,  be- 
tween which  and  the  sea  there  was  only  a 
narrow,  dangerous  pass,  called  the  Scironian 
road.  The  name  of  the  rocks  was  derived 
from  the  celebrated  robber  Sciron. 

SCODRA  (-ae:  Scodar  or  Scutari),  one  of 
the  most  important  towns  in  Illyricum,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  river  Barbana,"at  the  S.E. 
corner  of  the  Lacus  Labeatis,  and  about  11 
miles  from  the  coast. 

SCODRUS.    [Scardc&J 


SCOMIUS. 


SCYLLA. 


SCOMIUS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Mace- 
donia, which  runs  E.  of  Mount  Seardus,  in  the 
direction  of  N.  to  S.  towards  Mount  Hacmus. 

SCOPAS  (-ae).  (1)  Au  Aetolian,  who  held 
a  leading  position  among  his  countrymen  at 
the  period  of  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Philip  aud  the  Achaeans,  n.o.  220,  in  the  first 
year  of  which  he  commanded  the  Aetolian 
army.  After  the  close  of  the  war  with  Philip 
he  withdrew  to  Alexandria.  Here  he  was 
received  with  the  utmost  favor  by  the  minis- 
ters of  the  yonng  king,  Ptolemy  V.,  and  was 
appoiuted  to  the  chief  command  of  the  army 
against  Antiochus  the  Great,  but  was  ulti- 
:nately  unsuccessful.  Notwithstanding  this, 
he  continued  in  high  favor  at  the  Egyptian 
court ;  but  having  formed  a  p.ut  iu  U6  to  ob- 
tain by  force  the  chief  administration  of  the 
kingdom,  he  was  arrested  and  put  to  death. 
— (2)  A  distinguished  sculptor  and  architect, 
was  a  native  of  Paros,  and  appears  to  have 
belonged  to  a  family  of  artists  in  that  island. 
He  flourished  from  n.o.  395  to  350.  He  was 
the  architect  of  the  temple  of  Athena  Alea,  at 
Tegea,  in  Arcadia,  which  was  commenced 
si  inn  after  n.o.  394.  He  was  one  of  the  artists 
employed  in  executing  the  bass-reliefs  which 
decorated  the  frieze  of  the  mausoleum  at 
Halicarnassus  in  Carta,  a  portion  of  which  is 
now  deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  Among 
the  single  statues  and  groups  of  Scopas,  the 
best  known  in  modem  limes  is  his  group  of 
figures  representing  the  destruction  of  the 
sous  ami  daughters  of  Niobe.  But  the  most 
esteemed  of  all  the  works  of  Scopas,  in  an- 
tiquity, was  his  group  representing  Achilles 
conducted  to  the  island  of  Leuce  by  the  divin- 
ities of  the  sc.l. 

SCORDISCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Pannonia 
Superior,  are  sometimes  classed  among  the 
lllyrians,  but  were  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
and  powerful  Celtic  tribe.  They  dwell  be- 
tween tin.'  Savtis  and  Dravns. 

si  '<Vn  (-5mm),  a  people  mentioned,  togeth- 
er wiih  th'-  Pioi  i,  by  tin'  later  Roman  n  rStert 
as  one  of  the  chief  tribes  of  the  ancient  Cale- 
donians. They  dwelt  iii  the  s.  of  Scotland 
and  in  Ireland;  and  from  them  the  former 
country  has  derived  its  name. 

SCOTUS8A  (-ae),  ,-i  very  ancient  town  of 
Tu  saly,  in  the  district  Pelasgiotis,  near  the 
source  of  the  Onche 

s<  KTBONiA  (-ae),  wife  of  Octavianos,  aft- 
erwards the  emperor  Augustas,  had  been 
married  twice  before.  By  one  ol  her  former 
husbands,  P.  Bclpio,  she  had  two  children,  P. 
8cipio,who  was  consul  in  n.o.  16,  and  a  daugh- 
ter, Cornelia,  who  was  married  t"  Paulus 
Aemilius  Lepidns,  censor  In  b.o,  22.  8cribo- 
nia  w.i  "i  l..  Sci  Iboniui  Libo,  who 

was  the  father-in-law  of  Bex.  Pompey.    Au- 
gustus married  her  in  10,  on  the  adi 
Maecenas,  because  be  was  then  afraid  that 
8        Pompey  would  form  au  alliance  with 
Antony  to  crush  him;   but  having  i 
his  alliance  wii  b  Antony,  Octal 
her  iu  the  following  year  (89),  on  the  very 
ill  y  mi  whi<  ii  she  had  bin  ne  him  a  daughter, 
Julia,  in  onier  to  marry  Livia.     Sci 
long  survived  her  separation  from  Octavian. 
In  a.i>.  2  the  accompanied,  of  her  own  accord, 
T 


her  daughter  Julia  into  exile  to  the  island  of 
Paudataria. 

SCRIBONIUS  CURIO.    [Cdkio.] 

SCRIBONIUS  LIBO.     [Lino.] 

SCRIBONIUS  PROCULUS.      [Prooclto.] 

SCULTENNA  (-ae:  Panaro),  a  river  iu 
Gallia  Cispadana,  risiug  in  the  Apennines, 
aud  flowing  to  the  10.  of  Mutina  into  the  Po. 

SCYLlClUM,  also  SCYLiCfiUM  or 
SCYLLETIUM  (-i :  SquiUaee),  a  Creek  town 
ou  the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  was  situated  on 
2  adjoining  hills  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
coast,  between  the  rivers  Caecinus  and  Car- 
cines.  From  this  town  the  Soylaoius  or 
Soyu.f.ticcs  Sinus  derived  its  name. 

SCfLAX  (-acis).  (1)  OfCaryanda.inCaria, 
was  sent  by  Darius  Hystaspis  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  down  the  Indus.  Setting  out  from 
the  city  of  Caspatyrus  and  the  Pactyican  dis- 
trict. Scylax  readied  the  sea,  aud  then  sailed 
\V.  through  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the  Red  Sea, 
performing  the  whole  voyage  in  30  mouths. 
There  is  still  extant  a  PenpltlS  bearing  the 
name  of  Scylax,  but  which  could  not  have 
been  written  by  the  subject  cither  of  this  or 
ofthe  following  article. — (2)  Of  Halicarnassus, 
a  friend  of  Panaetius,  distinguished  for  bin 
knowledge  of  the  stars,  and  for  his  political 
influence  in  his  own  state. 

SCYLLA  (ae)  and  CHlRYBDIS  (-is),  the 
names  of  two  rocks  between  Italy  and  Sicily. 
In  the  one  nearest  to  Italy  was  a  cave,  in. 
which  dwelt  Scylla,  a  daughter  of  Crataeis, 
a  fearful  monster,  barking  like  a  dog,  with  \1 
feet,  and  (i  long  necks  and  beads,  each  of 
which  contained  :'.  rows  of  sharp  teeth.  Tim 
opposite  rock,  which   was  much  lower,  COn> 

turned  an  Immense  Sir-tree,  under  which 
dwelt  Chary bdie, who  thrice  every  day  swal- 
lowed down  the  waters  of  the  sea,  and  thrice 
threw  them  up  again.      This  is  the  Homeric 

ii  ;  but  later  traditions  give  dlfi 
accounts  offlcylla'e  parentage.     Hercules  Is 

said    to    have    killed    her,    hec.iu-e    -lie    Stole 

some  of  tin-  oxen  of  Gervon  ;  but  Phorcys  is 
said  to  have  restored  ner  to  life.      \  Irgll 

[At  ".,  vi.  280)  speaks  of  several  Scyllae,  I 

hem  in  the  lower  world.      CharvbdlS 

..f  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) ami  (i.ie.i  (Tellus),  and  as  a  voracious 

woman,  who  Stole  OXOn  from  Hercules,  .and 
was  hurled  by  the  thunderbolt  ofZena  (Jupi- 
ter)  into  the  sea. 


■tjUa.  I  Aurljoulom.) 


SCYLLA. 


3.->0 


SEBETHUS. 


SCYLLA  (-ae),  (laughter  of  king  Nisns  of 
Megara,who  fell  in  love  with  Minos.  [Nisus, 
and  Minos.] 

SCYLLAEUM  (-i).  (1)  (Scigilo),  a  promon- 
tory on  the  coast  of  Bruttinm,  at  the  N.  en- 
trance to  the  Sicilian  strait,  where  the  mon- 
ster Scylla  was  supposed  to  live.  [Soyi. la.] 
—(2)  (Scilla  or  Sciglio),  a  town  in  Bruttium, 
on  the  above-named  promontory.  There  are 
still  remains  of  the  ancient  citadel. — (3)  A 
promontory  in  Argolis,  on  the  coast  of  Troe- 
zen,  forming, with  the  promontory  of  Sunium 
in  Attica,  the  entrance  to  the  Saronic  gulf. 

SCYLLETICUS  SINUS.     [Scyi.acium.] 

SCYLLETIUM.    [Soylacutm.] 

SCYMNUS  (-i),  of  Chioe.wrote  a  Periegesu, 
or  description  of  the  earth,  in  prose,  and 
which  is  consequently  different  from  the 
Periegesis  in  Iambic  metre  which  has  come 
down  to  us. 

SCYROS  (-i:  Sci/ro),  an  island  in  the  Ae- 
gaean  sea,  E.  of  Euboea,  and  one  of  the  Spor- 
ades.  Here  Thetis  concealed  her  son  Achilles 
in  woman's  attire  among  the  daughters  of 
Lycomedes,  and  here  also  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of 
Achilles  by  Deidamla,  was  brought  up.  Ac- 
cording to  another  tradition,  the  island  was 
conquered  by  Achilles,  in  order  to  revenge 
the  death  of  Theseus,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  treacherously  destroyed  in  Scyros  by 
Lycomedes.  Tne  'bones  of  Theseus  were 
discovered  by  Cimon  in  Scyros,  after  his  con- 
quest of  the  island,  u.  0.476,  and  were  conveyed 
to  Athens,  where  they  were  preserved  in  the 
Theseum.  From  this  time  Scyros  continued 
subject  to  Athens  till  the  period  of  the  Mace- 
donian supremacy:  hut  the  Romans  com- 
pelled t  he  last  Philip  to  restore  it  to  Athens, 
n.c.  196. 

SCYTHIA  (-ae :  Scythes,  Scftha,  -ae,  pi. 
Scry  th  a  e, -arum  ■  fern.  Scythis,-idis,  Scythissa), 
a  name  applied  to  very  different  countries  at 
different  limes.  The  Scythia  of  Herodotus 
comprise?,  to  speak  generally,  the  S.E.  parts 
of  Europe,  between  the  Carpathian  mount- 
ains and  the  river  Tanais  (Don).  The  people 
who  inhabited  this  region  were  called  by  t he 
Greeks  Zk<Vcu,  a  word  of  doubtful  origin, 
which  fit>t  occurs  iu  Hesiod  ;  but,  iu  their 
own  language,  Sk.'>aoto<,  i.  e.  Slavonians.  They 
were  believed  by  Herodotus  to  be  of  Asiatic 
origin  .  and  his"  account  of  them,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  description  given  by  Hip- 
pocrates of  their  physical  peculiarities,  leaves 
no  doubt  that  they  were  a  part  of  the  great 
Mongol  race,  who  have  wandered,  from  un- 
known antiquity,  over  the  steppes  of  Central 
Asia.  Herodotus  says  further  that  they  were 
driven  out  of  their  abodes  in  Asia,N.  of  the 
Araxes,  by  the  Massagetae  ;  and  that,  migrat- 
ing into  Europe,  they  drove  out  the  Cim- 
merians. The  Scythians  were  a  nomad  peo- 
ple, that  is,  shepherds  or  herdsmen,  who  had 
no  fixed  habitations,  but  roamed  over  a  vast 
tract  of  country  at  their  pleasure,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  wants  of  their  cattle.  They  lived 
in  a  kind  of  covered  wagons,  which  Aeschy- 
lus describes  as  "lofty  houses  of  wicker-work, 
on  well-wheeled  chariots."  They  kept  large 
troops  of  horses,  and  were  most  expert  in 


cavalry  exercises  and  archery;  and  hence,  as 
the  Persian  king  Darius  found,  when  he  in- 
vaded their  country  (b.o.  507),  it  was  almost 
impossible  for  an  invading  army  to  act  against 
them.  They  simply  retreated, wagons  and  all, 
before  the  enemy,  harassing  him  with  their 
light  cavalry,  and  leaving  famine  and  ex- 
posure, in  their  bare  steppes,  to  do  the  rest. 
An  important  modification  of  their  habits 
had,  however,  taken  place,  to  a  certaiu  ex- 
tent, before  Herodotus  described  them.  Tha 
fertility  of  the  plains  on  the  N.  of  the  Euxine,, 
and  the  influence  of  the  Greek  settlements  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Borysthenes,  and  along  the 
coast,  had  led  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of 
Scythia  to  settle  down  as  cultivators  of  the 
soil,  and  had  brought  them  into  commercial 
and  other  relations  with  the  Greeks.  Accord- 
ingly, Herodotus  mentions  2  classes  or  hordes 
of  Scythians  who  had  thus  abandoned  their 
nomad  life  and  turned  husbandmen.  Iu  later 
times  the  Scythians  were  gradually  overpow- 
ered by  the  neighboring  people,  especially 
the  Safmatiaus,  who  gave  their  name  to  the 
whole  country.  [Sar.matia.]  In  writers  of 
the  time  of  the  Roman  empire  the  name  of 
Scythia  denotes  the  whole  of  N.  Asia,  from 
the  river  R'ja  (Volga)  on  the  W.,  which  di- 
vided it  from  Asiatic  Sarmatia,  to  Serica  on 
the  E.,  extending  to  India  on  the  S.  It  was 
divided,  by  Mount  Imans,  into  2  parts,  called 
respectively  Scythia  intra  Imaum,  i.e. on  the 
N.W.  side  of  the  range,  and  Scythia  extra 
Imaum,  ou  its  S.E.  side.  Of  the  people  of 
this  region  nothing  was  known  except  some 
names;  but  the  absence  of  knowledge  was 
supplied  by  some  marvelous  and  not  unin- 
teresting fables. 

SCYTHINI  (-orum),  a  people  ou  the  W. 
border  of  Armenia,  through  whose  country 
the  Greeks  under  Xenophon  marched  4  days' 
journey. 

SCYTHOPOLIS  (-is:  O.T.  Befhskan  :  DeU 
san,  Rn.),  an  important  city  of  Palestine,  in 
the  S.E.  of  Galilee,  according  to  the  usual 
division,  but  sometimes  also  reckoned  to 
Samaria,  sometimes  to  Decapolis,  and  some- 
times to  Coele-Syria.  It  is  often  mentioned 
iu  O.  T.  history,  in  the  time  of  the  Macca- 
bees, and  under  t he  Romans.  It  had  a  mixed 
population  of  Canaanites,  Philistines,  and 
Assyrian  settlers.  Under  the  late  Roman 
empire  it  became  the  seat  of  the  archbishop 
of  Palestiua  Secuuda,  and  it  continued  a 
flourishing  city  to  the  time  of  the  first  Cru- 
sade. 

SEBASTE  '  (-cs :  =  Augusta).  (1)  (Ayash, 
Ru.),  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Cilicia  Aspera.— 
(2)  (Segikler),  a  city  of  Phrygia.  N.W.  of 
Eumenia.— (3)  A  city  in  Pontus,  also  called 
Cabira.     [Cahira.]— (4)  [Samaria]. 

SEBENNYTUs  (-i :  Semennovt,  Rn.),  a  con. 
siderable  city  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  Delta, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  branch  of  the  Nile, 
called  after  it  the  Sebennytic  Month.  It  was 
tin-  capital  of  the  Nomos  Sebennytes  or  Se- 
bennyticu8. 

SEBETHUS  (-i  :  Maddalena),  a  small  rivo; 
in  Campania,  flowing  around  Vesuvius,  and 
falling  into  the  Sinus  Puteolanus  at  the  K. 
side  of  Neapolis. 


SEDETANI. 


BELEUCIA. 


SEDETANL     [Edetani.] 

SEDfTNl  (-oram),  an  Alpine  people  in  Gal- 
Ma  Belgica,  E.  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhone,  in  the  modern  ^allais. 

8EDUSII  (-oram),  a  German  people,  form- 
ing part  of  the  army  of  Ariovistus,  when  he 
invaded  Ganl  in  b.o.  58.  Their  site  can  not 
be  determined. 

SEGESTA  (-ae:  nr.  Alcamo,  Ru.),  the  later 
Roman  form  of  the  town  called  by  the  Greeks 
Egebta  or  Af.gesta,  in  Virgil  Acksta;  sit- 
uated in  the  N.W.  of  Sicily,  near  the  coast 
between  Pauormus  and  Drepanum.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  founded  by  the  Trojans  on  2 
small  rivers,  to  which  they  gave  the  names 
of  Simois  and  Scamander  ;  hence  the  Romans 
made  it  a  colony  of  Aeneas. 

SEGESTES  (-is),  a  Cheruscan  chieftain,  the 
opponent  of  Arminius. 

SEGNI  (-oram),  a  German  people  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  between  the  Treveri  and  Eburones, 
the  name  of  whom  is  still  preserved  in  the 
town  of  Sinei  or  Signet. 

SEGOBRIGA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  or  the 
Oeltiben  in  Hispuiril  irraconenslo,  9  W   of 

Caesaraugusta. 

SEGONTIA  or  SKGUNTIA  (-ae),  a  town 
of  the  Celtiberi,  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis, 
It!  miles  from  Caesaraugnsta. 

SEGOVIA  (-ae).  (1)  {Segovia),  a  town  of 
the  Arevaci,  on  the  road  from  Emeriia  to 
Caesarangasta.  A  magnificent  Roman  aque- 
duct is  slill  extant  at  Segovia.  (2)  A  town 
in  Hispania  Baeiica  on  the  Flnmen  Silicense, 
near  Sacili. 

SEQUSlS.Nl  (-orum),  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant peoples  in  Gallia  Lngdunensie,  bound- 
ed by  the  Allobroees  on  tin1  S.,hy  the  Seqnanl 
on  the  E.,  by  the  Aedni  on  the  S'.,  and  by  the 
Arverni  on  the  \V.  In  their  territory  was  the 
i  own  of  Lugdnnum,  the  capital  of  the  modem 
province. 

SEGUSIO  (-6nis:  Sum),  the  capital  of  the 
Segnsini  and  the  residence  of  king  Cottius, 
was  situated  in  Gallia  Trnnspadana,  /it  the 
foot  of  the  Cottian  Alps.  The  triumphal  arch 
e  ected  at  this  place  bj  Cotl  lus  in  donor  of 

AllgUStUB  is  si  ill  extant. 

siviAN'i's  (-i),  aki.ms,  was  born  al  Vul- 
sinii,  in  Etruria,  and  was  the  son  of  Selna 
strain),  win.  wa«  commander  of  the  prat  toi  Ian 
troops  at  the  cloi  e  of  I  he  reign  of  \  ngit  tn  . 
a.  ii.  14.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  com- 
mand of  these  bands,  and  ultimately  gained 
null  influence  over  Tiberiut  that  Be  made 
him  his  confidant.  For  many  years  he  gov- 
erned Tiberius;  but,  doI  content  with  this 
hi'_'h  position,  be  formed  th<  obtain- 

ing the  imperial  power.  With  this  view  he 
hi  to  make  himself  popular  with  the  sol- 
diers, and  procured  the  poisoning  of  Drnsns, 
the  sun  of  Tiberius  by  bis  wife  Livia,  whom 
hi  had  seduced.  After  Tiberius  had  shut 
himself  up  In  the  Island  of  Capreae,  Bejanne 
had  full  scope  for  in-  machlnationt  ;  and  the 
death  of  Livia,  the  raol  her  of  'I  Ibei  in 
was  followed  by  the  banishment  of  Agrippina 
Hnd  her  sons  Nero  and  DrUSUB.     Tiberius  at 


last  began  to  suspect  the  designs  of  Sejanus, 
and  sent  Sertorius  Macro  to  Rome,  with  u 
commission  to  take  the  command  of  the  prae- 
torian cohorts.  Macro,  after  assuring  him 
self  of  the  troops,  and  depriving  Sejanus  ot 
his  usual  guard, produced  a  letter  from  Tibe- 
rius to  the  senate,  in  which  the  empi  ror  ex- 
pressed his  apprehensions  of  Sejanus.  The 
senate  decreed  his  death,  and  he  was  imme- 
diately executed.  His  body  was  dragged! 
about  the  streets,  and  finally  thrown  into  the 
Tiber.  Many  of  the  friend's  of  Sejanus  per- 
ished at  the  same  time;  and  his  son  and 
daughter  shared  his  fate. 

SELEUCIA  (-ae),  and  rarely  SBLEUCEA, 
the  name  of  several  cities  in  different  parts 
of  Asia,  built  by  Seleucus  L,  king  of  Syria. 
(1)  S.  Ai)  Tigkin,  also  called  S.  Babylonia,  S. 
Asstbiae,  and  s.  Paethobi  m.  a  great  city  on 
the  confines  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia,  and 
for  a  long  time  the  capital  of  W.  Asia,  until 
it  was  eclipsed  by  Ctrsipuon.  Its  exact  site 
has  been  disputed;  but  the  most  probable 
opinion  is  that  it  stood  on  the  \V.  hank  of 
the  Tigris,  N.  of  its  junction  with  the  Royal 
Canal,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Delas  or  Silla  {Diala),  and  to  the  spot  where 
Ctesiphon  was  afterwards  built  by  the  Par- 
tisans. It  was  a  little  to  the  S.  of  the  modern 
city  of  Bagdad.  It  was  built  in  the  form  of 
an  eagle  with  expanded  wings,  and  was  peo- 
pled by  settlers  from  Assyria,  Mesopotamia, 
Babylonia,  Syria,  and  Judaea.  It  rapidly 
lose,   and   eclipsed    Babylon    in    wealth    and 

splendor.  Even  after  the  Parthian  kings  had 
become  masters  of  the  banks  of  the  Tigris, 
and  had  fixed  their  residence  at  Ctesipnon, 
Selencia,  though  deprived  of  much  of  its  im- 
portance, remained  a  very  considerable  city, 
in  the  reign  ofTltns  it  had,  ai  cording  to  Pliny, 
600,000  inhabitants,  n  declined  al 
ii !■■  by  Bevorus.  and  in  Julian's  expedition  it 
was  found  entirely  deserted.  (2)  s.  Pirru 
(called  SeleukehoT  Kepse^nenr  Suadeiah.  Ru.), 
a  great  city  and  fortress  of  Syria,  rounded  by 
i-  in  April,  B.O.  BOO.  It  ftood  "ii  the 
Bite  of  an  ancient  fori  ress,  on  I  he  rack  oi  ei  - 
•  he  fool  -I  m •  .nnt  Plerla, 
a  1 1<  hi  i  4  milei  N.  of  the  Oroutes,  and  IS  mi  leu 
W. of  \ mil H  :h.  lis  natural  strength  was  lm« 
proved  by  every  known  art  of  fin in. 
In  the  war  with  Egypt  which  ensued  upon 
the  mm 1 1 '  i  of  \ ni Ii  chu«  n  ,8i  leoi  n  •  nrrcn- 
dend  to  Ptolemy  III.  Eii  o.  840). 

It  was  aftei  <■■•  iirds  iy  Am lochua 

the  Greal  i  llfl  ,    in  the  war  between   I 
elms  VIII.  ami  I X. :  i     ,  eloucla  made 

themaelvee  Independent  (100  or  108).     The 

City  had  fallen  entirely  Into  decay  1  > y  the  Olh 

century  of  our  era.     There  are  considerable 
i|  the  harbor  and  mole,  ol  the  walls  of 
the  '  Ity,  ami  nt  n    ne.  rnpolls.    i  hi 
Ing  district  wa(  called  Sai.voom    i  <i  B.  an 
Bi  i.i  m,  a  lit',  "i  Bj  i  la,  i"  the 
Orontes,  m  nr  \n  line  i      I  ribtful. 

Mi  s. 'I'r. m  in Mi  fl  h,  Ru  .  in  Impor- 
tant city  of  CI 

i.  on  the  w.  bank  oftbo  rlvei  '   i 
nus,  about  i  m  ind  pe  iph  i 

with  the  Inhabitant    ol    eve  nl  neigh  i 
riiies.     It  had  an  01  u  le  "i  Apollo,  and  annu  il 
ii  honor  ol  Zi  ua  O  I  Hyo* 


SELEUCIS. 


358 


SELEUCUS. 


pian  Jupiter).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
philosophers  Atheuaeus  and  Xenarchus,  and 
01  other  learned  men. — (5)  S.  in  Mesopotamia 
(/;!/■),  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  op- 
posite to  the  ford  of  Zeugma,  was  a  fortress  of 
considerable  importance  in  ancient  military 
history. — (6)  A  considerable  city  ofMargiaua, 
built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  in  a  beautiful 
situation,  and  called  Alexandria;  destroyed 
by  the  barbarians,  and  rebuilt  by  Antiochus 
I.,  who  named  it  Seleucia  after  liis  father. — 
(7)  S.  in  Caria  [Teai.i.es].— There  were  other 
cities  of  the  name,  of  less  importance,  in  Pisi- 
dia,  Pamphylia,  Palestiue,  and  Elymais. 

SELEUCIS,  the  most  beautiful  and  fertile 
district  of  Syria,  containing  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  country,  between  Mount  Amanus  on  the 
N.,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W.,  the  districts 
of  Cyrrhestice  and  Chalyboniiis  on  the  N.E., 
the  desert  on  the  E.,  and  Coele-Syria  and  the 
mountains  of  Lebanon  on  the  S. 

SELEUCUS  (-i),  the  name  of  several  kings 
of  Syria.  I.  Surnamed  Kioator,  the  founder 
of  ihe  Syrian  monarchy,  reigned  n.c.  312-2S0. 
He  was  the  son  of  Aniiochns,  a  Macedonian 
of  distinction  among  the  officers  of  Philip  II., 
and  was  born  about  35S.  He  accompanied 
Alexander  on  his  expedition  to  Asia,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  particularly  in  the  Indian 
campaigns.  Afier  the  death  of  Alexander 
(323)  he  espoused  the  side  of  Perdiccas,whom 
he  accompanied  on  his  expedition  against 
Egypt;  but  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
mutiny  of  the  soldiers,  which  ended  in  the 
death  of  Perdiccas  (321).  In  the  2d  partition 
of  the  provinces  which  followed,  Seleucus  ob- 
tained the  wealthy  and  important  satrapy  of 
Babylonia:  but  it  is  not  till  his  recovery  of 
Babylon  from  Antigonus,  in  312,  that  the 
Syrian  monarchy  is  commonly  reckoned  to 
commence.  He  afterwards  conquered  Susiana 
and  Media,  and  gradually  extended  his  power 
over  all  the  eastern  provinces  which  had  form- 
ed part  of  the  empire  of  Alexander,  from  the 
Euphrates  to  the  banks  of  the  Oxus  and  the 
Indus.  In  306  Seleucus  formally  assumed  the 
regal  title  and  diadem.  Having  leagued  him- 
Felf  with  Ptolemy,  Lysimachus,  and  Cassan- 
der  against  Antigonus,  he  obtained,  by  the 
defeat  and  death" of  that  monarch  at  Ipsus 
<301),  a  great,  part  of  Asia  Minor,  as  well  as 
the  whole  of  Syria,  from  the  Euphrates  to  the 
Mediterranean.  Seleucus  appears  to  have  felt 
the  difficulty  of  exercising  a  vigilant  control 
over  so  extensive  an  empire,  and  accordingly, 
in  293,  he  consigned  the  government  of  all  the 
provinces  beyond  the  Euphrates  to  his  son 
Antiochus,  upon  whom  he  bestowed  the  title 
<>f  kiiicr.  as  well  as  the  hand  of  his  own  youth- 
ful wife,  Stratonice,  for  whom  the  prince  had 
conceived  a  violent  attachment.  In  2S0,  with 
the  assistance  of  Ptolemy  and  Lysimachus, 
he  defeated  and  captured  Demetrius,  king  of 
Macedonia,  who  had  invaded  Asia  Minor. 
For  some  time  jealousies  had  existed  between 
Seleucus  and  Lysimachus  ;  but  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  war  between  the  2  mouarchs, 
which  terminated  in  the  defeat  and  death  of 
Lysimachus  (281),  is  related  in  the  life  of  the 
latter.  Seleucus  now  crossed  the  Hellespont 
in  order  to  take  possession  of  the  throne  of 


Macedonia,  which  had  been  left  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Lysimachus;  but  he  had  advanced 
no  farther  than  Lysimachia  when  he  was  as- 
sassinated by  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  to  whom,  as 
the  son  of  his  old  friend  and  ally,  he  had  ex- 
tended a  friendly  protection.  His  death  took 
place  in  the  beginning  of  2S0,  only  7  months 
after  that  of  Lysimachus,  and  in  the  32d  year 
of  his  reign.  He  was  in  his  78tl»  year.  Selen 
cus  appears  to  have  carried  out,  with  great 
energy  and  perseverance,  the  projects  origi- 
nally  formed  by  Alexander  himself  for  the 
Hellenizdtion  of  hi8  Asiatic  empire;  and  we 
find  him  founding  in  almost  every  province 
Greek  or  Macedonian  colonies, which  became 
so  many  centres  of  civilization  and  retiue- 
ment — II.  Surnamed  Cali.inicus  (24G-226), 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Antiochus  II.  by  his 
first  wife  Laodice.  The  first  measure  of  his 
administration,  or  rather  that  of  his  mother, 
was  to  put  to  death  his  stepmother,  Berenice, 
together  with  her  infant  son.  To  avenge  his 
sister,  Ptolemy  Euergetes,  king  of  Egypt,  in- 
vaded the  dominions  of  Seleucus,  and  not 
only  made  himself  master  of  Antioch  and  the 
whole  of  Syria,  but  carried  his  arms  unop- 
posed beyond  the  Euphrates  and  the  Tigris. 
During  these  operations  Seleucus  kept  wholly 
aloof;  but  when  Ptolemy  had  been  recalled 
to  his  own  dominions  by  domestic  disturb- 
ances, he  recovered  possession  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  provinces  which  he  had  lost.  Se- 
leucus next  became  involved  in  a  dangerous 
war  with  his  brother,  Antiochus  Hierax,  and 
afterwards  undertook  an  expedition  to  the 
East,  with  the  view  of  reducing  the  revolted 
provinces  of  Partnia  and  Bactria.  He  was, 
however,  defeated  by  Arsaces,  king  of  Parthia, 
in  a  great  battle,  which  was  long  after  cele- 
brated by  the  Parthians  as  the  foundation  of 
their  independence.  Seleucus  appears  to  have 
been  engaged  in  an  expedition  for  the  recovery 
of  his  provinces  in  Asia  Minor,  which  had 
been  seized  by  Attalus,wheu  he  was  accident- 
ally killed  by"  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  the  21st 
year  of  his  reign,  22(i. — III.  Surnamed  Cerat- 
*;cs  (22(5-223),  eldest  son  and  successor  of  Se- 
leucus II., was  assassinated  by  2  of  his  officers, 
after  a  reign  of  only  3  years,  and  was  succeed- 
ed by  his  brother,  Antiochus  the  Great. — IV. 
Surnamed  Phii.opator  (1S7-175),  was  the  son 
and  successor  of  Antiochus  the  Great.  The 
reign  of  Seleucus  was  feeble  and  inglorious. 
He  was  assassinated  in  175  by  one  of  his  own 
ministers.— V.  Eldest  son  of  Demetrius  II., 
assumed  the  royal  diadem  on  learning  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  125;  but  his  mother; 
Cleopatra,  who  had  herself  put  Demetriu>  to 
death,  was  indignant  at  hearing  that  her  son 
had  ventured  to  take  such  a  step  without  her 
authority,  and  caused  Seleucus  also  to  l>e 
assassinated.  —VI.  Surnamed  Epithanes,  and 
also  Nioatob  (95-93\  was  the  eldest  of  the  5 
sons  of  Antiochus  VIII.  Grypus.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  95,  he  ascended  the  throne, 
and  defeated  and  slew  in  battle  his  uncle, 
Antiochus  Cyzicenus,  who  had  laid  claim  to 
the  kingdom.  Bnt  shortly  after  Seleucus  was 
in  his  turn  defeated  by  Antiochus  Eusebes, 
the  son  of  Cyzicenus,  and  expelled  from 
Syria.  He  took  refuge  in  the  city  of  Mop- 
suestia,  in  C'ilicia  ;  but,  in  consequence  of  hia 


SELGE. 


359 


SENECA. 


tyranny,  was  burned  to  death  by  the  in- 
habitants. 

SELGE  (-es:  Surkf  Ru.),  one  of  the  chief 
of  the  independent  mountain  cities  of  Fisidia, 
stood  on  the  S.  side  of  Mount  Taurus,  on  the 
Eurymedon,  just  where  the  river  breaks 
through  the  mountain  chain. 

SELINTJS  (-untis).  (1)  A  small  river  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  Sicily,  flowing  by  the  town 
of  the  same  name.— (2)  (Crestena),  a  river  of 
Elis,  in  the  district  Triphylia,  near  Scillus, 
flowing  into  the  Alpheus  west  of  Olympia. — 
(3)  (Vustitza),  a  river  of  Achaia,  rising  in 
Mount  Erymantluis. — (4)  A  tributary  of  the 
Caicns,  iu  Mysia,  flowing  by  the  town  of  Per- 
gamum. — (5)  (Castel  vetrano,  Ru.),  one  of  the 
most  important  towns  in  Sicily,  situated  upon 
a  hill  on  the  S.W.  coast,  and  upon  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  It  was  founded  by  the  Do- 
rians from  Megara  Hyblaea,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Sicily,  u.o.  C2S.  It  soon  attained  great 
prosperity;  but  it  was  taken  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  409,  when  most  of  its  inhabitants 
were  slain  or  sold  as  slaves,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  city  destroyed.— (£)  {Selenti),  a 
town  in  Cilicia,  situated  on  the  coast. 

SELLASIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Laconia,  N.  of 
Sparta,  near  the  river  Oenus. 

SKI. LETS.  (1)  A  river  in  Elis,  on  which  the 
Homeric  Ephyra  stood,  rising  in  Mount  Pho- 
lofi,  and  falling  into  the  sea  S.  of  the  Peneus. 
— (2)  A  river  near  Sicyon. — (3)  A  river  i n  Troas, 
near  Arisbe,  and  a  tributary  of  the  Rhodius. 

SELLI  or  HELLI.     [Dohoxa.J 

SELYMHKIA  orSELYBRIA  (-ae:  Selivria), 
an  important  town  in  Thrace,  situated  on  the 
Propontis.  It  was  a  colony  of  the  Megarians, 
and  was  founded  earlier  than  Byzantium. 

SEMELE  (-5b),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia,  at  Thebes,  and  accordingly  sister 
of  Ino,  Agave,  Autonoe,  and  PolvdorU8.  She 
was  beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  Ileta  (Jnuo), 
stimulated  by  jealousy,  appeared  to  her  iu 
the  form  of  her  aged  nurse  BeroS,  and  in- 
duced her  to  ask  Zeus  to  visit  her  in  the  same 
Splendor  and  majesty  with  which  he  appeal  eel 
to  Hera.  Zeus  warned  her  of  the  danger  of 
her  request;  bu1  ae  he  had  sworn  to  grant 
whatever  she  desired,  he  was  obliged  to  r,  n 

ply  with  her  prayer.    He  accordingly  appeal  ed 

before  her  as  the  god  of  thunder,  and  Semele 
was  consumed  by  the  lightning;    but  Zeue 

saved    her    child     Umiivu-    (Bacchus),    with 

whom  Bhe  was  pregnant.   Her  son  aftet  wards 

carried  her  out  of  the  lower  world,  and  con- 
ducted her  to  Olympus,  where  Bhe  became  Im- 
mortal under  the  name  of  Thvone. 

SfiMlRiMIS  (-Idis)  and  NTNl'S  (-i),  the 
mythical  founders  of  the  Assyrian  empire  of 
Ninus  or  Nineveh.  Ninus  was  a  great  war- 
rior, who  built  the  town  of  Ninus  oi   Nineveh, 

about  n.o.  2182,  and  subdued  tin-  greatet  pari 

rif  Asia.     Seiniraniis  wa-  I  he  dau-hter  of  the 

Ash-goddet  Den  i  to,  of  A  sea  ion  in  Syria,  byn 
Syrian  youth.    Derceto,  being  ashamed  of  her 

frailty,  made  away  with  Me-  youth,  and  ex- 
posed her  Infant  daughter;  but  the  child  was 
miraculously  preserved  by  doves,  who  fed  her 
tni  she  was  discovered  by  the  shepherds  of 
the  neighborhood.    She  was  then  brought  up 


by  the  chief  shepherd  of  the  royal  herds, 
whose  name  was  Simmas,  from  whom  she 
derived  the  name  of  Semiramis.  Her  sur- 
passing beauty  attracted  the  notice  of  (Junes, 
one  of  the  king's  friends  and  generals,  who 
married  her.  At  the  siege  of  Bactra,  Semira- 
mis planned  an  attack  upon  the  citadel  of  the 
town,  mouuted  the  walls  with  a  few  brave  fol- 
lowers, and  obtained  possession  of  the  place. 
Ninus  was  so  charmed  by  her  bravery  and 
beauty  that  he  resolved  to  make  her  his  wife, 
whereupon  her  unfortunate  husband  put  an 
end  to  his  life.  By  Ninus  Semiramis  had  a 
sou,  Ninyas,  aud  on  the  death  of  Ninus  she 
succeeded  him  on  the  throne.  Her  fame 
threw  into  the  shade  that  of  Ninus  ;  and  later 
ages  loved  to  tell  of  her  marvelous  deeds  and 
her  heroic  achievements.  She  built  numer- 
ous cities  and  erected  many  wonderful  build- 
ings. In  Nineveh  she  erected  a  tomb  for 
her  husband  9  stadia  high  and  10  wide ;  she 
built  the  city  of  Babylon,  with  all  its  wonders; 
and  she  constructed  the  hanging  gardeus  iu 
Media,  of  which  later  writers  give  us  such 
strange  accounts.  Besides  conquering  many 
nations  of  Asia,  she  subdued  Egypt  and  a 
great  part  id' Ethiopia,  but  was  unsuccessful 
in  an  attack  which  she  made  upon  India. 
After  a  reign  of  4'.'  years,  she  resigned  the 
sovereignly  to  her  son  Ninyas,  and  disappear- 
ed from  the  earth,  taking  her  flight  to  heaven 
in  the  form  of  a  dove.  The  fabulous  nature 
of  this  narrative  is  apparent.  It  is  probable 
that  Semiramis  was  originally  a  Syrian  god- 
dess, perhaps  the  same  who  was  worshiped 
at  Ascalon  under  the  name  of  Astarte,  or  the 
heavenly  Aphrodite,  to  whom  the  dove  was 
sacred.  Hence  the  stories  of  her  voluptuous- 
ness, which  were  current  even  in  the  time  of 
Augustus. 

SKMNoXES,  more  rarely  SKNNoNKS 
(-U in),  a  German  people,  described  by  'Tacitus 

as  the  most  powerful  tribe  of  the  Snevic  race, 

dwelt  between   the   rivers  Viadus  {Oder)  anil 

Albis  [Elbe),  from  the  Riesengebirge  in  the 
s.  as  far  as  the  country  around  Frankfort  on 
tin'  Oder  and  Potsdam  in  the  \. 

skmo  BANCUS.    [Sancus.] 

SEMPRONIA  (-ae).  (i)  Daughter  of  Tib. 
Gracchus,  censor  iu  n.o.  160,  and  sister  of  the 
2  celebrated  tribunes,  married  Scipln  Afri- 
canue  minor.— (2)  Wife  of  i).  Junius  Brutus, 

COU8U1  iu  77,  was  a  woman  of  great   personal 

attractions  and  literary  accomplishments, but 
of  a  profligate  character.  Bhe  took  part  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy,  though  her  husband 

v. a    not  privy  to  it. 

SEMPRONlOS  GRACCHUS.  [Gbaooiicb.] 

SKNA  (-tie),     (l)  (Senigaglia),  Burnamed 

Galt.ioa,  and  sometimes  called  Sbnoqai.lia, 

a  town  on  the  coast  of  I  mini  a.  at   the  a 1  li 

of  the  small  river  Sena, founded  by  the  Seuo- 
nes.  —  (2)  (Siena),  a  town  iu  Btrurla,  and  a 
Roman  colony, on  the  road  bom  Clusium  to 

Florenli.i. 

BfiNBCA  '-ae).  n  M.  VnNAKI  B,  the  rhet- 
orician, was  born  at  Cordnba  (Cordova)  iu 
Spain,  about  K  o.  i.i.    Sen  cm  was  at  Rome  In 

the1  early  period  of  the  power  of  Augustus. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Spain,  and  man  led 


SENECA. 


360 


SEPTEMPEDA. 


Helvia,  by  whom  he  had  3  sons,  L.  Annaens 
Seneca,  L.  Annaens  Mela  or  Mella,  the  father 
of  the  poet  Lucan,  and  M.  Novatus.  Seneca 
was  tick,  and  belonged  to  the  equestrian  class. 
At  a  later  period  he  returned  to  Home,  where 
he  resided  till  his  death,  which  probably  oc- 
curred near  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 
Two  of  Seneca's  works  have  come  down  to  us. 
1.  Controversiarum  Lihri  decern,  of  which  the 
1st,  I'd,  7th,  8th,  and  10th  books  only  are  ex- 
tant, and  these  are  somewhat  mutilated,  i. 
Suaioriarum  Liber,  which  is  probably  not 
complete.  Seneca's  works  are  for  the  most 
part  commonplace  and  puerile,  though  now 
and  then  interspersed  with  some  good  ideas 
and  apt  expressions.  —  (2)  L.  Annaxus,  the 
philosopher,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Corduba,  probably  a  few  years  u.c,  ; 
and  brought  to  Koine  by  his  parents  when  he 
was  a  child.  Though  he  was  naturally  of  a 
weak  body,  he  was  a  hard  student  from  his 
youth,  and  devoted  himself  with  great  ardor 
to  rhetoric  and  philosophy.  He  also  soon 
gained  distinction  as  a  pleader  of  causes,  and 
excited  the  jealousy  and  hatred  of  Caligula 
by  the  ability  with  which  he  conducted  a  case 
in  the  senate  before  the  emperor.  In  the  first 
year  of  'he  reign  of  Claudius  (a.t>.  41),  Seneca 
was  banished  to  Corsica,  on  account  of  his  in- 
timacy  with  Julia,  the  niece  of  Claudius,  of 
whom  Messalina  was  jealous.  After  S  years' 
residence  in  Corsica,  Seneca  was  recalled  (49) 
by  the  influence  of  Agrippina,  who  had  ju>t 
married  her  uncle  the  emperor  Claudius  lie 
now  obtained  a  praetorship,  and  was  made 
the  tutor  of  the  young  Domitins,  afterwards 
the  emperor  Nero,  who  was  the  son  of  Agrip- 
pina by  a  former  husband.  Ou  the  accession 
of  his  pupil  to  the  imperial  throne  (54)  after 
the  death  of  Claudius,  Seneca  became  one  of 
the  chief  advisers  of  the  young  emperor.  He 
exerted  his  influence  to  check  Nero's  vicious 
propensities,  but  at  the  same  time  he  profited 
from  his  position  to  amass  an  immense  for- 
tune. He  supported  Nero  iu  his  contests 
with  his  mother  Agrippina,  and  was  not  oijl\r 
a  party  to  the  death  of  the  latter  (60),  bm  he 
wrote  the  letter  which  Nero  addressed  to  the 
senate  in  justification  of  the  murder.  After 
the  death  of  his  mother,  Nero  abandoned 
himself  without  any  restraint  to  his  vicious 
propensities  ;  and  trie  preseuce  of  Seneca  soon 
oecame  irksome  to  him,  while  the  wealth  of 
the  philosopher  excited  the  emperor's  cupid- 
ity. Seneca  saw  his  danger,  asked  the  em- 
peror fur  permission  to  retire,  and  offered  to 
surrender  all  that  he  had.  Nero  affected  to 
be  grateful  for  his  past  services,  refused  the 
proffered  gift,  and  sent  him  away  with  per- 
fidious assurances  of  his  respect  and  affection. 
Seneca  now  altered  his  mode  of  life,  saw  little 
company,  and  seldom  visited  the  city,  on  the 
ground  of  feeble  health,  or  being  occupied 
with  his  philosophical  studies.  But  this  did 
not  save  him.  After  the  conspiracy  of  Piso 
(65),  Nero  sent  a  tribune  to  him  with  the  order 
of  death.  Without  showing  any  sign  of  alarm, 
Seneca  cheered  his  weeping  friends  by  re- 
minding them  of  the  lessons  of  pliil 
Embracing  his  wife,  Pompeia  Paulina,  he 
prayed  her  to  moderate  her  grief,  and  to  con- 
sole herself  for  the  loss  of  her  husband  by  the 


reflection  that  he  had  lived  an  honorable  life. 
But  as  Paulina  protested  that  she  would  die 
with  him,  Seneca  consented,  and  the  same 
blow  opened  the  veins  iu  the  arms  of  both. 
Seneca's  body  was  attenuated  by  age  and 
meagre  diet  j  the  blood  would  not  flow"easily, 
and  he  opened  the  veins  in  his  legs.  But  even 
this  did  not  suffice ;  and  after  enduring  much 
torture  he  was  taken  into  a  vapor  stove,  where 
he  was  quickly  suffocated.  Seneca  died,  as 
was  the  fashion  among  the  Romans,  with  the 
courage  of  a  stoic,  but  with  somewhat  of  a 
theatrical  affectation  which  detracts  from  the 
dignity  of  the  scene.  Seneca's  fame  rests  on 
his  numerous  writings,  which  are  chiefly  on 
moral  and  philosophical  subjects.  The  most 
important  is  trp  he  Beneficiix,  in  7  books.  He 
was  clso  the  author  often  tragedies;  which, 
however,  seem  more  adapted  for  recitation 
than  for  the  stage.  Yet  they  contain  many 
striking  passages,  and  have  some  merit  as 
poems.  That  Seneca  possessed  great  mental 
powers  can  not  he  doubted.  He  had  seen 
much  of  human  life,  and  he  knew  well  what 
man  was.  His  philosophy,  so  far  as  he 
adopted  a  system,  was  the  stoical,  but  it  was 
rather  an  eclecticism  of  stoicism  than  pure 
stoicism.  His  style  is  antithetical,  and  ap- 
parently labored ;  and  where  there  is  much 
labor  there  is  generally  affectation.  Yet  his 
language  is  clear  and  forcible  ;  it  is  not  mere 
words  :  there  is  thought  always. 

SSNONES  (-urn),  a  powerful  people  in 
Gallia  Lugduuensis,  dwelt  along  the  upper 
course  of  the  Sequana  (Seine).  Their  chief 
town  was  Agendicum,  afterwards  called  Se- 
noues  (Sens)."  A  portion  of  this  people  crossed 
the  Alps  about  v.c.  400,  iu  order  to  settle  in 
Italy,  and  took  up  their  abode  on  the  Adriatic 
Sea  between  the  riversUtis and  Aesis  (bet ween 
Ravenna  and  Ancona),  after  expelling  the 
Umbrians.  In  this  country  they  founded  the 
town  of  Sena.  They  not  only  extended  their 
ravages  into  Etruria,  bnt  marched  against 
Rome  aud  took  the  city,  b.c.  390.  From 
this  time  we  And  them  engaged  in  constant 
hostilities  with  the  Romans,  till  they  were  at 
length  completely  subdued,  and  the  greater 
part  of  them  destroyed  by  the  consul  Dola- 
bella  iu  2S3. 

SENTfNTJM  (-i:  nr.  Sassoferrato,  Rn.),  a 
fortified  town  in  Umbria,  not  far  from  the 
liver  Aesis. 

SEPIAS  (-adis :  St.  George),  a  promontory 
in  the  S.E.  of  Thessaly,  in  the  district  Mag- 
nesia, on  which  a  great  part  of  the  fleet  of 
Xerxes  was  wrecked. 

SEPLXSIA  (-6rum),  one  of  the  principal 
streets  in  Capua, where  perfumes  and  luxuries 
of  a  similar  kind  were  sold. 

SEPPHORIS  (Se/urieh),  a  city  of  Palestine, 
in  the  middle  of  Galilee,  was  an  insignificant 
place  until  Herod  Antipas  fortified  it,  and 
made  it  the  capital  of  Galilee,  under  the  name 
of  Diocaesakea. 

SEPTEM  AQUAE,  a  place  in  the  territory 
of  the  Sahiui.  near  Reate. 

SEPTEMPEDA  (San  Severmo),  a  mnuicipi- 
um  in  the  interior  of  Picenum,  on  the  road 
from  Auximum  to  Urbs  Salvia. 


SEPTIMIUS  GETA. 


3d 


SERVILIA. 


SEPTIMIUS  GfiTA.     LGf.ta.] 
SEPTIMIUS  SEYERUS.     [Skvebcb.] 
SEPTIMIUS  TITIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet, 
spoken  of  by  Horace. 

SEQUANA  (-ae :  Seine),  one  of  the  princi- 
pal rivers  of  Gaul,  rising  in  the  central  parts 
of  that  country,  and  flowing  through  the 
orovince  of  Gallia  Lugdunensis  into  the  ocean 
opposite  Britain.  It  is  34G  miles  in  lengtb. 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Matrdna  I  Marne), 
Esia  (Oise),  with  its  tributary  the  Ax5na 
(Atsne),  and  Incaunus  (Tonne),  This  river 
has  a  slow  current,  and  is  navigable  beyond 
Lutetia  Parisiorum  (Paris). 

SEQUANI  (-uruni),  a  powerful  Celtic  people 
in  Gal  iia  Belgica,  inhabiting  the  country  since 
called  t'ranche  CompU  and  Burgundy.  In  the 
later  division  of  the  provinces  of  the  empire 
the  country  of  the  Seqnani  formed  a  special 
province  under  the  name  of  Maxima  Sequa- 
norum.  They  derived  their  name  from  the 
river  Sequana,  which  had  its  source  in  the 
N.W.  frontiers  of  their  territory.  Their  chief 
town  was  Vesontio  (Besaneon). 

SEQUESTER   (-tri   or   tris)   VliiiUS,  the 
name  attached  to  a  glossary  which  professes 
to  give  an  account  of  the  geographical  names 
contained  in  the  Roman  poets. 
SERA.    [Skbioa.] 

SERAPION  (-onis),  a  physician  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  lived  in  the  3d  century  u.o. 

SERA  PIS  or  SARAPIS  (-is  or  idis),  an 
Egyptian  divinity,  whose  worship  was  intro- 
duced into  Greece  in  the  time  of  the  Ptole- 
mies. His  worship  was  introduced  into  Rome 
together  with  that  of  Isis.     [Isis.] 

SERDlCA  or  SARDICA  (-ae),  an  impor- 
tant town  in  Upper  Moesia,  and  the  capital 
of  Dacia  interior,  derived  its  name  from  the 
'l'hracian  people Ski'.di.  It  bore  in  the  Middle 
Ages  the  name  of  Triaditza.  Its  extensive 
rums  are  to  be  seen  S.  of  Sophia. 

8ERENUS  (-i),  (^.,  SAMMONlCUS  (01  8a- 
rnonicuv),  a  man  ot  high  reputation  at  Rome 
for  taste  and  learning,  murdered  by  command 
ofCaracalla  in  a.d.  212.    He  left  behind  him 
many  works. 
seres.    [Skbioa.] 
8ERGIUS.    [Catilua.] 
SERlCA  (-ae.    Seres;  also  rarely  In  the 
sing.  SCr),  a  country  in  the  extreme  E.  ol 
famone  as  the  native  region  of  the  silkworm, 
which  was  also  called  Z.na ;  and  hem  e  the  nd- 
iective  "  serious  "  for  tuken.    The  nan 
known  to  tiii-  W.  nations  at  a  very  early  period, 
through  the  use  of  silk,  first  in'  w.  Asia,  and 
afterwards  in  Greece.    It  is  clear,  however, 
that  until  some  time  after  the  commencement 
of  our  era  the  name  bad  no  distinct  geograph- 
ical signification.     The  Serica  of  r 

ponds  to  the  N.W.  pint  of  China  and 
the  adjacent  portions  of  Thibet  and  Chinese 
Tartary.  The  capital,  Skba,  is  supposed  by 
in-,  i  in  }»■  situ u  111,  mi  the  if oang-ho,  but  by 
some  Peking.  The  Great  Wall  of  China  is 
mentioned  by  Ammianus  Marcellinu 
the  name  of  Aggeres  Berium. 
8ERIPHUS  (-i:  Serpho),  an  island  in  the 


Aegaeau  Sea,  and  one  of  the  Cyclades.  It  is 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  island  where 
Danae  and  Perseus  landed  after  they  had 
been  exposed  by  Acrisius, where  Perseus  was 
brought  up,  and  where  he  afterwards  turned 
the  inhabitants  into  stone  with  the  Gorgon's 
head.  Seriphus  was  colonized  by  Ionians 
from  Athens,  and  it  was  one  of  the  few  islands 
which  refused  submission  to  Xerxes.  The 
island  was  employed  by  the  Roman  emperors 
as  a  place  of  banishment  for  state  criminals. 

SERRiNUS.     [Regfi.ub.] 

SERTORIUS  (-i),  Q.,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
traordinary men  in  trie  later  times  of  the 
republic,  was  a  native  of  Nursi.l,  a  Sabine 
village,  and  was  horn  of  obscure  but  respect- 
able parents.  He  served  under  Marias  in  the 
war  against  the  Teutoncs;  and  before  the 
battle  of  Aquae  Sextiae  (Aix),  u.o.  102,  he 
entered  the  camp  of  the  Teutones  in  disguise 
as  a  spy,  for  which  hazardous  undertaking 
his  intrepid  character  and  some  knowledge 
of  the  Gallic  language  well  qualified  him.  He 
also  served  as  tribunus  militum  in  Spain  un- 
der T.  Kidius  (9T).  He  was  quaestor  in  91, 
and  had  before  this  time  lost  an  eye  in  battle. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  88  he  de- 
clared himself  against  the  party  of  the  nobles, 
and  commanded  one  of  die  4  armies  which 
besieged  Rome  under  Marias  and Cinna,  lie 
was,  however,  opposed  to  the  bloody  massacre 
which  ensued  a  tier  Marius  and  Cinna  entered 
Koine.  In  s;i  Sort  ori  us  was  praetor,  anil  either 
in  this  year  or  the  following  he  went  into 
Spain ;  whence  he  crossed  over  to  Maure- 
tania,  and  gained  a  victory  over  Pacciauus, 
one  of  Sulla's  generals.  After  this,  at  the  re- 
quest Of  the  I.usitanians,  he  became  their 
leader:  and  for  some  years  Successfully  re- 
sisted all  the  power  of  Koine.  lie  availed 
himself  of  the  superstitions  character  of  that 
people  to  strengthen  his  authoi  ley  over  them. 
A  fawn  was  brought  to  him  by  one  of  the 
natives  as  a  present,  which  soon  became  so 
time  ae  to  accompany  him  in  his  walks  and 
attend  him  on  all  occasions.    After  Sulla  had 

become  master  of  Italy,  Scrloriiis  was  joined 
by  many  Romans,  and*  among  the  rest  by  ,\1. 

Perperna, with  53  cohorts,  i  Pkbpicbna  |.  To 
give  some  show  of  form  to  his  form 
power,  Seitorius  established  a  senate  of  800, 
into  which  no  provincial  was  admitted.  The 
continued  want  of  success  on  the  part  of  Me' 
teiins,  who  hail  been  sent  against  Sertorius 
in  19,  Induced  the  Romans  to  send  Pompey  to 
his  assistance,  but.  with  an  independent  com- 
mand.   Pompey  arrived  in  Spain  in  T6,  with 

a  large  force,  but  was  unable  o,  gBJn  any  de 

cisive  r  for  the  next :,  years  Ser- 

torius kepi  both  Me;  el  bis  anil  I'ompv  al  ba\  , 
and. cut  to  pieces  a  large  number 'of  tbeif 
forces.     Sertorllll  was  at  length  assassinated 

in  72  by  Perperna  ami  some  other  Roman 
officers,  who  had  long  bei  ••(  bis 

authority. 

8ERVIL)  \  (-ae).    m  Daughter  nf  Q 
villus  Caepin  ami  the  daughter  of  Llvin,  the 
si-rer  of  the  celebrated  Si.  LI  v  I  us  I) 

■    of  I  he  plebs  in   no   m|        ■-■,  ,  .  Din   w:1m 

■  to  M.  Junius  Brutus,  bj 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  the rdei'Ai 


SERVILIUS  AHALA. 


302 


SEVERUS. 


of  Caesar,  and  secondly  to  D.  Junius  Silanus, 
consul  in  62. — (2)  Sister  of  the  preceding,  was 
the  2d  wife  of  L.  Lucullus,  consul  in  74. 
SERVILIUS  AHALA.     [Ahat.a.] 
SERVILIUS  CAEPIO.     [Caepio.] 
SERVILIUS  CASCA.     [Casca.] 
SERVILIUS  RULLUS.     [Rult.us.] 
SERVIUS   MAURUS    HONORATUS    (-i), 
or  SERVIUS  MARIUS  HONORATUS,  a  cele- 
brated Latin  grammarian,  contemporary  with 
Macrobius,  who  introduces  him  among  the 
dramatis  personae  of  the  Saturnalia.     His 
most  celebrated  production  was  an  elaborate 
commentary  upon  Virgil. 

SERVIUS  TULLIUS.     [Tci.lius.] 

SESOSTRIS  (-is  or  idis),  the  name  given 
by  the  Greeks  to  the  great  king  of  Egypt,  who 
is  called  in  Manetho  and  on  the  monuments 
Ramses  or  Ramesses.  Ramses  is  a  name 
common  to  several  kings  of  the  18th,  19th, 
and  20th  dynasties;  but  Sesostris  must  be 
identified  with  Ramses,  the  3d  king  of  the 
19th  dynasty,  the  son  of  Seti,  aud  the  father 
of  Menephthah.  Sesostris  was  a  great  con- 
queror. He  is  said  to  have  subdued  Ethiopia, 
the  greater  part  of  Asia,  and  the  Thracians 
in  Europe.  He  returned  to  Egypt  after  an 
absence  of  9  years,  aud  the  countless  captives 
whom  he  brought  back  with  him  weie  em- 
ployed in  the  erection  of  numerous  public 
works.  Memorials  of  Ramses-Sesostris  still 
exist  throughout  the  whole  of  Egypt,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Mile  to  the  south  of  Nubia. 

SESTIXUM  (-i :  Sestino),  a  town  in  Umbria 
on  the  Apennines,  near  the  sources  of  the 
Pisaurus. 

SESTIUS.    [Sextius.] 

SESTUS  (-i:  Ialova),  a  town  in  Thrace, 
situated  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Helles- 
pont, opposite  Abydos  in  Asia,  from  which  it 
was  only  7  stadia  distant.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Aeolians.  It  was  celebrated  in  Grecian 

goetry  on  account  of  the  loves  of  Leauder  and 
lero  [Lean deb],  aud  in  history  on  account 
of  the  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes  here 
built  across  the  Hellespont. 

SETABIS.    [Saetams.] 

SETHON,  a  priest  of  Hephaestus,  made 
Aimself  master  of  Egypt  after  the  expulsion 
of  Sabacon,  king  of  the  Ethiopians,  and  was 
succeeded  by  the  Dodecarchia,  or  government 
of  the  12  chiefs,  which  ended  in  the  sole  sov- 
ereignty of  Psammitichus. 

SETIA  (-ae:  Sezza  or  Sesse),  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium  in  the  E.  of  the  Pontine 
Marshes.  It  was  celebrated  for  the  excellent 
wine  grown  in  its  neighborhood,  which  was 
.■eckoned  in  the  time  of  Augustus  the  finest 
wine  in  Italy. 

SEVERUS  (-i),  M.  AURELlUS  ALEXAN- 
DER, usually  called  ALEXANDER  SEVE- 
RUS,' Roman  emperor  a.d.  222-235,  the  son 
of  Gessius  Marcianns  and  Julia  Mamaea,  and 
first  cousin  of  Elagabalns,  was  born  at  Arce, 
in  Phoenicia,  the  1st  of  October,  a.d.  205.  In 
S21  he  was  adopted  by  Elagabalns,  and  created 
Caesar;  and  on  the  death  of  that  emperor,  on 
the  11  th  of  March,  a.d.  222,  Alexander  as- 


Alexander  Stverus. 


cended  the  throne.  After  reigning  in  peace 
some  years,  duriug  which  he  reformed  many 
abuses  in  the  state,  he  was  involved  in  a  war 
with  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia,  and  gained 
a  great  victory  over 
him  in  232  ;  but  was 
unable  to  prosecute 
his  advantage  in 
consequence  of  in- 
telligence having 
reached  him  of  a 
great  movement 
among  the  German 
tribes.  He  celebra- 
ted a  triumph  at 
Rome  in  233,  and  in 
the  following  vear, 
234,  set  out  for  Gaul, 
which  the  Germans 
were  devastating; 
bat  was  waylaid  by 
a  small  band  of  mu- 
tinous soldiers,  in- 
stigated, it  is  said, 
by  Maximums,  and 
slain,  in  the  30th 
year  of  his  age  and 
the  14th  of  his  reigu.  Alexander  Severus  was 
distinguished  by  justice, wisdom,  and  clemen- 
cy in  all  public  transactions,  and  by  the  sim- 
plicity aud  purity  of  his  private  life. 
SEVERUS,  A.  CAECINA.  [Cakcina.] 
SEVERUS  (-i),  FLAVIUS  VALERIUS,  Ro- 
man emperor  a.d.  306-307.  He  was  pro- 
claimed Caesar  by  Galerius  in  306,  and  was 
soon  afterwards  sent  against  Maxentius,  who 
had  assumed  the  imperial  title  at  Rome.  The 
expedition,  however,  was  unsuccessful  j  and 
Severus,  having  surrendered  at  Ravenna,  was 
taken  as  a  prisoner  to  Rome,  and  compelled 
to  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

SEVERUS  (-i),  LIBIUS,  Roman  emperor 
A.D.  461-165,  was  a  Lucanian  by  birth,  and 
owed  his  accession  to  Ricimer,  who  placed 
him  on  the  throne  after  the  assassination  of 
Majorian.  During  his  reign  the  real  govern- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  Ricimer.  Severus 
died  a  natural  death. 

SEVERUS  (-i),  L.  SEPTIMIUS,  Roman 
emperor  a.d.  193-211,  was  born  in  146,  near 
Leptis  in  Africa.  After  holding  various  im- 
portant military  commands  under  M.Anrelius 
and  Commodns,  he  was  at  length  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  Pannouia 
and  Illyria.  By  this  army  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  after  the  death  oi'Pertinax  (193).  He 
forthwith  marched  upou  Rome,  where  Julia- 
nus  had  been  made  emperor  by  the  praetorian 
troops.  Julianus  was  put  to  death  upon  his 
arrival  before  the  city.  [Julianus.]  Severus 
then  turned  his  arms  against  Pescennius 
Niger,  who  had  been  saluted  emperor  by  the 
Eastern  legions,  defeated  bim  in  a  battle  near 
Issus,  and  shortly  afterwards  put  him  to  death 
(194).  Severus  next  laid  siege  to  Byzantium, 
which  refused  to  submit  to  him  even  after  the 
death  of  Niger,  and  which  was  not  taken  till 
196.  During  the  continuance  of  this  siege 
Severus  had  crossed  the  Euphrates  (195)  and 
subdued  the  Mesopotamian  Arabians.  He 
returned  to  Italy  in  196.  and  in  the  same  year 


SEVERUS. 


3G3 


SICILIA. 


Septiraiua  Severua. 


Eroceeded  to  Gaul  to  oppose  Albinus,  who 
ad  been  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  troops 
in  that  country.  Albinus  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  a  terrible  battle  fought  near  Lyons 
on  the  litth  of  February,  197.  Severus  re- 
turned to  Rome  in  the  same  year  j  but  after 
remaining  a  short  time  in  the  capital  he  set 
out  for  the  East  in  order  to  repel  the  invasion 
of  the  Parthians,  who  were  ravaging  Meso- 
potamia.  After  spending  3  years  in  the  East, 
where  he  met  witli  the  most  brilliant  success, 
Severns  returned  to  Rome  in  'J<i2.  For  the 
next  7  years  he  remained  tranquilly  at  Home  ; 
but  in  208  he  went  to  Britain  with  his  sons 
Caracalla  and  Geta.  Here  he  carried  on  war 
against  the  Caledonians,  and  erected  the  cel- 
ebrated wall,  which  bore  his  name,  from  the 
Sohvay  t<>  the  mouth  of  ih''  Tyne.  After  re- 
maining 2  years  in  Britain,  he  died  at  Ebora- 
cum  'York)  on  the  itli  of  February,  211,  in 
the  G5th  year  of  his  age  and  the  l*th  of  his 
reign. 


a,'  b  ol  Septtmio  .  Sortnu. 
T2 


SEXTIAE  AQUAE.  [Aquae  Sextiae.] 
SEXTIUS  or  SESTIUS  (-i),  P.,  quaestor  in 
b.o.  03,  and  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  57.  Like 
Milo,  he  kept  a  band  of  armed  retainers  to 
oppose  P.  Clodius  and  his  partisans;  and  in 
the  following  year  (50)  he  was  accused  of  Vis 
on  account  of  his  violent  acts  during  his  tri- 
bunate. He  was  defended  by  Cicero  in  an 
oration  still  extant,  and  was  acquitted  on  the 
14th  of  March,  chiefly  in  consequence  of  the 
powerful  influence  of  Pompey.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  40,  Sex  I  ins  first 
espoused  Pompey's  party,  but  he  afterwards 
joined  Caesar. 

SEXTUS  EMPIRICUS  (-i),  a  physician,  was 
a  contemporary  of  Galen,  and  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian  er*j. 
Two  of  his  works  are  extant. 

SEXTUS  RUFFS  (-i).  (1)  The  name  pre- 
fixed to  a  work  entitled  De  Regionibus  Urbis 
liomae. — (2)  Sextis  KufCs  is  also  the  name 
prefixed  to  an  abridgment  of  Roman  history 
in  28  short  chapters,  entitled  Breviarium  de 
Victuriin  ct  Prwinriix  Populi  Romani,  and 
executed  by  command  of  the  emperor  Valens, 
to  whom  it  is  dedicated. 

SIBYLLAE  (-arum),  the  name  by  which 
several  prophetic  women  are  designated.  The 
first  Sibyl,  from  whom  all  the  rest  are  said  to 
have  derived  their  name,  is  called  a  daughter 
of  Dardanus  and  Neso.  Some  authors  men- 
tion only  4  Sibyls,  but  it  was  more  commonly 
believed*  that  there  were  10.  The  most  cele- 
brated of  thrin  N  the  Cumaean,  who  is  men- 
tioned under  the  names  of  llerophilc,  Demo, 
PhemonoS,  DeiphobS,  Deroophilo,  and  Amal- 
thea.  She  was  consulted  by  Aeneas  before 
he  descended  into  t'je  lower  world.  She  is 
said  to  have  come  to  Italy  from  the  East,  and 
she  is  the  one  who,  according  to  tradition, 
appeared  before  king  Tarqntnins,  offering 
him  the  Sibylline  books  for  sale.  Respecting 
the  Sibylline  books,  see  Diet,  of  Anttq.,  an. 
Sibyllini  Ubri. 
SlCAMBRL  [Sygambbi.] 
SlCANI,  SlCBLI,  SICELlOTAE,  [Si- 
oh.ia.I 
SICCA  VfiN&RlA  (prob.  Al-Kaff),  a  con- 
siderable city  of  N.  Africa,  on  I  lie 
frontier  of  Nnmidla  and  Zengitana, 
Imill  on  a  liill  near  the  river  Bagra- 
(las. 

8ICHAETJ8,   also    called    Aceibas. 
I  Ail  BBAB.] 

S|(    1 1.1  A    (-86:    Sicily),  one   of  the 

■   i  Islands  in  the  Mediterranean 

Sea.  It  was  supposed  by  the  an 
to  be  the  game  as  the  island  named 
Thrinacia  by  Homer,  and  it  was  there 
fore  frequently  called  Thbib  *•  i  ^ 
Tit  ihaoia,  or  TBiNAOBis,aname  which 
i  ileved  to  he  derived  from  the 
triangular  figure  of  Hie  Island.  Pol 
•*"<     the  game  reason   the  Roman  i ts 

called  it.  TBIQUBTBA.      its  more  ||     ml 

name  came  from  Its  later  Inhabit 
the  s:<-<  n.  whence  it  was  called  8i 
okma,  which   the  Romans  chin    •  d 

into  Si.  hi  i.      As  the  Sieeli  ah"  hore 
the   name   of  Sicaill.  Hie   island   was 


SIC1LIA. 


364 


SICYOXIA. 


also  called  Sioania.  Sicily  is  separated  from 
the  S.  coast  of  Italy  by  a  narrow  channel 
called  Fretum  Sioclum,  sometimes  simply 
Fretum,  and  also  Soyllaeum  Fretum,  of 
which  the  modern  name  is  Faro  di  Messina. 
The  sea  on  the  E.  and  S.  of  the  island  was 
also  called  Mare  Sioui.um.  A  range  of  mount- 
ains, which  are  a  continuation  of  the  Apen- 
nines, extends  throughout  the  island  from  E. 
to  W.  Of  these  the  most  important  were 
the  celebrated  volcano  Aetna  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  island,  Eryx  {St.  Giulano)  in  the  ex- 
treme YV.  near  Drepanum,  and  the  Heraei 
Monies  (Monti  Sori)  in  the  S.,  running  down 
to  the  promontory  Pachynus.  A  large  num- 
ber of  rivers  flow  down  from  the  mountains, 
but  most  of  them  are  dry,  or  nearly  so,  in  the 
summer.  The  soil  of  Sicily  was  very  fertile, 
and  produced  in  antiquity  an  immense  quan- 
tity of  wheat,  on  which  the  population  of 
Rome  rel'ed  to  a  great  extent  for  their  sub- 
sistence. S  >  celebrated  was  it,  even  in  early 
times,  on  account  of  its  corn,  that  it  was  rep- 
resented as  sacred  to  Demeter  (Ceres),  and  as 
the  favorite  abode  of  this  goddess.  Hence  it 
was  from  this  island  that  her  daughter  Per- 
sephone (Proserpina)  was  carried  away  by 
Pluto.  Besides  corn,  the  island  produced  ex- 
cellent wine,  saffron,  honey,  almonds,  and  the 
other  Southern  fruits.  The  earliest  inhabit- 
ants of  Sicily  are  said  to  have  been  the  sav- 
age Cyclopes  and  L;iestryg6nes  ;  but  these  are 
fabulous  beings,  and  the  first  inhabitants  men- 
tioned in  history  are  the  Sioani,  or  Sroui.i, 
who  crossed  over  into  the  island  from  Italy. 
The  next  immigrants  into  the  island  were 
Cretans ;  but  these,  if,  indeed,  they  ever  visit- 
ed Sicily,  soon  became  incorporated  with  the 
Siculi.  The  Phoenicians,  likewise,  at  an  early 
period  formed  settlements,  for  the  purposes 
of  commerce,  on  all  the  coasts  of  Sicily,  but 
more  especially  on  the  N.  and  N.W.  parts. 
But  the  most  important  of  all  the  immigrants 
into  Sicily  were  the  Greeks,  who  founded  a 
number  of  very  flourishing  cities,  such  as 
Naxos  in  is.o.  735,  Syracuse  in  734,  Leontini 
and  Catana  in  730,  Megara  Hyblaea  in  72(5, 
Gela  in  690,  Selinus  in  620,  Agrigentum  in  579, 
etc.  The  Greeks  soon  became  the  ruling  race 
in  the  island,  and  received  the  name  of  Sioei.i- 
otak,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  earlier  in- 
habitants. At  a  later  time  the  Carthaginians 
obtained  a  firm  footing  in  Sicily.  After  tak- 
ing Agrigentum  in  405,  the  Carthaginians  be- 
came the  permanent  masters  of  the  W.  part 
of  the  island,  and  were  engaged  in  frequent 
wars  with  Syracuse  and  the  other  Greek  cities. 
The  struggle  between  the  Carthaginians  and 
Greeks  continued,  with  a  few  interruptions, 
down  to  the  1st  Punic  war;  at  the  close  of 
which  ('241)  the  Carthaginians  were  obliged 
to  evacuate  the  island,  the  W.  part  of  which 
now  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans, 
and  was  made  a  Roman  province.  The  E. 
part  still  continued  under  the  rule  of  Hieron 
of  Syracuse  as  an  ally  of  Rome  j  but  after  the 
revolt  of  Syracuse  in  the  2d  Punic  war,  and 
the  conquest  of  that  city  by  Marcellus,  the 
whole  island  was  made  a  Roman  province, 
and  was  administered  by  a  praetor.  Cm  the 
downfall  of  the  Roman  empire,  Sicily  formed 
p&rt  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ostrogoths;  but  it 


was  taken  from  them  by  Belisarius  in  a.d. 
530,  and  annexed  to  the'  Byzantine  empire. 
It  continued  a  province  of  this  empire  till 
S28,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens. 

SICINIUS  (-i).  (1)  L.  SiciNics  Bei.i.ctus, 
the  leader  of  the  plebeians  in  their  secession 
to  the  Sacred  Mount  in  n.o.  494.  He  was 
chosen  one  of  the  first  tribunes. — (2)  L.  Sicin- 
ius  Dentatps,  called  by  some  writers  the 
Roman  Achilles,  from  his  personal  prowess. 
He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  '/54.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  the  decemvirs  \n  450,  because 
he  endeavored  to  persuade  the  plebeians  to 
secede  to  the  Sacred  Mount.  The  persons 
sent  to  assassinate  him  fell  upon  him  in  a 
lonely  spot,  but  he  killed  most  of  them  be- 
fore they  succeeded  in  dispatching  him. 

SICINUS  (-i:  Sikino),  a  small  island  in  the 
Aegaeau  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades,  between 
Pholegandrus  and  Ios,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name. 

SlCORIS  (-is :  Segre),  a  river  in  Hispania 
Tarracouensis,  which  had  its  source  in  the 
territory  of  the  Cerretani,  and  fell  into  the 
Iberus  near  Octogesa. 

SICULI.     [Siollia.] 

SICULUM  FRETUM,  SICULUM  MARE. 

[SlOlLIA.] 

SICULTJS  FLACCUS.  [Flacois.] 
SICYONIA  (-ae),  a  small  district  in  the 
N.E.  of  Peloponnesus,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  territory  of  Corinth,  on  the  W.  by  Achaia, 
on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of  Phlius  and  Cleo- 
nae,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf.  Its 
area  was  about  100  square  miles.  The  land 
was  fertile,  and  produced  excellent  oil.  Its 
almonds  and  its  fish  were  also  much  prized. 
Its  chief  town  was  Sioyon,  which  was  situ- 
ated a  little  to  the  W.  of  the  river  Asopus, 
and  at  the  distance  of  20,  or,  according  to 
others,  12  stadia  from  the  sea.  Sicyon  "was 
one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Greece.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  originally  called  Aegi- 
alea  or  Aegiali,  after  an  ancient  king,  Ae^ri- 
aleus;  to  have  been  subsequently  named  Mc- 
cone, and  finally  Sicyon,  from  an  Athenian 
of  this  name.  Sicyon  is  represented  by  H . >- 
mer  as  forming  part  of  the  empire  of  Aga- 
memnon ;  but  on  the  invasion  of  Peloponne- 
sus it  became  subject  to  Phalces,  the  son  of 
Temenus,  and  was  henceforward  a  Doriau 
state.  Sicyon,  on  accouut  of  the  small  ex- 
tent of  its  territory,  never  attained  much  po- 
litical importance,'aud  was  generally  depend- 
ent either  on  Argos  or  Sparta.  At  the  tune 
of  the  2d  Messenian  war  it  became  subject 
to  a  succession  of  tyrants,  who  administered 
their  power  with  moderation  and  justice  foi 
100  years.  On  the  death  of  Clisthenes,  the 
last  of  these,  about  576,  a  republican  form  of 
government  was  established.  Sicyon  was 
for  a  long  time  the  chief  seat  of  Grecian  art 
It  gave  its  name  to  one  of  the  great  schools 
of  painting,  which  was  founded  by  Eupom- 
pus,  and  which  produced  Pamphihis  and 
Apelles.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been  the  ear- 
i  liest  school  of  statuary  in  Greece  ;  but  iisear- 
I  liest  native  artist  of  celebrity  was  Canachus. 
Lysippns  was  also  a  native  of  Sicyon.  The 
i  town  was  likewise  celebrated  for"  the  tastu 


SIDA. 


365 


SI  LA  SILVA. 


aud  skill  displayed  in  the  various  articles  of 
dress  made  by  its  inhabitants,  among  which 
we  find  mention  of  a  particular  kind  of  shoe, 
wnich  was  much  prized  in  all  parts  of  Greece. 

SIDA,  SIDE  (-ae  or  es).  (1)  {Eski  Adalia, 
Ru.),  a  city  of  Pamphylia,  on  the  coast,  a  lit- 
tle W.  of  the  river  Melas.  It  was  an  Aeolian 
colony  from  Cyme  in  Aeolis,  and  was  a  chief 
seat  of  the  worship  of  Athena  (Minerva),  who 
is  represented  on  its  coins  holding  a  pome- 
granate {atdiO  as  the  emblem  of  the  city.— (2) 
The  old  name  of  Poi.emonidm. 

SIDICINI  (-orum),  an  Ausonian  people  in 
the  N.W.  of  Campania  and  on  the  borders 
of  Samnium,  who,  being  hard  pressed  by  the 
Samnites,  united  themselves  to  the  Campa- 
niaus.    Their  chief  town  was  Tcanum. 

SIDON  (-onis  and  6nis)  (O.  T.  Tsidon,  or, 
in  the  English  form,  Zidon  :  Saula,  Pu.),  for 
a  long  time  the  most  powerful,  and  probably 
Ihe  most  ancient  of  the  cities  of  Phoenice. 
It  stood  in  a  plain  about  a  mile  wide,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  200  stadia  ('20 
geog.  miles)  N.  of  Tyre,  400  stadia  (40  geog. 
miles)  S.  ofBerytus,  66  miles  W.  of  Damascus, 
and  a  clay's  journey  N.W.  of  the  source  of  the 
Jordan  at  Paneas.  It  had  a  line  double  har- 
bor, now  almost  filled  with  sand,  and  was 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  t  lie  chief  seat  of  the 
maritime  power  of  Phoenice,  until  eclipsed 
by  its  own  colony,  Tyre  [Tvurs] :  and  its 
power  on  the  land  side  seems  to  have  extend- 
ed over  nil  Phoenice,  and  at  one  period  (in 
the  time  of  the  Judges)  over  at  least  a  part 
of  Palestine.  In  the  time  of  David  and  Sol- 
omon, Si  don  appears  to  have  been  subject  to 
the  king  of  Tyre.  It  probably  regained  its 
former  rank,  as  the  first  of  the  Phoenician 
cities,  by  its  submission  to  Shalmanezer  at 
the  time  of  the  Assyrian  Conqtiesl  of  Syria, 
for  we  And  it  governed  by  its  own  king  un- 
der the  B  i>. -.Ionian-  and'  the  Persians.  In 
the  expedition  of  Xerxes  against  Greece  the 


Sidonians  furnished  the  best  ships  in  the 
whole  fleet,  and  their  king  obtained  the  high- 
est place,  next  to  Xerxes,  in  the  council,  and 
above  the  king  of  Tyre.  Sidon  received  th« 
great  blow  to  her  prosperity  in  the  reign  of 
Artaxerxes  III.  Uclius,  when  the  Sidonians, 
having  taken  part  in  the  revolt  of  Phoenice 
and  Cyprus,  aud  being  betrayed  to  Ochus  by 
their  own  king,  Tennes,  burned  themselves 
with  their  city,  ii.c.  361.  In  addition  to  its 
commerce,  Sidon  was  fumed  for  its  manufact- 
ures of  glass. 

STDONIUS  (-i)  APOLI.INAKIS  (-is),  wxr- 
born  at  Lugdnnura  (Lyons)  about  a.i>.  431. 
He  was  raised  to  the  senatorial  dignity  by 
the  emperor  Avitus,  whose  daughter  he  had 
married.  After  the  downfall  of  Avitus  he  lived 
some  lime  in  retirement,  but  in  4CT  appeared 
again  in  Home  as  embassador  from  the  Ar- 
verni  to  Anthernius.  He  gained  the  favor  of 
that  prince  by  a  panegyric;  was  made  a  pa- 
trician, and  prefect  of  the  city;  and  soon  aft- 
erwards, though  not  a  priest,  bishop  of  Cler- 
mont in  Auvergue.  His  extant  works  are 
some  poems  audi)  books  of  letters. 

STCA,  a  considerable  sea-port  town  of  Mail 
retauia  Caesarieusis. 

SIGEUM  (-i:  Vcnisheri),  the  N.W.  prom- 
ontory of  the  Troad,  and  the  S.  headland  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Hellespont.  It  is  here 
that  Homer  places  the  Grecian  fleet  and  camp 
during  the  Trojan  war.  Near  it  was  a  sea- 
port town  of  the  same  name. 

NKiNlA  (-ae  :  Segni),  a  town  in  I.alittm  on 
the  10.  side  of  the  Volscian  mountains,  found- 
ed by  Tarquinius  Prisons.  It  was  celebrated 
for  its  temple  of  Jupiter  I'rhis,  I'm-  it-  astrin- 
gent wine,  for  its  pears,  and  for  a  particular 
kind  of  pavement  for  the  floors  of  houses, 
called  opus  Signinum. 

SILA  SILVA  (-ae:  Sila),  a  Ian-'  forest  ia 
Bruttium  on  the  Apennines,  extending  S.  of 
<   on-enl    i  to  the  s.i    ,],  m  S(ru, 


*A\ 


k#^H^> 


SILANION. 


3G6 


SIMMIAS. 


SILANION,  an  Athenian,  a  distinguished 
statuary  in  bronze,  was  a  contemporary  of 
Lysippus,  and  flourished  n.c.  324.  His  statue 
of  Sappho,  which  stood  in  the  prytaneum  at 
Syracuse  in  the  time  of  Verres,  is  alluded  to 
by  Cicero  in  terms  of  the  highest  praise. 

SILANUS  (-i),  JUNIUS.  (1)  M.,  was  praetor 
in  b.c.  212.  In  '210  he  accompanied  P.  Seipio 
to  Spain,  and  served  under  him  with  great  dis- 
iiictiou  during  the  whole  of  the  war  in  that 
•ouutry.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Boii 
n  196.— (2)  M.,  consul  in  109,  fought  in  this 
'ear  against  the  Cimbri  in  Transalpine  Gaul, 
md  wne  defeated.  He  was  accused  in  con- 
sequence, in  104,  by  the  tribune  Cn.Domitius 
Aheuobarbns,  but  acquitted.— (3)  D.,  stepfa- 
iher  of  M.  Brutus,  the  murderer  of  Caesar, 
having  married  his  mother  Servilia.  He  was 
:onsuI'iu  02,  with  L.  Licinius  Murena,  along 
A'ith  whom  he  proposed  the  Lex  Liciuia  Julia. 
-(4)  M.,  son  of  No.  3  and  of  Servilia,  served 
in  Gaul  as  Caesar's  legatus  in  53.  After  Cae- 
sar's murder  iu  44  he  accompanied  M.  Lepi- 
'lus  over  the  Alps  ;  and  in  the  following  year 
Lepidus  sent  him  with  a  detachment  of  troops 
into  Cisalpine  Ganl,  where  he  fought  on  the 
.-ide  of  Antony.    He  was  consul  in  25. 

SlLARUS  (-i:  Silaro),  a  river  in  lower  It- 
aly, forming  the  boundary  between  Lncania 
arid  Campania,  rises  iu  the  Apennines,  and 
falls  into  the  Sinus  Paestauus  a  little  to  the 
N.  of  Paestnm. 

SILENUS  (-i).  It  is  remarked  in  the  article 
Satyf.i  that  the  older  Satyrs  were  generally 
'ermed  Sileni ;  but  one  of  these  Sileni  is  com- 
monly the  Silenus,  who  always  accompanies 
Dionysus  (Bacchus),  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
orought  up  and  instructed.    Like  the  other 


Siienus  astride  upon  a  Wine 


Satyrs,  he  is  called  a  son  of  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury) ;  but  some  make  him  a  son  of  Pan  by 
a  nymph,  or  of  Gaea  (Tellus).  Being  the  con- 
stant companion  of  Dionysus,  he  is  said,  like 
the  god,  to  have  been  born  at  Nysa,  More- 
over, he  took  part  in  the  contest  with  the  Gi- 
gantes,  and  slew  Enceladus.  He  is  described 
as  a  jovial  old  man,  with  a  bald  head,  a  puck 
nose,  fat  and  ronud  like  his  wine-bag,  which 
he  always  carried  with  him,  and  generally  in- 
toxicated. As  he  could  not  trust  his  own 
legs,  he  is  generally  represented  riding  on  an 
ass,  or  supported  by  other  Satyrs,  In  every 
other  respect  he  is  described  as  resembling 
his  brethren  in  their  love  of  sleep,  wine,  and 
music.  He  is  mentioned  along  with  Marsyns 
and  Olympus  as  the  inventor  of  the  flute, 
which  he  is  often  seen  playing;  and  a  spe- 
cial kind  of  dance  was  called  after  him  Sile- 
nus, while  he  himself  is  designated  as  the 
dancer.  But  it  is  a  peculiar  feature  in  his 
character  that  he  was  an  inspired  prophet; 
and  when  he  was  drunk  and  asleep  he  was  in 
the  power  of  mortals,  who  might  compel  him 
to  prophesy  and  sing  by  surrounding  him 
with  chains  of  flowers. 

SILIUS  ITALICUS  (-i),  C,  a  Roman  poet, 
was  born  about  a.t>.  25.  He  acquired  great 
reputation  as  au  advocate,  and  was  after- 
wards one  of  the  centumviri.  He  was  consul 
in  OS,  the  year  in  which  Nero  perished;  he 
was  admitted  to  familiar  intercourse  with 
Vitellius,  and  was  subsequently  proconsul  of 
Asia.  In  his  75th  year,  in  consequence  of 
the  pain  caused  by  "an  incurable  disease,  he 
starved  himself  to  death  in  the  house  mice 
occupied  by  Virgil.  The  great  work  of  Silius 
It  aliens  was  a  heroic  poem  in  17  books,  en- 
titled Punica,  which  has  descended  to  us  en- 
tire. 

SILURES  (-urn),  a  powerful  people  in  Brit- 
ain, inhabiting  South  Wale*,  long  offered  a 
formidable  resistance  to  the  Romans,  and  aft- 
erwards to  the  Saxons. 

SILVANUS  (-i),  a  Latin  divinity  of  the 
fields  and  forests.  He  is  also  called  the  pro- 
tector of  the  boundaries  of  fields.  In  con- 
nection with  woods  {sylvestris  deux),  he  es- 
pecially  presided  over  plantations,  and  de- 
lighted in  trees  growing  wild,  whence  he  is 
represented  as  carrying  the  trunk  of  a  cy- 
press. Sylvanus  is  further  described  as  the 
divinity  protecting  herds  of  cattle,  promoting 
their  fertility  and  driving  away  wolves.  Later 
writers  identified  Sylvanus  with  Pan,  Fan- 
nns,  Inuns,  and  Aegipan.  In  the  Latin  poets, 
as  well  as  in  works  of  art.  he  always  appears 
as  an  old  man,  but  cheerful  and  in  love  with 
Pomona.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  con- 
sisted of  grapes,  ears  of  com,  milk,  meat, 
wine,  and  pigs. 

SILYIUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Pcncetii  in 
Apulia,  on  the  borders  of  Lucania,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Vennsia. 

SILVIUS  (-i),  the  son  of  Ascanius,  is  said 
to  have  been  so  called  because  he  was  born 
in  a  wood.  All  the  succeeding  kings  of  Alba 
bore  the  cognomen  Silvius. 

SIMMIAS  (-ae).  (1)  Of  Thebes,  first  the  dis- 
ciple of  the  Pythagorean  philosopher  Philo. 


SIMOIS. 


3G< 


SI  NOPE. 


laus,  and  afterwards  the  friend  and  disciple 
of  Socrates,  at  whose  death  he  was  present. 
Sinimias  wrote  23  dialogues  on  philosophical 
subjects,  all  of  which  are  lost. 

SlMOTS  (-entis).  [Troas.]  As  a  mytho- 
logical personage,  the  river-god  Simois  is  the 
son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  the  father  of 
Astyochus  and  Hieromueme. 

SIMON  (-onis),  one  of  the  disciples  of  Soc- 
rates, and  by  trade  a  leather-cutter. 

SlMONlDKS  (-is).  (1)  Of  Amorgos,  was 
the  2d,  both  in  time  and  in  reputation,  of  the 
3  principal  iambic  poets  of  the  early  period 
of  Greek  literature — namely,  Arehilochus,  Si- 
monidee,  and  Hipponax.  He  was  a  native  of 
Samos,  whence  he  led  a  colony  to  the  neigh- 
boring island  of  Ainorgos.  He  flourished 
about  lt.o.  6l>4. — (2)  Of  Ceos,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  lyric  poets  of  Greece,  was  born  at 
Iulis,  in  Ceos,  h.o.  556,  and  was  the  son  of 
Leoprepes.  He  appears  to  have  been  brought 
up  to  music  and  poetry  as  a  profession.  From 
his  native  island  he  proceeded  to  Athens,  and 
thence  into  Thessaly,  where  he  lived  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Aleuads  and  Scopads. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Athens,  and  in 
4S9  couquered  Aeschylus  in  the  contest  for 
the  prize  which  the  Athenians  offered  for  an 
elegy  on  those  who  fell  at  Marathon.  He 
composed  several  other  works  of  the  same 
description  ;  and  in  his  80th  year  his  long  po- 
etical career  at.  Athens  was  crowned  by  the 
victory  which  he  gained  with  the  dithyram- 
bic  chorus  (477).  being  the  56th  prize  which 
he  had  carried  off.  Shortly  after  this  he  was 
invited  to  Syracuse  by  iliero,  at  whose  court 
he  lived  till  his  death  in  467.  He  still  con- 
tinned,  when  at  Syracuse;  to  employ  his  muse 
occasionally  in  tiie  service  of  other  Grecian 
states.  He:  made  literature  a  profession,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  took  money 
for  his  poems.  Tin'  chief  characteristics  of 
the  portiv  of  Simonides  were  sweetness 
(whence  his  surname  of  Melicertes)  and  elab- 
orate finish,  combined  with  the  truest  poetic 
conception  and  perfect  power  of  expression  ; 
though  in  originality  and  fervor  In-  was  far 
inferior,  not  only  to  tin-  early  lyric  poets, 
such  as  Sappho  and  Alcaeus,  but  also  to  his 
contemporary  Pindar. 

SIMPLICIUS  (-1),  one  of  the  last  philoso- 
phers of  the  Neo-Platonic  school, was  a  native 
of  Cilicia  and  a  disciple  of  Ammonius  and 
Damascius.  In  consequence  of  the  persecu- 
tion to  which  till-  pagan  philosophers  were 
•xposed  in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  Simplicius 
was  one  of  the  7 philosophers  who  took  refuge 
at  the  court  of  the  Persian  king  <  ihi 
lie  returned  home  about  IMS.  Simplicius 
wrote  *  oiumi'iii  H  n  on  several  of  Aristotle' 
woi  ks,  which  are  mat  ked  by  Bound  Ben  e  and 
real  lent  uine.  He  tlso  wrote  a  commentnr] 
on  the  Enchiridion  ofEj  yhich  is  like- 

wise  extant. 

S7.VAE  (-arum),  the  E.-most  people  of  Asia. 
Ptolemy  desi  ribes  their  country  as  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Scrica,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by 
India  extra  Gangem.  It  corresponded  to  the 
S.  part  of  China  and  the  E.  fan  of  the  Bur- 
mese peninsula. 


SINAI  or  SINA  (Jebel-et-  Tur),  a  cluster  of 
dark,  lofty,  rocky  mountains  in  the  S.  angle 
of  the  triangular  peninsula  inclosed  between 
the  2  heads  of  the  Ked  Sea,  and  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  deserts  on  the  borders  of  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  The  name,  which  signifies  a 
region  of  broken  and  cleft  rocks,  is  used  in  a 
wider  sense  for  the  whole  peninsula,  which 
formed  a  part  of  Arabia  Petraea,  aud  was  peo- 
pled, at  the  time  of  the  Exodus,  by  the  Amal- 
ekites  and  Midianites,  and  afterwards  by  the 
Nabathaean  Arabs.  Sinai  and  Horeb  in  the 
O.  T.  are  both  general  names  for  the  whole 
group,  the  former  being  used  in  the  nrst  4 
books  of  Moses,  and  the  latter  in  Deuteron- 
omy. The  summit  on  which  the  law  was 
given  was  probably  that  on  the  N.,  or  the 
one  usually  called  Horeb. 

SINDI  (-orum).  (1)  A  people  of  Asiatic 
Sarmatia,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Euxine,  and 
at  the  foot  of  the  Caucasus.  They  are  also 
mentioned  by  the  names  of  Sinhonks  and 
Stndiana. — (2)  A  people  on  the  E.  coast  of 
India  extra  Gangem  (in  Cochin  China),  also 
called  Sindae,  and  with  a  capital  city,  Sisoa. 

SINDICE.     [Sindi.] 

SINGX.RA  (-orum  :  Sinjarf),  a  strongly 
fortified  city  and  Roman  colony  in  the  in- 
terior of  Mesopotamia,  84  Roman  miles  S.  of 
Nisibis. 

SINGITICUS  SINUS.    [Sinqcs.] 

SINGUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  on  the 
E.  coast  of  the  peninsula  Sithonia, which  gave 
its  name  to  the  Sinus  Singiticus. 

SlNIS  or  SINNIS  (-is),  son  of  Polypemon. 
Pemon,  or  Poseidon  (Neptune),  by  Sylea,  the 
daughter  of  Corinthus.  He  was  a  robber, 
who  frequented  the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  and 
killed  the  travelers  whom  he  captured  by 
fastening  them  to  the  top  of  a  fir-tree,  whicn 
he  bent,  and  then  let  spring  up  again.  He 
himself  was  killed  in  this  manner  by  Theseus. 

8INON  (-dnis),  son  of  Aesimns,  or,  accord 
illg  to  Virgil  (Asm.  ii.  79),  of  Sisyphus,  and 
grandson  of  Antdlycus,  was  a  relation  of 
Ulysses,  whom  be  accompatiied  to  Troy.  Hi 
allowed  himself  to  be  taken  prisoner  i>\  tin 
Trojans,  and  then  persuaded  thc-in  to  admi* 
Into  their  city  n  wooden  horse  tilled  with 
armed  men, which  I  he  I  Ireeke  had  con  -i  i  m  led 
a-  a  pretended  atonement  tor  the  Palladium. 
'I' in-  Trojans  believed  the  deceiver,  ami  drag 
ced  the  horse  Into  the  city ;  w  hereupon  Sinon 
in  the  dead  of  night  in  the  Greeks  out  of  the 
horse,  who  thus  took  Troy. 

8IN0PB   (•!■-:    Sinope,  Sinoub,  Uu.\  U.e 

most  Important  of  all  the  Greek  colonies  on 

it  is  oflhe  Euxine,  stood  on  tin-  v  coast 

of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  W.  headland  of  tl rent 

bay  of  which  the  delta  of  the  river  Halve  forms 
the  k.  headland,  ami  a  little  E.  ofthefl 
promontory  of  \.-ia  Minor.    It  at 

a   very  early  colon  v  of  the    M  lleslaUB, 

Having  in. ii  ii.  in, ved  in  the  Invasion  of 
Asia  by  the  Cimmerians,  it  was  restored  by  a 

new  colony  from  MlletUC  in  n. i'.  632,  ami  BOOI1 

inline  ;  commercial  city  mi  i  be 

Euxine.  Ii  -  territory, called  Sinopis, extend 
eel  in  the  banks  of  the  Halys.  Il  wa  tn< 
birthplace  and  resident  e  ol  Mlthi  idati 


SINTICA. 


308 


SISENNA. 


Great,  who  enlarged  and  beautified  it.  Shortly 
before  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar  it  was 
colonized  by  the  name  of  Julia  Caesarea  Fe- 
lix Sinope,'and  remained  a  flourishing  city, 
though  it  never  recovered  its  former  impor- 
tance. At  the  time  of  Constautine  it  had  de- 
clined so  much  as  to  be  ranked  second  to 
Astasia.  It  was  the  native  city  of  the  re- 
nowned cynic  philosopher  Diogenes,  of  the 
comic  poet  Diphilus,  and  of  the  historian 
Baton. 

SIXTlCA,  a  district  in  Macedonia,  inhabit- 
ed by  the  Thracian  people  Sum,  extended  E. 
of  Crestonia  and  X.  of  Bisaltia  as  far  as  the 
Strymon  and  the  lake  Prasias.  Its  chief  town 
was  Heraclea  Sintica. 

SlNtJESSA  (-ae:  Rocca di  Mandrigone),  the 
last  city  of  Latinm  on  the  confines  of  Cam- 
pania, to  which  it  originally  belonged,  was 
situated  on  the  sea-coast  and  on  the  Via  Ap- 
pia.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Romans,  to- 
gether with  the  neighboring  town  of  Mintur- 
nae,  in  b.o.  29G.  It  possessed  a  good  harbor, 
and  was  a  place  of  considerable  commercial 
importance.  In  its  neighborhood  were  cele- 
brated warm  baths,  called  Aquae  Sinuessa- 
nai:. 

SIOX.     [Jerusalem.] 

SIPHXUS  (-i:  Siphrw),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  forming  oue  of  the  Cyciades, 
S.E.  of  Seriphus.  It  is  of  an  oblong  form, 
and  about  40  miles  in  circumfereuce.  Its 
original  name  was  Merope,  and  it  was  colo- 
nized by  Ionians  from  Athens.  In  conse- 
quence of  their  gold  aud  silver  mines,  of 
which  the  remains  are  still  visible,  the  Siph- 
nians  attained  great  prosperity,  and  were  re- 
garded in  the  time  of  Herodotus  as  the  wealth- 
iest of  the  islanders.  Siphnus  was  one  of  the 
few  islands  which  refused  tribute  to  Xerxes ; 
and  one  of  its  ships  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Greeks  at  Salamis.  The  moral  character  of 
the  Siphnians  stood  low,  and  hence  to  act 
like  a  Siphniau  ('SKpvia&tv)  became  a  term  of 
reproach. 

8IPONTUM  or  SIPUNTUM  (-i:  Siponto), 
called  by  the  Greeks  Sivcs  (imtis),  an  ancient 
town  in  Apulia,  in  the  district  of  Daunia,  on 
the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Garganus,  and  on  the 
coast.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Diomede,  and  was  of  Greek  origin.  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Romans,  under  whom  it  be- 
came a  place  of  some  commercial  importance. 

SlPTLUS  (-i:  Sipuli-Dagh),  a  mountain  of 
Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor.  It  is  a  branch  of  the 
Tmolus,  from  the  main  chain  of  which  it  pro- 
ceeds N.W.  along  the  course  of  the  river  Her- 
mus  as  far  as  Magnesia  and  Sipylum.  It  is 
mentioned  by  Homer.  The  ancient  capital 
of  Maeonia  was  said  to  have  been  situated  in 
the  heart  of  the  mountain  chain,  and  to  have 
been  called  by  the  same  name  ;  but  it  was 
early  swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake,  and  its 
site  became  a  little  la'ke  called  Sale  or  Salo  ;, 
Dear  which  was  a  tumulus,  supposed  to  be 
the  grave  of  Tantalus.  The  mountain  was 
rich  in  metals,  and  many  mines  were  worked 
in  it. 

SIRBONIS  LACUS  (Sabakat  EarJoioal),  a 
large  and  deeo  lake  on  the  coast  of  Lower 


Egypt,  E.  of  Mount  Casius.  Its  circuit  was 
1000  stadia.  It  was  strongly  impregnated 
with  asphaltus. 

SIREXES  (-urn),  sea-nymphs  who  had  the 
power  of  charming  by  their  songs  all  who 
heard  them.  When  Ulysses  came  uear  the 
island,  on  the  beach  of  which  the  Sirens  were 
sitting,  and  endeavoring  to  allure  him  and 
his  companions,  he  stuffed  the  ears  of  his 
companions  with  wax,  aud  tied  himself  to 
the  mast  of  his  vessel,  until  he  was  so  far  off 
that  he  could  no  longer  hear  the  Sirens'  song. 
According  to  Homer,  the  island  of  the  Sireiu 
was  situated  between  Aeaea  aud  the  rock  of 
Scylla,  near  the  S.W.  coast  of  Italy;  but  the 
Romau  poets  place  them  on  the  Campaniau 
coast.  Some  state  that  they  were  2  in  num- 
ber, Aglaopheme  and  Thelxiepla ;  and  others 
that  there  were  3,  Pisiuoe,  Agiaope,  and  Thel- 
xiepla, or  Parthenope,  Ligla,  and  Leucosia 
The}7  are  called  daughters  of  Phorcus,  of 
Achelous  and  Sterope^of  Terpsichore,  of  Mel- 
pomene, of  Calliope,  or  of  Gaea.  The  Sirens 
are  also  connected  with  the  legends  of  the 
Argonauts  and  the  rape  of  Persephone.  When 
the  Argonauts  sailed  by  the  Sirens,  the  latter 
began  to  sing,  but  in  vain,  for  Orpheus  sur- 
passed them  ;  aud  as  it  had  been  decreed  that 
they  should  live  only  till  some  one  hearing 
their  song  should  pass  by  unmoved,  they 
threw  themselves  into  the  sea,  and  were 
metamorphosed  into  rocks. 

SIREXtSAE  (-firum),calledby  Virgil  (Aen. 
v.  S64)  Sikencm  ScopuLt,  3  small  uninhabited 
and  rocky  islands  near  the  S.  side  of  the  Prom. 
Misenum,  off  the  coast  of  Campania,  which 
were,  according  to  tradition,  the  abode  of  the 
Sirens. 

SlRlS  (-is).  (1)  (Sinnn),  a  river  in  Lucania 
flowing  into  the  Tarentine  gulf. — (2)  (Torre 
di  Si  nna),  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  Lucania 
at  the  mouth  of  the  preceding  river. 

SIRMIO  (-onis:  Sirmione),  a  beautiful 
promontory  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lacus 
Benacus  (Lago  di  Garda),  on  which  Catullus 
had  an  estate. 

SIRMTUM  (-i :  Mitrovitz),  an  important  city 
in  Paunonia  Inferior,  was  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Savus.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Taurisei,  and  under  the  Romans  became  the 
capital  of  Pannonia,  and  the  head-quarters 
of  all  their  operations  in  their  wars  against 
the  Dacians  and  the  neighboring  barbarians. 

SiSaPOX  K>uis:  Almaden  in  the  Sierra 
Morena),  an  important  town  iu  Hispania 
Baetica  X.  of  Corduba. 

SISCIA  (-ae :  Siwek),  called  Segksta  by  Ap- 
pian.  an  important  town  in  Pannonia  Superior, 
situated  upon  an  island  formed  by  the  rivers 
Savus,  Colapis,  and  Odra,  aud  on  the  road 
from  Aeiuona  to  Sirmium. 

SlSEXXA  (-ae),  L.  CORXELlFS.  a  Roman 
annalist,  was  praetor  in  the  year  when  Sulla 
died  (b.0.  7S),  aud  probably  obtained  Sicily 
for  his  province  in  TT.  During  the  piratical 
war  (67)  he  acted  as  the  legate  ofPompey,  and 
having  been  dispatched  to  Crete  in  command 
of  an  army,  died  iu  that  island  at  the  a^e  of 
about  52.  His  great  work  was  a  history  of 
his  own  time,  but  he  a'so  translated  the  Mi- 


SISYGAMBIS. 


8C9 


SMYRNA. 


lesian  fables  of  Aristides,  and  composed  a 
commentary  upon  Plautus. 

SISYGAMBIS  (-is),  mother  of  Darius  Co- 
domannus,  the  last  king  of  Persia,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Alexander  after  the  battle  of  Issus, 
b.c.  333,  together  with  the  wife  and  daugh- 
ters of  Darius.  Alexander  treated  these  cap- 
tives with  the  greatest  generosity  and  kind- 
ness, and  displayed  towards  Sisygambis,  in 
particular,  a  reverence  and  delicacy  of  con- 
duct which  is  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments 
of  his  character.  After  his  death  she  put  an 
;nd  to  her  life  by  voluntary  starvation. 

SISYPHUS  (-i),  son  of  Aeolus  and  Euanlte, 
whence  he  is  called  Acolides.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Merope,  a  daughter  of  Atlas  or  a  Pleiad, 
and  became  by  her  the  father  of  Glaucus, 
Ornytion  (or  Porphyriou),  Thersander,  and 
Halmus.  In  later  accounts  he  is  also  called 
a  son  of  Autolycus,  and  the  father  of  Ulysses 
by  Anticlea[A>'Ttoi.KA] :  whence  we  rind  Ulys- 
ses sometimes  called  SisyphWes.  He  is  said 
to  have  built  the  town  of  Ephyra,  afterwards 
Corinth.  As  king  of  Corinth  he  promoted 
navigation  and  commerce,  but  he  was  fraudu- 
lent, avaricious,  and  deceitful.  His  wicked- 
ness during  life  was  severely  punished  in  the 
lower  world,  where  he  had  to  roll  up  hill  a 
huge  marble  block, which  as  soon  as  it  reach- 
ed the  top  always  rolled  down  again. 


Stiypbaf,  Irion,  and  Tantalus 

BITlCE  or  sitt.U'F;  (-6s:  Eaki-Bagdad, 
Rn.  ,  .1  great  and  popnlons  city  of  Babylonia, 
near  bnl  not  on  the  Tigris,  and  8  parasangt 
vvitiiiu  the  Median  wall.  Pu  probable  Bite  Is 
marked  by  a  ruin  culled  the  Tower  ofNimrod. 
It  gave  tne  name  ofSlttacene  to  the  district 
on  the  lower  course  of  the  Tigri  ,  E.  of  Baby- 
lonia and  N.W.  of  Sasiana. 

STTIIoNlA  (-ae),  the  central  one  of  the  8 
peninsulas  running  out  from  Chali 
Macedonia,  between  the  Toronalc  andSingitic 
gulfs.  The  Thracians  were  originally  spread 
over  the  greater  part  of  Macedonia;  and  the 
ancients  derived  the  name  of  Sithonla  from 
a  Thracinn  kim_',  Sithon.  We  also  And  men- 
tion of  a  Thracian  people,  Sithonii,  on  Ihe 

shores;  of  the  PontUS  Kiixinus  :   and  the  poets 

frequently  use  Silhonis  and  8itht  i  i 
general  sense  Of  Thiacian. 


SITONES  (-urn),  a  German  tribe  in  Scandi- 
navia, belonging  to  the  race  of  the  Suevi. 

SITTIUS  or  SITIUS  (-i),  P.,  of  Nuceria  in 
Campania,  was  connected  with  Catiline,  and 
went  to  Spain  in  B.o.  64,  from  which  country 
he  crossed  over  into  Mauretania  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  joiued  Caesar  when  the  lat- 
ter came  to  Africa,  in  40,  to  prosecute  the  war 
against  the  Pompeian  party.  He  was  of  great 
service  to  Caesar  in  this  war,  and  at  its  con- 
clusion was  tewarded  by  him  with  the  west- 
ern part  of  Numidia,  where  he  settled,  dis- 
tributing the  land  among  his  soldiers.  Afier 
the  death  of  Caesar,  Arabio,  the  son  of  Masi- 
nissa,  returned  to  Africa,  and  killed  Si, lias 
by  stratagem. 

SMXRAGDUS  MONS  (Jehel  Zaburah),  a 
mountain  of  Upper  Egypt,  near  the  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  N.  of  Berenice.  It  obtained  its 
name  from  its  extensive  emerald  mines. 

SMERDIS,  the  son  of  Cyrus,  was  murdered 
byorderofhis  brother  Cambyses.    A  Magian, 
named  Patizithes,  who  had  been  left  by  Cam- 
byses in  charge  of  his  palace  and  treasures, 
availed  himself  of  the  likeness  of  his  brother 
to  the  deceased  Smerdis   to  proclaim  tbie 
brother   as   king,   representing    him    as    the 
younger  son  ofCyrus.     Cambyses  heard  of 
the  revolt  in  Syria",  but  lie  died  of  an  accident- 
al wound  in  the  thigh   as  he  was 
mounting  his  horse  to  march  against 
the  usurper.    The  false  Smerdis  was 
acknowledged  as  king  by  the  Per- 
sians, and  reigned  for  T  months  with- 
out opposition.     The  fraud  was  dis- 
covered by  Phaedima,  who  had  been 

one  Of  the  Wives   Of  Cambyses,  anil 

had  been  transferred  to  his  succes- 
sor, she  communicated  it  to  her 
father, Otanes,  who  thereupon  form- 
piracy,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  G  other  noble  Persians,  suc- 
ceeded in  forcing  his  way  into  the 

palace,   where    they    slew    the    false 

Smerdis  and  his  brother  Patizithes 
in  the  8th  month  of  their  n 

SMINTllKI'Si  ,  ns, ,  I,  or.         , 
name  of  Apollo,  \\  hich  is  derived  by 

^j  some  from  .0,0  _-.,'.  a  1 Be. and  by 

,.  .         other-  from  the  town  of  Sinn. 1  he   in 

(B.rtoll,Sepole.ABt.,t«T.«.1      TroaB.   The  mouse  was  regarded  by 
the  ancient-  as  Inspired  by  thevajpors  arising 


from  the  earth,  and  as  the  symbol  of  prophet- 
ic power. 
SMYRNA,  or  MYKK1IA.     [A0OHI6.] 
SMYRNA,  and   111    many   MSS.  ZMYRNA 
(-ae:  Smyrna,  Turk,  Mr),  one  of  the  most 
ancient  and  flourishing  cities  of  Asia  Minor, 

and  the  only  ODC  of  >  I a  I  cities  on  its  \\  , 

coasl  which  has  survived  to  this  day.  stood 
in  a  position  alike  remarkable  for  it-  beauty 
and  for  other  natural  advantages.  LylugJllBl 
about  the  centre  <>f  the  W.  coast  of  A*ln 
Minor :  on  the  banks  of  the  little  river  Meles, 
at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  bay,  the  Slnui   1  li 

■ ',.  1  '     mj/rna),  whi<  h 

formed  a  safe  and  boi  for  Ihe 

largest  ships  up  to  the  vmy  walls  of  the  city  : 

in  the    at  the  foot  of  the  1  (  Tmolus,  and 

it  the  eutrai  -I  fertile  valk.v 


SMYRNAEUS  SINUS. 


370 


SOCRATES. 


of  the  Hermus,  in  which  lay  the  great  and 
wealthy  city  of  Sardls;  and  in  the  midst  of 
the  Greek  colonies  on  the  E.  shore  of  the 
Aegaean — it  was  marked  out  by  nature  as  one 
of  the  greatest  emporiums  for  the  trade  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia,  and  has  preserved 
that  character  to  the  present  day.  There  are 
yarious  accounts  of  its  origin.  The  most 
probable  is  that  which  represents  it  as  an 
Aeolian  colony  from  Cyme.  At  an  early  pe- 
riod it  fell  by  a  stratagem  into  the  hands  of 
ihe  Ionians  of  Colophon,  and  remained  an 
Ionian  city  from  that  time  forth :  this  appears 
bo  have  happened  before  01.  23  (r..o.  688).  Its 
early  history  is  very  obscure.  This  much  is 
clear,  however,  that  at  some  period  the  old 
city  of  Smyrna,  which  stood  on  the  N.E.  side 
of  "the  Hermaean  gulf,  was  abandoned;  and 
that  it  was  succeeded  by  a  new  city  on  the 
S.E.  side  of  the  same  gulf  (the  present  site), 
which  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Autigonus, 
and  which  was  enlarged  and  beautified  by  Ly- 
simachus.  This  new  city  stood  partly  on  the 
sea-shore  and  partly  on  a  hill  called  Mastusia. 
The  city  soon  became  one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  prosperous  in  the  world.  It  was  es- 
pecially favored  by  the  Romans  on  account 
of  the  aid  it  rendered  them  in  the  Syrian  and 
Mithridatic  wars.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  con- 
yeutus  juridicus.  In  the  civil  wars  it  was 
taken  and  partly  destroyed  by  Dolabella,  but 
it  soon  recovered.  It  occupies  a  distinguish- 
ed place  in  the  early  history  of  Christianity, 
as  one  of  the  only  two  among  the  7  church- 
es of  Asia  which  St.  John  addresses,  in  the 
Apocalypse,  without  any  admixture  of  re- 
buke, and  as  the  scene  of  the  labors  and  mar- 
tyrdom of  Polycarp.  There  are  but  few  ruins 
of  the  ancient  city.  In  addition  to  all  her 
other  sources  of  renown,  Smyrna  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  cities  which  claimed  the  birth  of 
Homer.  The  poet  was  worshiped  as  a  hero 
in  a  magnificent  building  called  the  Home- 
reum. 

SMYRNAEUS  SINUS  (&'.  of  Ismir  or 
Sviyrna),  the  great  gulf  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  bottom  of  which  Smyrna 
stands. 

SOCRATES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated  Athe- 
nian philosopher,  was  born  in  the  dermis 
Alopt'ce,  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Athens,  u.o.  409.  His  father,  Sophroniscus, 
was  a  statuary;  his  mother,  Phaenarete,  was 
a  midwife.  In  his  youth  Socrates  followed  the 
profession  of  his  father,  and  attained  sufficient 
proficiency  to  execute  the  group  of  clothed 
Graces  which  was  preserved  in  the  Acropolis, 
and  was  shown  as  his  work  down  to  the  time 
of  Pausanias.  The  personal  qualities  of  Soc- 
rates were  marked  and  striking.  His  phys- 
ical constitution  was  healthy,  robust,  and  en- 
during to  an  extraordinary  degree.  He  was 
capable  of  bearing  fatigue  or  hardship,  and 
indifferent  to  heat  or  cold,  in  a  measure  which 
astonished  all  his  companions.  He  went  bare- 
foot in  all  seasons  of  the  year,  even  during 
the  winter  campaign  at  Potidaea,  under  the 
severe  frosts  of  Thrace  :  and  the  same  home- 
ly clothing  sufficed  for  him  in  winter  as  well 
as  in  summer.  His  ugly  physiognomy  ex- 
cited the  jests  both  of  his  friends  and  enemies, 


Socrates. 


who  inform  us  that  he  had  a  flat  nose,  thick 
lips,  and  prominent  eyes,  like  a  satyi  or  Si- 
lenus.  Of  the  circumstances  of  his  life  we 
are  almost  wholly 
ignorant;  he  serv- 
ed as  a  hoplite  at 
Potidaea,  Helium, 
and  Amphipolis 
with  great  credit 
to  himself.  He 
seems  never  to 
have  filled  any  po- 
litical office  until 
406,  in  which  year 
he  was  a  member 
of  the  senate  of 
FiveHundred,and 
one  of  the  Prytii- 
nes  when,  on  the 
occasion  of  the 
trial  of  the  6  gen- 
erals, he  refused, 
in  spite  of  all  per- 
sonal hazard,  to 
put  an  unconsti- 
tutional question 
to  the  vote.  He  displayed  the  same  moral 
courage  in  refusing  to  obey  t he  order  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants  for  the  apprehension  of  Leon 
the  Salaminian.— At  what  time  Socrates  re- 
linquished his  profession  as  a  statuary  we  do 
not  know ;  but  it  is  certain  that  at  least  all 
the  middle  and  later  part  of  his  life  was  de- 
voted to  the  self-imposed  task  of  teaching,  to 
the  exclusion  of  all  other  business,  public  or 
private,  and  to  the  neglect  of  all  means  of 
fortune.  But  he  never  opened  a  school,  nor 
did  he.  like  the  Sophists  of  his  time,  deliver 
public  lectures.  He  was  persuaded  that  he 
had  a  special  religious  mission,  and  that  lie 
constantly  heard  the  monitions  of  a  divine  or 
supernatural  voice.  Every  where,  in  the  mar- 
ket-place, in  the  gymnasia,  and  in  the  work- 
shops, he  sought  and  found  opportunities  for 
awakening  and  guiding,  in  boys,  youths,  and 
men,  moral  consciousness,  and  the  impulse 
after  knowledge  respecting  the  end  and  value 
of  our  actions.  His  object,  however,  was 
only  to  aid  them  in  developing  the  germs  of 
knowledge— to  practice  a  kind  of  mental  mid- 
wifery, just  as  his  mother  Phaenarete  exor- 
cised the  corresponding  corporeal  art ;  and  he 
therefore  fought  unweariedly  against  all  false 
appearance  and  conceit  of  knowledge.  This 
was  probably  the  reason  why  he  was  selected 
for  attack  by  Aristophanes  aud  the  other 
comic  writers.  Attached  to  none  of  the  pie- 
vailing  parties,  Socrates  found  in  each  of 
them  his  friends  and  his  enemies.  Hated  and 
persecuted  by  C'ritias,  Charicles,  and  others 
among  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  who  had  him 
specially  in  view  in  the  decree  which  they 
issued  forbidding  the  teaching  of  the  art  of 
oratory,  he  was  impeached  after  their  banish- 
ment and  by  their  opponents.  An  orator 
named  Lycon,  and  a  poet  (a  friend  of  Thrasy- 
brdus)  named  Meletus,  united  in  the  impeach- 
ment with  the  powerful  demagogue  Anjtlis, 
an  embittered  antagonist  Of  the  Sophists  and 
their  system,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
band  which,  setting  out  from  Phyle,  forced 
their  way  into   Ihe   Piraeus,  and 'drove  OUI 


SODOMA. 


371 


SOLON. 


the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  judges  also  are  de- 
scribed as  persons  who  had  been  banished, 
and  who  had  returned  with  Thrasybulns. 
The  chief  articles  of  impeachment  were  that 
Socrates  was  guilty  of  corrupting  the  youth, 
and  of  despising  the  tutelary  deities  of  the 
state,  putting  in  their  place  other  new  divini- 
ties ;  but  the  accusation  was  doubtless  also 
dictated  by  political  animosity.  The  sub- 
stance of  the  speech  which  Socrates  delivered 
in  his  defense  is  probably  preserved  by  Plato 
in  the  piece  entitled  the  "  Apology  of  Socra- 
tes." Being  condemned  by  a  majority  of  only 
6  votes,  he  refused  to  acquiesce  in  any  greater 
punishment  than  aline  of  00  minae,  on  the  se- 
curity of  Plato,  Crito,  and  other  friends.  Iu- 
ceused  by  this  speech,  the  judges  condemned 
him  to  death  by  a  majority  of  80  votes.  The 
sentence  could  not  be  carried  into  execution 
until  after  the  return  of  the  vessel  which  had 
been  sent  to  Delos  on  the  periodical  Theoric 
mission.  The  30  days  which  intervened  be- 
tween its  return  and  the  execution  of  Socra- 
tes were  devoted  by  him  to  poetic  attempts 
(the  first  he  had  made  in  his  life),  and  to  his 
usual  conversation  with  his  friends.  One  of 
these  conversations,  on  the  duty  of  obedience 
to  the  laws,  Plato  has  reported  in  the  Crito, 
so  called  after  the  faithful  follower  of  Socra- 
tes, who  hud  endeavored  without  success  to 
persuade  him  to  make  his  escape.  In  an- 
other, imitated  or  worked  up  by  Plato  in  the 
l'haeao,  Socrates,  immediately  before  he  drank 
the  cup  of  hemlock,  developed  the  grounds 
of  his  immovable  conviction  of  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul.  He  died  with  composure 
and  cheerfulness  in  his  70th  year,  b.o.  899. 
He  must  be  considered  as  bavin;,'  laid  the 
foundation  of  formal  logic.— (2)  The  ecclesi- 
astical historian,  was  born  at  Constantinople 
about  a. n.  379.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Ammonins 
and  Helladiu.-,  and  followed  the  profession  of 
an  advocate  in  his  native  city,  whence  he  is 
Burnamed  Bcholasticus.  Tin;  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Socrates  extends  from  the  reign  of 
Constantine  the  Great  (300)  to  that  of  the 
younger  Theodosius  (439). 

SoD(JM  A  (-dram  and  ae  ;  also  -urn,  gen.  -i  j 
and  -i,  gen.  -6rum),  a  very  ancient  city  of  ( ';i- 
uaan,  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Slddlm,  close- 
ly connected  with  Qomorrha,  over  which  and 
the  other  3  "cities  of  the  plain  "  the  king  of 
Sodom  seems  to  have  had  a  sort  of  suprem- 
acy. In  the  book  of  Genesis  we  And  these 
Cities  as  subject,  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  to 
the  king  of  Klam  and  hi^  allies  (an  Indication 
of  the  early  supremacy  in  \\\  .Via  of  the  mas- 
ters of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  valley),  and 
their  attempt  to  east  off  the  yoke  was  the 
Occasion  of  the  first  war  on  record.  ((Jen. 
xiv.)  Soon  afterwards  the  abominable  sins 
ol  these  cities  called  down  the  divine  venge- 
ance, and  they  were  all  destroyed  by  fire  from 
heaven,  except  Xoar,  which  was  spared  at  the 
intei  cession  of  Lot. 

80EMIS  or  SOAF.MTAS,  JpI.TA,  daughter 

of  Julia  Maesa,  and  mother  of  KI.T_rabalns, 
bei    on.-  tin-  ■  elOT  ol'  her  son,  and 

encouraged  and  shared  his  follies  and  enor- 
mities, she  was  slain  by  the  praetorians  on 
the  11th  of  March,  a.i>.  222. 


SOGDlANA  (-ae)  (Old  Persian,  Sughda: 
parts  of  Turkestan  and  Bokhara,  including 
the  district  still  called  Sogd),  the  N.E.  prov- 
ince of  the  ancient  Persian  empire,  separated 
on  the  S.  from  Bactriana  and  Margiaua  by 
the  upper  course  of  the  Oxns  (Jihoun) ;  on 
the  E.  and  N.  from  Scythia  by  the  Sogdii 
Comedarum  and  Oscii  ~\l.(Kara-ba;ih,  A latan, 
and  Ak  Tar/h)  and  by  the  upper  course  of  the 
Jaxartes  (Sihoitn),  and  bounded  on  the  N.W. 
by  the  great  deserts  E.  of  the  Sea  of  Aral. 

SOGDIiNUS  (-i),  one  of  the  illegitimate 
sons  of  Artaxerxes  I.  Longimanus,  acquired 
the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  n.c.  4'.'5, 
by  the  murder  of  his  legitimate  brother  Xerx- 
es II.  Sogdiauus,  however,  was  murdered 
in  his  turn,  after  a  reign  of  7  mouths,  by  his 
brother  Ochus. 

SOGDII  MONTES.    [Socman a.] 

SOL.    [Helios.] 

SOLI  (-orum)  or  SOLOS.  (1)  (Mezetlu,  Ru.), 
a  city  on  the  coast  of  Cilicia,  between  the 
rivers  Lamus  and  Cydutis,  said  to  have  been 
colonized  by  Argives  and  Lydians  from 
Rhodes.  Pompey  restored  the  city,  which 
had  been  destroyed  by  Tigranes,  and  peopled 
it  with  the  survivors  of  the  defeated  hands 
of  pirates  ;  and  from  this  time  forth  it  was 
called  Pompeiopot.is.  It  was  celebrated  in 
literary  history  as  the  birthplace  of  the  Stoic 
philosopher  C'hrysippus,  of  the  comic  poet, 
Philemon,  and  of  the  astronomer  and  poet 
Aratus. — (2)  {Minora,  in  the  valley  of  Solea, 
Ru.),  a  considerable  sen-port  town"  in  the  W. 
part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Cyprus. 

SOLTNUS  (-i),  C.  JULIUS,  the  author  of  a 
geographical  compendium,  divided  into  .'.7 
chapters,  containing  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
world  as  known  to" the  ancients,  diversified 
by  historical  notices,  remarks  on  the  origin 
habits,  religious  rites,  and  social  condition  of 
various  nations  enumerated.  It  displays  but 
little  knowledge  or  judgment.  Solinus  may 
perhaps  be  placed  ubout  a.i>.  238. 

sr»LIS_FONS.     [Oasis,  No.  3.] 

SOLOE.    [Soli.] 

SOLOlS  (C.  Cantin,  Arab.  Rat  el  Houdik),  a 
promontory  running  far  out  into  the  sea,  in 

the  S.  part  of  the  \V.  coast  of  Mauretania. 

sol. fix  (-5d1b),  the  celebrated  Athenian 
legislator,  was  born  about  b.o,  688.  His  ra- 
ther, Kxece- tides, was  a  descendan i  ofCodrus, 
and  his  mother  was  a  COUBin  of  the  mother 
OfPj  1  trains  E  xe:  .  st  i:le.-  had  srn  nslvCTlJ 
pled  his  resources  by  a  too  prodigal  expend 

Iture;  and  Solon  consequently  found  it  eitbei 

necessary  or  convenient,  in  Ins  youth  to  be 
take  himself  to  the  life  of  a  foreign  trader 

It  is  likely  enough  that  while  necessity  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  a  livelihood  In  some  mode 
or  other,  his  active  and  Inquiring  spirit  led 
him  to  select,  that  pursuit  which  would  fur- 
nish the  amplest  means  for  its  gratification 
Solon  early  distinguished  himself  by  his  po 
etical  abilities.  His  lirM  effhsiOUS  wen 
somewhat    light   and    amatory    strain,  which 

afterwards  gave  way  to  the  more  dignified 
ami  earnest  purpose  of  indicating  profound 
reflections  or  sage  advice.    So  widely  Indeed 


SOLON. 


SOPHOCLES. 


did  his  reputation  spread  th.it  he  was  rank- 
ed as  one  of  the  famous  seven  sages.  The 
occasion  which  first  brought  Solon  promi- 
nently forward  as  an  actor  on  the  political 
stage  was  the  contest  between  Athens  and 
Megara  respecting  the  possession  ofSalamis. 
Indignant  at  the  dishonorable  renunciation 
of  their  claims  by  the  Athenians,  he  feigned 
madness,  rushed  into  the  agora,  and  there  re- 
cited a  short  elegiac  poem  of  100  lines,  in 
which  he  called  upon  the  Athenians  to  re- 
trieve their  disgrace  and  reconquer  the  lovely 
island.  The  pusillanimous  law  was  rescind- 
ed ;  war  was  declared,  and  Solon  himself  ap- 
pointed to  conduct  it.  The  Megarians  were 
driven  out  of  the  island,  but  a  tedious  war  en- 
sued, which  was  finally  settled  by  the  arbi- 
tration of  Sparta.  Both  parties  appealed,  in 
support  of  their  claim,  to  the  authority  of 
Homer;  and  it  was  currently  believed  in  an- 
tiquity that  Solon  had  surreptitiously  insert- 
ed the  line  (II.  ii.  55S)  which  speaks  of  Ajax 
a>  ranging  his  ships  with  the  Athenians.  The 
Spartans  decided  in  favor  of  the  Athenians, 
about  js.c.  59G.  Solon  himself,  probably, was 
one  of  those  who  received  grants  of  land  in 
Salamis,  and  this  may  account  for  his  being 
termed  a  Salamiuian.  Soon  after  these  events 
(about  5i)5)  Solon  took  a  leading  part  in  pro- 
moting hostilities  in  behalf  of  Delphi  against 
Cirrha,  and  was  the  mover  of  the  decree  of 
the  Amphictyons  by  which  war  was  declared. 
It  was  about  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  this 
war  that,  in  consequence  of  the  distracted 
state  of  Attica,  which  was  rent  by  civil  com- 
motions, Solon  was  called  upon  by  all  par- 
ties to  mediate  between  them,  and  alleviate 
the  miseries  that  prevailed  He  was  chosen 
archon  in  594,  and  under  that  legal  title  was 
invested  with  unlimited  power  for  adopting 
such  measures  as  the  exigencies  of  the  state 
demanded.  In  fulfillment  of  the  task  intrust- 
ed to  him,  Solon  addressed  himself  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  existing  distress,  which  he  effect- 
ed by  his  celebrated  disburdening  ordinance 
(aei<T'ixieta).  This  measure  was  framed  to 
relieve  the  debtors  with  as  little  iufringement 
as  possible  ou  the  claims  of  the  wealthy  cred- 
itors; and  seems  principally  to  have  consist- 
ed of  a  depreciation  of  the  coinage.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  Seisachtheia  procured  for  Solon 
such  confidence  and  popularity  that  he  was 
further  charged  with  the  task  of  entirely  re- 
modeling the  constitution.  He  repealed  all 
the  laws  of  Draco  except  those  relating  to 
bloodshed,  and  introduced  a  great  many  re- 
forms by  a  new  distribution  of  the  different 
classes  of  citizeus,  by  enlarging  the  functions 
of  the  Ecclesia,  or  popular  assembly,  and  by 
instituting  the  Boide,  or  senate  of  400.  Be- 
sides the  arrangement  of  the  general  political 
relations  of  the  people,  Solon  was  the  author 
of  a  great  variety  of  special  laws,  which  do 
nut  seem  to  have  been  arranged  in  any  sys- 
tematic manner.  The  laws  of  Solon  were  in- 
scribed on  wooden  rollers  (afoies)  and  trian- 
gular tablets  (KvpJ3ei?),  and  were  set  up  at  first 
in  the  Acropolis,  afterwards  in  the  Pryta- 
nr  urn.  The  Athenians  were  also  indebted  to 
Solon  for  some  rectification  of  the  calendar. 
It  is  said  that  Solon  exacted  from  the  people 
a  solemn  oath  that  they  would  observe  his 


laws  without  alteration  for  a  certain  space, 
and  then  absented  himself  from  Athens  lot 
10  years.  He  first  visited  Egypt ;  and  from 
thence  proceeded  to  Cyprus,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  distinction  by  Philocy- 
prus,  king  of  the  little  town  of  Aepea.  Solon 
persuaded  the  kiug  to  remove  from  the  old 
site,  and  build  a  new  town  on  the  plain.  Tha 
new  settlement  was  called  Soli,  in  honor  of 
the  illustrious  visitor.  He  is  further  said  to 
have  visited  Lydia  ;  and  his  interview  with 
Croesus  was  one  of  (he  most  celebrated 
stories  in  antiquity.  [Croksus.]  During  the 
absence  of  Solon  the  old  dissensions  were  re- 
newed, and  shortly  after  his  arrival  at  Ath- 
ens the  supreme  power  was  seized  by  Pisis- 
tratus.  The  tyrant,  after  his  usurpation,  is 
said  to  have  paid  considerable  court  to  Solon, 
and  on  various  occasions  to  have  solicited  his 
advice,which  Solon  did  not  withhold.  Solon 
probably  died  about  55S,  two  years  after  the 
overthrow  of  the  constitution,  at  the  age  of 
80.  Of  the  poems  of  Solon  several  fragments 
remain.  They  do  not  indicate  any  great  de- 
gree of  imaginative  power,  but  their  style  is 
vigorous  and  simple. 

SOLYMA  (-6mm).  (1)  (Taktalu-Dagh),  the 
mountain  range  which  runs  parallel  to  the  B. 
coast  of  Lycia,  and  is  a  S.  continuation  of 
Mount  Climax. — (2)  Another  name  for  Jkru- 

SALKM. 

S5L¥MI.     [Lyoia.] 

SOMNUS  (-i),  the  personification  and  god 
of  sleep,  is  described  as  a  brother  of  Death, 
and  as  a  son  of  Night.  Iii  works  of  art, 
Sleep  and  Death  are  represented  alike  as  two 
youths,  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torches 
in  their  hands.     [Mors.] 

SONTIUS  (-i:  Tsnnzo),  a  river  in  Venetia, 
in  the  N.  of  Italy,  rising  in  the  Carnic  Alps, 
and  falliug  into  the  Sinus  Tergestinus,  E.  of 
Aqnileia. 

SOPHENE  (-es),  a  district  of  Armenia 
Major,  lying  between  the  ranges  of  Antitau- 
rus  and  Masins ;  separated  from  Meliteue,  in 
Armenia  Minor,  by  the  Euphrates,  from  Meso- 
potamia by  the  Antitaurus,  and  from  the  E. 
part  of  Armenia  Major  by  the  river  Nymphius. 
SOPHOCLES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated 
tragic  poet,  was  born  at  Colonus,  a  village 
little  more  than  a 
mile  to  the  N.W. 
of  Athens,  n.  c. 495. 
He  was  30  years 
younger  than 
Aeschylus,  and  15 
years  older  thau 
Euripides.  His 
father's  name  was 
Sophilus,  or  S->ph- 
illus,  of  whose 
condition  in  life 
we  know  nothing 
for  certain  ;  but  it 
is  clear  that  Soph- 
ocles received  an 
education  not  in- 
ferior to  that  of 
the  sons  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens 
of  Athens.     In  both  of  the  leading  branches 


SOPHOCLES. 


SORANUS. 


of  Greek  education,  music  and  gymnastics,  he 
was  carefully  trained,  and  iu  both  he  gained 
the  prize  of  a  garland.  Of  the  skill  which  he 
had  attained  iu  music  and  dancing  in  his  16th 
year,  and  of  the  perfection  of  his  bodily  form, 
we  have  conclusive  evidence  iu  the  fact  that, 
when  the  Athenians  were  assembled  in 
solemu  festival  around  the  trophy  which 
they  had  set  up  iu  Salamis  to  celebrate  their 
victory  over  the  fleet  of  Xerxes,  Sophocles 
was  chosen  to  lead,  naked,  and  with  lyre  in 
hand,  the  chorus  which  danced  about,  the 
trophy,  and  sang  the  songs  of  triumph,  4S0. 
His  first  appearance  as  a  dramatist  took  place 
in  40S,  nnder  peculiarly  interesting  circum- 
stances; not  only  from  the  fact  that  Soph- 
ocles, at  the  age  of  27,  came  forward  as  the 
rival  of  the  veteran  Aeschylus,  whose  suprem- 
acy had  beeu  maintained  during  an  entire 
generation,  but  also  from  the  character  of  die 
judges.  The  solemnities  of  the  Great  Diony- 
sia  were  rendered  more  imposing  by  the  oc- 
casion of  the  return  of  Cimon  from  his  expe- 
dition to  Scyros,  bringing  with  him  the  bones 
of  Theseus.  Public  expectation  was  so  ex- 
cited respecting  the  approaching  dramatic 
contest,  and  party  feeling  ran  so  high,  that 
Apscphion,  the  archon  Eponymus,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  appoint  the  judges,  had  ii"t 
yet  ventured  to  proceed  to  the  final  act  of 
drawing  the  lot.-  for  their  election,  when 
t'imon,  with  his  9  colleagues  in  the  command, 
having  entered  the  theatre,  the  archon  de- 
tained them  at  the  altar,  and  administered 
to  them  the  oath  appointed  for  tin'  judges  in 
the  dramatic  contests.  Their  decision  was 
in  favor  of  Sophocles,  who  received  the  first 
prize  ;  the  second  only  being  awarded  to 
Aeschylus,  who  was  so  mortified  at  his  defeat 
that  In'  left  Athens,  and  retired  to  Sicily. 
From  this  epoch  Sophocles  held  the  suprem- 
acy of  the  Athenian  stage  until  a  formidable 
rival  arose  in  Euripides,  who  gained  the  first 
prize  for  the  first  time  iu  4-11.  In  the  sprim.' 
of  440  Sophocles  brought  out  the  Antigone,  & 
play  which  gave  the  Athenians  such  satisfac- 
tion that,  they  appointed  him  one  of  the  ten 

gtrategi,  of  wl i  Pericles  was  the  chief,  in 

the  war  against  Bamos,  [n  his  last  years  his 
son  lophon,  jealous  of  hi-  father's  love  for  his 
grandson  Sophocles,  and  apprehending  that 
he  purposed  to  bestow  upon  this  grandson  a 
lar  ;e  proportion  of  his  p    ipet  -aid  to 

have  summoned  hi-  father  before  the  Phra- 
tores,  on  the  charge  that  his  mind  was  affei  I  • 
ed  by  old  age.  As  bis  only  reply,  Sophocles 
exclaimed,  '  If  I  am  Sophocles,  I  am  nol  be 
Bide  myself;  and  if  I  am  beside  myself,  I  am 
not  Sophocles;"  and  then  read  from  in-  Oedi- 
pus ai  Colonua,  whirl'  was  lately  written,  but 
not  yet  (nought  out,  the  magnificent  parofoe, 

he-inning— 

Euiirirov,  tt-vt,  ruaic  fyapat, 

whereupon  the  Judges  at.  once  dismissed  the 
case,  and  rebuked  [ophon  for  his  imdntlful 
conduct.  Sophocli  afterwards,  in 
4<i*".,  in  his  90th  year.  The  manner  of  his 
death  Is  variously  and  fictitiously  related. 
Less  heroic  than  those  of  Aeschylus,  less 
homely  and  familiar  than  those  of  Etiripide  . 
the  tragedies  of  Sophocles  arc  the  perl a, 


of  the  Greek  drama.  The  number  of  plays 
ascribed  to  him  was  130;  and  it  is  remarka- 
ble, as  proving  his  growing  activity  and  suc- 
cess, that  of  these  SI  were  brought  out  after 
his  54th  year.  Only  7  are  extant.— (2)  Son  of 
Aristou  and  grandson  of  the  elder  Sophocles, 
was  also  an  Athenian  tragic  poet.  In  401  lie 
brought  out  the  Oedipus  at  Colonus  of  his 
grandfather;  but  he  did  not  begin  to  exhibit 
his  own  dramas  till  390. 

SOPHONISBA  (-ae),  daughter  of  the  Car- 
thaginian general  Hasdrubal,the  sou  of  Gisco. 
She  had  been  betrothed  by  her  father,  at  a 
very  early  age,  to  the  Numidian  prince  Mflsi- 
nissa, but  at  a  subsequent  period  Hasdrubal. 
being. desirous  to  gain  over  Syphax,  the  rival 
monarch  of  Numidia,  to  the  Carthaginian  al- 
liance, gave  her  iu  marriage  to  that  prince. 
After  the  defeat  of  Syphax,  and  the  capture 
of  his  capital  city  of  Cirta  by  Masinissa, 
Sophonisba  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  con- 
queror, upon  whom  her  beauty  exercised  so 
powerful  an  influence  that  he  determined  to 
marry  her  himself.  Their  nuptials  were  ac- 
cordingly celebrated  without  delay;  but  Scipio 
(who  was  apprehensive  lest  she  should  exer- 
cise the  same  influence  over  Masinissa  which 
she  had  previously  done  over  Syphax)  refused 
to  ratify  this  arrangement,  and,  upbraiding 
Masinissa  with  his  weakness,  insisted  on  the 
immediate  surrender  of  t lie  princess.  Unable 
to  resist,  this  command,  the  Numidian  king 
spared  her  the  humiliation  of  captivity  by 
sending  her  a  bowl  ofpoisoii,which  she  drank 
without,  hesitation,  and  thus  put  an  end  to 
her  own  life. 

Stll'IlHoN  (-"mis),  of  Syracuse,  was  the 
principal  writer  of  that  species  of  composition 
called  the  Mime  (<u/un),  which  was  one  of  the 
numerous  varieties  of  the  Dorian  Comedy. 
He  flourished  about  B.O.  460-420.  When  Ne- 
phron is  called  the  inventor  of  Mimes,  the 
meaning  is  that  he  reduced  to  the  form  of  a 
literary  composition  a  species  of  amusement 

which  the  Greeks  of  Sicily,  who  were  pre- 
eminent tor  broad  humor  and  merriment,  had 
practiced  from  time  Immemorial  at  their  pub- 
lic festivals.  Plato  was  a  great  admirer  of 
Sophron  ;  and  the  philosopher  is  said  to  have 
been  the  Aral  who  made  the  Mimes  known  at 

Alliens,     ti irlous   purpose  which  was 

aimed  at  In  the  works  of  Sophron  was  always, 
as  iu  the  An  a  ■  i  a dy,  clothed  tinder  a  sport- 
ive form. 

80PHRONI8CUS.    [Soobatm.] 

BORA  <-ae).    (i)  ISora),  a  town  in  Latium. 

on  the  light  hank  of  the  river  I. iris  and  N.  of 

Arplnum,  with  a  strongly  fortified  citadel.  ■ 
(2)  \  town  in  Paphla 

SORACTfl  (-is:  Monte  di  S.  On  te),  fl  c<  le 
brated  monutaln  in  Btrnria,  in  the  territory 

of  I  he  Failed,  near  the  Tiber,  about   ''I  miles 

from  Rome,  hut  the  summit  of  which,  fre- 
quently covered  with  snow,  was  clearl] 
from  tic  city,    dior., Carm.  I.  8.)    The  whole 

mountain  was  Bacrea  to  Apollo,  and  on  its 
BUmmil   wa-  a  temple  ,,|  ih 

BORlNUB   <-i).     'i      '  ■  Inity, 

nsually  Identified  with  Apollo,  worshiped  on 
Mi  in nt  Soracte.— (2)  A  physician,  o  native  "f 


SOSIGENES. 


374 


SPARTA. 


Ephesus,  practiced  bis  profession  first  at  Alex- 
andria, and  afterwards  at  Rome,  in  the  reigns 
of  Trajan  and  Hadrian,  a.d.  98-13S.  There 
are  several  medical  works  still  extant  under 
the  name  of  Sorauus,  but  whether  they  were 
written  by  the  native  of  Ephesus  can  not  be 
determined. 

SOSIGENES  (-is),  the  peripatetic  philoso- 
pher, was  the  astronomer  employed  by  Julius 
Caesar  to  superintend  the  correction  of  the 
calendar  (b.c.  46). 

SOSIUS  (-i).  (1)  C,  quaestor  u.o.  66,  and 
praetor  in  49.  He  was  afterwards  one  of  An- 
tony's principal  lieutenants  in  the  East,  and 
in  37  placed  Herod  upon  the  throne  of  Jeru- 
salem.— (2)  The  name  of  two  brothers  (Sosii), 
booksellers  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Horace. 

SOSPITA  (-ae),  that  is,  the  "saving  god- 
dess," was  a  surname  of  Juno  at  Lanuvium 
and  at  Rome,  in  both  of  which  places  she  had 
a  temple. 

SOSTRATUS  (-i),  the  son  of  Dexiphanes, 
of  Cuidus,was  one  of  the  great  architects  who 
flourished  during  and  after  the  life  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

SOTER  (-Oris),  i.e.  "the  Saviour"  (Lat.  Ser- 
vator  or  Sospea),  occurs  as  the  surname  of  sev- 
eral divinities,  especially  of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
It  was  also  a  surname  of  Ptolemaeus  I.,  king 
of  Egypt,  as  well  as  of  several  of  the  other 
lateirGreek  kings. 

SOTTIATES  or  SOTIATES  (-um),  a  power- 
ful and  warlike  people  in  Gallia  Aciuitanica, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  were 
subdued  by  P.  Crassus,  Caesar's  legate. 

SPARTA  (-ae :  Spartiates,  Spartanus),  also 
called  LACED AEMON  (Lacedaemonius),  the 
capital  of  Laconia  and  the  chief  city  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, was  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Eurotas  (Iri),  about  20  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  stood  on  a  plain  which  contained  within 
it  several  risiug  grounds  and  hills.  It  was 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Eurotas,  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  small  river  Oenus  (Kelesiiirt),  and 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  small  river  Tisia  {Miagnla  i, 
both  of  which  streams  fell  into  the  Eurotas. 
The  plain  in  which  Sparta  stood  was  shut  in 
on  the  E.  by  Mount  Menelainm,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Mount  Taygitus ;  whence  the  city  is 
called  by  Homer  "the  hollow  Lacedaemon." 
It  was  of  a  circular  form,  about  6  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  consisted  of  several  distinct 
quarters,  which  were  originally  separate  vil- 
lages, and  which  were  never  united  into  one 
regular  town.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the 
modern  villages  of  Magula  and  Psykhiko ;  and 
the  principal  modern  town  in  the  neighbor- 
hood is  Mistra,  which  lies  about  2  miles  to 
the  W.  on  the  slopes  of  Mount  Taygetus. 
During  the  flourishing  times  of  Greeklnde- 
pendence,  Sparta  was  never  surrounded  by 
walls,  since  the  bravery  of  its  citizens,  and  the 
difficulty  of  access  to  it,  were  supposed  to  ren- 
der such  defenses  needless.  It  was  first  forti- 
fied by  the  tyrant  Nabis,  but  it  did  not  pos- 
se-- regular  walls  till  the  time  of  the  Romans. 
Sparta,  unlike  most  Greek  cities,  had  no  prop- 
er Acropolis,  but  this  name  was  only  given 
to  one  of  the  steepest  hills  of  the  town",  on  the 
summit  of  which  stood  the  temple  of  Athena 


(Minerva)  Poliuchos,  or  Chalcioecus.  Sparta 
is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Lacedaemon, 
a  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Taygete,who  mar- 
ried Sparta,  the  daughter  of  Eurotas,  and  call 
ed  the  city  after  the  name  of  his  wife.  In  the 
mythical  period,  Argos  was  the  chief  city  in 
Peloponnesus,  and  Sparta  is  represented  as 
subject  to  it.  Here  reigned  Menelaus,  the 
younger  brother  of  Agamemnon  ;  and  by  the 
marriage  of  Orestes,  the  son  of  Agamemnon, 
with  Hermione,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus, 
the  two  kingdoms  of  Argos  and  Sparta  be- 
came united.  The  Dorian  conquest  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, which,  according  to  tradition,  took 
place  SO  years  after  the  Trojan  war,  made 
Sparta  the  capital  of  the  country.  Laconia 
fell  to  the  share  of  Eurysthenes  and  Procles, 
the  2  sons  of  Aristodemus,  who  took  up  their 
residence  at  Sparta,  and  ruled  over  the  king- 
dom conjointly.  After  the  complete  subju- 
gation of  the  country,  we  find  three  distinct 
classes  in  the  population :  the  Dorian  con- 
querors, who  resided  in  the  capital,  and  who 
were  called  Spartiatae  or  Spartans ;  the  Pe- 
rioeci,  or  old  Achaean  inhabitants,  who  be- 
came tributary  to  the  Spartans,  and  possessed 
no  political  rights;  and  the  Helots,  who  were 
also  a  portion  of  the  old  Achaean  inhabitants, 
but  were  reduced  to  a  state  of  slavery.  Prom 
various  causes  the  Spartans  became  distracted 
by  intestine  quarrels,  till  at  leugth  Lycurgus, 
who  belonged  to  the  royal  family, was  selected 
by  all  parties  to  give  a  new  constitution  to  the 
state.  The  constitution  of  Lycurgus, which  is 
described  in  a  separate  article  [Lvcrr.GUs], 
laid  the  foundation  of  Sparta's  greatness.  In 
d.c.  743  the  Spartans  attacked  Messenia,  and 
after  two  wars  conquered  it,  and  made  it  an 
integral  portion  of  Laconia.  [Messenia.] 
After  the  close  of  the  2d  Messenian  war  the 
Spartans  continued  their  conquests  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. At  the  time  of  the  Persian  inva- 
sion they  obtained  by  uuauimons  consent 
the  chiefcommand  in  the  war.  But  after  the 
final  defeat  of  the  Persians  the  haughtiness 
of  Pausanias  disgusted  most  of  the  Greek 
states,  particularly  the  Ionians,  and  led  them 
to  transfer  the  supremacy  to  Athens  (477).  The 
Spartans,  however,  regained  it  by  the  over- 
throw of  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  war 
(404).  But  the  Spartans  did  not  retain  this 
supremacy  more  than  30  years.  Their  deci- 
sive defeat  by  the  Thebans  under  Epaminon- 
das  at  the  battle  of  Leuctra  (371)  gave  the 
Spartan  power  a  shock  from  which  it  never 
recovered;  and  the  restoration  of  the  Mes- 
senians  to  their  country  2  years  afterwards 
completed  the  humiliation  of  Sparta.  About 
30  years  afterwards  the  greater  part  of  Greece 
was  obliged  to  yield  to  Philip  of  Macedon. 
The  Spartans,  however,  kept  haughtily  aloof 
from  the  Macedonian  conqueror,  and  refused 
to  take  part  in  the  Asiatic  expedition  of  his 
son  Alexander  the  Great.  Under  the  later 
Macedonian  monarchs  the  power  of  Sparta 
still  further  declined.  Agis  endeavored  to 
restore  the  ancient  institutions  of  Lycurgns  • 
but  he  perished  in  the  attempt  (240).  Cleo- 
menes  III.,  who  began  to  reign  in  236,  was 
more  successful.  His  reforms  infused  new 
blood  into  the  state;  and  for  a  short  time 
he  carried  on  war  with  success  against  the 


SPARTACUS. 


STATILIUS  TAURUS. 


Achaeans.  Bui  his  defeat  in  221  was  followed 
by  the  capture  of  Sparta,  which  now  sank  into 
insignificance,  and  was  at  length  compelled 
to  join  the  Achaean  League.  Shortly  after- 
wards it  fell,  with  the  rest  of  Greece,  uuder 
the  Roman  power. 

SPARTACUS  (-i),  by  birth  a  Thrncian,  was 
successively  a  shepherd,  a  soldier,  and  a  chief 
of  banditti.  On  one  of  his  predatory  expe- 
ditions he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  sold  to  a 
trainer  of  gladiators.  In  73  he  was  a  member 
of  the  company  of  Lentulus,  and  was  detained 
in  his  school  at  Capua,  in  readiness  for  the 
games  at  Rome.  He  persuaded  his  fellow- 
prisoners  to  make  an  attempt  to  gain  their 
freedom.  About  TO  of  them  broke  out  of  the 
school  of  Lentulus,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
crater  of  Vesuvius.  Spartacus  was  chosen 
leader,  and  was  soon  joined  by  a  number  of 
runaway  slaves.  They  were  blockaded  by 
C.  Claudius  Pnlcber  at  "the  head  of  3000  men, 
but  Spartacus  attacked  the  besiegers  and  put 
them  to  flight  His  numbers  rapidly  increased, 
and  f>r  2  years  (ii.c.  73-71)  he  defeated  one 
Roman  army  after  another,  and  laid  waste 
Italy  from  the  foot  of  the  Alps  to  the  south- 
ernmost corner  of  the  peninsula.  After  both 
the  consuls  of  72  had  been  defeated  by  Spar- 
tacus, M.  Licinius  Crassus,  the  praetor,  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  war,  which 
he  terminated  by  a  decisive  battle  near  the 
river  Silarus,  in  which  Spartacus  was  defeated 
and  .-lain. 

SI'ARTI  (-drum),  the  Sown-Men,  is  the 
name  given  to  the  armed  men  who  sprang 
from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by  Cadmus. 

SPARTllNTJS  M>,  A  Ml. ITS,  one  of  the 
8criptores  Bistoriae  AuguHtae,  lived  in  the 
time  of  Diocletian  and  <  loustantlne,  and  wrote 
the  biographies  of  several  emperors. 

SPERCHEUS(-i :  EUadka\  a  river  in  the  8. 
of  Thessaly,  which  ri>es  m  Mount  Tymphres- 

tu«,   inns   in    an   K.-ly   direction    tbroOgh   Hi'' 

territory  of  the  Aenianes  and  through  the 
district  Mali",  and  falls  into  th<'  [nnermosl 
corner  of  the  Sinus  Maliacus.  As  a  river-god. 
Spercheus  is  a  son  of  Ocean ns  and  Qe,  ami 
ttie  father  of  Menesthius  by  Polydora,  the 
daughter  of  Peleiis. 

SPSS  i-cii,  the  personification  ofHope.woe 
worshiped  at  Rome,  where  she  bad  several 
temples,  the  most  ancient  of  which  had  Ween 
built  in  11. 0.  364,  bj  the  consul  A  til  i  tie  Calati- 
dus,  near  the  Pori  a  <  larmentalis.  'i  hi  1 
also  worshiped  the  personification  of  Mope, 
Elpts;  and  they  relate  the  beautiful  allegory 
thai  when  ESptmethetu  opened  the  ve  sel 
brought  to  him  by  Pandora,  from  which  all 
kinds  of  evils  weie  scattered  over  the  earth, 
Hope  alone  remained  behind.  Hope  was  rep- 
resented in  works  of  art  aa  a  youthful  figure, 
lightly  walking  in  full  attire,  holding  In  her 
right  hand  a  flower,  and  with  the  left  lifting 
op  her  garment 

BPKU8IPPUS  (-1),  the  philosopher 

native  of  Athens,  and  the of  Eurymldon 

and  Pol  er  of  Plato.    He  uncceede  1 

Plato  '  of  the  Academy,  bni  was 

at,  the  hearl  of  the  school  for  only  S  vear.' 
(ii.c.  31T 


SPHACTERIA.     [Pyi.om.] 

SPHAERIA  (-ae:  Poros),  an  island  off  the 
coast  ofTroezen  in  Argolis,  and  betweeu  it 
and  the  island  of  Calauria. 

SPHINX  (-gis),  a  she-monster,  born  in  the 
country  of  the  Arimi,  daughter  of  Orthus  and 
Chiinacra,  or  of  Typhon  and  Echidna,  or  last- 
ly of  Typhon  and  Chimaera.  She  is  said  to 
have  proposed  a  riddle  to  the  Thebans,  and 
to  have  murdered  all  who  were  unable  to 
£uess  it.  Oedipus  solved  it,  whereupon  the 
Sphinx  slew  herself.  [Ordipus.]  The  legend 
appears  to  have  come  from  Egypt,  but  the 
figure  of  the  Sphinx  is  represented  somewhat 
differently  in  Greek  mythology  and  art.  The 
Egyptian  Sphinx  is  the  figure  of  a  lion  with- 
out wings,  iu  a  lying  attitude,  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  being  that  of  a  human  being. 
The  common  idea  of  a  Creek  Sphinx,  on  the 
01  her  hand,  is  that  of  a  winged  body  of  a  lion, 
the  breast  and  upper  part  being  the  figure  of 
a  woman. 

SPINA  (-ae).  (1)  (Spinazzino),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Cispadaua,  in  the  territory  of  the  Lin- 
gones,  on  the  most  S.-ly  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Po,  which  was  called  after  it  Ostium  Spine  ti- 
cum. — (2)  {Spino),  a  town  in  Gallia  Transpa- 
dana,  on  the  river  Addua. 

SPOLATFM.     [Sai.ona.] 

SPOI.KTll'M  or  SPOLfiTTJM  (-i  :  SpoUto), 
a  town  in  Umbria,  on  the  Via  Flaminia,  colo- 
nized by  the  Romans  n.e.  24'.'.  It  suffered  se- 
verely in  the  wars  between  Marina  and  Sulla. 

SPORXDES  (-um),  a  group  of  scattered 
islands  in  the  Aegaean  eea,  off  the  island  of 

Crete  and  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  so 
called  in  opposition  to  the  C\  chides,  which 
lay  in  a  circle  around  Delos. 

8PURINNA  (-ae)VE8TRITlUS,  theharns- 
pe\  w  ho  warned  Caesar  to  beware  of  the  Ides 

of  .Mai  eh. 

STA  I'.f  A  E  (-arum  :  CasUll  (l  Mare  o"i  Stabia), 
an  ancient  town  in  Campania,  between  Poui- 
peii  and  Surrentum,  which  was  destroyed  by 

Sulla  iu  the  Social  war,  but  which  Continued 

to  exist  down  to  the  great  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius in  a.i).  T'.t,  when  it  was  overwhelmed 
along  with  Pompeii  and  I  lei  ■euluiieimi.  It 
was  ai  Btabiae  thai  the  elder  Pliny  perished. 
stacTKI's  (  i),  subsequently  8TAGIRA 
1  ae:  Stavro),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  iu  <  Ihal- 

Cidice,  on  the  Strymonie  •.Mill',  and  a  little  N. 

of  the  Isthmus  which  unitei  the  promontory 

of  AtbOE   to  Chaleidiee.      Il    WOS  a  colony  of 

Androa,  was  founder]  n,<j,  666, and  wai 
naiiy  called  Orthagorlo.    It  is  celebrated  aa 
the  birthplace  of  Aristotle. 

STASINTJS  (-1),  of  Cyprus,  an  epic  poet,  to 
u  hoi  1 1  some  of  the  ancient  writers  attributed 
the  poem  of  the  Epic  < lycle,  entitled  ( 

and  einln  ;u  .:  !   and II  edent   to  the 

Iliad. 

STcrfKU.i  (-firum),  BTXTIELULTES,  or 

STA'I  IM.I.ENSKS  (-iiinn,  a  small  tribe  iu 
Llgurio,  S.  of  the  Po,  whose  chief  town  was 
Btatiellae  Aquae  Icquf),  on  the  road  front 
i lenoii  to  Pl.ic cnii a. 

si\i  1  l.t  A  ME88ALIN  1  i.ia.J 

si  a'III.ii  9  TA1  Rl  8.    [Tai 


statu;  a. 


370 


STOECIIADES. 


STATIRA  (-ae).  (1)  Wife  of  Artaxerxes 
IL,  king  of  Persia,  was  poisoned  by  Pary- 
satis,  the  mother  of  the  king.—  (2)  Sister  and 
wife  of  Darius  III.,  celebrated  as  the  most 
beautiful  womau  of  her  time.  She  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Alexander,  together  with  her 
mother-in-law  Sisygambis.aud  her  daughters, 
after  the  battle  of  Issus,  u.c.  333.  They  were 
all  treated  with  the  utmost  respect  by  the 
conqueror  :  but  Statira  died  shortly  before  the 
battle  of  Arbela,  331. —(3)  Also  called  Bav.sise, 
elder  daughter  of  Darius  III.    [Baesine.] 

STATIUS  (-i),  P.  PAPINll'S,  was  born  at 
Neapolis  about  a.d.  01,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
distinguished  grammarian.  He  accompanied 
his  father  to  Rome,  where  the  latter  acted  as 
the  preceptor  of  Domitiau,  who  held  him  in 
high  honor.  Under  the  skillful  tuition  of  his 
father,  the  young  Statins  speedily  rose  to 
fame,  and  became  peculiarly  renowned  for 
the  brilliancy  of  his  extemporaneous  effusions, 
so  that  he  gained  the  prize  three  times  in  the 
Alban  contests;  but  having,  after  a  long  ca- 
reer of  popularity,  been  vanquished  in  the 
quinquennial  games,  he  retired  to  Neapolis, 
the  place  of  his  nativity,  along  with  his  wife 
Claudia,  whose  virtues  he  frequently  com- 
memorates. He  died  about  a. i>.  96.  His  chief 
work  is  the  Theba~u*,  a  heroic  poem,  in  12 
b  >oks,  on  the  expedition  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes.  There  is  also  extant  a  collection  of 
his  miscellaneous  poems,  in  5  books,  under 
the  title  of  Silvae ;  and  an  unfinished  po^m 
called  the  AchiUeis.  Statius  may  justly  claim 
the  praise  of  standing  in  the  foremost  rank 
among  the  heroic  poets  of  the  Silver  Age. 

STATONIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Etruria,  and  a 
Roman  praefectura,  on  the  river  Albinia,  and 
on  the  Lacus  Statonieusis. 

STATOR  (-oris),  a  Roman  surname  of  Ju- 
piter, describing  him  as  staying  the  Romans 
in  their  flight  from  an  enemy,  and  generally 
aS  pieservihg  the  existing  order  of  things. 

STENTOB  (-oris),  a  herald  of  the  Greeks 
in  the  Trojan  war,  whose  voice  was  as  loud 
as  that  of  50  other  men  together. 

STENTORIS  LACUS.    [Hkukus.] 

STENYCLERUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of 
Messenia, which  was  the  residence  of  the  Do- 
rian kings  of  the  country. 

STEPHlNUS  (-i),  of  Byzantium, the  author 
of  the  geographical  lexicon,  entitled  Ethnica 
(of  which,  unfortunately,  we  possess  only  an 
epitome).  Stephanos  was  a  grammarian  at 
Constantinople,  and  lived  after  the  time  of 
Arcadius  and  Honorius,  and  before  that  of 
Justinian  II.  His  work  was  reduced  to  an 
epitome  by  a  certain  Hermolaus,  who  dedi- 
cated his  abridgment  to  the  emperor  Justin- 
inn  II. 

ST£R(5PK  (-es),  one  of  the  Pleiads,  wife  of 
Oenomans  and  daughter  of  Hippodamla. 

STER3PES.    [Cyclopes.] 

STBSICH5RUS  (-i),  of  Himera,  in  Sicily,  a 
celebrated  Greek  poet,  contemporary  with 
Sappho,  Alcaens,  Pittacns,  and  Phalaris,  is 
said  to  have  been  born  n.c.  032,  to  have  flour- 
ished about  00s.  and  to  have  died  in  552,  at 
the  n;re  of  SO.  Stesichorus  was  one  of  the  9 
chiefs  of  lyric  poetry  recognized  by  the  an- 


cients. He  stands,  with  Alcman,  at  the  head 
of  one  branch  of  the  lyric  art,  the  choral  po- 
etry of  the  Dorians. 

STESIMBROTUS  (-i),  of  Thasos,  a  rhapso. 
dist  and  historian  in  the  time  of  Cimon  and 
Pericles,  who  is  mentioned  with  praise  by 
Plato  and  Xenophon. 

STIIEN'EBOEA  (-ae),  called  ANTEA  by 
many  writers,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Lycian 
king  Iobates,  and  the  wife  of  Proetus.  [Bei,- 
i.eroviiontes.]  { 

STHEXELUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Perseus  and! 
Andromeda,  king  of  Mycenae,  and  husband 
of  Nicippe,  bv  whom  he  became  the  father  of 

Alcinoe,  Medusa,  and  Eurystheus (2)  Sou 

of  Androgeos,  and  grandson  of  Minos.  He 
accompanied  Hercules  from  Paros  on  bis  ex- 
pedition against  the  Amazons,  and,  together 
with  his  brother  Alcaeus,  he  was  appoiuted 
by  Hercules  ruler  of  Thasos.  —  (3)  Son  of 
Actor,  likewise  a  companion  of  Hercules  in 
his  expedition  against  the  Amazons. — (4)  Sou 
of  Capanens  aud  Evadne.was  one  of  the  Epig- 
oni,  by  whom  Thebes  was  taken,  and  com- 
manded the  Argives  under  Diomedes  in  the 
Troj.;n  war,  being  the  faithful  friend  and  com- 
panion of  Diomedes. — (5)  Father  of  Cycnus, 
who  was  metamorphosed  into  a  swan.  Hence 
we  find  the  swan  called  by  Ovid  Stht  n<  U  is 
volucris  and  Stkeneleia  proles. — (6)  A  tragic 
poet,  contemporary  with  Aristophanes,  who 
attacked  him  in  the  Wasps. 

STUENO.     [Gokgones.] 

STlLlCHO  (-6nis),  son  of  a  Vandal  captain, 
bfcaine  one  of  the  most  distinguished  gen- 
erals ofTheodosius  I.,  on  whose  death  he  be- 
came the  real  ruler  of  the  West  under  the 
emperor  Honorius.  He  was  put  to  death  at 
Ravenna  in  408. 

STILO  (-r.nis).L.AELlUS  PRAECONlNUS, 
a  celebrated  Roman  grammarian,  one  of  the 
teachers  of  Varro  and  Cicero. 

STILPO  (-finis),  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
was  a  native  of  Megara,  and  taught  philoso- 
phy in  his  native  town.  He  is  said  to  have 
surpassed  his  contemporaries  in  inventive 
power  and  dialectic  art,  and  to  have  inspired 
almost  all  Greece  with  a  devotion  to  the  Me- 
garian  philosophy. 

STIMULA  (-ae),  the  name  of  Semcle,  ac- 
cording to  the  pronunciation  of  the  Ro- 
mans. 

STOBAEUS  (-i),  JOANNES,  derived  his 
surname  apparently  from  being  a  native  of 
Stobi  in  Macedonia.  Of  his  personal  history 
we  know  nothing.  Stobaens  was  a  man  of 
extensive  reading,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
noted  down  the  most  interesting  passages  ; 
and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  fragments  that  remaiu^of  the 
lost  works  of  poets. 

STOBI  (-ornm),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  and 
the  most  important  place  in  the  district  Paeo- 
nia,was  probably  situated  on  the  river  Erigon, 
X.  of  Thessalonica,  and  N.B.  of  Heraclea.  It 
was  made  a  Roman  colony  and  a  mnnicipinm, 
and  under  the  later  emperors  was  the  capital 
of  the  province  Macedonia  II.  or  Salutarip. 

STol'.i  HADES  (-urn)  IXSULAE  {I«U* 
d'ffiires),  a  group  of  5  small  islands  in  ihi 


STOENI. 


377 


SUADA. 


Mediterranean,  off  the  coast  of  Gallia  Nar- 
bouensis,  and  E.  of  Massilia. 

STOENA  x  Oram),  a  Liguiiau  people,  in  the 
Maritime  Alps,  conquered  by  Q.  Marcius  Rex 
B.C   118. 

STRiBO  (-onis),  a  cognomen  iu  many  Ro- 
man gentes,  Bignified  a  person  who  squinted, 
and  is  accordingly  classed  with  Paetus,  though 
the  latter  word  did  not  indicate  such  a  com- 
plete distortion  of  vision  as  Strabo. 

STHABO,  the  geographer,  was  a  native  of 
Amasia,  in  Poutus.  The  date  of  his  birth  is 
unknown,  but  may  perhaps  be  placed  about 
u.o.  54.  He  lived*  during  the  whole  of  the 
reign  of  Augustus,  and  dining  the  early  part, 
at  least,  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  died  about  a.i>.  '24.  He  lived 
some  years  at  Rome,  and  also  traveled  much 
in  various  countries.  We  learn  from  his  own 
work  that  he  was  with  his  friend  Aelius  Gal- 
lus  in  Egypt  in  u.o.  24.  He  wrote  an  histor- 
ical work  in  43  books,  which  is  lost.  It  began 
Where  the  history  ofPolyblUS  ended,  anil  was 

probably  continued  to  the  battle  or  Actium. 
He  also  wrote  a  work  on  Geography  (l't«>- 
•j^u^iku),  in  IT  books,  which  has  come  down 
to  us  entire,  with  the  exception  of  the  Tih, 
of  which  we  have  only  a  meagre  epitome. 
Strabo's  work,  according  to  his  own  expres- 
sion, was  not  intended  for  the  use  id'  all  per- 
sons: it  was  designed  for  all  who  had  had  a 
good  education,  and  particularly  for  those 
who  were  engaged  in  the  higher  departments 
of  administration.  His  work  forms  a  striking 
contrast  with  the  geography  of  Ptolemy,  and 
the  dry  list  of  names,  oi  casionally  relieved  by 
someth  og  added  to  them,  in  the  geographic- 
al portion  of  the  Natural  History  of  Pliny. 

STRABO  SEIUS.    [Sbjawub.] 

STRiTON  (-Onis),  son  of  Arcesllaus,  of 
Lnmpsacus,  was  a  distinguished  peripatetic 
philosopher,  and  the  tutor  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphns.  He  succeeded  Theophrastas  as 
head  of  the  school  in  b.c  288,  and.  after 
presiding  over  it  18  years,  was  succeeded  by 
Lycon.  Be  devoted  himself  especially  to  the 
study  of  natnral  science,  whence  he  obtained 

the  appellation  of  l'ln/.iicw>. 

8  i  R  \'i  0NJ<  E  !  i  i,  daughter  of  Demetrius 
I'oiioii'.ir--  and  Pbila,  the  daughter  of  An- 
tipater.  In  b.i  .  300,  at  whirl,  time  Bhe  conld 
not  have  been  more  than  it  years  of  age,  she 
was  married  to  selencus,  king  of  Syria.  Not- 
withstanding tin-  disparity  of  their  agi 

-  harmony  with  tin:  old  i. 
years,  ■  discovei  ed  thai  her  step- 

son Antlochus  wan  deeply  enamored  of  her, 
and  Selencns,  in  order  to  save  the  life  of  hla 
son, which  was  endangered  by  tin:  violence 
of  his  passion,  gave  np  Btratonlce  in  mi 
ti  tin1  yonng  in Ince. 

STliATuNTcKA  /    '•  -  //-  ar,   Rti.), 

nn«  <>f  the  chief  inland  cities  of  Carta,  bull) 
by  Autlochn    l.  8  itei ,  «  ho  r  irl  tied  II 
d  named  it  In  honor  of  his  wife  8l 
e     it  Btood  B.  ofMylusn  and  8.  of  \lnl 
near  tin'  river  Mai   ras,  i  8  h  ibntai  ■.  of  the 
Haeander.    I  nder  tin-  R 
lity. 

STRATUS  (-i  :   Nr.  Lepenu   oi    lepanon, 


Ru.),  the  chief  town  in  Acarnania,  IU  stadia 
W.  of  the  Achelous.  Its  territory  was  called 
Stratiob.  • 

STROPHADES  (-urn)  INSULAE,  former, 
ly  called  Pi.otae  (Strcfadia  and  Strivali),  2 
islands  in  the  Ionian  sea.  ofl"  the  coast  of 
Messenia  and  S.  of  Zacynthus.  The  Harpies 
were  pursued  to  these  islands  by  the  sons  of 
Boreas  :  and  it  was  from  the  circumstance  of 
the  latter  returning  from  these  islands  after 
the  pursuit  that  they  .are  supposed  to  have 
obtained  the  name  of  Strophades. 

STROPHlUS  (-i),  king  of  Phocis,  son  of 
Crissus  and  Antiphatia,  and  husband  of  Cy- 
dragora,  Auaxibia,  or  Astyochia,  by  whom  be 
became  the  father  of  Astydamia  ami  Pylades. 
[Obebtes.] 

STRYMON  (-onie:  Struma,  called  by  the 
Turks  Karasu),  an  important  river  in  Mace- 
donia, forming  the  boundary  between  that 
country  and  Thrace  down  to  the  time  of  Philip.' 
It  rose  in  Mount  Scomius,  flowed  firs!  S.  and 
thru  S.E.,  passed  through  the  lake  Prasias, 
and,  immediately  S.  of  Amphipolis,  fell  into 
a  hay  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  called  after  it  Stuy- 

MOSICUS  SlNCS. 

STYMPIIAI.lDES.     [Stvmimim.i  i  .] 

STTMPHiLUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  X.  E.  of 
Arcadia,  the  territory  of  which  was  hounded 
on  the  >.'.  by  Achaia,  on  the  E.  by  Siryonia 
and  Phliasia,  on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of 
Mantinea,  and  on  the  W.  by  that  of  Orcho- 
meuus  aud  Pheneus.  The  town  itself  was 
situated  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
and  on  the  N.  side  of  the  like  StymFIIALIS 
Zaraka),  on  which  dwelt,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, the  celebrated  birds,  called  SlYMPUALt- 
i>E8,  destroyed  by  Hei 

STYRA  (-("irum :  Stura),a  town  in  Bnboea 
on  tin-  8.W.  coast  not  far  from  Carystus,  and 
nearly  opposite  Marathon  iu  Attica. 

STYX  (-fgis),  connected  with  the  vert. 
oji'V'i.  to  hate  or  abhor,  is  the  name  of  the 
principal  river  in  tin-  nether  world,  around 
which  it  flows  T  time-.  Styx  i-  described  as 
a  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys.     At    i 

nymph   Bhe  dwelt    at   the  entrance  of  Hade-, 

in  a  lofty  grotto  which  was  supported  by 
silver  columns.  As  a  river,  Btya;  is  dei 
as  a  branch  of  Oceanus,  How  in"  from  it-  loth 
source;  ami  the  river  Cocytns  again  is  n 
branch  of  the  Styx.  By  Pallas,  Styx  became 
the  tii":  I  seal  .  Nice   \ Ictorj  i,  Bla 

h i,  and  i  Iratos  (powe: ;.    she  was  i he 
all  the  immortals  who  took  her  children 
to  /    if  (Jupiter),  to  assist  him  against  the 

Titans;   and,  in    teliiiu    lor   thK  her  children 

were  allowed  forever  to  live  with  /.en-,  aud 
Styx  herself  became  the  divinity  by  whom 

tin-  luo-t  solemn  oaths  were  sworn.  When 
one  of  the  gods  had  to  take  an  o.-ith  I.-, 

Iris  fetched  a  cup  full  of  watei  from  the  Btj  \. 
and  tin-  god, while  taking  tin-  oath,  poured 
out  the  water. 

STYX  i  '/<<'  '  ivcr  in  tin-  '..  o| 

Arcadia,  near  Non  ■-■  line  from  n 

tig  Into  the  Crn 

si  \  it  \  i  :..  ,   the  Rom  ml  »n 

of  pel  -  nasion,  the  < k  Pltho 

called  by  the  diminutive  '  • 


SUBLAQUEUM. 


SULLA. 


SUBLAQUETM  (-i :  Subiaco),  a  small  town 
of  the  Aequi  in  Latium,  on  the  Anio,  near  its 
source.  • 

SUBLICIUS  PONS,  the  oldest  of  the 
bridges  at  Rome,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Ancus  Marti ub.  It  was  of  wood  (Sublfoae: 
piles);  and  being  often  carried  away  by  the 
floods,  was  always  to  the  latest  period  rebuilt 
of  that  material,  from  a  feeling  of  religious 
respect 

,  StTBtTRA  or  SUBUKRA  (-ae),  a  populous 
.district  of  Rome,  comprehending  the  valley 
•between  the  Esquiliue,  Quirinal,  and  Viminal. 

SUCRO  (-onis).    (1)  (Xuear),  a  river  in  His- 

Sauia  Tarraconensis,  rising  in  a  S.  branch  of 
fount  Idubeda  in  the  territory  of  the  Celti- 
beri,  and  falling  8.  of  Valentia  into  a  gulf  of 
tbe  Mediterranean  called  after  it  Sinus  Sucro- 
nensis  (Gulf  of  Valencia). — (2)  (Cullera),  a 
town  of  the  Edetani  in  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis, on  the  preceding  river,  and  between 
the  Iberus  and  Carthago  Nova. 

SUESSA  AURUNCA  (-ae :  Sevsa),  a  town 
of  the  Aurunci  in  Latium,  E.  of  theVia  Appia, 
between  Minturnae  and  Tefmum,  on  the  W. 
elope  of  Mount  Magsicus.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Lucilius. 

SUESSA  POMETIA  (-ae),  also  called 
POMETIA  simply,  an  ancient  and  important 
town  of  the  Volsci  in  Latium,  S.  of  Forum 
Appii,  taken  by  Tarquinius  Prisons.  It  was 
one  of  the  23  cities  situated  in  the  plain  after- 
wards covered  by  the  Pomptine  Marshes, 
which  are  said  indeed  to  have  derived  tneir 
name  from  this  town. 

SUESSETANI  (-6rum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  mentioned  in  connection  with 
the  Edetani. 

SUESSIONES  or  SUESSONES  (-uni),  a 
powerful  people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  who  were 
reckoned  the  bravest  of  all  the  Belgic  Gauls 
after  the  Bellovaci,  and  who  could  bring  50,000 
men  into  the  field  in  Caesar's  time.  The 
Suessiones  dwelt  in  an  extensive  and  fertile 
country  E.  of  the  Bellovaci,  S.  of  the  Veroman- 
dui,  and  W.  of  the  Remi.  They  possessed  12 
towns,  of  which  the  capital  was  Novioduuum, 
subsequently  Augusta  Suessonum  or  Suesso- 
nes  (Soissom). 

StTBSStTLA  (-ae:  Torre  di  Sessola),  a  town 
in  Samuium,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Mount 
Tifata. 

SUETONIUS  PAULINUS.     [Padxtnub.] 

SUETONIUS  (-i),  TRANQUILLUS,  C,  the 
Roman  historian,  was  born  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Vespasiau,  and  practiced 
as  an  advocate  at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 
He  lived  on  intimate  terras  with  the  younger 
Pliny,  many  of  whose  letters  are  addressed  to 
him.  At  the  request  of  Pliny,  Trajan  granted 
to  Suetonius  the  jus  triwm  liberorum,  for, 
though  he  was  married,  he  had  not  3  children, 
which  number  was  necessary  to  relieve  him 
from  various  legal  disabilities.  Suetonius 
was  afterwards  appointed  private  secretary 
(Magister  Epistolarum)  to  Hadrian,  but  was 
deprived  of  this  office  by  the  emperor,  along 
with  Septicius  Claras,  the  praefect  <>f  the 
Praetorians,  on  the  ground  of  associating 


with  Sabina,  the  emperor's  wife,  without  his 
permission.     His  chief  work  is  his  Lives  of 

!  the  Caesars.  Suetonius  does  not  follow  the 
chronological  order  in  his  Lives,  but  groups 

I  together  many  things  of  the  same  kind.  His 
language  is  very  brief  and  precise,  sometimet 
obscure,  without  any  affectation  of  ornament. 
The  treatise  De  illustribus  Grammatici*  and 
that  of  De  claris  Rhetoribus  are  probably  only 

I  parts  of  a  larger  work.    The  only  other  pro- 

1  ductions  of  Suetonius  still  extant  are  a  few 

;  lives  of  Roman  authors. 

SLTE\T  (-dram),  one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  powerful  peoples  of  Germany,  or,  more 
properly  speaking,  the  collective  name  of  a 
great  number  of  German  tribes,  who  were 
grouped  together  on  account  of  their  migra- 
tory mode  of  life,  and  spoken  of  in  opposition 
to  the  more  settled  tribes,  who  went  under 
the  general  name  of  Ingaevones.  The  Snevi 
are  described  by  all  the  ancient  writers  as  oc- 
cupying the  greater  half  of  all  Germauy ;  but 

I  the  accounts  vary  respecting  the  part  of  the 
country  which  they  inhabited. 

SUIDAS  (-ae),  a  Greek  lexicographer,  of 
whom  nothing  is  known.  The  Lexicon  of 
Suidas,  though  without  merit  as  to  its  execu- 
tion, is  valuable  both  for  the  literary  history 
of  antiquity,  for  the  explanation  of  words,  and 
for  the  citations  from  many  ancient  writers. 

SOONES  (-nm),  the  general  name  of  all 
the  German  tribes  inhabiting  Scandinavia. 

SULLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  patrician  family 
of  the   Cornelia  gens. — (1)  P.,  great-grand- 

{  father  of  the  dictator  Sulla,  and  grandson  of 

I  P.  Cornelius  Ruflnus,  who  was  twice  consul 

|  in  the  Samuite  wars.  [Rufincs,  Cornelius.] 
His  father  is  not  mentioned.    He  was  fiamen 

;  dialis,  aud  likewise  praetor  urbanus  and  pere- 

'  grinus  in  B.o.  •212,  when  he  presided  over  the 
first  celebration  of  the  Lndi  Apollinares. — (2) 
L.,  snrnamed  Felix,  the  dictator,  was  born  in 
b.o.  13S.  Although  his  father  left  him  only  a 
small  property,  his  means  were  sufficient  to 
secure  for  him  a  good  education.  He  studied 
the  Greek  and  Roman  literature  with  dili- 
gence and  success,  aud  appears  early  to  have 
imbibed  that  love  for  literature  and  art  by 
which  he  was  distinguished  throughout  life. 

1  At  the  same  time  he  prosecuted  pleasure  with 
equal  ardor,  and  his  youth,  as  well  as  his  man- 
hood, was  disgraced  by  the  most  sensual  vices. 
He  was  quaestor  in  107, when  he  served  under 
Marius  in  Africa,  and  displayed  both  zeal  and 
ability  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  Sulla 
continued  to  serve  under  Marius  with  great 
distiuction  in  the  campaigns  against  the  Cim- 
bri  and  Teutones ;  but  Marius  becoming  jeal- 
ous of  the  rising  fame  of  his  officer,  Sulla  left 
Marius  in  102,  and  took  a  command  under  the 
colleague  of  Marius,  Q.  Catulus,who  intrusted 
the  chief  management  of  the  war  to  Sulla. 
Sulla  now  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  ap- 
pears to  have  lived  quietly  for  some  years. 
He  was  praetor  in  93,  and"  in  the  following 
year  (92)  was  sent  as  propraetor  into  Cilicia, 

\  with  special  orders  from  the  senate  to  restore 
Ariobarzanes  to  his  kingdom  of  Cappadocia, 
from  which  he  had  been  expelled  by  Mithri- 
dates,    Sulla  met  with  complete  success.    He 

1  defeated  Gordius:  the  general  of  MithridatR^ 


SULLA.  3 

in  Cappadocia,  and  placed  Ariobarzanes  on 
the  throne.  The  enmity  between  Marias  and 
Sulla  now  assumed  a  more  deadly  form.  Sulla's 
ability  and  increasing  reputation  had  already 
led  the  aristocratieal  party  to  look  up  to  him 
as  one  of  their  leaders,  and  thus  political  ani- 
mosity was  added  to  private  hatred  ;  but  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Social  war  hushed  all  pri- 
vate quarrels  for  the  time,  Marina  and  Sulla 
both  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  against 
the  common  foe.  But  Mai  ins  was  now  ad- 
vanced iu  years  j  and  he  had  the  deep  morti- 
fication of  finding  that  his  achievements  were 
thrown  into  the  shade  by  the  superior  energy 
of  his  rival.  Sulla  gained  some  brilliant  vic- 
tories over  the  enemy,  and  took  Boviannm: 
the  chief  town  of  the  Samnites.  He  was 
elected  consul  for  83,  and  received  from  the 
senate  the  command  of  the  Mithridatic  war. 
The  events  which  followed —his  expulsion 
from  Rome  by  Marias,  his  retain  to  the  city 
at  the  head  of  his  legions,  and  the  proscrip- 
tion of  Marius  and  his  leading  adherents — 
are  related  in  the  life  of  Marius.  Sulla  re- 
mained at  Rome  till  the  end  of  the  year,  and 
set  out  for  Greece  at  the  beginning  of  87,  in 
order  to  carry  on  tin-  war  against  Mithridates. 
After  driving  the  generals  of  Mithridates  oul 
of  Greece,  Sulla  crossed  the  Hellespont,  and 
early  in  84  concluded  a  peace  with  the  king 
of  Pontns.  Sulla  now  prepared  to  return  to 
Italy,  where  during  his  absence  the  Marian 
party  had  obtained  the  ascendency.  After 
leaving  his  legate,  1..  Licinins  Murena,  in 
command  of  the  province  of  Asia,  with  two 
legions,  he  set  sail  with  his  own  army  to 
Athens.  While  preparing  for  his  deadly 
straggle  in  Italy,  he  did  not  lose  his  interest 
in  literature,  lie  carried  with  him  from 
Athens  to  Koine  the  valuable  library  of  \  <  1- 
licon  of  Teos,  which  contained  most  of  the 
works  of  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus.  Ac,  i  - 
LIOON.]  He  landed  at  P.riindusium  in  the 
spring  of  83.  The  .Marian  party  far  outnum- 
bered him  in  troops,  and  had  ('"very  prospect 
of  victory.  IJy  bribery  ami  promises,  how- 
ever, Sulla  gained  over  a  large  number  of  the 
Marian  soldier.-,  and  he  persuaded  many  of 

the  Italian   towns  to  espouse   hi     caU8e.      In 

the  field  his  efforts  were  crowned  by  equal 

;  and  he  was  abh  supported  !>•■ 
of  the  Roman  noble  .  In  I  he  f  rilowii 
1 32)  tii'  i    brought  to  a  close  by 

i tie  'i'    Isive  battli    gained  by  Sulla  over  t he 
Samnites  and  Lucanlans  under  Pontic 
sinus  before  the  < '..lime  gate  of  Rome.    'I  in 
victory  was   followed  by  the  surrender  of 
Praeneste  and  Me-  death  ol  the  j  oungei  tin 

ring, Who  had  taken  refuge  in  this  town. 

wae  now  master  or  Rome  and  [taly  :  and  he 

ed  to  take  tb 
upon  I..  in. I  t.,  extirpate  the  popu- 

lar party.     I  >  tvae  to  draw- 

up  a  list  of  1  irho  we!  .-to  he  |,ni 

to  death,  called  a  Prottcrtptio.  Terror  now 
reigm  d,  not  only  at  Rome,  hut  thro 
[taly.  Fresh  lists  of  the  proscribed  cot 
ly  appeared.  No  one  was  safe;  for  Sulla 
gratified  his  friends  by  placing  in  the  fatal 
lists  their  personal  euemle  ,  orpei  on  whose 
property  wa-  coveted  by  his  adherents.  Al 
the  commencement  of  the  •  ;  alia  had 

u 


rc.i 


SULPICIA. 


been  appointed  dictator  for  as  long  a  time  as 
he. judged  to  be  necessary,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  endeavored  te  restore  the  power  of 
the  aristocracy  and  senate,  and  to  diminish 
that  of  the  people.  At  the  beginning  of  SI 
he  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph  on  account 
of  his  victory  over  Mithridates.  In  order  to 
strengthen  his  power,  Sulla  established  mili- 
tary colonies  throughout  Italy  :  '-'it  legions,  or, 
according  to  another  statement,  J  7  legions,  re- 
ceived grants  of  land  in  various  ]  irts  of  Italy. 
Sulla  likewise  created  at  Rome  a  kind  of  body- 
guard for  1  is  protection,  by  giving  the  citizen- 
ship to  a  great  number  of  slaves,  who  had  be- 
longed to  persons  proscribed  by  him.  The 
slaves  thus  rewarded  are  said  to  have  been 
as  many  as  10,000,  and  were  called  Cornell! 
after  him  as  their  patron.  After  holding  the 
dictatorship  till  the  beginning  of  79,  Sulla  re- 
signed this  office,  to  the  surprise  of  all  classes. 
He  retired  to  his  estate  at  Puteoli,  and  there, 
surrounded  by  the  beauties  of  nature  and  art, 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  those 
literary  and  sensual  enjoyments  in  which  he 
had  always  taken  so  much  pleasure.  His  dis- 
solute mode  of  life  hastened  his  death.  The 
immediate  cause  of  his  death  was  the  rupture, 
of  a  blood-vessel;  but  some  time  before  he 
had  been  suffering  from  the  disgusting  dis- 
ease which  is  known  iu  modern  times  By  the 
name  of  Morbus  Pediculosus,  or  Phthiriasis. 
He  diial  in  7*,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age. — (3) 
Fwsns,  son  of  the  dictator  by  his  fourth 
wife,  Caecilia  Metella,  and  a  twin  brother  of 
Fa u- 1 a,  wa-  born  not  long  before  ss,  the  year 
in  which  his  father  obtained  hi-  firsl  consul- 
ship.     Faustus   accompanied    P pey   into 

Asia,  and  was  the  firsl  wdio  mounted  the 
walls  of  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  in  63.  In 
t;u  he  exhibited  tin-  gladiatorial  games  which 
hi-  father  in  his  last  will  had  enjoined  upon 
him.     in  ,vi  he  was  quaestor,     lie  married 

I'ompey'-  daughter,  and  sided  with  his  father- 
in-law  in   the  civil  war.      He   was  present   at. 

the    battle  of  Pharsalla,  ami  subsequently 

.joined    I  he    leaders    of   hi-'    parly    in    Africa. 

After  the  battle  of  Thap-us,  in  46,  he  at- 
tempted to  escape  into  Mauretanla,  bu 
taken  prisoner  6y  P.  Slttlus,  ami  carried  to 

Caesar.      DpOU   hi-  arrival   in   Caesar's  camp 

-  i  ed  by  the  soh|ier>  iu  a  tumult. 

—  (4)  I'.,   nephew    of  the  dictator,  WBS  elected 

consul  along  with  I'.  Autroniu  Pael  u  for  the 
year  65,  but  neit  her  lie  nor  hie  i 

tiered  upon  ti (Bee, as  they  wen-  accused  of 

iu  ii..  iv  by  I..  Ton  pint  ii-  the  younger,  ami  con« 
dei d.    it  was  currently  believed  that  Sulla 

.  v  to  both   of  ( 'al  [line's   con-piracies. 

in  the  cli  ii  w in  suiia espoused  <  • 

ii'    '  :  i ed  ler  him  i    Ii     ite  ln( Ireece.  ami 

commanded  along  with  <  I        elf  the 

right  win  -  al  the  I. alii.'  ,,f  Phari  alia  (|s).  He 
died   in  ..,  hlotlli       of    No.    I,  to,. I. 

part  in  bol  h  of  Catilit 

8ULM0  (  Suit  i.     !t  i    lulmona),  a  town  of 

the  Pelignl  in  tin-  count)  \  of  the  a  iblne  .  1 1  le« 

brated  ae  the  birthplace  of  Ovid.    (2){Sermo- 

'i    indent  town  of  the  Vol  cl  In  La- 

tinm,  on  tie-  I 

si  I. i'ii  i  \   |   i"  .  a   Roman  poete      who 
fioui  Ished  to*  :  cent- 


SULPICIUS  GALBA. 


380 


SYGAMBRI. 


urv.  celebrated  for  sundry  amatory  effusions, 
addressed  to  her  husband  Calenus. 
SFLPICIUS  GALBA.     [Gai.ija.] 

SULPICIUS  RffFUS  (-i).     (1)  P.,  one  of 

the  most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time, 
was  born  n.c.  124.  In  93  he  was  quaestor, 
and  in  S9  he  served  as  legate  f  the  consul 
Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo  in  the  Marsic  war.  Iu 
88  he  was  elected  to  the  tribunate;  but  he 
deserted  the  aristocratical  party,  and  joined 
Marius.  When  Sulla  marched  upon  Rome  at 
the  head  of  his  army,  Marius  and  Sulpicins 
took  to  flight.  Marius  succeeded  in  making 
his  escape  to  Africa,  but  Sulpicins  was  dis- 
covered in  a  villa,  and  put  to  death. — (2)  P., 
probably  son  or  grandson  of  the  last,  was  one 
of  Caesar's  legates  in  Gaul  and  in  the  civil 
war.  He  was  praetor  in  48. — (3)  Sebv.,  with 
the  surname  Lemonia,  indicating  the  tribe  to 
which  he  belonged,  was  a  contemporary  and 
friend  of  Cicero,  and  of  about  the  same  age. 
He  became  one  of  the  best  jurists  as  well  as 
most  eloquent  orators  of  his  age.  He  was 
quaestor  of  the  district  of  Ostia  in  74:  curule 
aedile  in  ti9;  praetor  in  C5 ;  and  consul  in 
f>l  with  M.  Claudius  Marcellus.  He  appears 
to  have  espoused  Caesar's  side  in  the  civil 
war,  and  was  appointed  by  Caesar  proconsul 
of  Achaia  (40  or  45).  He  died  in  43  iu  the 
camp  of  M.  Antony,  having  been  sent  by  the 
senate  on  a  mission  to  Antony,  who  was  be- 
sieging Dec.  Brutus  iu  Mutina.  Sulpicins 
wrote  a  great  number  of  legal  works. 

SUMMANUS  (-i),  a  derivative  form  from 
sumvim,  the  highest,  an  ancient  Roman  or 
Etruscan  divinity,  who  was  of  equal  or  even 
of  higher  rank  than  Jupiter.  As  Jupiter  was 
the  god  of  heaven  in  the  bright  clay,  so  Sum- 
mantis  was  the  god  of  the  nocturnal  heaven, 
and  hurled  his  thunderbolts  during  the  night. 
Summanus  had  a  temple  at  Rome  near  the 
Circus  Maximus. 

StfNlUM  (-i:  C.  Colonni),  a  celebrated 
promontory  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  At- 
tica, with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upon  it. 
Here  was  n  splendid  temple  of  Athena,  ele- 
vated 300  feel  above  the  sea,  the  columns  of 
which  are  still  extant,  and  have  given  the 
modern  name  to  the  promontory. 

SURENAS,  the  general  of  the  Parthians, 
who  defeated  Crassns  in  n.c.  54.     [Oeassus.] 

SUPERUM  MARE.    [Ai>ria.] 

SURRENTUM  (-i:  Sorrento),  an  ancient 
town  of  Campania,  opposite  Capreae,  and 
situated  on  the  promontory  (Prom.  Minervae) 
separating  the  Sinus  Paestanns  from  the 
Sinus  Puteolanus. 

SUSA  (-orum:  O.  T.  Shusan:  Shus,  Rn.), 
the  winter  residence  of  the  Persian  kings, 
stood  in  the  district  Cissia  of  the  province 
Eusiana,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river 
Choaspes. 

SfJSAPloN  (-'"mis),  to  whom  the  origin  of 
the  Attic  Comedy  is  ascribed,  was  a  native  of 
Megara, whence  he  removed  into  Attica,  to  the 
Village  of  Icaria,  a  place  celebrated  as  a  peat 
of  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus).  The 
Megaric  Comedy  appears  to  have  flourished, 
in  its  full  development,  about  u.c.  GOO  and  on- 


wards ;  and  it  was  introduced  by  Susarion 
into  Attica  between  5S0-5G4. 

StJSIANAE  (-ae  or  es)  or  StTSIS  (-idis : 
nearly  correspondir-  to  Khuziatan),  one  of 
the  chief  provinces  -  the  ancient  Persian  em- 
pire, lay  between  Babylonia  and  Persis,  and 
between  Mount  Parachoatras  and  the  head 
of  the  Persian  gulf.  In  this  last  direction 
its  coast  extended  from  the  junction  of  the 
Euphrates  with  the  Tigris  to  about  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Oroatis  (Tab).  It  wa-  divided 
from  Persis  on  the  S.E.  and  E.  by  a  mountain- 
ous tract,  inhabited  by  independent  tribes, 
who  mad  even  the  kiugs  of  Persia  pay  them 
for  a  sale  passage.  On  the  N.  it  was  separa- 
ted from  Great  Media  by  Mount  Charbanus, 
on  the  W.  from  Assyria  by  an  imaginary  line 
drawn  S.  from  near  the  Median  pass  in  Mount 
Zagros  to  the  Tigris  ;  and  from  Babylonia  by 
the  Tigris  itself. 

SUTRIUM  (-i :  Sut i  ?■),  an  ancient  town  of 
Etruria  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Saltus  Ciminius, 
and  on  the  road  from  Vulsinii  to  Rome,  mads 
a  Roman  colony  iu  n.c.  3S3. 

SYBlRIS  (-is).  (1)  (Coscile  or  Sibari),  a 
river  in  Lucania,  flowing  by  the  city  of  the 
same  name,  and  falling  into  the  Crathis. — (2) 
A  celebrated  Greek  town  in  Lucania,  was  sit- 
uated between  the  rivers  Sybaris  and  Crathis, 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  Tarentine  gulf, 
and  near  the  confines  of  Bruttium.  It  was 
founded  n.c.  720  by  Achaeaus  and  Troezen- 
ians,  and  soon  attained  an  extraordinary  de- 
gree of  prosperity  and  wealth.  Its  inhabitants 
became  so  notorions  for  their  love  of  luxury 
and  pleasure  that  their  name  was  employed 
to  indicate  any  voluptuary. 

Sl'BOTA  (-orum  :  Syvofa),  a  number  of 
small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Epirus.  and  op- 
posite the  promontory  Leucimne  in  Corcyra, 
with  a  harbor  of  the  same  name  on  the  main- 
land. 

STCHAEUS  or  SICHAEUS  (-i),  also  called 
ACERB  AS.     [Aoerbas.] 

Sl'ENE  (-es:  Assouan, Rn.), acityofUpper 
Egypt  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile,  just  below 
the  First  Cataract.  It  was  an  important  point 
in  the  astronomy  and  geography  of  the  an- 
cients, as  it  lay  just  under  the  tropic  of  Can- 
cer, and  was  therefore  chosen  as  the  place 
through  which  they  drew  their  chief  parallel 
of  latitude. 

SYENNSSTS,  a  common  name  of  the  kings 
of  Cilicia.  Of  these  the  most  important  are : 
(1)  A  king  of  Cilicia,  who  joined  with  Labyne- 
tus  (Nebuchadnezzar)  in  mediating  between 
Cyaxares  and  Alyattes,  the  kings  respective- 
ly of  Media  and  Lydia,  probably  in  is.o.  610. 
— (2)  Contemporary  with  Darius  Hystaspis, 
to  whom  he  was  tributary.  His  daughter 
was  married  to  Pixodonis. — (3)  Contempora- 
ry with  Artaxerxes  II.  (Mnemon),  ruled  over 
Cilicia  when  the  younger  Cyrus  marched 
through  his  country  in  his  expedition  against 
his  brother  Artaxerxes. 

SYGAMBRI,  SUGAMBBI,  SlGAMBRI, 
SYCAMBRI.or  SICAMBRI  (-f.mm),oneofthe 
most  powerful  peoples  of  Germany  at  an  early 
time,  belonged  to  the  Istaevones,  and  dwelt 
originally  N.  of  the  Ubii  on  the  Rhine,  fivn; 


iSYLLA. 


381 


SYRACUSAE. 


whence  they  spread  towards  the  N.  as  far  as 
the  Lippe.  They  were  conqoered  by  Tiberius 
in  the  reign  of  Augustus.  Shortly  afterwards 
th?y  disappear  from  history,  and  are  not  men- 
tioned again  till  the  time  of  Ptolemy,  who 
places  them  much  farther  N.,  close  to  the 
Jructeri  and  the  Langobard',  somewhere  be- 
tween the  Vecht  and  the  Yssel.  At  a  still 
.ater  period  \  find  them  forming  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  confederacy  known  under  the 
name  of  Franci. 

SYLLA.    [Sclla.] 

BYLVANUS.     [Sn.VANUs.] 

SYLVIUS.    [Sii.viub.J 

Si"  MAETHUS  (-i :  Giaretta),  a  river  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Sicily  and  at  the  foot  of  Monnt 
Aetna,  forming  the  boundary  between  Leon- 
tini  and  Catana. 

SYME  (-es),  a  small  island  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Carta,  lay  in  the  mouth  of  the  Sinus 
Doridia  to  the  \V.  of  the  promontory  ofCynos- 
sema. 

SYMMXCHTJS  <-i),  Q.  AURELIU8,  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar,  statesman,  and  orator  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  4th  century  ofthe  Chris- 
tian  aera,  remarkable  for  his  zeal  in  upholding 
the  ancient  pagan  religion  of  Home.  He  was 
proconsul  of  Africa  in  :S7:) ;  and  in  391  Theo- 
dosine  raised  him  to  the  consulship.  Of  his 
works  there  are  still  extant  10  books  of  epis- 
tles and  some  fragments  of  orations. 

SYNNiDA  (-ae),  also  SYNNAS  (-adis: 
nrob.  Afiow-Kara-IIiaar,  Rn.),  a  city  in  the 
N. ofPhrygia  Salutarts,al  first  inconsiderable, 
but  afterwards  a  place  of  much  Importance, 
and  from  the  time  of  Constantino  the  capital 
•ia  Salntaris. 

87$  imia X  (-acis),  kin'/  ofthe  Kassaesylians, 
the  W.-inost  tribe  of  the  Numidians.  His 
history  is  related  in  the  life  of  his  contempo- 
rary and  rival.  M  m-imsk  \.  S\  pha\  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Masinissa,  u.o.  203,  and  wi 
by  Scipio,  anrter  the  charge  of  Laelins,  to 
Home,  where  he  died  shortly  after. 

SYRACps'AK  f-finim:  SiracuM  in  Italian, 
Syracuse  U)  English),  the  wealthiest  and  mo  I 
populous  town  in  Sicily,  was  situated  on  the 

S.  part  of  the  V..  coast,  400  stadia  N.  of  the 
promontory  I'lemmyrium,  and  10  stadia  N.  E. 
of  the  month  of  the  river  AnSpus,  near  the 

lake   or   ni  ir-li  called   SyracO,  from   which   it 
derived  Sta  name.     It  was   founded    I 
one  year  after  the  foundation  of  NaXO 

colony  of  Corinthiani  and  other  Dorians,  led 
by  Avchias  the  Corinthian,  The  town  was 
originally  confined  to  the  island  <  Irtygia,  lying 

immediately  off  the  coast;  but  it  afterwards 
spread  over  the  neighboring  mainland,  and 
«t  the  time  of  it-  |  en  Ion,  under 

the  elder  Dlonyslus,  it  consisted  of:,  d 

towns,  namely,  Or.ivoi  \,  often  rail.-,! 

the    Isi.anh,   in    which    WBS   the    fonnl 

A  ret  hu -a,  AonBABlnA,  Trons,  Nrapolib,  and 

Epipoi.ab.    Alter  Eplpolae  hail  been  added 

to  the  city,  the  circiunfei  cure  of  Syracuse  was 

180  Btadia,  oi  npw ard    "f  22  English  i 

and  the  entire  population  of  tie-  city  is  sup- 
posed   t.i    h:i\  e    ami led     to    [500,000    BOUll     at 

the  time  of  its  greatest  prosperity.-  S  , 


had  2  harbors.  The  Great  Harbor,  still  called 
Porto  Maggiore,  is  a  splendid  bay,  about  5  miles 
in  circumference,  formed  by  the  island  Orty- 
gia  and  the  promontory  Plemmyrium.  The 
Small  Harbor,  also  called  Lacdwt,  lying  be- 
tween Ortygia  and  Achradina,  was  capacious 
enough  to  receive  a  large  fleet  of  ships  of  war. 
—There  were  several  stone  quarries  (lautto- 
mine)  in  Syracuse,  which  are  frequently  men- 
tioned by  ancient  writers,  and  in  which  the 
unfortunate  Athenian  prisoners  were  con- 
fined. On  one  side  of  these  quarries  is  the 
remarkable  excavation  called  the  Far  of 
Dionysius.  in  which  it  is  said  that  this  tyrant 
confined  the  persons  whom  he  suspected,  and 
that  he  was  able  from  a  little  apartment  above 
to  overhear  the  conversation  of  his  captives. 
This  tale,  however,  is  clearly  an  invention.— 


C 

The  modern  cityofSyracu  e  I    confined  to 
the  island.     The  remaining  quarters  of  the 

ancient   city  are   now   uninhabited,  and   their 

position  marked  only  by  a  few  ruins.     <>r 

these  the  I  ile  I  lie  remains  of 

the  great  theatre,  and  of  an  amphitheatre  of 

tie'  Roman  i" I.    The  govet  nmenl  of  Syr- 

-.as  01  iginally  an  aristOCI  at  J  ,  and  aft- 
erwards a  democracy,  tin  Qelon  made  hjn> 
pelf  tyrant  or  sovereign  ofSyraco  e,n.<    180 

Qnder  hi-  rule  and  ill  n    it  H  o 

•  > 

ofwealtb  and  pro-  pet  Ity.    Uic lied  lu  407, 

and  was  i  nccccded  by  iiis  brother  Thi  i 
Ins:  but  the  rapacity  and  cruelty  of  thi 

soon  provoked   a   revolt   (ID 

which  led  to  his  deposition  ami  the  establish' 
menl  of  a  democratlcal  form  of  government 


SYRIA  DEA. 


382 


SYRIAE  PORTAE. 


The  next  most  important  event  in  the  history 
of  Syracuse  was  the  siege  of  the  city  by  the 
Athenians,  which  ended  in  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  the  great  Athenian  armament  in  413. 
The  democracy  continued  to  exist  in  Syracuse 
till  -4o<;,  when  the  elder  Dionysius  made  him- 
self tyrant  of  the  city.  After  a  long  and  pros- 
perous reign  he  was  succeeded  in  307  by  his 
eon,  the  younger  Dionysius,  who  was  finally 
expelled  by  Timoleon  in  343.  A  republican 
form  of  government  was  again  established; 
but  it  did  not  last  long;  and  in  317  Syracuse 
fell  under  the  sway  of  Agathocles.  This  ty- 
rant died  in  2S9 ;  and  the  city  being  distracted 
by  factions,  the  Syracusans  voluntarily  con- 
ferred the  supreme  power  upon  Hieron  II., 
with  the  title  of  king,  in  270.  Hieron  cultiva- 
ted friendly  relations  with  the  Romans;  but 
on  his  death  in  216,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
92,  his  grandson  Hieronymus,  who  succeeded 
him,  espoused  the  side  6f  the  Carthaginians. 
A  Roman  army  under  Marcellus  was  sent 
a-rainst  Syracuse;  and  after  a  siege  of  2  years, 
di  ring  which  Archimedes  assisted  his  fellow- 
c  ;zens  by  the  construction  of  various  engines 
of  war  [Af.cuimedes],  the  city  was  taken  by 
Marcellus  in  212.  From  this  time  Syracuse 
became  a  town  of  the  Roman  province  of 
Sicily. 

SYRIA  DEA  (-ae),  "the  Syrian  goddecs," 
a  name  by  which  the  Syrian  Astarte  or  Aphro- 
ditt"  (Venus)  is  sometimes  designated.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  worship  of  Aphrodite 
came  from  the  East  to  Cyprus,  and  thence 
was  carried  into  the  south  of  Greece. 

SYRIA  (-ae:  in  Aramaean  Surja:  Soristan, 
Arab.  Esh-Sham,  i.  e.  the  land  on  the  left, 
Syria),  a  country  of  VV.  Asia,  lying  along  the 
E.  end  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Asia 

Minor  and  Egypt.  In  a  wider  sense  the  word 
was  used  for  the  whole  tract  of  country  bound- 
ed by  the  Tigris  on  the  E.,  the  mountains  of 
Armenia  and  Cilicia  on  the  N.,  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  W.,  and  the  Arabian  Desert  on 
the  S. ;  the  whole  of  which  was  peopled  b3' 
the  Aramaean  branch  of  the  great  Semitic  (or 
Syro-Avabian)  race,  and  is  Included  in  the 
O.  T.  under  the  name  of  Aram.  The  people 
were  of  the  same  races,  and  those  of  the  N. 
of  the  Taurus  in  Cappadocia  and  Pontus  are 
called  White  Syrians  [Leucosyri],  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  people  of  darker  complexion 
in  Syria  Proper,  who  are  sometimes  even  called 
Black  Syrians  (Supoi  /ueAai-e?).  Even  when 
the  name  of  Syria  is  used  in  its  ordinary  nar- 
rower sense,  it  is  often  confounded  with  As- 
syria, which  only  differs  from  Syria  by  having 
the  definite  article  prefixed.  Again,  in  the 
narrower  sense  of  the  name,  Syria  still  in- 
cludes two  districts  which  are  often  considered 
as  not  belonging  to  it,  namely,  Piioenice  and 
Palestine,  and  a  third  which  is  likewise  oft- 
en considered  separate,  namely,  Coei.esyria  ; 
but  this  last  is  generally  reckoned  a  part  of 
Syria.  In  this  narrower  sense,  then,  Syria 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  (beginning  from  the 
S.)by  Mount  Ilermon,  at  the  S.  end  of  Anti- 
Li  ban  us,  which  separated  it  from  Palestine, 
by  the  range  of  Libauus,  dividing  it  from  Phoe- 
nice,  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  by  Mount 
Amauus, which  divided  it  from  Cilicia ;  on  the 


N.  (where  it  bordered  on  Cappadocia)  by  the 
main  chain  of  Mount  Taurus,  almost  exactly 
along  the  parallel  of  3S°  N.  lat.,  and  striking 
the  Euphrates  just  below  Juliopolis,  and  con- 
siderably above  Samosata :  hence  the  Euphra- 
tes forms  the  E.  boundary,  dividing  Syria,  first 
from  a  very  small  portion  of  Armenia,  and 
then  from  Mesopotamia,  to  about  or  beyond 
the  30th  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  whence  the  S.E. 
and  S.  boundaries,  towards  Babylonia  and 
Arabia,  in  the  Great  Desert,  are  exceedingly 
indefinite.  [Com.  Arama.]  The  W.  part  of 
the  S.  boundary  ran  just  below  Damascus, 
being  formed  by  the  highlands  of  Trachonitis. 
The  W.  part  of  the  country  was  intersected 
by  a  series  of  mountains,  running  S.  from  the 
Taurus,  under  the  names  of  Amanus,  Pieria^ 
Casius,  Bargylus,  and  Liuancs  and  Anti- 
Libantjs  ;  and  the  N.  part,  between  the  Ama- 
nus  and  the  Euphrates,  was  also  mountainous. 
The  chief  river  of  Syria  was  the  Orontes,  and 
the  smaller  rivers  Cbalus  and  Chkysoreiioas 
were  also  of  importance.  In  the  earliest  his- 
torical period,  Syria  contained  a  number  of 
independent  kingdoms,  of  which  Damascus 
was  the  most  powerful.  These  were  subdued 
by  David,  but  became  again  independent  at 
the  end  of  Solomon's  reign;  till  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser,  king  of  Assyria,  took  Damascus  and  prob- 
ably couqueredall  Syria,  about  b.c.  740.  Hav- 
ing been  a  part  successively  of  the  Assyi" 
ian,  Babylonian,  Persian,  and  Macedonian  em 
pires,it  fell,  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus  (n.c.301), 
to  the  share  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  and  formed 
a  part  of  the  great  kingdom  of  the  Seleucidae, 
whose  history  is  given  in  the  articles  Selec- 
ocs,  Antiocuue,  Demetrius,  etc.  In  this  par- 
tition, however,  Coelesyria  and  Palestine 
went,  not  to  Syria,  but  to  Egypt,  and  the  pos- 
session of  those  provinces  became  the  great 
source  of  contention  between  the  Ptolemies 
and  the  Seleucids.  By  the  irruptions  of  the 
Parthians  on  the  E.,  and  the  unsuccessful  war 
of  Antiochus  the  Great  with  the  Romans  on 
the  W.,  the  Greek  Syrian  kingdom  was  re- 
duced to  the  limits  of  Syria  itself,  and  became 
weaker  and  weaker,  until  it  was  overthrown 
by  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia,  n.o.  79.  Soon 
afterwards, when  the  Romans  had  conquered 
Tigraues  as  well  as  Mithridates,  Syria  was 
quietly  added  by  Pompey  to  the  empire  of 
the  republic,  and  was  constituted  a  province, 
n.c.  64 ;  but  its  N.  district,  Co.mmagf.ne,  was  not 
included  in  this  arrangement.  The  attempt 
of  Zenobia  to  make  Syria  the  seat  of  empire  is 
noticed  under  Palmyra  and  Zknobia.  While 
the  Roman  emperors  defended  this  precious 
possession  against  the  attacks  of  the  Persian 
kings  with  varied  success,  a  new  danger 
arose,  as  early  as  the  4th  century,  from  the 
Arabians  of  the  Desert,  who  began  to  be 
known  under  the  name  of  Saracens;  and 
when  the  rise  of  Mohammed  had  given  to 
the  Arabs  that  great  religious  impulse  which 
revolutionized  the  E.  world,  Syria  was  the 
first  great  conquest  that  they  made  from  the 
E.  empire,  a.t>.  632-0:18. 

SYRIAE  PORTAE  (-arum:  Pass  of  Beilan), 
a  most  important  pass  between  Cilicia  and 
Syria,  lying  between  the  shore  of  the  Gulf 
<>i'  testis  on  the  W.  and  Mount  Amanita  on 
the  E. 


SYRINX. 


3S3 


TACITUS. 


SYRINX  (-ingis),  an  Arcadian  nymph,  who 
being  pursued  by  Pan  fled  into  the  river  La- 
don,  and  at  her  own  prayer  was  metamor- 
S hosed  into  a  reed,  of  which  Pan  then  made 
is  flute. 

SYROS  or  SYRUS  (-i :  Syra),  an  island 
In  the  Aegaeau  sea,  and  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
lying  between  Rhenea  and  Cythnus. 

SYRTICA  REGIO  (\V.  part  of  Tripoli),  the 
special  name  of  that  part  of  the  N.  coast  of 
Africa  which  lay  between  the  2  Syrtes,  from 
the  river  Triton,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Syrtis 
Minor,  on  the  \V.,  to  the  Philaenorum  Arae, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  Syrtis  Major,  on  the  E. 
It  was  for  the  most  part  a  very  narrow  strip 
of  sand,  interspersed  with  salt  marshes,  be- 
tween the  sea  and  a  range  of  mountains  form- 
ing the  edge  of  the  Great  Desert  {Sahara), 
with  only  here  and  there  a  few  spots  capable 
of  cultivation,  especially  about  the  river  Ci- 
nyps.  It  was  peopled  by  Libyan  tribes. 
Under  the  Romans  it  formed  a  part  of  the 
province  of  Africa.  It  was  often  called  Tiup- 
oi.itana,  from  its  v,  chief  cities,  Abrotoxcm, 
Oka,  and  LEPTIS  M.h.xa  ;  and  this  became  lis 
usual  name  under  the  later  empire,  and  has 
been  handed  down  to  our  own  lime  in  the 
modern  name  of  the  regency  of  Tripoli. 

SYRTIS  (-is  and  idis)  and  SYRTES  (-ium), 
the  2  great  gull's  in  the  E.  half  of  the  N.  coast 


of  Africa.  Both  were  proverbially  dangerous, 
the  Greater  Syrtis  from  its  sand-banks  anil 
quicksands,  and  its  unbroken  exposure  to  the 
N.  winds,  t lie  Lesser  from  its  shelving  rocky 
shores,  its  exposure  to  the  N.E.  winds,  and  tho 
consequent  variableness  of  the  tides  in  it.— 
(1)  Syrtis  Major  {Gtdfof  Sidra),  the  E.  of  the 
two,  is  a  wide  and  deep  gulf  on  the  shores  of 
Tripolitana  and  Cyreuaica,  exactly  opposite 
to  the  Ionic  sea,  or  mouth  of  the  Adriatic,  be- 
tween Sicily  and  Peloponnesus.  The  Great 
Desert  conies  down  close  to  its  shores,  form- 
ing a  sandy  coast  [Svbtioa  Regio].  The  ter- 
ror of  being  driven  on  shore  in  it  is  referred 
to  in  the  narrative  of  St.  Paul's  voyage  to  Italy 
(Acts  xxvii.  IT).— (2)  Syrtis  Minoh  [Gulf  of 
h'htilis)  lies  ill  the  S.W.  angle  of  the  great 
bend  formed  by  the  N.  coast  of  Africa  as  it 
drops  down  to  the  S.  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Carthage,  and  then  bears  again  to  the  E.  : 
in  other  words,  in  the  angle  between  the  E. 
coast  of  Zetlgitana  and  I'.yzucenn  {Tunis)  and 
the  N.  coast  of  Tripolitana  {Trip all). 

SYRl'S  (-i),  PUBLIUS,  a  slave  brought  to 
Koine  some  years  before  the  downfall  of  the 
republic,  who  soon  became  highly  celebrated 
as  a  mimographer.  He  may  be  Baid  to  have 
flourished  it.o.  45.  A  compilation  containing 
probably  many  line-^  from  Ids  mimes  w  still 
extant  under  the  title  J'ublii  Syri  SententiitK. 


T. 


TlBERNAE.    [Trkr  Tabbbnab.] 

TiBURNUS  (-i :  Tabumo),n  mi tain  be- 
longing half  to  Campania  and  half  to  Sam- 
niuin.  It  shut  in  the  Caudine  pass  on  its  S. 
side. 

TiCiPS  (-6s:  Khabs,  large  l:n.),a  city  of 
N.  Africa,  in  the  Regio  Syrtica,  at  the  inner- 
most angle  of  the  Syrtie  Minor,  to  which  the 
modern  town  gives,  it-  name. 

TACPARINA8,  a  Nnmidiau,  and  Roman 
auxiliary,  who  deserted,  and  became  the  lead 
er  of  the  Musnlnmii,  a  people  bordering  on 
Mauretanla.  He  was  at  length  defeated  and 
slain  in  battle  by  Dolllbella,  k.n  24. 

TACHOMP80.  also  TACOMPSOS,  nft. 
CONTRAPSELCI8,  a  city  in  the  Dodei  a- 
scboenns— thai  I-.  the  part  of  Aethiopla  Im- 
mediately above  Egypt, 

T.\t  llTis,  king  of  Egypt,  succeeded  Acorls, 
and  maintained  the  Independence  of  his  conn 
try  for  a  short  time  during  the  latter  end  of 
the  reign  of  Artazerxee  11. 

TlClTUS  Mi.  (1)  C.  Cobwi  i  us,  the  hit 
torian.     The  time  and  plan'  of  bis  birth  are 

unknown.      lie   was  a   little   older   than    the 

? 'oirager  Pliny,  who  was  born  a.i>.  61.    Tac- 
tus  was  first  promoted  by  the  emperor  Ves- 
pasian, and  he  received  other  favor-  from  his 
son-  Titus  and  Domiti.-in.     In  7s  he  in 
the  daughter  of  C.J  i  ola,  to  whom 

be  had  been  betrothed  In  the  preceding  year, 
while  Agricola  was  consul,  in  the  reign  of 
Domittan,  and  lu  B8,  Tacitus  was  praetor,  and 
he  assisted  as  one  of  the  qnindecemviri  at  the 
Bolemnity  of  the  Ltidi  Secuhires  which  were 


celebrated  in  that  year.  Agricola  died  at 
Koine  in  '.CI.  but  neither  Tacit  Us  nor  the  daugh- 
ter of  Agricola  was  then  with  hitn.  It  is  not 
known  where  Tacitus  was  daring  the  la- 1  ill- 
ness of  Agricola.    In  the  reign  of  Nerva,97, 

Tacitus  was  appointed  consal  .-uffectus,  in  I  lie 
place  of  T.  VirginiUS   l.'iifu-,  who  bad  died  in 

that  year,  and  whose  funeral  oration  be  de- 
livered. Tacitus  and  Pliny  Were  most  inti- 
mate friends.     In  the  collection  of  the  letters 

of  Pliny  there  are  1 1  letters  addressed  to  Tar 

ilil-.  The  I  iine  of  I  he  'leal  h  of  Tacitus  is  un- 
known, but  be  appeals  to  hu\e  survive. I  Tra- 
jan, who  died  in   117.      The  extant   works  of 

Tat  itn-  aie  a  Life  of  Agricola,  hi-  father-in- 
law;  the  Historiae,  which  comprehended  ths 
pi  riod  from  I  in-  econd  consulship  of  Gal 
bn,  OS,  to  tin-  death  of  Domitian,  B6.  the 
author  de  Igning  to  add  i  in-  reigns  of  Nerva 
ami  Tt  ajan  I  he  fir  I  i  book  alone  are  ex- 
tant in  a  complete  form  ;  tin-  r.ib  book  is  Im- 
perfect :  tin-  Annates,  which  commence  with 
the  death  ol  l  14,  and  comprise  the 

period  to  the  deal  h  of  Nero  in  I'm,  a  space  Of 
M  years  ;    the  greater  pall   of  the  .',1b   0 
lost,  and  also  the  71  b.  si  h, '.II  h,  10tl 

nine  ofthe  nth,  ami  the  end  of  the  10th,v  Gii  h 

-  ,  i  i.ooi,  :   Hi,-  treatise  Vi    Hoi  ■>  u    i  f 
Popuh    i .'. .  ma  n  leu  ,  di   -   Ibing  1  be  Qei  manic 

Dal -  and  la  I  Ij  I  he  Dialogut  de  Orate 

a  work  whose  genuinenese  has  been  dl 

bin  p|  obablv  without  re  o   .ii.     'lb.    i,i    i 

nil  y  of  Tai  Itn  sd  upon  his  W  Ol  I.    ; 

t  in-  consciousm  itb,  of  the  In- 

of  in-  pui  pose      II'       1 1  >'•  !'•■••  ■ 
the  knowledge  of  the  human  mind,  his  Insight 


TAENARUM. 


384 


TANTALUS. 


into  the  motives  of  human  conduct;  and  he 
Sound  materials  for  this  study  in  the  history 
of  the  emperors,  and  particularly  Tiberius, 
the  arch-hypocrite,  and  perhaps  half  madman. 
The  style  of  Tacitus  is  peculiar,  though  it  bears 
some  resemblance  to  that  of  Sallust.  In  the 
Annals  it  is  concise,  vigorous,  and  pregnant 
with  meaning;  labored,  but  elaborated  with 
art,  aud  stripped  of  every  superfluity.  A  single 
word  sometimes  gives  effect  to  a  sentence, 
and  if  the  meaning  of  the  word  is  missed, 
the  sense  of  the  writer  is  not  reached. — (2) 
M.  Claudius,  Roman  emperor  from  the  25th 
of  September,  a.d.  "275,  until  April,  a.d.  276. 
Tacitus  was  at  the  time  of  his  election  70  years 
of  age,  and  was  with  difficulty  persuaded  to 
accept  the  purple.  The  high  character  which 
he  had  borne  before  his  elevation  to  the  throne 
he  amply  sustained  during  his  brief  reign. 
He  died  either  at  Tarsus  or  at  Tyana,  about 
the  9th  of  April,  270. 

TAENARUM  (-i :  C.  Matapan),  a  promon- 
tory in  Laconia,  forming  the  S.-ly  point  of 
the  Peloponnesus,  on  which  stood  a  celebrated 
temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  possessing  an 
inviolable  asylum.  A  little  to  the  N.  of  the 
temple  and  "the  harbor  of  Achillens  was  a 
town  also  called  Taenarim  or  Taenarus,  and 
at  a  later  time  CAENEroi.is.  On  the  promon- 
tory was  a  cave,  through  which  Hercules  is 
said  to  have  dragged  Cerberus  to  the  upper 
world.  Here  also  was  a  statue  of  Arion  seat- 
ed on  a  dolphin,  since  he  is  said  to  have  landed 
at  this  spot  after  his  miraculous  preservation 
by  a  dolphin.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans 
there  were  celebrated  marble  quarries  on  the 
promontory. 

TAGES  (-etis),  a  mysterions  Etruscan  being, 
who  is  described  as  a  boy  with  the  wisdom 
of  an  old  man.  Tages,  the  sou  of  a  Genius 
Jovialis,  and  grandson  of  Jupiter,  rose  sud- 
denly out  of  the  ground,  and  instructed  Tar- 
chon  aud  the  Etruscans  in  the  art  of  the  haru- 
spices.  The  Etruscans  afterwards  wrote  down 
all  he  had  said,  and  thus  arose  the  books  of 
Tages,  which,  according  to  some,  were  12  in 
number. 

TAGUS  (-i:  Spanish  Tajo,  Portuguese  Tego, 
English  Tagus),  one  of  the  chief  rivers  in 
Spain,  rising  in  the  laud  of  the  Celtiberians, 
between  the  mountains  Orospeda  and  Idu- 
beda,  and,  after  flowing  in  a  W.-ly  direction, 
falling  into  the  Atlantic. 

TALXUS  (-i),  son  of  Bias  and  Pero,  and 
king  of  Argos.  He  was  married  to  Lysim- 
ache  (Enrynome,  or  Lysianassa),  and  was 
father  of  Adrastus,  Parthenopaeus,  Pronax, 
Mecisteus.  Aristomachus,  and  Eriphyle.  The 
patronymic  Tdlalomdes  is  given  to  his  sons 
Adrastus  and  Mecisteus. 

TALOS.     [Perdix.] 

TALTHYBiUS  (-i),  the  herald  of  Agamem- 
non at  Troy.  He  was  worshiped  as  a  hero  at 
Sparta  andArgos,  where  sacrifices  also  were 
offered  to  him. 

TAMASSUS  or  TAMAsrS  (-i)._probably 
the  same  as  the  Homeric  TfiMESE,  a  town 
in  the  middle  of  Cyprus,  N.W.  of  Olympus, 
*nd  29  miles  S.E.  of  Soloe. 

TA.MESIS  (-is)  or  TAMESA  (-ae :  Thames), 


a  river  in  Britain,  on  which  stood  Londinium, 
flowing  into  the  sea  on  the  E.  coast.  Caesar 
crossed  the  Thames  at  the  distance  of  80 
Roman  miles  from  the  sea,  probably  at  Cowey 
Stakes,  near  Oatlands  and  the  confluence  of 
the  Wey. 

TAMOS,  a  native  of  Memphis  in  Egypt,  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Ionia  under  Tissapher- 
nes,  aud  afterwards  attached  himself  to  the 
service  of  the  younger  Cyrus. 

TANAGER  (-gri:  Negro),  a  river  of  Luca- 
nir.,  rising  in  the  Apennines, which,  after  llow- 
iug  in  a  N.E.-ly  direction,  loses  itself  under 
the  earth  near  Polla  for  a  space  of  about  2 
miles,  and  Anally  falls  into  the  Silarus  near 
Forum  Popilii. 

TANAGRA  (-ae:  Grimadha  or  Grimala), 
a  celebrated  town  of  Boeotia,  situated  on  a 
steep  ascent  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Asopus, 
13  stadia  from  Oropus,  and  200  stadia  from 
Plataeae,  in  the  district  Tanagraea, which  was 
also  called  Poemandris.  Tanagra  was  sup- 
posed to  be  the  same  town  as  the  Homeric 
Graea.  Being  near  the  frontiers  of  Attica,  it 
was  frequently  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the 
Athenians;  and  near  it  the  Athenians  sus- 
tained a  celebrated  defeat,  u.c.  457. 

TANAlS  (-is  or  Idis).  (1)  {Don,  i.  e.  Water), 
a  great  river,  which  rises  in  the  N.  of  Sarma- 
tia  Europaea  (about  the  centre  of  liussia),  and 
flows  to  the  S.E.  till  it  comes  near  the  Volga, 
when  it  turns  to  the  S.W.,  and  falls  into  The 
N.E.  angle  of  the  Pains  Maeotis  (.Sea  of  Azov). 
It.  was  usually  considered  the  boundary  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia.— (2)  (Ru.,  near  A"«.s- 
satchei),  a  city  of  Sarmatia  Asiatic;!,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  S*  mouth  of  the  Tanais,  at  a  little 
distance  from  the  sea. 

TANAQUIL.     [Tai-.quinius.] 

TANETUM  (-i :  Taneto),  a  town  of  the  Boii, 
in  Uallia  Cispadana,  between  Mutina  and 
Parma. 

TAXIS  (O.  T.  Zoan:  San,  Ru.),  a  very  an 
cient  city  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  E.  part  of 
the  Delta,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  arm  of 
the  Nile,  Which  was  called  after  it  the  Ta- 
nitic,  and  on  the  S.W.  side  of  the  great  lake 
between  this  and  the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the 
Nile. which  was  also  called,  after  the  city,  Ta- 
nis  (Lake  of  Menzaleh).  It  was  one  of  the  cap- 
itals of  Lower  Egypt  under  the  early  kings, 
and  the  chief  city  of  the  Tanites  Nomos. 

TANTALUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  the  nymph  Pluto.  His  wife  is  called  by 
some  Euryauassa,  by  others  Taygete  or  Dione, 
and  by  others  Clytia  or  Eupryto.  He  was 
the  father  of  Pelops,  Broteas,  and  Niobe.  All 
traditions  agree  in  stating  that  he  was  a 
wealthy  king  ;  but  while  some  call  him  krhg 
of  Lydia,  others  describe  him  as  king  of 
Argo's  or  Corinth.  Tantalus  is  particularly 
celebrated  in  ancient  story  for  the  terrible 
punishment  inflicted  upon  him  after  his  death. 
According  to  the  common  account,  Tantalus 
divulged  the  secrets  intrusted  to  him  by  Zens, 
and  w  as  punished  in  the  lower  world  by  being 
afflicted  with  a  raging  thirst,  and  at  the  same 
time  placed  in  the  midst  of  a  lake,  the  waters 
of  which  always  receded  from  him  as  soon  as 
he  attempted  to  drink  them.    Over  his  head. 


TAOCHI. 


385 


Tantal03.     (F 


ient  Gem.) 


moreover,  hung  branches  of  fruit,  which  re- 
ceded in  like  manner  when  he  stretched  out 
his  hand  to  reach  them.  In  addition  to  all 
this  there  was  suspended  over  his  head  a  huge 
rock,  ever  threatening  to  crush  him.  Another 
tradition  relates  that,  wishing  to  test  the  gods, 
he  cut  his  son  Pelops  in  pieces,  boiled  them. 
and  set  them  before  the  gods  at  a  repast ; 
while  a  third  account  states  that  he  stole 
nectar  and  ambrosia  from  the  table  of  the 
gods.  According  to  a  fourth  story,  Tantalus 
incurred  his  punishment  by  receiving  a  gold- 
en dog,  which  Rhea  had  appointed  to  watch 
Zeus  and  his  nurse,  and  which  was  stolen  by 
Pandareus.  The  punishment  of  Tantalus  was 
proverbial  in  ancient  times,  and  from  it  the 
English  language  has  borrowed  the  verb  "to 
tantalize,"  that  is,  to  hold  out  hopes  or  pros- 
pects which  can  not  be  realized. — (2)  Son  of 
Thyestes,  who  was  killed  by  Atreus.— (3)  Son 
of  Amphion  and  Niobe. 

TAOCHI  (-oram),  a  people  of  Pontns,  on 
the  borders  of  Armenia. 

TlPHlAE  IXsri.AK  (-arum),  a  number 
of  small  islands  in  the  Ionian  sea,  lying  be- 
tween the  coasts  of  Leucadia  and  Acamania. 
They  wen:  also  called  the  islands  of  the  Tel- 
eboae,  and  their  inhabitants  were  in  like 
manner  named  Tapiiii,  or  Temsboak.  The 
largest  of  these  islands  is  called  Taphub  by 
Homer,  but  Taphiub  or  Tapihusa  by  later 
writers. 

TlPHUS.    [Taphiab.] 

TAPROBiNE  (-68:  Ceylon),  a  great  Island 
of  tin:  Indian  Ocean,  opposite  to  the  S.  extrem- 
ity of  India  intra  Gangem. 

TiRAS.     [Tai-.kniim.] 

TARBELL1  (-drum),  one  of  the  most  Im- 
portant people  in  Gallia  Aqnitanica,  between 
the  ocean  and  the  Pyrenees.  Their  chief  town 
Was  A (j I  ARTaBDI  i.i  I'M  or  A  i  <;i  stab,  on  the 
Aturu-  i  Dacqs,  on  the  Adour). 

TARCHON  '-••ni-  or  Untie),  von  of  Tyr- 
rhenns,who  is  Baid  to  have  hnill  the  town  of 
Tarquinii.  ["1' a i.<|i  t n i i.  ]  Virgil  represents 
him  as  coming  to  the  assistance  of  Aeneas 
against  Turniis. 

T.\UK NTT. NTS  sfNt's  'G.  of  Tarentum), 
■j  ;  fin  the  S,  of  Italy,  bel ween  Brut- 

tinm,  Lucanio,  and  Calabria,  beginning  W. 
near  the  Prom.  Lacinium,  and  ending  K.  near 

the  Prom,  Iapygiiun,  and  named  after  the 
town  of  Tarcntum. 

TlRENTUM  '  ;  ,  called  TlRAS  (-antis)  by 
the  Greeks  (Taranto),  an  important  Greek  city 
in  Italy,  situated  on  the  V7.  roast  ofthe  pcnin- 
sala  of  Calabria,  and  on  a  bay  of  the  sea,  about 


TARPEIA. 

100  stadia  in  circuit,  forming  an  excellent  har- 
bor, and  being  a  portion  ofthe  great  gulf  of 
Tarentum.  The  city  stood  in  the  midst  of  a 
beautiful  and  fertile  country,  S.  of  Mount  Au- 
lon  and  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Galaesns.  It 
was  originally  built  by  the  [apygians,who  are 
said  to  have  been  joined  by  some  Cretan  colo- 
nists from  the  neighboring  town  of  I'ria,  and 
it  derived  its  name  from  the  mythical  Tara-,  a 
sou  of  Poseidon.  The  greatness  of  Tarentum, 
however,  dates  from  in'.  To--,  when  the  original 
inhabitants  were  expelled,  and  the  town  was 
taken  possession  of  by  a  strong  body  of  Lace- 
daemonian Partheuiae  under  the  guidance  of 
Phalanthns.    [Pbaiamthob.]   It  soon  became 

th:  most  ,:  iw^iful  and  fioun  Sfl  iu  L»ty  in  tin 
whole  of  Magna  Graecia,  and  exercised  a  kind 
of  supremacy  over  the  other  Greek  cities  in 
Italy.  With  the  increase  of  wealth  the  citizens 
became  luxurious  and  effeminate,  and  being 
hard  pressed  by  the  Lucanians  and  other  bar- 
barians in  the  neighborhood,  they  were  obliged 
to  apply  for  aid  to  the  mother-conn  try.  Archi- 
damus,  son  of  Agesilaus,  was  the  first  who 
came  to  their  assistance,  in  B.O.  338;  and  he 
fell  in  battle  lighting  on  their  behalf.  The 
next  prince  whom  they  invited  to  succor  them 
was  Alexander,  king  of  Epirus,  and  uncle  to 
Alexander  the  Great.  At  tirst  he  met  with 
considerable  success,  but  was  eventually  de- 
feated and  slain  by  the  Bruttii  in  386,  near 
Pandosia,on  the  banks  ofthe  Acheron.  Short- 
ly af  it  wa  ii  is  the  Tarentines  had  to  encounter 
a  -till  more  formidable  enemy.  Having  at- 
tacked gome  Roman  ships,  and  then  grossly 
insulted  the  Roman  embassadors  who  had 
been  sent  to  demand  reparation,  war  was  de- 
clared against  the  city  by  the  powerful  repub- 
lic. The  Tarentines  were  saved  for  a  time  by 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  who  came  to  their 

help  ill  L'sl  ;  but  tWO  years  after  the  defeat 
of  this  monarch  and  "his  withdrawal  from 
Italy,  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Romans 
(272).  In  the  2d  Punic  war  Tarentnm  re- 
volted from  Konie  to  Hannibal  (212);  but  it 
was  retaken  by  the  Romans  In  207,  and  was 
treated  by  them  with  great  severity.  From 
this  time  Tarentum  declined  in  prosperity 

and    wealth.       It    was    .-nb-eipieutly    made   a 

K an  colony,  and  it  still  continued  to  be 

a  place  oi  con  idet  able  impoi  tance  In  the 
time  of  Augustus,    it-  Inhabitants  retained 

their  love  of  luxury  and  ease;  and  it  is  de- 
scribed by  Horace  as  nfti''  Tarentum  and  t'm- 
belle  Tarentum. 

T  \  l.'li  1 1 1:  \    i    i.   ,  or  -BAB  (-arum  :    EL 
Ki  r<  h,  Ru.  ,  a  town  of  Galilee,  at  the  8.  end 

of  the  lake  of  Tiberias. 

tai:nF;  (-5b),  a  city  of  Lydla,  on  Mount 
Tmolns,  mentioned  by  Homer. 

TARPB1  \  hter  of  Sp.  Tar| 

the  governor  of  the  Roman  citadel  on  the 

Saturniaii  hill,  afterwards  called  the  t 

line,  was  tempted  bv  tie-  gold  on  the  Sabine 
bracelets    and   collar-    to  ..pen   a   gate  of  the 

fortress  to  T.  Tatlue  and  hie  Sabltx 

they  entered,  they  threw   npon    her   their 

RhIeIdH,  and  thus  crashed  her  to  de  itll.      'I  he 

(ii  rock,  a  pari  of  the  Capltollne,  was 
named  after  her.  (S.e  Illustration  on  p. 
B86.) 


TARPIIE. 


38G 


TARQUINIUS. 


TARPIIE  (-es),  a  town  in  Locris,  on  Mount 
Oeta,  mentioned  by  Homer,  and  subsequently 
called  Pharygae. 

TARQUINIA.     [Taequinius.] 

TARQUINII  (-6mm :  Turchina,  nr.  Cor- 
neto),  a  city  of  Etruria,  situated  on  a  bill  and 
on  the  river  Marta,  S.E.  of  Cosa,  and  on  a  road 
leading  from  the  latter  town  to  Rome.  It 
was  one  of  the  12  Etruscan  cities,  and  was 
probably  regarded  as  the  metropolis  of  the 
confederation.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed by  Tarchon,  the  son  or  brother  of  Tyrrhe- 
nns,  who  was  the  leader  of  the  Lydian  colony 
from  Asia  to  Italy.  It  was  at  Tarqninii  that 
Demaratus,  the  father  of  Tarqninius  Prisons, 
settled;  and  it  was  from  this  city  that  t lie 
Tarquinian  family  came  to  Rome.  Tarqninii 
was  subsequently  made  a  Roman  colony  and 
a  municipium;  but  it  gradually  declined  in 
importance:  and  in  the  8th  or  9th  century  of 
the  Christian  aera  it  was  deserted  by  its  in- 
habitants, wlio  founded  Corneto  on  the  op- 
posite hill.  Some  of  the  most  interesting  re- 
mains of  Etruscan  art  have  been  discovered 
at  Tarqninii. 

TARQUINIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  family  in 
early  Roman  history,  to  which  the  5th  and 
7th  kings  of  Rome  belonged.  The  legend  of 
theTarquinsran  as  Pillows:  Demaratus,  their 
ancestor,  who  belonged  to  the  noble  family 
of  the  Baccbiadae  at  Corinth,  settled  at  Tar- 
qninii in  Etruria,  where  he  married  an  Etrus- 
can wife,  by  whom  he  bad  two  sons,  Lucumo 
and  Aruns.  Demaratus  bequeathed  all  his 
property  to  Lucumo,  and  died  himself  shortly 
afterwards.  But  although  Lucumo  was  thus 
one  of  the  most  wealthy  persons  at  Tarqninii, 
and  had  married  Tanaquil,  who  belonged  to 
a  family  of  the  highest  rank,  be  was  excluded, 
ns  a  stranger,  from  all  power  and  influence  in 
the  state."    Discontented  with  this,  inferior 


position,  he  set  out  for  Rome,  riding  in  a 
chariot  with  his  wife,  and  accompanied  by 
a  large  train  of  followers.  When  they  had 
reached  the  Janiculus,  an  eagle  seized  his 
cap,  and,  after  carrying  it  away  to  a  great 
height,  placed  it  again  upon  his  head.  Tana- 
quil, who  was  skilled  in  the  Etruscan  science 
of  augury,  bade  her  husband  hope  for  the 
highest  honor  from  this  omen.  Her  predic- 
tions were  soon  verified.  The  stranger  was 
received  with  welcome,  and  he  and  his  fol- 
lowers were  admitted  to  the  rights  of  Roman 
citizens.  lie  took  the  name  of  L.Tauquinits, 
to  which  Livy  adds  Pbisoub.  His  wealth,  his 
courage,  and  his  wisdom  gained  him  the  love 
both  of  Ancns  Marcius  and  of  the  people. 
The  former  appointed  him  guardian  of  his 
children  ;  and,  when  he  died,  the  senate  and 
the  people  unanimously  elected  Tarqninius 
to  the  vacant  throne.  The  reien  of  Tarqnin- 
ius was  distinguished  by  great  exploits  in 
war,  and  by  great  works  in  peace.  He  de- 
feated the  Latins  and  Sabines;  and  the  lat- 
ter peopie  ceded  to  him  the  town  of  Collatia, 
where  he  placed  a  garrison  under  the  com- 
mand of  Egerius,  the  son  of  his  deceased 
brother  Aruns,  who  took  the  surname  of  Col- 
latinus.  Some  traditions  relate  that  Tarqnin- 
ius defeated  the  Etruscans  likewise.  He  erect- 
ed many  public  buildings,  and  other  works, 
at  Koine,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  are 
the  vast  sewers  which  still  remain.  Tarqnin- 
ius also  made  some  important  changes  in  the 
constitution  of  the  state.  He  was  murdered 
after  a  reign  of  38  years,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  sons  of  Ancns  Marcius.  Hut  the  la;ier 
did  not  secure  the  reward  of  their  crime,  for 
Servius  Tullius,  with  the  assistance  of  T.ma- 
quil,  succeeded  to  the  vacant  tin'  n  .■.  Servins 
Tullius,  whose  life  is  given  under  Tui.i.ios, 
was  murdered,  after  a  reign  of  44  years,  by 
his  son-in-law,  L.  Tarquiuius,  who  ascended 


TARQUINIUS. 


387 


TARSUS. 


the  vacant  throne. — L.  Tauquinics  Supkbbub 
commenced  his  reign  without  any  of  the  forms 
of  election.  One  of  his  tirst  acts  was  to  abol- 
ish the  rights  which  had  been  conferred  upon 
the  plebeians  by  Servius;  and  at  the  same  time 
all  the  senators  and  patricians  whom  he  mis- 
trusted, or  whose  wealth  he  coveted,  were  put 
to  death  or  driven  into  exile.  He  surrounded 
himself  by  a  body-guard,  by  means  of  which 
he  was  enabled  to  do  what  he  liked.  His 
cruelty  and  tyranny  obtained  for  him  the  sur- 
name of  Superbua.  But.  although  a  tyrant  at 
home,  he  raised  Rome  to  great  influence  and 
power  among  the  surrounding  nations.  He 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Octavius 
Marailins  of  Tusculum,  the  most  powerful  of 
the  Latin  chiefs;  and  under  his  sway  Rome 
became  the  head  of  the  Latin  confederacy. 
He  defeated  the  Volscians,  and  took  the 
wealthy  town  of  Suessa  Pometia,  with  the 
spoils  of  which  he  commenced  the  erection 
of  the  Capitol,  which  his  father  had  vowed. 
In  the  vaults  of  this  temple  he  deposited  the 
3  Sibylline  books,  which  he  purchased  from 
a  Sibyl,  or  prophetess,  for  300  pieces  of  gold  ; 
a  price  which  he  had  at  tirst  scornfully  refused. 
He  next  engaged  in  war  with  Gabli,  one  of 
the  Latin  cities,  which  refused  to  enter  into 
the  league.  Unable  to  take  the  city  by  force 
of  arms, Tarqninius  had  recourse  to  stratagem. 
His  son  Sextus,  pretending  to  be  ill-treated 
by  his  father,  and  covered  with  the  bloody 
marks  of  stripes,  fled  toGabii.  The  infatuated 
inhabitants  intrusted  him  with  the  command 
of  their  troops;  whereupon,  at  a  hint  of  his 
father,  who  struck  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies  in  his  garden  before  the  eves  of  Sex- 
Uis'a  messenger,  he  put  to  death  or  banished 
all  the  leading  men  of  the  place,  and  then  had 
no  difficulty  in  compelling  it  to  submit  to  his 
father.  In  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  Tar- 
qninius fell  through  a  shameful  outrage  com- 
mitted by  his  son  Sextus  on  Lucretia,  tin'  wife 
of  his  cousin,  Tarqninius  Collatinus.  As  soon 
as  Sextus  had  departed,  Lucretia  senl  lor  her 
husband  and  father.  Collatinus  came,  accom- 
panied i>y  L.  Brutus;  Lucretius  by  I'.  Valerius, 
who  afterwards  gained  tin:  surname  of  Pub- 
licola.  They  found  her  ill  an  agony  ofeorrow. 
She  told  them  what  had  happened,  enjoined 
them  to  avenge  her  dishonor,  nnd  then  slab- 
bed herself  to death.  They  all  swore  toaveu  e 
her.  Brutus  threw  off  his  assumed  stnpidity, 
and  placed  himself  at  their  bead.  Brutus, 
who  was  Tribnnns  Celernm.  summoned  the 
people,  and  related  the  deed  of  i  hone.  All 
classes  were  inflamed  with  the  Bame  indigna- 
tion. A.  decree  was  passed  deposing  the  king, 
and  banishing  him  and  his  family  from  the 
city.  Tarqninius,  with  his  two  jon  .  Tltit 
anil  Am ns,  took  refuge  al  I  toere  in  Bill  tirla. 
Sextus  repaired  to  Garni, hi  own  principality, 

where  he  was  shortly  after  murdered  by  the 

friends  of  those  h  h he  had  put  to  death. 

Tarqninius  reigned  24  years,    lie  was  ban- 
ished b.o.  BIO.    The  people  ofTarqninil  and 

Veii  espoused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  lyianl, 

and  marched  againsl  Koine.    The  two  con  ul 

advanced  to  meet  I  hem.     A  bloody  battle  was 
fought,  in  which  Ml  ill  us  a  ml  A  runs,  I  he  nephew 

and  son  of  Tnrquinins,  slew  each  other.    Tar- 
quirt!  us  next  repaired  to  Lars  Porsena,  thepow- 
U2 


et  fill  king  of  Clusiuin,  who  marched  against 
Rome  at  the  head  of  a  vast  army.  The  his- 
tory of  this  memorable  expedition  is  related 
under  Porsena.  After  Porsena  quitted  Rome, 
Tarqninius  took  refuge  with  his  son-in-law, 
Mamilius  Octavius  of  Tusculum.  Under  the 
guidance  of  the  latter,  the  Latin  states  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  exiled  king,  and  de- 
clared war  against  Rome.  The  contest  was 
decided  by  the  celebrated  battle  of  the  lake 
Regillus,  in  which  the  Romans  gained  the 
victory  by  the  help  of  Castor  and  Pollux. 
Tarqninius  now  fled  toAristobulus  at  Cumae, 
where  he  died  a  wretched  and  ehiiiiicss  old 
man.  Such  is  the  story  of  the  Tarquins  ac- 
cording to  the  ancient  writers;  Inn  it  con- 
tains numerous  inconsistencies,  and  must  not 
be  received  as  a  real  history. 

TARKACTNA  (-ae:  Terracina),  more  an- 
ciently called  ANXUR  (-nils'),  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium,  situated  58  miles  S.E.  of 
Pome,  on  the  Via  Appia  and  upon  the  coast, 
with  a  strongly  fortified  citadel  upon  a  high 
hill,  on  which  stood  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Anxurtis.     (See  illustration  on  p.  3SS.) 

TARRACO  (-fmis:  Tarragona),  an  ancient 
town  on  the  E.  coast,  of  Spain,  situated  on  a 

rock  TOO  feet  high,  between  the  river  Iberus 
and  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Tulcis.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Massilians,  and  was  made  the 
head-quarters  of  the  two  brothers  I',  and  Cu. 
Scipio  in  their  campaigns  against  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  the  2d  I'nnic  war.  It  subsequent- 
ly became  a  populous  and  flourishing  town  \ 
and   Augustus,   who   wintered   here   (b.O.   '-'•'>) 

after  his  Cantabrian  campaign,  made  it  the 

capital  of  one  of  the  three  Spanish  provinces 

{HisjKuiiu  Tarraconensis),  and  also  a  Roman 

colony. 

taksTi's  (-i:  Tarza  or  Balikarri),  a  river 
of  Mysia,  rising  in  Mount  Temnns,  ami  flow- 
ing N.K.,  through  tin'  Mlletopolites  Lacus, 

into  the  Macestus. 

TARSUS,  TARSOS  (-i ;  Terms,  Ru.),  the 
chief  city  of  Cilicia,  stood  near  the  centre  of 
Cilicia  t  'ampest  ris.on  the  river  Oydnus,  about 

12  miles  above  its  nioulh.     All  that  can  lie  ile 

termined  with  certainty  as  to  its  origin  seems 

to   lie   that    it    was   a    u'l.v   ancient    city   of  the 

Syrians,  who  were  the  earliest  known  inhab- 
itants of  this  part  of  Asill  Minor,  and  III  il   it 

received    ( .   i  i  k    settle       III    an    early    period. 

,\i  the  ti of  the  Macedonian  invasion  it 

was  held  by  the  Persian  troops,  who  were 
about  i"  barn  it,  when  they  were  previ  tiled 

].'     Alexander's  arrival.      After  phi  vine  an  ini- 

poi tanl  i  hi  as  a  military  pot i  in  the  wars  of 
; bi  <■  ■  "is  of  Alexander,  and  under  the 
Syrian  kings,  it  became,  by  the  peace  between 
the  Romans  ami  Antiochus  the  Great    ihe 

frontier  citv  of  Ihe  Svi  ian   kingdom    Oil    Hie 

N.w.  As  the  power  of  the  Seleucidae  de- 
clined, it  Buffered  much  from  the  oppression 
o|  i:  governors,  ami  from  ihe  wars  between 
the  members  of  ihe  royal  family.  Al  the 
i ma  ol  i he  m.i hridatii  war,  it  Buffered, on  ihe 

.me  hand,  iv Ti  •  .■ , who  overran  l 

i,  on  the  other,  f I  he  pirates,  who  had 

their  i  iron-holds  lii  iim  mountain  of  I  cin 
Vspera,  and  made  frequent  Incurainne  Into 
the  level  conn  try.    Fr bolh  thee  enemies 


TARSUS. 


:;ss 


TAESUS. 


it  was  rescued  by  Pompey,  who  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  new  Roman  province  of  Cilicia, 
it.c.  06.  Under  Augustus,  the  city  obtained 
immunity  from  taxes,  through  the  influence 
of  the  emperor's  tutor,  the  Stuic  Athenodorus, 


who  was  a  native  of  the  place.  It  enjoyed 
the  favor,  and  was  called  by  the  names,  of 
several  of  the  later  emperors.  It  was  the 
scene  of  important  events  in  the  wars  with 
the  Persians,  the  Arabs,  and  the  Turks,  and 


TARTARUS. 


389 


TECTOSAGES. 


also  iu  the  Crusades.  Tarsus  was  the  birth- 
place of  mauy  distinguished  men,  and,  above 
all,  of  the  Apostle  Paul. 

TARTARUS  (-i),  son  of  Aether  and  Go, 
and  by  his  mother  Ge  the  father  of  the  Gi- 
gantes,  Typhoeus,  and  Echidna.  In  the  Iliad 
Tartarus  "is  a  place  beneath  the  earth,  as  far 
below  Hades  as  Heaven  is  above  the  earth, 
and  closed  by  iron  gates.  Later  poets  use  the 
name  as  synonymous  with  Hades. 

TARTESSUS  (-i),an  ancient  town  in  Spain, 
and  one  of  the  chief  settlements  <>t'  the  Phoe- 
nicians, probably  the  same  as  the  Tarshish  of 
Scripture.  The  whole  country  W.  of  Gibral- 
tar was  also  called  TabtkSSIS. 

TARUSCON  orTARASCON  (-onis:  Tara.s- 
con),  a  town  of  the  Salyes  in  Gaul,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Rhone,  N."  of  Arelate,  and  E.  of 
Nematisus. 

TARVISIUM  (-i :  Trcviso),  a  town  of  Vene- 
tia  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  river  Silis,  which 
became  the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  and  a  place 
of  importance  in  the  middle  ages. 

TXTIUS,  T.,  king  of  the  Sabines.  [Romu- 
lus.] 

TATTA  (Tuz-QdT),  a  great  salt  lake  in  the 
centre  of  Asia  Minor. 

TAULANTII  (-drum),  a  people  of  Illyria, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Epidamnns. 

TAUNUS  (-i :  Tanmi8),  a  range  of  mount- 
ains in  Germany,  at  no  great  distance  from 
the  confluence  of  the  Moenus  (Main)  and  the 
Rhine. 

TAURASIA.    [Taurini.] 

TAURENTUM  (-i)  and  TAUR5TS  (-entis), 
a  fortress  belonging  to  Maseilia,  and  near  the 
latter  city. 

TATJRI  (-drum),  a  wild  and  savage  people 
in  European  Sarniatia,  who  sacrificed  all 
strangers  to  a  goddess  whom  tin'  Greeks 
]■.'■: .  iiiiti:  l  v.  ith  Artemiu  (Diica).  Ths  l  inn 
dwelt  in  the  peninsula  which  was  called  after 
them  <  hersoncsus  Taurica. 

TAURINI  (-orum),  a  peopte  of  Liguria 
dwelling  on  tie-  tipper  course  of  the  Po,  at 
the  fool  of  the  Alps.  Their  chief  town  wai 
i  i  i  la,  afterwards  colonized  by  Augustus, 
and  called  Augusta  Taurinornm  i  '/'»<  i«  . 

TAURISC1  (-orum),  a  Celtic  people  in  Nor- 
Icnm,  ami  probably  the  old  Celtic  name  of 
the  entire  population  of  the  country. 

TAURfiTS.    [Tabbentom.] 

TATJROW ion hm  i  i:  'i'lfi  mina),  a  city  on 

the  10.  coast  of  Sicily,  situated  on  Mount 
Taurus,  from  which   it  derived  it-  name,  and 

founded  h.o.  868  by  Andromachna  with  the 
remains  of  the  inhabitants  of  Naxos. 

TAURUS  (-1:  from  the  Aramaean  Tor,  a 
high  mountain:  Taurus,  dla-Dagh,  and  othet 

:  pei  ial  narm        i    [real   mountain  i  bi f 

Asia,  [n  its  widest  extent,  the  name  was  ap- 
plied, by  the  later  geographer  ,  to  the  whole 
of  the  great  chain  which  run.-  through  a  hi 
from W. to  10. ;  but  in  it-  ti8tial  signification 
it  denotes  the  mountain-chain  in  the  8.  of 

Asa    Minor,  which   begins  at.  the  Sacrum   Of 

Chelidonium  Prom,  al  the  s.io.  angle  of  l.y- 
cia,  surrounds  the  gulf  of  I'amphylia,  passing 


through  the  middle  of  Pisidia;  then  along 
the  S.  frontier  of  Lycaonia  and  Cappadocia, 
which  it  divides  from  Cilicia  and  Commagene; 
thence,  after  being  broken  through  by  the 
Euphrates,  it  proceeds  almost  due  E.  through 
the  S.  of  Armenia,  forming  the  water-shed 
between  the  sources  of  the  Tigris  on  the  S. 
and  the  streams  which  feed  the  upper  Eu- 
phrates and  the  Araxes  on  the  N. ;  thus  it 
continues  as  far  as  the  S.  margin  of  the  lake 
Arsissa,  where  it  ceases  to  bear  the  name  of 
Taurus,  and  is  continued  in  the  chain  which, 
under  the  names  of  Niphates,  Zagroe,  etc., 
forms  the  N.E.  margin  of  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates  valley. 

TAVIUM  (-i:  prob.  Dofihaz  Kieni,  Ru.),  the 
capital  of  the  Trocmi,  in  Galatia,  stood  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Halys,  but  at  some  distance  from 
the  river,  and  formed  the  centre  of  meeting 
for  roads  leading  to  all  parts  of  Asia  Minor. 

TAXILA  or  TAXIALA  (-mum),  an  im- 
portant city  of  India  intra  Qangem,  stood  in 
a  large  and  fertile  plain  between  the  Indus 
and  the  Hydaspes,  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
Indian  king  Taxiles. 

TAXILES.  (1)  An  Indian  prince  or  king, 
who  reigned  over  the  tract  between  the  Indus 
and  the  Hydaspes  at  tin:  period  of  the  expe- 
dition of  Alexander,  u.o.  327.  His  real  name 
was  Mophis  or  Omphis,  and  the  Creeks  ap- 
pear to  have  called  him  Taxiles  or  Taxilas, 
from  the  name  of  his  capital  city  of  Tax.Ua. 
—(2)  A  general  in  the  service  of  Mithridates 
the  (ireat. 

TAV<;ETE  (-6b),  daughter  of  Atlas  and 
Pleione,  one  of  the  1'leiades,  from  whom 
Mount  TaygetUS  in  Laconia  is  said  to  have 
derived  its  name.  By  Zeus  (Jupiter)  she  lie- 
came  the  mother  of  Lacedaemon  and  of  Euro- 

tas. 

TAVCC'ITS  or  TAYGBTUM  (-i),  or 
TAVCfiTA  1-e.rum),  a  lofty  range  of  mount- 
ains, of  a  wild  ami  savage  chai  acter.  separat- 
ing Laconia  and  Messenia,  and  extending  from 

i  he  i i lera  of  Arcadia  down  to  i he  Prom. 

Taenariini.    (See  Illustration  on  p.SOU.) 

Tfi  LNUW  (-i).  (1)  Am  i.i  m  (ur.  Ponh 
Rot  to),  a  town  of  Vpulia,  on  the  river  Frento 
and  i he  confines  of  i he  EVontanl,  18  miles 

from    I. aiinum.  — (2)    SlMOtNUM    [TeaiW),   an 

Important  tow  u  of  I  Ininpania,  and  the  capital 
of  the  Sidiclni,  situated  on  the  \.  Blope  of 
Mount  IVfassicue  and  on  the  Via  Praenestina, 
.,  mile    w.  ofCales. 

RUS  (-1:  Teara,  Deara,  or  Dere),  a  river 

of  Thrace,  the  waters  Of  Which  were  useful  in 
curing  cutaneous  dlsi 

Tfo.vno  (-is:  CMcM),  the  capital  of  the  Mar 

rinini,  situated  on   a  sleep   loll   on   the   fivet 

Aterniis,  and  on  the  road  from  Ateruura  to 

i   01  liiiiuni. 

•i  i.i  m  ES8  \       i'  i.   the   daughter  of  the 

pin    -oi  king  '!'•  i'  utn  .  v  h rrltory  was 

i  ,  i  by  tie-  Qr<  i  predatoi  y 

excursion  from  Troy,     'i  i  taken 

pi  i  oner,  and  wa  given  to  \  |  i  -.  I  he  boh  of 
Telamon,  by  whom 

TECT08XQE8    (  inn  i.      Mi    In    Gallia 

I  Vol..   \ r:.]  —  (2)  111  Asia  Minoi.      |<  i.w.vi  ia.J 


TEGEA. 


390 


TELEGONUS 


Mount  Taygetos  from  the  site  of  Sparta. 


TEGEA  (-ae).  (1)  (Ptali),  an  important 
city  of  Arcadia,  and  ihe  capital  of  the  district 
Tkgeatis,  which  was  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Argolis  and  Lacouica,  on  the  S.  by  Laconia, 
on  the  \V.  by  Maenalia,  and  on  the  N.  by  the 
territory  of  Man  tinea.  It  was  one  of  the  most 
ancient  towns  of  Arcadia,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Tegeates,  the  son  of  Lvcaon. 
The  Tegeatae  sent  3000  men  to  the  battle  of 
Plataea,  in  which  they  were  distinguished  for 
their  bravery.  They  remained  faithful  to 
Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesiau  war;  but  aft- 
er the  battle  of  Lenctra  they  joined  the  rest 
of  the  Arcadians  in  establishing  their  inde- 
pendence. During  the  wars  of  ihe  Achaean 
League.  Tegea  was  taken  both  by  Cleomenes, 
king  of  Sparta,  and  Antigonns  Doson,  king 
of  Macedonia,  and  the  ally  of  the  Achaeans. 
— (2)  A  town  in  Crete,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Agamemnon. 

TELAMON  (-onis),  s<m  of  Aeacus  and  En- 
dels,  and  brother  of  Pclens.  Having  assisted 
Peleus  in  slaying  their  half-brother  Phocns 
[l'M.rxs], Telamon  was  expelled  fn  mi  Aegina, 
and  came  to  Salamis.  Here  1  e  was  first  mar- 
ried to  Glance,  daughter  of  Cycbreus,  k i 1 1 lt  of 
the  island,  on  whose  death  Telamon  became 
king  of  Sal  amis.  He  afterwards  married  Peri- 
boea  or  Eriboea,  daughter  of  Alcathous,  by 
whom  he  became  the  father  of  A.jax,  who  is 
hence  frequently  called  Telamoniddes,  and 
Telamonlux  hero*.  Telamon  himself  was  one 
of  the  Calydonian  hunters  and  one  of  the 
Argonauts.  He  was  also  a  great  friend  of 
Ilf  nles,  whom  he  joined  in  his  expedition 
Laomedon  of'froy,  which  city  he  was 
the  ii  st  to  enter.  Hercules,  in  return,  gave 
to  him  Theauira  or  Hesione,  a  daughter  of 
Laomedon,  by  whom  he  became  the  father 
of  Tencer  and  Trambelus. 

TkLAMoN  (Telamone),  a  town  and  harbor 
of  Eirnria,  a  few  miles  S.  of  the  river  Umbro, 
caid  to  have  been  founded  by  Telamon  on  his 
return  from  the  Argouautic  expedition. 


TELCHINES  (-nm),  a  family  or  a  tribe 
said  to  have  been  descended  from  Thi 
or  Poseidon  (Neptune).  They  are  represented 
in  3  different  aspects:  (1.)  As  cultivators  of 
and  ministers  of  the  gods.  As  such 
they  came  from  Crete  to  Cyprus,  and  from 
thence  to  Rhodes,  where  they  founded  Cami- 
rus,  Ialysas,  and  Lindus.  Rhodes,  which  was 
named  after  them  Telcliinix,  was  abandoned 
by  them,  because  they  foresaw  that  the  island 
would  be  inundated."  Poseidon  was  intrusted 
to  them  by  Rhea,  and  they  brought  him  up 
in  conjunction  with  Caphira,  a  daughter  of 
Oceanus.  Rhea,  Apollo,  aud  Zens  (Jupiter), 
however,  are  also  described  as  hostile  to  the 
Telchines.  Apollo  is  said  to  have  assumed 
the  shape  of  a  wolf,  and  to  have  thus  destroyed 
the  Telchines,  and  Zeus  to  have  overwhelm- 
ed them  by  an  inundation.  (2.)  As  sorce  era 
and  i  nvioua  daemons.  Their  very  eyes  and 
aspect  are  said  to  have  been  destructive. 
They  had  it  in  their  power  to  bring  on  hail, 
rain,  and  snow,  and  to  assume  any  form  they 
pleased;  they  further  mixed  Stygian  water 
with  sulphur,  in  order  thereby  \<>  destroy  ani- 
mals and  plants,  (o.)  As  artists,  for  they  are 
said  to  have  invented  useful  arts  and  insola- 
tions, and  to  have  made  images  of  the  g"ds. 
They  worked  in  brass  and  iron,  made  the 
sickle  of  Cronos  and  the  trident  of  Poseidon. 

TELEB5AK.     [Tafhiab.] 

TELEGONUS  (-i),  son  of  Ulysses  and  Cine. 
After  Ulysses  had  returned  to  Ithaca.  Circe 
sent  out  Telegonns  in  search  of  his  father. 
A  storm  cast  his  ship  on  the  coast  of  Ithaca, 
and  being  pressed  by  hunger,  he  began  to 
plunder  tlie  fields.  Ulysses  and  Telemachus, 
being  informed  of  the  ravages  caused  by  Ihe 
stranger,  went  ont  to  fight  against  him  j  but 
Telegonns  ran  Ulysses  through  with  a  spear 
which  he  had  received  from  his  mother.  At 
the  command  of  Athena  (Minerva).  Telegin 
nus,  accompanied  by  Telemacbns  and  Penel- 
ope, went  to  cine  in  Aeaea,  there  buried  the 


TELEMACHUS. 


301 


TEMPE. 


body  of  Ulysses,  and  married  Penelope,  by 
whom  he  became  the  father  of  Italus. 

TELEMACHUS  (-i),  son  of  Ulysses  and 
Penelope,  lie  was  still  an  infant  when  his 
father  went  to  Troy;  and  when  the  latter 
had  been  absent  from  home  nearly  20  years, 
Telemachua  went  to  Pylos  and  Sparta  to 
gather  information  concerning  him.  He  was 
hospitably  received  by  Nestor,  who  sent  his 
own  son  to  conduct  Telemachua  to  Sparta. 
Menelaus  also  received  him  kindly,  and  com- 
municated  to  him  the  prophecy  of  Proteus 
concerning  Ulysses.  From  Sparta  Telema- 
chus  returned  borne ;  and  on  his  arrival  there 
he  found  his  father,wboin  he  assisted  in  slay- 
ing the  suitors. 

TELfiMUS  (-i),  son  of  Euryinus,  and  a  cele- 
brated soothsayer. 

TELEPHUS  (-i).  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge, 
the  daughter  of  king  Aleus  of  Tegea.  on 
reaching  manhood,  he  consulted  the  Delphic 
oracle  to  learn  his  parentage,  and  was  order- 
ed t"  go  to  king  Tenth ras  in  Mysia.  He  there 
found  his  mother,  and  succeeded  Teuthras  on 
the  throne  of  Mysia.  He  married  Laodice  or 
Astyoche,  a  daughter  of  Priam  ;  and  he  at- 
tempted to  prevent  the  Greeks  from  landing 
on  the  coast  ni'  Mysia.  Dionysus  (Bacchus), 
however,  caused  him  to  Stumble  over  a  vine, 
whereupon  he  was  wounded  by  Achilles. 
Being  Informed  by  an  oracle  that  the  wound 
could  only  be  cured  by  him  who  had  indicted 
it,  Telephus  repaired  to  the  Grecian  camp; 
and  as  the  Cn-ek-;  had  likewise  learned  from 
an  oracle  that  without  the  aid  id' Telephus 
they  could  not  reach  Troy,  Achilles  cured 
Telephus  by  means  of  the  rust  oil  he  Bpear 
with  which  he  had  been  wounded.  Telephus, 
in  return,  pointed  oul  to  the  Greeks  the  road 
which  they  had  to  take. 


TELESIA  (-ae:  7fefcae),a  town  in  Samn'tum, 
on  the  road  from  Allii'ae  to  Beueventum. 

TELESILLA  (-ae),  of  Axgos,  a  celebrated 
lyric  poetess  and  heroine,  flourished  about 
u.c.  510.  She  led  a  band  of  her  country- 
women in  the  war  with  the  Spartans. 

TELESINUS,  PONTIUS.    [Pontics.] 

TELLENAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Latium. 
between  the  later  Via  Ostiensis  and  the  Via 
Appia.  # 

TELLUS.     [Gaka.] 

TELMESSUS  or  TELMISSUS  (-i).  (r, 
(Mei,  the  port  of  Maori,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Lycia, 
near  the  borders  of  Caria,  on  a  gulf  called 
Telmissicus  sinu>,  and  close  to  the  promon- 
tory Tel  missis.— (2)  A  town  of  Caria,  60  stadia 
(6  geog.  miles)  from  Halicarnassus. 

TELO  (-finis),  MAKTIUS  {Toulon),  a  port- 
town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  ou  the  .Mediter- 
ranean. 

TELOS  (-i:  Tel08orPi8kopi),  a  small  island 
of  the  Carpathian  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

TELPHUSSA.     LTni-i.i'i-SA.] 

TEMENIDAE.    [Tembnus.] 

TE.MENUS  (-i),  son  of  Aristomachus,  was 
one  of  the  Heraclidae  w  lu>  invaded  Pelopon- 
nesus. After  the  conquest  of  the  peninsula, 
he  received  Argos  as  his  share.  His  descend- 
ants, the  Temenidae,  being  expelled  from  Ar- 
gos. are  said  to  have  founded  the  kingdom  of 
Macedonia,  whence  the  kings  of  Macedonia 
called  themselves  Temenidae. 

TBMfiSA  orTEMPSA  (-ae:  Torre  del  Liijri), 
a  town  in  Bruttium  on  the  sinus  Terinnens, 
and  one  of  the  most  ancient  Anson  ian  tonus 
in  the  s.  of  Italy. 

TEMPE  ueiit.  pi.  inderl  a  b<  ml  Ifnl  and 
romantic  valley  in  the  N.  ofThessaly,  between 


TENCTERI. 


392 


TERENTIUS. 


Mounts  Olympus  and  Ossa,  through  which 
the  Penens" escapes  into  the  sea.  The  lovely 
scenery  of  this  glen  is  frequently  described 
by  the  ancient  poets  and  declaimers ;  and  it 
was  also  celebrated  as  one  of  the  favorite 
haunts  of  Apollo.who  transplanted  his  laurel 
from  this  spot  to  Delphi.  So  celebrated  was 
the  scenery  of  Tempe  that  its  name  was  given 
to  any  beautiful  valley.  Thus  we  rind  a  Tempe 
in  the  laud  of  the  Sabines,  near  Reate,  through 
which  the  river  Velinus  flowed ;  and  also  a 
Tempo  in  Sicily,  through  which  the  river 
Helorus  flowed,  hence  called  by  Ovid  Tempe 
Heloria. 
TENCTERI  or  TENCI1TERI   (-ornrn),  a 

Eeople  of  Germany  dwelling  on  the  Rhine 
etween  the  Ruhr  aud  the  Sieg,  S.  of  the  Usi- 
petes,  in  conjunction  with  whom  their  name 
usually  occurs. 

TENEDOS  or  TENEDUS  (-i),  a  small  island 
of  the  Aegaean  sea,  off  the  coast,  of  Troas,  of 
an  importance  very  disproportionate  to  its 
size,  on  account  of  its  position  near  the  month 
of  the  Hellespont,  from  which  it  is  about  12 
miles  distant.  It  appears  in  the  legend  of  the 
Trojan  war  as  the  station  to  which  the  Greeks 
withdrew  their  fleet,  in  order  to  induce  the 
Trojans  to  think  that  they  had  departed,  and 
to  receive  the  wooden  horse.  In  the  Persian 
war  it  was  used  by  Xerxes  as  a  naval  station. 
It  afterwards  became  a  tributary  ally  of  Ath- 
ens, and  adhered  to  her  during  the  whole  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  down  to  the  peace 
of  Antalcidas,  by  which  it  was  surrendered 
to  the  Persians.  At  the  Macedonian  conquest 
the  Tenedians  regained  their  liberty. 

TENES  or  TENNES,  son  of  Cycnus  and 
Proclea,  and  brother  of  Hemithea.  Cycnus 
was  king  of  Colouae  in  Troas.  His  2d  wife 
was  Philonome,who 
fell  in  love  with  her 
step-son  ;  but  as  he 
repulsed  her  advan- 
ces she  accused  him 
to  his  father,  who  put 
both  his  son  and 
dangbterintoachest  !i 
and  threw  them  into 
the  sea.  But  the 
chest  was  driven  on 
the  coast  of  the  isl- 
and of  Lencophrys, 
of  which  the  inhab- 
itants elected  Tenes 
kii)Lr,  and  which  he 
called  Tencdos,  after 
his  own  name. 

TENOS  (-i :  Tirw), 
a  small  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea,  S.E.  of  An- 
dres and  N.  of  Delos. 

TENTYRA  (-drum:  Denrlerah,  Ru.),  a  city 
of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
Nile,  between  Abydos  and  Coptos,  with  cele- 
brated temples  of  Athor  (the  Egyptian  Venus), 
Isis,  and  Typhon.  There  are  still  magnificent 
remains  of  the  temples  of  Athor  and  of  Isis: 
in  the  latter  was  found  the  celebrated  Zodiac, 
which  is  now  preserved  at  Paris. 

TEOS  (-i :  Sigkajik),  one  of  the  Ionian  cities 
on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  renowned  as  the 


birthplace  of  the  lyric  poet  Anacreon.  It 
stood  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay,  between  the 
promontories  of  Coryceum  and  My.ounesns. 

TERENTIA  (-ae).  (1)  Wife  of  M.  Cicero, 
the  orator,  to  whom  she  bore  2  children,  a  son 
and  a  daughter.  She  was  a  woman  of  sound 
sense  and  great  resolution  ;  and  her  firmness 
of  character  was  of  no  small  service  to  her 
weak  and  vacillating  husband  in  some  im- 
portant periods  of  his  life.  During  the  civil 
war,  however,  Cicero  was  offended  with  her 
conduct,  and  divorced  her  in  u.0.46.  Tereuiia 
is  said  to  have  attained  the  age  of  103.  —  (2) 
Also  called  Teki-.ntii.la,  the  wife  of  Maecenas, 
and  also  one  of  the  favorite  mistresses  of  Au- 
gustus. 

TERENTIUS  (-i)  AFER,  P.,  usually  called 
Terence,  the  celebrated  comic  poet, was  born 
at  Carthage,  n.c.  195.  By  birth  or  purchase 
he  became  the  slave  of  P.  Terentius  Lucanus, 
a  Roman  senator.  A  handsome  person  and 
promising  talents  recommended  Terence  to 
his  master,  who  afforded  him  the  best  educa- 
tion of  the  age,  and  finally  manumitted  him. 
On  his  manumission,  according  to  the  usual 
practice,  Terence  assumed  his  patron's  name, 
Terentius,  having  been  previously  called  Pub* 
lius  or  Publipor.  The  Andria  was  the  first 
play  offered  by  Terence  for  representation. 
The  curule  aediles  referred  the  piece  to  Cae- 
cilius,  then  one  of  the  most  popular  play- 
writers  at  Rome.  Unknown  and  meanly  clad, 
Terence  began  to  read  from  a  low  stool  his 
opening  scene.  A  few  verses  showed  the 
elder  poet  that  no  ordinary  writer  was  before 
him,  and  the  young  aspirant,  then  in  his  27th 
year,  was  invited  to  share  the  couch  and  sup- 
per of  his  judge.  This  reading  of  the  Andria, 
however,  must  have  preceded  its  performance 


Medallion  of  Terence. 


nearly  two  years,  for  Caecilins  died  in  16^, 
aud  it  was  not  acted  till  160.  Meanwhile 
copies  were  in  circulation,  envy  was  awaken- 
ed, and  Luscius  Lavinius,  a  veteran  aud  not 
very  successful  play-writer,  began  his  un- 
wearied attacks  on  the  dramatic  and  person- 
al character  of  the  author.  The  Andria  was 
successful,  and,  aided  by  the  accomplishment 
and  good  address  of  Terence  himself, was  the 
means  of  introducing  him  to  the  most  refined 
and  intellectual  circles  of  Rome.  His  chief 
patrons  were  Laelius  and  the  younger  Scipio, 


TERENTIUS  VAKRO. 


393 


TEUTON  ES. 


both  of  whom  treated  him  as  an  equal,  and 
are  said  even  to  have  assisted  him  in  the 
composition  of  his  plays.  After  residing 
some  years  at  Rome,  Terence  went  to  Greece, 
where"  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
Menander's  comedies.  He  never  returned  to 
Italy,  and  we  have  various,  but  no  certain, 
accounts  of  his  death.  He  died  in  the  30th 
year  of  his  age,  in  159,  or  in  the  year  follow- 
ing. Six  comedies  are  all  that  remain  to  ns ; 
and  they  are  probably  all  that  Terence  pro- 
duced. They  are  founded  on  Greek  originals  ; 
but  we  have  corresponding  fragments  enough 
of  Menander  to  prove  that  Terence  retouched 
and  sometimes  improved  his  model.  In  sum- 
ming up  his  merits,  we  ought  not  to  omit  the 
E  raise  which  lias  been  universally  accorded 
im — that,  although  a  foreigner  and  a  freed- 
man,  he  divides  with  Cicero  and  Caesar  the 
palm  of  pure  Latinity. 

TERENTIUS  VARRO.     [Vauko.] 

TEREUS  (-eos  or  ei);  son  of  Arcs  (Mars), 
king  of  the  Thracians  in  Daulis,  afterwards 
Phocis.  Pandion,  king  of  Attica,  who  had  2 
daughters,  Philomela  and  Procne,  called  in 
the  assistance  of  Tereus  against  some  enemy, 
and  gave  him  his  daughterProcnein  marriage. 
Teretts  became  by  her  the  father  of  Itys,  and 
then  concealed  her  in  the  country,  thai  he 
might  thus  in  in--,  bar  sistci  Philomel *, whom 
he  deceived  by  saying  that  Procne  was  dead. 
At  the  same  time  he  deprived  Philomela  of 
her  tongue.  Ovid  {Met.  vi.  565)  reverses  the 
story  by  stating  that  Tereus  told  Procne  that 
her  sister  Philomela  was  dead.  Philomela, 
however,  soon  learned  the  truth,  and  made  it 
known  to  her  sister  by  a  few  words  which 
she  wove  into  a  peplns.  Procne  thereupon 
killed  her  own  son  Itys,  and  served  up  the 
flesh  of  the  child  in  a  dish  before  Tereus. 
She  then  fled  with  her  sister.  Tereus  pur- 
sued them  with  an  axe,  and  when  the  sisters 
were  overtaken  they  prayed  to  the  gods  to 
change  them  into  bird.-.  Procne,  accordingly, 
became  a  nightingale,  Philomela  a  swallow, 
and  Tereus  a  hoopoo.  According  to  some, 
Procne  became  a  swallow,  Philomela  a  night- 
ingale,  and  Tereus  a  hawk. 

TERGESTE  Is:  Trieste),a  town  oflstrla, 
on  a  bay  in  the  N.  (■:.  of  the  Adriatic  -'nil',  call- 
ed after  it  Tergestinus  sinus,  ii,  was  made  a 
Roman  colony  by  Vespasian. 

TERlDiTES.    i'I'ii'.m.m  i 

TBRINA  '-ae.-  St.  Eufemia),  a  town  on  the 
\v.  coast  of  Brnttinm,  from  which  the  Sinus 
Terinaeus  derived  ii-  name. 

TERIOLIS  or  TERIOLA  CASTRA,  .a  for- 
tress in  Khaetia,  Which  has  given  its  name  to 
the  country  of  the  Tyrol. 

TERMES8US  (-1:  prob.  8henet,  Ru.),  a  city 

of  I'isidia,  high  up  on  Hie  Taurus. 

TERMINUS  Mi.  a  Roman  divinity,  pre- 
siding over   boundaries   and    frontier-        II 

worship  iH  said  to  have  been  Instituted  by 
Nnina,  who  ordered  that  every  one  should 
mark  the  boundaries  or  his  landed  property 
by  -tones  consecrated  to  Jupiter,  and  at  these 
boundary-stones  every  year  sacrifices  should 
be  offered  at  the  festival  of  the  Terminalia. 
The  Terminus  of  the  Roman  state  originally 


stood  between  the  5th  and  0th  milestone  on 
the  road  towards  Laurent um.  near  a  place 
called  Festi.  Another  public  Terminus  stood 
in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  in  the  Capitol. 

TERPANDER  (-dri),  the  father  of  Greek 
music,  and  through  it  of  lyric  poetry.  He  wm 
a  native  of  Antissa  in  Lesbos,  and  flourished 
between  b.c.  TOO  and  650.  He  established  the 
first  musical  school  or  system  that  exisied  in 
Greece,  and  added  3  strings  to  the  lyre, which 
before  his  time  had  only  4. 

TERPSICHORE  (-es),  one  of  the  0  Muses, 
presided  over  the  choral  song  and  dancing. 

[MUBAR.] 

TERRA.     [Gaka.] 
TERRACINA.     [Tarraoina.] 

TESTA  (-ae),  C.  TREBATlUS,  a  Roman 
jurist,  and  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Cicero.  Trebatius  enjoyed  considerable  rep- 
utation under  Augustus  as  a  lawyer.  Horace 
addressed  to  him  the  1st  Satire  of  the  2d 
Book. 

TETHYS  (-yos;  ace.  -ya  and  yn),  daughter 
of  Uranus  and  Gaea,  and  wife  of  Ocean  us,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  the  Oceanides 
and  of  the  numerous  river-gods. 

TETRICA  (-ae),  a  mountain  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Piscnuni  and  the  land  of  the  Sabilies, 
belonging  to  the  great  chain  of  the  Apen- 
nines. 

TETRUTS  (-i),  C.  PESl'VII'S.  ore  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants,  and  the  last  of  the  pretenders 
who  ruled  Gaul  during  its  separation  from 
the  empire  under  Galheuns  and  his  succes- 
sor, a.i>.  267-274. 

TEUCER  (-cri).  (1)  Son  of  the  river-god 
Scamander  by  the  nymph  idaea,  was  the  flrst 
king  of  Troy,  whence  the  Trojans  are  some- 
times called  Teucri.     (2)  S ifTelamou  and 

Besione.  was  a  Btep-brother  nf  Ajar,  and  the 
best  archer  among  the  Greeks  at  Troy.     He 

founded  the  town  of  Sal  a  in  is  in  Cyprus,  and 

i  Kuue.  the  daughter  of  Cyprus,  by 
whom  be  became  the  father  of  Asterla. 

TEUCRI.    [Troas  I 

TEUMESSUS  i-i>,  a  mountain  in  Bi  eotla, 
near  llypatus.  and  close  to  Thebes,  on  (lie 
road  from  tin-  latter  place  to  i  ihalcis. 

TEUTHRANlA.     [Mysia.] 

TEDTHR  \s  -  amis),  an  ancienl  kin"  id' 
m  |  ■  i.  I [i  u  i  m  i  ceded  in  the  kingdom  of 
m.i  by  Telephus,  [Ti  i  >  em  b.  |  The  1 0 
daughters  ofTeuthrns,  given  as  a  reward  to 
Hercules,  are   called   by  <>vid    Teuthrantia 

liirhit. 

TEUTHR  \S|.iui,./i,  imirji  Daph),*  mount- 
ain   in    the   My-ian   district    Of  Teiil  lirania,  i. 

s.w.  iii ■am  h  of  Temnus. 

TE1  T0B1  RGIEN8I8  8ALTU8,ara 
hills  in  Germany,  extending  from  Osnabruch 
to  Padei  I 'i"    /  ittobui  ■<  r  Wald 

/:,-  i  /,.  Wal        i !  Is  i  am  of 

i  he  defeat  and  di  ti  act  li  m  "i  v*ai  a-  ami  :\ 
Roman  lie  < lern *  under  Arm  in* 

iu-,  A  O 

TEUTONES  (  UN-  oi  'i  it  TON]  (eruiui, 
a  powerful  people  In  Germany,  who  probably 
dwelt  on  in.    eoael  of  the  Baltic,  near  the 


THABOR. 


394 


TIIEBAK. 


Cimbri.    They  invaded  Gaul  and  the  Roman 
dominions,  along  with  the  Cimbri,  at  the  lat- 
ter end  of  the  2d  century  u.c. 
THABOK,  TABOR,  or  ATABYRIUM  (-i : 

Jebel  Tur),  an  isolated  mountain  at  the  E. 
and  of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon  in  Galilee. 

THAIS  (-idls),  a  celebrated  Athenian  cour- 
tesan, who  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great 
on  his  expedition  into  Asia.  After  the  death 
of  Alexander,  Thais  attached  herself  to  Ptol- 
tmy  Lagi,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 
of  two  sous,  Leontiscus  and  Lagus,  and  of  a 
daughter,  Ireue. 

THALA  (-ae),  a  great  city  of  Numidia, 
mentioned  by  Sallust  and  other  writers,  and 
probably  identical  withTELKPrEorTnELEPTE, 
a  city  in  the  S.  of  Numidia,  71  Roman  miles 
N.W.  of  Capsa. 

THlLASSlUS,  TlLASSlDS  (-i),  or  Tl- 
LASSIO  (-onis),  a  Roman  senator  of  the  time 
of  Romulus.  At  the  time  of  the  rape  of  the 
Sabine  women,  when  a  maiden  of  surpassing 
beaut}-  was  carried  off  for  Thalassius,  the  per- 
sons conducting  her,  in  order  to  protect  her 
against  any  assaults  from  others,  exclaimed, 
"PorThalaesius."  Hence,  it  is  said,  arose  the 
wedding  shoul  with  which  a  bride  at  Rome 
was  conduced  to  the  house  of  her  bride- 
groom. 

THALES  (-etis  and  is),  the  Ionic  philoso- 
pher, and  one  of  the  Seven  Sages,  was  born 
at  Miletus  about  n.c.  636,  and  died  about  546, 
at  the  age  of  90,  though  the  exact  date  neither 
of  his  birth  nor  of  his  death  is  known.  He  is 
said  to  have  predicted  the  eclipse  of  the  sun 
which  happened  in  the  reign  of  the  Lydian 
king  Alyattes;  to  have  diverted  the  course 
of  the  llalys  in  the  time  of  Croesus  ;  and 
later,  in  order  to  unite  the  Ionians,  when 
threatened  by  the  Persians,  to  have  instituted 
a  federal  council  in  Teos.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  in  Greece  of  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  mathematics.  Thales  maintained  that 
water  is  the  origin  of  things,  meaning  thereby 
that  it  k.  u  it  si  ant  of  which  tvi  ry  thaig  incse 
and  into  which  every  thing  resolves  itself, 
Thales  left  no  works  behind  him. 

THALES  or  THALETAS  (-ae),  the  cele- 
brated musician  and  lyric  poet,  was  a  native 
of  Gortyna  in  Crete,  and  probably  nourished 
shortly  after  Terpander. 

THALIA  (-ae).  (1)  One  of  the  9  Muses,  and, 
at  least  in  later  times,  the  Muse  of  Comedy. 
[Mdsab.]— (2)  One  of  the  Nereides.— (3)  One 
of  the  Charites  or  Graces. 

THALLO.    [IlnBAK.] 

THAMYRIS  (-is),  or  TIlAMYRAS  (-ae), 
an  ancient  Thracian  bard,  was  a  son  of  Phil- 
nmmon  and  the  nymph  Argiope.  In  his  pre- 
sumption he  challenged  the  Muses  to  a  trial 
of  skill,  and  l>eing  overcome  in  the  contest, 
was  deprived  by  them  of  his  sight  and  of  the 
power  of  singing.  He  was  represented  witli 
a  broken  lyre  in  his  hand. 

THANiTOS,     [Mors.] 

THAPSlCUS(-i:  o. 'I'.  Thipaachi  an  Ala- 
meal)  word,  signified  a  ford:  at  the  ford  of 
Hl-Hamman,  near  Rakkah,  Ru.),  a  city  of 
Syria,  in  the  province  of  Chalybonitis,  on  the 


left  hank  of  the  Euphrates,  2000  stadia  S.  of 
Zeugma,  and  15  parasangs  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Chaboras  (the  Araxes  of  Xeno- 
phon). 

THAPSDS  (-i).  (1)  A  city  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Sicily,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  same  name 
(Isola  aegli  Magnisi). — (2)  {Demos,  Ru.),  a  city 
on  the  E.  coast  of  Byzacena,  in  Africa  Propria. 

TIJASOS  or  THASUS  (-i :  Thaso  or  Tasso), 
an  island  in  the  N.  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  off  the 
coast  of  Thrace,  and  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Nestns.  It  was  at  a  very  early  period 
taken  possession  of  by  the  Phoenicians,  on 
account  of  its  valuable  gold  mines.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition  the  Phoenicians  were  led  by 
Thasus,  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  or  Ageuor, 
who  came  from  the  East  in  search  of  Europa, 
and  from  whom  the  island  derived  its  name. 
riiasos  was  afterwards  colonized  by  the  Pa- 
rians, u.c.  70S,  and  among  the  colonists  was 
the  poet  Archilochus.  The  Thracians  once 
possessed  a  considerable  territory  on  the  coast 
of  Thrace,  and  were  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  powerful  peoples  in  the  N.  of  the  Ae- 
gaean. They  were  subdued  by  the  Persians 
under  Mardonius,  and  subsequently  became 
part  of  the  Athenian  maritime  empire.  They 
revolted,  however,  from  Athens  in  b.c.  465, 
and,  after  sustaining  a  siege  of  3  years,  were 
subdued  by  Cimon  in  463".  They  aeain  re- 
volted from  Athens  in  411,  and  calleu  in  the 
Spartans;  but  the  island  was  again  restored 
to  the  Athenians  by  Thrasybulus  in  407. 

THAUMAS  (-amis),  son  of  Pontus  and  Go, 
and,  by  the  Oceanid  Electra,  the  father  of  Iris 
and  the  Harpies.  Hence  Iris  is  called  Thau- 
mantiax,  Thuumantis,  and  Thaumantea  virgo. 

THEANO  (-as).  (1)  Daughter  of  Cisseus, 
wife  of  Antenor,  and  priestess  of  Athena 
(Minerva)  at  Ilion. — (2)  A  celebrated  female 
philosopher  of  the  Pythagorean  school,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  wife  of  Pythagoras, 
and  the  mother  by  him  of  Telauges,  Mnesar- 
chus,  Myia,  and  Arignote;  but  the  accounts 
respecting  her  were  various. 

THEBAE  (-arum),  in  the  poets  sometimes 
THERE  (-es),  aft.  IMOSP5LIS  MAGNA,  i.  e. 
Great  City  of  Jove,  in  Scripture  NO,  or  NO 
AMMON,'  was  the  capital  of  Thehais,  or 
Upper  Egypt,  and  for  a  long  time  of  the 
whole  country.  It  was  reputed  the  oldest 
city  of  the  world.  It  stood  in  about  the  cen- 
tre of  the  Theba'id,  on  both  banks  of  the  Nile, 
above  Coptos,  and  in  the  Nomos  Coptites. 
It  appears  to  have  been  at  the  height  of  its 
splendor,  as  the  capital  of  Egypt,  and  as  a 
chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Amnion,  about 
n.o.  1600.  The  fame  of  its  grandeur  had 
reached  the  Greeks  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Homer,  who  describes  it,  with  poetical  ex- 
aggeration, as  having  a  hundred  gates,  from 
each  "f  which  it  could  send  out  200  war  char- 
iots,  fully  armed.  Its  real  extent  was  calcu- 
lated by"  the  Greek  writers  at  140  stadia  (14 
geog.  miles)  in  circuit.  That  these  computa- 
tions are  not  exaggerated  is  proved  by  the 
existing  ruins,  which  extend  from  side  to  side 
of  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  here  about  6  miles 
wide;  while  the  rocks  which  bouud  the  val- 
ley are  perforated  with  tombs.  These  ruins, 
which  are  perhaps  the  most  magnificent  in 


TIIKBAE. 


:■?;»; 


THEMISTIUS. 


the  world,  inclose  within  their  bite  the  4 mod- 
ern villages  of  Carnac,  Luxor,  Medinet  Abou, 
and  Gouttwu. 

THEBAE  (-firum),  in  Europe.  (1)  (Theba, 
Turkish  Utiva),  the  chief  city  in  Boeotia,  was 
Bituated  in  a  plain  S.E.  of'the  lake  Hylice, 
and  N.E.  of  Plataeae.  Its  acropolis,  which 
was  an  oval  eminence  of  no  great  height, 
was  called  C'admka,  because  it  was  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Cadmus,  the  leader  of 
a  Phoenician  colony.  It  is  said  that  the  for- 
tifications of  the  city  were  constructed  by 
Amphion  and  his  brother  Zethus  ;  and  that, 
when  Amphion  played  his  lyre,  the  stones 
moved  of  their  own  accord,  and  formed  the 
wall.  The  territory  of  Thebes  was  called 
Tiieba.18,  and  extended  E. -wards  as  far  as 
the  Euboean  sea.  No  city  is  more  celebrated 
iu  the  mythical  ages  of  Greece  than  Thebes. 
It  was  here  that  the  use  of  letters  was  first 
introduced  from  Phoenicia  into  W.  Europe. 
It  was  the  reputed  birthplace  of  tin-  2  great 
divinities  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Hercules. 
It  was  also  the  native  city  of  the  seer  Tire- 
Bias,  as  well  as  of  the  great  musician  Am- 
phion. It  was  the  scene  of  the  tragic  fate  of 
Oedipus,  and  of  the  war  of  the  "Seven  against 
Thebes."    A  few  years  afterwards  "  The  Epig- 


From  an  Intntrlio  representing  five  of  t!"'  beroftfl  wlio 

i        . 

oni,"  or  descendants  <>r  the  seven  h 
marched  a    tin     'i  aebee  '•>  re>  engc  I  heir  fa- 
II,-:  tn;  they  took  Mm-  city,  and  rnzed  it 

to  the  ground.  It  appears  at  the  eai  I  i 
torical  period  as  a  large  and  flourishing  city : 
and  it  is  represent)  d  as  pa 
the  number  assigned  t"  it  in  the  ancient  le- 
gends. The  Thebans  were  from  an  early  pe- 
i  iod  iir. eterate  enemiei  of  their  neighbors, 
the  Athenians,  in  the  Peloponnesian  war 
they  espoused  the  Spartan  side,  and  contrlb- 
ot  a  little  i"  the  downfall  of  Athens. 
But,  in  common  with  the  other  Greek 

they  -'"Hi  In-  '  'I  with  llir  Spartan 

sup  emacy,  and  joined  tin'  confederacy  form- 
ed against  Sparta  in  u. 0.394.    The  p 
Autalcidas,  Is  tn  end  to  ho 

in  Greece;  but,  the  treacherous  seizure  of 
the  Cadmen  by  the  Lacedaemonian  general, 
Phoebidas,  in  382,  and   Ii  by  the 

Theban  exile-   in  379,  led  to  a  war  I  i 


Thebes  and  Sparta,  in  which  the  former  not 
only  recovered  its  independence,  but  forever 
destroyed  the  Lacedaemonian  BUpremacy. 
This  was  the  most  glorious  period  in  t lie 
Theban  annals;  and  "the  decisive  defeat  of 
the  Spartans  at  the  battle  id"  Leuctra,  in  371, 
made  Thebes  the  first  power  in  Greece.  Her 
greatness,  however,  was  mainly  due  to  the 
pre-eminent  abilities  of  her  citizens  Epami- 
nondas  and  Pelopidas;  and  with  the  death 
of  the  former  at  the  battle  of  Mantinea,  in 
:;6'j,  she  lost  the  supremacy  which  she  had  so 
recently  gained.  The  Thebans  were  induced, 
by  the  eloquence  of  Demosthenes,  to  forget 
their  old  animosities  against  the  Athenians, 
and  to  join  the  latter  in  protecting  tin'  lib 
erties  of  Greece  against  Philip  of  Macedon  ; 
but  their  united  forces  were  defeated  by  Phil- 
ip at  the  battle  of  Chaeronea  in  338.  soon 
after  the  death  of  Philip  and  the  accession 
id'  Alexander,  the  Thebans  made  a  last  at- 
tempt to  recover  their  liberty,  but  were  i  ru- 
elly  punished  by  the  young  king.  The  city 
was  taken  by  Alexander  in  336,  and  was  en- 
tirely destroyed,  with  the  exception  of  the 
temples  and' the  house  of  the  poet  Pindar; 

OOI lhabitants  were  slain,  and  30,000  Bold 

as  slaves.  In  316  the  city  was  rebuilt  by  <'as- 
sander,  with  tin'  assistance  of  the  Athe- 
nians. In  290  it  was  taken  by  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  and  again  suffered  greatly. 
After  the  Macedonian  period  Thebes  rap- 
idly declined  in  importance :  and  it  re- 
ceived its  last  blow  from  Sulla,  who  gave 
half  of  it^  territory  to  the  Dclphians.    (2) 

Sarnanied  PuTUlOTIOAB,  an  important  city 

of  Thessaly,  in  the  district  Phthi  il 

TIIKKAIS.      [AEGVPTl     .] 

TIIKI1K   (-OS),  a   city   of  Mysia,  on    the 

wooded  slope  of  .Mount  Placus,  destroyed 
by  Achilles.  It  was  said  to  have  been  the 
birl  bplace  of  Andromache  and  Chr; 

THEMIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  DrflnUB  and 

Qe,  was  married  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  by  whom 

she  became  the  mother  of  the  Home,  Eu- 

nomia,  I  lice  i  Istraeti  .  1 1  ene,  and  i  a   i  be 

si"  i  ae.    I  n  the  i  tomei  Ic  poems,  Themis  is 

the  personification  of  the  order  of  thines. 

.      i  dialled  by   law.  custom,  and   .  quity, 

whence  sh<  in  the 

i  men,  and  a-  convening,  by  the 

i  ommand  of  /.'  us,  I  lie  assembly  of  I  hi 

she  dwi  •  mil   i.-  on   ii  lendly 

terms  with  Hei  a  (Juno  .  she  i-  also  de 

■  iphel "   divinity,  and  It  said  t"  have 

been    ill    po^s,.-.  loi]    ,,f   t|,,.    I  lelphll     01    ICle    MS 

the  sun  essor  of  < le,  and  pi edei  •  ■ 

lO.      Nymphs,  believed  to  lie  daU'.dllel      ol  Zenfl 

and  Theml    lived  in  a  cavi  on  thi 

anus,  and   the   Hesperides   also  are  called 

'   ZeD     and  Themis.     On  ,  ,..■. 

often  beat     a   1 1   emblnui  e  t"  I 

Athena      M  [net  \  a  ,  and   holds    a    COl  U 

and  a  pa 

THfiMISl    ^  I.'  \,   a    plain    .,n    Hie    C08    I    of 

I',.  of   I  he    river    I 
yoiid    the   Thei  iii"'. 

ancient  tlmi    r    I  lie  country  of  the  \n 
Tllf:.MisTics  (i),  a  distinguished  | 
opher  and  i  lei..!  |i  lan,  v.  i    n  Papblagouian, 


THEMISTOCLES. 


396 


TIIEODORICUS. 


and  flourished,  first  at  Constantinople,  and 
afterwards  at  Rome,  in  the  reigns  of  Con- 
stant! as,  Julian,  Jovian,  Valens,  Gratian,  and 
Theodosius. 

THEMISTOCLES  (-is),  the  celebrated  Athe- 
nian, was  the  son  of  Neucles  and  Abrdtonon, 
a  Thracian  woman,  and  was  born  about  it.o. 
&14.  In  his  youth  he  had  an  impetuous  char- 
acter; he  displayed  great  intellectual  power, 
combined  with  a  lofty  ambition  and  a  desire 
for  political  distinction.  He  began  his  career 
by  setting  himself  in  opposition  to  those  who 
had  most  power,  and  especially  to  Aristides, 
to  whose  ostracism  (iu  4S3)  he  contributed. 
From  this  time  he  was  the  political  leader  in 
Athcus.  Iu  4sl  he  was  Arcuou  Eponymus; 
about  which  time  he  persuaded  the  Athe- 
nians to  employ  the  produce  of  the  silver 
mines  of  Lauriurn  iu  building  ships,  instead 
of  distributing  it  amoug  the  Athenian  citi- 
zens. Upon  the  invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerx- 
es, Themislocles  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Athenian  fleet;  and  to  his  energy, 
prudence,  foresight,  and  courage  the  Greeks 
mainly  owed  their  salvation  from  the  Persian 
dominion.  Upon  the  approach  of  Xerxes, 
the  Athenians,  on  the  advice  of  Themistocles, 
deserted  their  city,  and  removed  their  wom- 
en, children,  and  infirm  persons  to  Salamis, 
Aegina,  and  Troezen.  A  panic  having  seized 
the  Spartans  and  other  Greeks,  Themistocles 
sent  a  faithful  slave  to  the  Persian  command- 
ers, informing  them  that  the  Greeks  intend- 
ed to  make  their  escape,  and  that  the  Per- 
sians had  now  the  opportunity  of  accomplish- 
ing a  noble  enterprise,  if  they  would  only 
cut  off  their  retreat.  The  Persians  believed 
what  they  were  told,  and  iu  the  night  their 
fleet  occupied  the  whole  of  the  channel  be- 
tween Salamis  and  the  mainland.  The  Greeks 
were  thus  compelled  to  fight;  and  the  result 
was  t lie  great  and  glorious  victory  iu  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  was  de- 
stroyed. This  victory,  which  was  due  to  The- 
mistocles, established  his  reputation  among 
the  Greeks.  Yet  his  influence  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  survived  the  expulsion  of  the 
Persians  from  Greece  and  the  fortification  of 
the  ports  of  Athens,  to  which  he  had  advised 
the  Athenians.  He  was  probably  accused  of 
peculation,  and  perhaps  justly,  for  he  was  not 
very  scrupulous  ;  at  all  events  he  was  ostra- 
cized in  471,  and  retired  to  Argos.  After  the 
discovery  of  the  treasonable  correspondence 
of  Pausanias  witb  the  Persian  king,  the  La- 
cedaemonians sent  to  Athens  to  accuse  The- 
mistocles of  being  privy  to  the  design  of  Pau- 
sanias ;  whereupon  the  Athenians  sent  off 
persons  with  the  Lacedaemonians  with  in- 
structions to  arrest  him  (400).  Themistocles, 
hearing  of  what  was  designed  against  him, 
first  fled  from  Argos  to  Corcyra  ;  then  to  Epi- 
rus,  where  he  took  refuge  in  the  house  of 
Admetus,  king  of  the  Molossi,  and  finally 
reached  the  coast  of  Asia  in  safety.  Xerxes 
was  now  dead  (465),  and  Artaxerxes  was  on 
the  throne.  Themistocles  went  up  to  visit 
the  king  at  his  royal  residence;  and  on  iiis 
arrival  he  sent  theking  a  letter,  in  which  he 
promised  to  do  him  a  good  service,  and  pray- 
ed that  he  might  be  allowed  to  wait  a  year, 
and  then  to  explain  personally  what  brought 


him  there.  In  a  year  he  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  the  Persian  language  and  the  Persian 
usages,  and,  being  presented  to  the  king,  ob- 
tained the  greatest  influence  over  him,  and 
was  presented  with  a  handsome  allowance, 
after  the  Persian  fashiou.  Magnesia  supplied 
him  with  bread,  Lampsacus  with  wine,  and 
Myus  with  the  other  provisions.  But  before 
he  could  accomplish  any  thing  he  died,  prob- 
ably by  poison,  administered  by  himself,  from 
despair  of  accomplishing  any  thing  against 
his  country.  Themistocles  had  great  talents, 
but  little  "morality;  aud  thus  ended  his  ca- 
reer unhappilv  and  iugloriously.  He  died  iu 
449,  at  the  age  of  05. 

THEOCLYMENUS  (-i),  a  soothsayer,  son 
of  Polyphides  of  Hyperasia,  aud  a  descend- 
ant of  Melampns. 

THEOCRITUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Chios,  an  ora- 
tor, sophist,  and  perhaps  an  historian,  in  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  None  of  his 
works  are  extant  with  the  exception  of  2  or 
3  epigrams,  among  which  is  a  very  bitter  one 
upon  Aristotle.  —  (2)  The  celebrated  bucolic 
poet,  was  a  native  of  Syracuse,  and  the  son  of 
Praxagoras  and  Philinna.  He  visited  Alex- 
andria during  the  latter  end  of  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Soter,  where  he  received  the  instruc- 
tion of  Philetns  and  Asclepiades,  and  began 
to  distinguish  himself  as  a  poet.  His  first 
efforts  obtaiued  for  him  the  patronage  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who  was  associated 
in  the  kingdom  with  his  father,  Ptolemy  So- 
ter, iu  n.0. 285,  and  in  who:-e  praise  the  poet 
wrote  the  14ih,  15th,  and  17th  Idyls.  Theocri- 
tus afterwards  returned  to  Syracuse,  and  lived 
there  under  Hiero  II.  It  appears  from  the 
16th  Idyl  that  he  was  dissatisfied,  both  with 
the  want  of  liberality  on  the  part  of  Hiero 
in  rewarding  him  for  his  poems,  and  with 
the  political  state  of  his  native  country.  It 
may  therefore  be  supposed  that  he  devoted 
the*  latter  part  of  his  life  almost  entirely  to 
the  contemplation  of  those  scenes  of  nature 
and  of  country  life  on  his  representations  of 
which  his  fame  chiefly  rests.  Theocritus  was 
the  creator  of  bucolic  poetry  as  a  branch  of 
Greek,  aud  through  imitators,  such  as  Virgil, 
of  Roman  literature.  The  bucolic  idyls  of 
Theocritus  are  of  a  dramatic  and  mimetic 
character,  and  are  pictures  of  the  ordinary 
life  of  the  common  people  of  Sicily. 

TIIEODECTES  (-ae),  of  Phaselis,  in  Pam- 
phylia,  was  a  highly  distinguished  rhetori- 
cian and  tragic  poet  in  the  time  of  Philip  of 
Macedon.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  at  Athens,  where  he  died  at  the  age 
of  41. 

TIIEODORICFS  or  THEODEKICUS.  (I.) 
King  of  the  Visigoths  from  a.i>.  41s  to  451, 
fell  fighting  on  the  side  of  Aelins  and  the 
Romans  at  the  great  battle  of  Chalons,  iu 
which  Attila  was  defeated,  451.— (II.)  King 
of  the  Visigoths  a.i>.  452-466,  2d  son  of  Theo- 
doric  L,  was  assassinated  in  4(50  by  his  broth- 
er Bnric,  who  succeeded  him  on  the  throne. 
Theodoric  II.  was  a  patron  of  letters  and 
learned  men.  —  vIII.")  Surnamed  the  Gukat, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  succeeded  his  father 
Theodemir  in  475.  Theodoric  entered  Italy 
in  4S'J,  and  after  defeating  Odoacer  in  3  great 


THEODORUS. 


397 


Til  EON. 


/ 


battles,  and  laying  siege  to  Ravenna,  com- 
pelled Odoacer  to  capitulate  on  condition 
that  he  and  Theodoiic  should  rule  jointly 
over  Italy  :  bnt  Odoacer  was  soon  afterwards 
murdered  by  his  more  fortunate  rival  (493). 
Theodoiic  thus  became  master  of  Italy,  which 
he  ruled  for  33  years,  till  his  death  in  526.  His 
long  reign  was  prosperous  and  beneficent. 
Theodoiic  was  a  patron  of  literature;  and 
among  his  ministers  were  Cassiodorus  and 
Boethras,  the  two  last  writers  who  can  claim 
a  place  in  the  literature  of  ancient  Rome. 

THEODORUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Byzantium,  a 
rhetorician,  and  a  contemporary  of  Plato. — 
(2)  A  philosopher  of  the  C'yreuaic  school, usu- 
ally designated  by  ancient  writers  "the  Athe- 
ist." He  resided  for  some  time  at  Athens; 
and  being  banished  thence,  went  to  Alexan- 
dria, where  he  entered  the  service  of  Ptolemy, 
son  of  Lagus. — (3)  An  eminent  rhetorician  of 
the  age  of  Augnstus,  was  a  native  of  Gadara. 
He  settled  at  Rhodes,  where  Tiberius,  after- 
wards emperor,  during  his  retirement  (b.c.  0- 
A.D.  2)  to  that  island,  was  one  of  his  hearers. 
He  also  taught  at  Rome.  Theodorns  was 
the  founder  of  a  school  of  rhetoricians  called 
"  Theodorei." 

THEODfisfuS  (-i).  (I.)  Snrnamed  the 
Great,  Roman  emperor  of  the  East,  a.t>.  3TS- 
395,  was  the  son  of  the  general  Theodosius, 
anil  was  born  in  Spain  about  346.  1I<'  ac- 
quired a  considerable  military  reputation 
iu  the  lifetime  of  his  fattier,  under  whom 
he  served;  and  after  the  death  of  Valens, 
was  proclaimed  emperor  of  the  East  by  Gra- 
tian.  The  Roman  empire  in  the  East  was 
then  in  a  critical  position,  owing  to  the  in- 
roads of  the  Goths;  but,  Theodosiua  gained 
two  signal  victories  over  the  barbarians,  and 
concluded  a  peace  with  them  in  382.  In  :is7 
he  defeated  and  put  to  death  Maximus,  whom 
he  had  previously  acknowledged  emperor  of 
Spain,  Gaul,  and  Britain.    In  390  Theodosiua 

gave  a  signal  in-lance  of  his  BOVage  temper. 
A  serious  riot  having  broken  out  at  Thessa- 
lonica,  in  which  the  imperial  officer  ami  sev- 
eral uf  his  troops  were  murdered, Theodosiua 
resolved  to  take  tin-  must  signal  vengeance 
upon  the  whole  <it y.  The  inhabitants  were 
invited  tn  the  '.rallies  of  the  Cirrus;  and  :iJ 
BOOn    as  Hie  place  was  full,  the   soldiers  were 

employed  for  '■'■  hours  in  slaughtering  them. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  that  si.  Ambrose, 
archbishop  uf  Milan,  after  representing  his 
crime  to  Theodosius,  refused  him  admission 
to  the  i ■biirch,  and  Anally  compelled  him  to 
entreat  pardon  before  all  the  congregation, 
Thendosins  died  al  Milan  17th  Jauuai 
— (II.)  Human  emperor  of  the  East,  a.i>.  ins 
450,  was  born  In  401,  and  was  only  7  years  of 
age  at  the  death  of  his  fa  Hut  Axcadlus,  whom 
he  iii  ceeded.  Theodosiua  « ■;>-  n  weak  prince: 
and  his  Bister  Palcheria  posses  ed  the  virtnal 
government  of  the  empire  during  his  long 
reign.  The  cumpihil  imi  called  1 1,. 
donaniu  was  begun  In  his  reign. 

THfiOGNIS  (-Idis),  of  Megarn,  an  ancient 
elegiac  and  gnomic  poet, is  said  to  have  flour- 
ished n.i\  Ms  in-  mi.  lie  was  a  noble  by 
birth;  and  all  his  sympathies  were  with  the 
nobles,     lie  was  banished  with  the  leaders 


uf  the  oligarchical  party,  having  prevloui  Iv 

i n  deprived  of  all  his  propei  ty :  and  must  of 

his  poems  were  composed  »  hlle  be  was  an  ex- 
ile. The  genuine  fi  agmenl  5  of  Thi ais  con- 
tain much  :  hnl  I    highly  poel  leal  In  thought, 

ami  eleganl  as  well  as  forcible  in  ex] 

tiikox  (-onis).    (I   The  nai f  3 

mill  icians    uameh  .'I  heoii  1 1 Ider,  ol 

Da,  an  arithmetician,  who  lived  In  the  tlm« 

of  Hadrian  ;  and  Them i  the  younger, ol  Alex- 

andrla,  I  he  fai  hei  of  Hi  pai  i  \,  bei  i  known  nc 

an    .'isiri mer  and    geometer,  Who   lived    in 

the  time  ofTheodoi  iii  the  elder,  (2)  Ai  mi  t 
Tin  "-..  of  Alexandria,  a  s  .pin  i  and  rhetori- 
cian of  uncertain  date,  wrote  several  works, 
of  which  one, entitled  Pro  r  mnaamata,  is  utili 


THEONOE. 


398 


THERMODON. 


extant.— (3)  Of  Samos,  a  painter  who  flour- 
ished from  the  time  of  Philip  onwards  to  that 
of  the  successors  of  Alexander. 

THEONOE  (-es),  daughter  of  Proteus  and 
Psammathe,  also  called  Idothea.     [Idotiiea.] 

THBOPHANJBS  (-is),  On.  POMPEIUS,  of 
Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  a  learned  Greek,  was  one 
of  the  most  intimate  friends  of  Pompey,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  his  campaigns. 

THEOPHRASTUS  (-i),  the  Greek  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Bresns  in  Lesbos,  and 
studied  philosophy  at  Athens,  first  under 
Plato  and  afterwards  under  Aristotle.  He 
became  the  favorite  pupil  of  Aristotle,  who 
named  Theophrastus  his  successor  in  the 
presideucy  of  the  Lyceum,  and  in  his  will  be- 
queathed to  him  his  library  and  the  origi- 
nals <>f  his  own  writings.  Theophrastus  was  a 
worthy  successor  of  his  great  master,  and  no- 
bly sustained  the  character  of  the  school.  He 
is  said  to  have  had  2000  disciples,  and  among 
them  such  men  as  the  comic  poet  Menander. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  kings  Philip- 
pus,  Cassander,  and  Ptolemy,  and  was  not 
the  less  the  object  of  the  regard  of  the  Athe- 
nian people,  as  was  decisively  shown  when 
he  was  impeached  of  impiety  ;  for  he  was  not 
only  acquitted,  but  his  accuser  would  have 
fallen  a  victim  to  his  calumny,  had  not  Theo- 
phrastus generously  interfered  to  save  him. 
He  died  in  b.o.  287,  having  presided  over  the 
Academy  about  05  years.  His  age  is  various- 
ly stated.  According  to  some  accounts  he 
lived  85  years,  according  to  others  107  years. 
He  is  said  to  have  closed  his  life  with  the 
complaint  respecting  the  short  duration  of 
human  existence,  that  it  ended  just  when  the 
insight  into  its  problems  was  beginning.  He 
wrote  a  great  number  of  works,  the  great  ob- 
ject of  which  was  the  development  of  the  Ar- 
istotelian philosophy;  his  Charactered  and  his 
work  On  Plants  are  extant. 

THEOPOMPUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Sparta, 
reigned  about  b.c.  770-720.  He  is  said  to  have 
established  the  ephoralty,  and  to  have  been 
mainly  instrumental  in  bringing  the  1st  Mes- 
seniaii  war  to  a  successful  issue.— (2)  Of  Chios, 
A  celebrated  Greek  historian,  was  the  son  of 
Damasistratus  and  the  brother  of  Caucalus 
the  rhetorician.  He  was  born  about  u.c.  378, 
and  attended  the  school  of  rhetoric  which 
Isocrates  opened  at  Chios.  He  accompanied 
his  father  into  banishment,  when  the  latter 
was  exiled  on  account  of  his  espousing  the 
interests  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  but  he  was 
restored  to  his  native  country  in  the  45th  year 
of  his  age  (333),  in  consequence  of  the  letters 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  in  which  he  exhorted 
the  Chians  to  recall  their  exiles.  On  his  re- 
turn, Theopompus,  who  was  a  man  of  great 
wealth  as  well  as  learning,  naturally  took  an 
important  position  in  the  state;  bin  his  ve- 
hement temper,  and  his  support  of  the  aris- 
tocratical  party,  soon  raised  against  him  a 
host  of  enemies.  Of  these  one  of  the  most 
formidable  was  the  sophist  Theocritus.  As 
lorn:  as  Alexander  lived,  his  enemies  dared 
not  take  any  open  proceedings  against  The- 
opompus; and  even  after  the  death  of  the 
Macedonian  monarch,  he  appears  to  nave  -  - 
joyed  for  some  years  the  protection  of  the 


royal  house;  but  he  was  eventually  expelled 
from  Chios  as  a  disturber  of  the  public  peace, 
and  fled  to  Egypt,  to  Ptolemy,  about  305, being 
at  the  time  75  years  of  age.  We  are  informed 
that  Ptolemy  not  only  refused  to  receive  The- 
opompus, but  would  even  have  put  him  to 
death  as  a  dangerous  busybody  had  not  some 
of  his  friends  interceded  for  his  life.  Of  his 
farther  fate  we  have  no  particulars.  None  of 
the  works  of  Theopompus  have  come  down 
to  us.  Besides  his  Histories,  he  composed 
several  orations.  His  style  resembled  that 
of  his  master  Isocrates,  and  he  is  praised  by 
the  ancients  for  his  diligence  and  accuracy, 
but  censured  for  the  severity  and  acrimony 
of  his  judgments. 

THERA  (-ae :  Santorin),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  and  the  chief  of  the  Sporades, 
distant  from  Crete  700  stadia,  and  25  Roman 
miles  S.  of  the  island  of  Ios. 

THERAMENES  (-is),  an  Athenian,  son  of 
Hagnon,  was  a  leading  member  of  the  oli- 
garchical government  of  the  400  at  Athens,  in 
b.o.  411.  Subsequently,  however,  he  not  only 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  deposition  of 
the  400,  but  came  forward  as  the  accuser  of 
Antiphon  and  Archeptolemus,  who  had  been 
his  intimate  friends,  but  whose  death  he  was 
now  the  mean  and  cowardly  instrument  in 
procuring.  After  the  capture  of  Athens  by 
Lvsander,  Theramenes  was  chosen  one  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants  (-Mi).  But  as  from  policy  he 
endeavored  to  check  the  tyrannical  proceed- 
ings of  his  colleagues,  Critias  accused  him 
before  the  council  as  a  traitor,  and  procured 
his  condemnation  by  violence.  When  he  had 
drunk  the  hemlock,  he  dashed  out  the  last 
drop  from  the  cup,  exclaiming,  "This  to  the 
health  of  the  lovely  Critias  !" 

THERAPNAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Laconia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Eurotas  and  a  little 
above  Sparta,  celebrated  iit  mythology  as  the 
birthplace  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  M'enelaus 
and  Helen  were  said  to  be  buried  here. 

THERAS,  a  Spartan,  who  colonized  and 
gave  name  to  the  island  of  Thera. 

THERASIA  (-ae),  a  small  island  west  of 
Thera. 

THERMA,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  afterwards 
called  Thessalonica  [Tuf.ssalonioa],  situated 
at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  a  great  gulf  of  the 
Aegean  sea,  called  Tuekm  arts  or  Therm  a  efs 
Sinus  from  the  town  at  its  head.  This  gulf 
was  also  called  Macedoniens  Sinus  ;  its  mod- 
ern name  is  Gulf  of  Salonica. 

THERMAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Sicily,  built 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Himera  after  the  de- 
struction of  the  latter  city  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians.    [Himera.] 

THERMAICUS  SlNTS.    [Tiierma.] 

THERMODON  (-ontis :  Thermeh),  a  river 
of  Pontus,  in  the  district  of  Themiscyra,  the 
reputed  country  of  the  Amazons,  rises  in  a 
mountain  called  Amazonius  Mountain  (and 
still  Mason  Dagh),  near  Phanaroea,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  about  30  miles  E.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Iris.  At  its  month  was  the  city  of 
Themiscyra  ;  and  there  is  still,  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Thermeh,  u  place  of  the 
same  name,  Thermeh. 


THERMOPYLAE. 


309 


THESEUS. 


THERMOPYLAE,  often  called  simply  Tt- 
LAE  (-arum),  that  is,  the  Hot  Gates  or  the 
Gates,  a  celebrated  pa**  leading  from  Thes- 
saly  into  Locris.  It  lay  between  Mount  Oeta 
and  an  inaccessible  morass,  forming  the  edge 
of  the  Malic  gulf.  At  one  end  of  the  pass, 
close  to  Anthela,  the  mountain  approached  bo 
close  to  the  morass  as  to  leave  room  for  only 
a  single  carriage  between;  this  narrow  en- 
trance finned  tin-  w.  gate  of  Thermopylae. 
About  a  mile  to  the  i-:.  the  mountain  again 
approached  close  to  the  sen,  near  the  Locrian 
town  of  Alpeni,  thus  funning  the  k.  gate  of 
Thermopylae.  The  space  between  these  i"<> 
gates  was  wider  and  more  open,  anil  was  difi 
tinguished  by  its  abundant  flow  of  hot  springs, 
which  were  sacred  to  Hercules:  hence  the 
name  of  the  place.  The  pass  ofThermopylae 
n  especially  celebrated  on  aci I  ol  the  he- 
roil  defense  of  Leonidas  and  the  800  Spai  tans 
against  the  mighty  host  of  Xerxes. 

THERMUM  (-i)orTHERMA  (-atis),  atown 

of  the  AetOllans  near  Strain   .with  warm  mill 

eral  springs,  and  regarded  for  some  time  as 
tne  capital  of  tin'  country. 

TIlEllON  (-onif  .tyrant  of  \:'ii  01,1,1m,  in 
Sicily,  reigned  from  about    n.o   B8  till  his 

death   in    172,      Me  shared   uith  GelOU   in   the 
great   victory  gained  o\er   the  I'ailha 
in   180. 

THEK8ANDER  (-drt),  son  ofPolynicea  and 
Argia,  and  one  of  the  Epigonl.  went  with  Ag- 
amemnon to  Troy,  and  was  slain  in  n 
peditioti  by  Telephi 

THER8I1  I  '.r  agrins,  tl 

deformed  man  and  Impudent  talker  among 

the  creeks  at  Troy.    According  to  the  latei 
poets  he  was  killed  by  Achilles,  because  he 

had  ridiculed  him  for  Ion., the  death  of 

Penthesilea,  queen  of  the  Amazons. 


opylae. 


TIIESEUS  (-S5S,  ei,  or  el),  the  great  legend- 
ary hero  of  Attica,  was  the  son  of  Aegeus, 
king  of  Athens,  and  of  Aethra,  the  daughter 
of  Pittheus,  king  ofTroezen.  lie  was  brought 
up  at  Troezen;  .and  when  he  leached  matu- 
rity ho  took,  by  his  mother's  directions,  the 
sword  and  sandals,  the  tokens  which  had 
been  left  by  Acjeus,  and  proceeded  to  Ath- 
ens. Eager  to  emulate  Hercules,  he  went  by 
land,  displaying  bis  prowess  by  destroying 
the  robbers  and  monsters  that  infested  the 

country.      By   means  of  the   sword  which   he 

carried,  Theseus  was  recognized  by  Ac  t  a 
acknowledged  as  his  son,  ami  declared  his 
successor,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  sons  of  Pal- 
las.    The  capture  of  the    Marathonian   bull, 
which   had   long   laid   wa.-te   the   surrounding 

country,  was  the  next   exploit  of  These  it  . 

After  this  he  went,  of  his   own   aCCOrd  as  one 

of  the  7  youths  whom  the  Athenians  were 
oblj  ■■■'\  to  sen. i  every  year,  with  7  maidens, 
to  i  ii  te,  in  ot  dei  to  be  dei  om  ed  by  I  he  Kiln 

otaur.     When  thev  arrived  111  Crete,  Ariadne 

the  daughter  of  Minos,  became  enamored  of 
The  em  .  and  provided  him  with  a  sword  with 
which  he  slew  the  Minotaur,  and  o  clew  of 

thread  by  which  he  found  his  win   out  of  the 

labyrinth.    Having  effected  his  object.  The- 
1  i  i  i  .  <  'i  i  \  iic  off Ai  ladne.  There 

were   vai  ion-    account      abi  ml     \riadi,e  ;    but 

according  to  t be  general  accounl   'i 

abandoned  her  in  the  I  inn!  i  if  "mix his 

way  home.  |  A  in  u.ni.i  lie  wa.-  generally 
believed  to  have  had  by  her  two  sous, Oeno> 
pion  ami  Staphylus.  As  the  ve  Bel  In  " t> n  h 
The  ■  ii  sailed  approached  Attii  a,  he  i 
ed  to  hoist  the  white  nil,  which  wnt  to  nave 
been  the  Bignal  of  the  i  nccess  of  the  expedi- 
tion ;  v  hi  ■  hal  his 
d  perished,  threw  blra  ell  Into  the  sen. 
I  \ boi  1 1 .  i  'I  he-i id  i hn  b  if  \tti- 
.■n     Oneof  thi  mo  tcelcbi   led  of  I  he  advi  av 


THESEUS. 


400 


THESPKOTI. 


ures  < >f  Thesei  3  was  his  expedition  against 
the  Amazons.  He  is  said  to  have  assailed 
them  before  they  had  recovered  from  the  at- 
tack of  Hercules,  and  to  have  carried  off  their 
queen,  Antiope.  The  Amazons  in  their  tnrn 
invaded  Attica,  and  penetrated  into  Athens 
itself;  and  the  final  battle,  in  which  Theseas 
overcame  them,  was  fought  in  the  very  midst 
of  the  city.  By  Antiope,  Theseus  was  said  to 
have  had  a  sou  named  Hippolytus  or  Demo- 
phoon,  and  after  her  death  to  have  married 
Phaedra.  [Hippolytus,  Phaedra.]  Theseus 
figures  in  almost  all  the  great  heroic  expedi- 
tions. He  was  one  of  the  Argonauts ;  he 
joined  in  the  Calydonian  hunt,  and  aided 
Adrastns  in  recovering  the  bodies  of  those 
slain  before  Thebes.  He  contracted  a  close 
friendship  with  Pirithous,  and  aided  him  and 
the  Lapithae  agaiust  the  Centaurs.  With  the 
assistance  of  Pirithous,  he  carried  off  Helen 
from  Sparta  while  she  was  quite  a  girl,  and 
placed  her  at  Aphidnae,  under  the  care  of 
Aethra.  In  return,  he  assisted  Pirithous  in 
his  attempt  to  carry  off  Persephone  from  the 
lower  world.  Pirithous  perished  in  the  en- 
terprise, and  Theseus  was  kept  in  hard  dur- 
ance until  he  was  delivered  by  Hercules. 
Meantime  Castor  and  Pollux  invaded  Attica, 
and  carried  off  Helen  and  Aethra,  Academus 
having  informed  the  brothers  where  they 
were  to  be  found.  [Academus.]  Menestheus 
also  endeavored  to  incite  the  people  against 
Theseus,  who  on  his  return  found  himself  un- 
able to  re-establish  his  authority,  aud  retired 
to  Scyros,  where  he  was  treacherously  slain 
by  Lycomedes.  The  departed  hero  was  be- 
lieved to  have  appeared  to  aid  the  Athenians 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  Theseus  is  a  purely  legendary  hero, 
though  the  Athenians  in  later  times  regarded 
him  as  an  historical  personage,  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  several  of  their  political  institutions. 


THESPIAE  (-arum)  or  THESPIA  (-ae  :  /■>. 
emo  or  Rimokastro),  an  ancient  town  in  Boeo. 
tia  on  the  S.E.  slope  of  Mount  Helicon,  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  Crissaean  gulf.  It 
was  burned  to  the  ground  by  the  Persians, 
but  subsequently  rebuilt.  At  Thespiae  w-.is 
preserved  the  celebrated  marble  statue  of 
Eros  by  Praxiteles,  who  had  given  it  to  Phry- 
ne,  by  whom  it  was  presented  to  her  native 
town.  [Praxiteles.]  From  the  vicinity  of 
Thespiae  to  Mount  Helicon  the  Muses  are 
called  ThespMdes,  and  Helicon  itself  is  named 
the  Theapia  rupee. 

THESPIS  (-is),  the  celebrated  father  of 
Greek  tragedy,  was  a  contemporary  of  Pisis- 
tratus,  and  a  native  of  Icarus,  one  of  the  demi 
in  Attica,  where  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  had  long  prevailed.  The  altera- 
tion made  by  Thespis,  and  which  gave  to  the 
old  tragedy  a  new  and  dramatic  character, 
was  very  simple  but  very  important.  He  in- 
troduced an  actor,  for  the  sake  of  giving  rest 
to  the  chorus,  in  which  capacity  he  probably 
appeared  himself,  taking  various  parts  in  the 
same  piece,  under  various  disguises,  which 
he  was  enabled  to  assume  by  means  of  linen 
masks,  the  invention  of  which  is  ascribed  to 
him.  The  first  representation  of  Thespis  was 
in  b.c.  535.  For  further  details,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  art.  Tragoedia. 

THESPIUS  (-i),  sou  of  Erechtheus,  who, 
according  to  some,  founded  the  town  of  Thes- 
piae in  Boeotia.  His  descendants  are  called 
Thespiadae. 

THESPROTI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Epirus, 
inhabiting  the  district  called  after  them  Tiies- 
protia  or  Tiiesprotis,  which  extended  along 
the  coast  from  the  Ambracian  gulf  N. -wards 
as  far  as  the  river  Thyamis,  and  inland  as  far 
as  the  territory  of  the  Molossi.  The  Thes- 
proti  were  the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of 


Statue  of  Theeeua,  from  the  Pediment  of  the  Parthoaon. 


T  HESS  ALIA. 


-101 


THESTOR. 


Epirus,  and  are  said  to  have  derived  their 
name  from  Thesprotus,  the  son  of  Lycaon. 
They  were  Pelasgians,  and  iu  tlieir  conutry 
was  the  oracle  ofDodoua,  the  great  centre  of 
the  Pelasgic  worship.  From  Tbesprotia  is- 
sued the  Thessalians,  who  took  possession  of 
the  country  afterwards  called  Thessaly. 

THESSALIA  (-ae),  the  largest  division  of 
i  Ireece,  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Cam- 
btinijra  mountains,  which  separated  it  from 
Macedonia;  on  the  W.  by  Mount  Piudus, 
which  separated  it  from  Epirus  ;  on  the  E.  by 
the  Aegaean  sea  ;  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Maliac 
gulf  and  Mount  Oeta.  which  separated  it  from 
Locris,  Pliocis,  and  Aetolia.  Thessaly  prop- 
er is  a  vast  plain,  shut  in  on  every  side  by 
mountain  barriers,  broken  only  at  the  N.E. 
corner  by  the  valley  and  defile  of  Tempe, 
which  separates  Ossa  from  Olympus.  This 
plain  is  drained  by  the  river  Pencils  and  its 
affluents,  and  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
a  vast  lake,  the  waters  of  which  were  after- 
wards carried  off  through  the  vale  of  Tempe 
by  some  sudden  convulsion,  which  rent  the 
rocks  of  this  valley  asunder.  In  addition  to 
the  plain  already  described,  there  were  two 
other  districts  included  under  the  general 
name  of  Thessaly:  one,  called  Magnesia,  be- 
ing a  long,  narrow  strip  of  country,  extend- 
in,'  along  the  coast  of  the  Aegaean  sea  from 
Tempe  to  the  Pagasaean  gulf,  and  bounded 

on  the  W.  by  .Mounts  Ossa  and  Olympus  ;  and 
the  other  being  a  long,  narrow  vale  at  the 

extreme  S.  of  the  Country,  lying  between 
Mounts  Othryfl  and  Oeta,  anil  drained  by  the 
river  Spcrcheiis.  Thessaly  proper  was  divid- 
ed in  very  early  times  into  t  districts  or  tet- 
rurrhies — a  division  which  we  still  tind  sub- 
sisting in  the  I'elopoiiue.-iaii  war.  These  di  — 
ti  icte  were :  (1)  Hkbtiaeoi  is,  the  .\'.\V.  part 
of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Macedo- 
nia, on  the'  \v.  by  Epirus,  on  the  !•:.  by  Pelas- 

giotls,  and  on  the  S.  by  The-saliol  is  :   Hie  IV- 

neue  may  be  -aid  in  general  to  nave  to d 

its  S.  limit.      (2)    I'la.Asoio  i  is,  the   E.   pari    "l 

the  'I  hessalian  plain,  was  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Maced a,  on  the  w.  by  Hestiaeotie,  on 

the  E.  by  Magnesia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Minis 

Pagasaeus  and  Phthiotis.— (31  Thbssai.iotis, 

the   8.W.    part    id'  the   The--ali.au    plain,    was 

bounded  on  tin-  N.  by  Hestiaeotis,  on  the  W. 
by  Epirus,  on  the  i;.  by  Peln  giotie,  ami  on 
the  8,  by  Dolopi  i  aud  Phthiotis.— (4)  PnTuio- 
tis,  the  S.E.  of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  tin-  N. 
hj  'I'll'  i  i  in-  \\  .  In   Dolopla,  on  the 

s.  by  tin-  -iia     Vfulincus,  and  on  the  |-;.  by 

the  Pngasi gull     I [  I    in  thl    dial  rlcl  I  hat 

Homer  pie  e    Phi  Ida  and  Helln    pro]  i 

i  i,e  dominii  i  I  tiesi 

there  were   I  other  districts,  Viz.  :    (6)    VTaONI 

i  •,.      |  M  \i.m  giA.]      '        lloi.oia  ■,.  a    -mall  dis- 
trict bounded  mi  the  E.  by  Phthiotis,  on  the 
N.  by  The  Miliotl  .out  he  \v.  by  Athamania, 
and  on  the  S.  by  I  tetae  t,     The  Dolopi 
an  ancient  people,  for  they  are  en;  onlj  men 

t  i I  by   I  lone'     :     i  1,1    'h  i,v,  Im' 

o  sent  deputies  to  t  he  Amphictyonlc 

i  ..,;..  '  ,. '  i'  i  .  i  -.  i  dl  trict  in  the  nppei 
vallej  of  the  Spercheus,  lying  between  Mounts 

Othrys  and  Oeta.  and   bounded  on  I  hi 
Dolopia,  on   the  S.  by  Phocis,  and  on   the   E. 

by  Malis.— v8j  Mai  is.     [  M  alis.J—  The  I  ' 


lians  were  a Thesprotian  tribe,  and  under  the 
guidance  of  leaders  who  are  said  to  have  been 
descendants  of  Hercules,  iui  ided  the  W  part 
of  the  countrj  .  at'  erwards  calli 
whence  iliey  subsequently  spread  over  the 
other  parts  of  tin-  country.  For  some  time 
after  the  conquest,  Thessaly  was  governed  by 
kings  of  the  race  of  Hercules  ;  but  the  kingly 

powei  seems  to  have  heen  abolished  in  early 
times,  and  the  government  in  the  separate 
cities  became  oligarchical,  the  power  being 
chiefly  in  the  hands  of  a  few  great  families 
ded  from  the  ancient  kings.    Of  these, 

two  of  the  most  powerful  were  the  Aleuadae 
and  the  Scopadae,  the  former  of  whom  ruled 
at  Larissa,  and  the  latter  at  ('ration  or  Cran- 
non.  At  an  early  period  the  Thess&liailB 
were  united  into  a  confederate  body.  Each 
id"  the  4  districts  into  which  the  country  was 
divided  probably  regulated  its  affairs  by  some 
kind  of  provincial  council;  and  in  ease  of 
war,  a  chief  magistrate  was  elected,  under 
the  name  of  Tagus  (Ta7or),  whose  commands 
were  obeyed  by  all  the  i  districts.  TJiis  con- 
federacy, however,  was  not  of  much  practical 
benefit  to  the  Thessalian  people,  and  appears 

to  have  been  only  used  by  the  Thessalian  no- 
hies  as  a  means  of  cementing  and  maintain- 
ing their  power.  The  Thessalians  never  be- 
came of  much  importance  in  Grecian  his- 
tory. In  u.o. 344  Philip  completely  subjected 
Thessaly  to  Macedonia,  by  placing  at  the 
head  of  the  1  divisions  of  the  country  gov- 
ernors devoted  to  his  interests.  The  vic- 
tory of T.  Plainininus  at  <  'yuoseephalae.  in  I'.IT, 
again  gave  the  Thessalians  a  semblance  of 
independence  under  the  protection  of  t lie 
Roman  . 

THESSALONICA  (-ae:  Saloniki),  more  an- 
ciently TIIKKMA,  an  ancient  city  iu  Mace- 
donia, Bituated  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the 
sinus  Tbermoicus.    ruder  the  name  ofTber- 

m,a  it  was  not  a  place  of  much  ImpOl  lance. 
It   was  taken  and  occupied  h\   t  he    \  |  h. 

a  short  lime  before  'he  commencement  oflhe 

Pelopo islan  war  (u.o.  482),  bni  was  soon 

loieii  by  them  to  Perdiccas.    I 

made   ;in    impi  II  tOUl    eily    by   ( 'a-- a  inler,   who 

collected  in  this  place  the  inhabitants  of  sev- 
eral adjacent  towns  (about  b.0.  BIB),  ami  who 

'    '    i!  i  he  name  of  The-  saloillca  in  h r  of 

his  wife,  ihe  datightei  of  PhiUj I 

Alexander  tho  Great,  i  r  m  £hli  time  it  be 
came  a  large  and  Aourlshln  i  ty,  i  « 
lied  by  He  \po  lie  Paul  about  \.i>.  ■'•:'.  and 
about  two  years  afterwards  he  addressed  from 
i  lorinth  two  eph  ties  to  he  convei  i  In  the 
city.  (8eo  lllm  '  i  atlon  on  p.  10  I 
'i  in. -Tti  Mn.'  hi  of  \.e   ,\i  ,,  i  and  De 

l in  ere      \  mil  odll  '',  anil,  | >|. ii"    o.  uth 

a  '•:   \    '■ and  grand  on  "i  Pleurou, 

the  kiic  "i  fletolln  Hi  wa  the  lather  of 
[phlcltt  .  Eulppui ,  Pie  slpp  ■     i  • 

He  Uth  ico,  and  Hypi  i  mnr  1 1  a.  'I  he  patro- 
nymic Tin  ■■  M  \  oi'.i  i  -  n  en  to  bli  ■  and  on 
Meleager,  ri    well  n    to  I tud  tbi   fe 

male'    pal  ronj  111  ■     Till     i  i  v      I"    ; 

the  moil,, a-  ,,i  Meli 

THE8T0B  mn  and  Lao. 

thol',  and  father  1     1  eocls  menus, 

ipd  and  'i  hi  I    1    pat ymlo 


THETIS. 


402 


THOAKTEA. 


Tiir.STOitiDES  is  frequently  given  to  his  son 
Calcbas. 

THETIS  (-idis),  one  of  Ihe  daughters  ofNe- 
reus  and  Doris,  was  a  marine  divinity,  and 
dwelt— like  her  sisters,  the  Nereids— in  the 
depths  of  the  sea,  with  her  father  Kerens. 
She  there  received  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  on  his 
flight  from  Lycurgns,  and  the  god  in  his  grati- 
tude presented  her  with  a  golden  urn.  When 
Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  was  thrown  down  from 
heaven,  he  was  likewise  received  by  Thetis. 
She  had  been  brought  up  by  Hera  (Juno), 
and  when  she  reached  the  age  of  maturity, 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hera  gave  her,  against  her 
will,  in  marriage  to  Peleus.  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) and  Zens  himself  are  said  by  some  to 
have  sued  for  her  hand;  but  when  Themis 
declared  that  the  son  of  Thetis  would  be 
more  illustrious  than  his  f;ither,  both  gods 
desisted  from  their  suit.  Others  state  that 
Thetis  rejected  the  offers  of  Zeus,  because  she 
bad  been  brought  up  by  Hera,  and  the  god, 
to  revenge  himself,  decreed  that  she  should 
marry  a  mortal.  Chiron  then  informed  his 
frieud  Peleus  how  he  might  gain  possession 
of  her,  even  if  she  should  metamorphose  her- 
ceif :  for  Thetis,  like  Proteus,  had  the  power 
of  assuming  any  form  she  pleased.  Peleus, 
instructed  by  Chiron,  held  the  goddess  fast 
till  she  assumed  her  proper  form,  and  prom- 
ised to  marry  him.  The  wedding  was  hon- 
ored with  the  presence  of  all  the  gods,  except 
Eris  or  Discord,  who  was  not  invited,  and 
who  avenged  herself  by  throwing  anions: 
the  assembled  gods  the  apple  which  was  the 
aource  of  so  much  misery.    [Paris.]    By  Pe- 


leus, Thetis  became  the  mother  of  Achilles, 
on  whom  she  bestowed  the  tenderest  care 
and  love.     [Achilles.] 

THIA  f-ae),  daughter  of  Uranus  and  Ge, 
one  of  the  female  Titans,  became  by  Hyperion 
the  mother  of  Helios  (Sol),  Eos  (Aurora),  and 
Selene  (Luna)— that  is,  she  was  regarded  as 
the  deity  from  whom  all  light  proceeded. 

THIS,  a  great  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  capital 
of  the  Thinites  Nomos,  and  the  seat  of  some 
of  the  ancient  dynasties. 

THISBE  (-Os),  a  beautiful  Babylonian  maid- 
en, beloved  by  Pyramus.  The  lovers,  living 
in  adjoining  houses,  often  secretly  conversed 
with  each  other  through  an  opening  in  the 
wall,  as  their  parents  would  not  sanction 
their  marriage.  Once  they  agreed  upon  a 
rendezvous  at  the  tomb  of  Ninas.  Thisbe 
arrived  first,  and,  while  she  was  waiting  for 
Pyramus,  she  perceived  a  lioness,  which  had 
just  torn  to  pieces  an  ox,  and  took  to  flight. 
While  running  she  lost  her  garment,  which 
the  lioness  soiled  with  blood.  In  the  mean 
time  Pyramus  arrived,  and  finding  her  gar- 
ment covered  with  blood,  he  imagined  that 
she  had  been  murdered,  and  made  away  with 
himself  under  a  mulberry-tree,  the  fruit  of 
which  henceforth  was  as  red  as  blood.  This- 
be,  Wiio  afterwards  found  the  body  of  her 
lover,  likewise  killed  herself. 

THISBE  (-es),  afterwards  THISBAE  (-arum: 
Kakosw),  a  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  borders 
of  Phocis,  and  between  Mount  Helicon  and 
the  Corinthian  gulf. 

THOANTEA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  the  Tan- 


THOAS. 


403 


TIIKASYBULUS. 


rian  Artemis  (Diana),  derived  from  Thoas, 
kiug  of  Tauris. 

THOAS  (-antis).  (1)  Son  of  Andraemon 
and  Gorge,  was  king  of  Calydon  and  Pleuron, 
in  Aetolia,  and  sailed  with  40  ships  against 
Troy.— (2)  Son  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Ari- 
adne, was  king  of  Lemnos,  and  married  to 
Myrina,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Hypsipyle  and  Sicinus.  When  the  Lemniar 
women  killed  all  the  men  iu  the  inland,  Hyp- 
sipyle saved  and  concealed  her  father,  Thoas. 
The  patronymic  Thoantias  is  given  to  Hyp- 
sipyle, as  t lie  daughter  of  Thoas. — (3)  Son  of 
Borysthenes  and  king  of  Tauris,  into  whose 
dominions  Iphigenia  was  carried  by  Artemis 
when  she  was  to  have  been  sacrificed. 

THORICUS  (-i:  Theriko),  one  of  the  12  an- 
cient towns  in  Attica,  and  subsequently  a  de- 
rmis belonging  to  the  tribe  Acamantis,  was 
situated  on  the  S.E.  coast,  a  little  above  Su- 
ninm. 

THRACTA  (-ae)  was  in  earlier  times  the 
name  of  the  vast  space  of  country  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Danube,  on  the  S.  by  the 
Propontis  and  the  Aegaean,  on  the  E.  by  the 
Pontus  Euxinus,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  river 
Strymon  and  the  easternmost  of  the  Illyriau 
tribes.  It  was  divided  into  two  parts  by 
Mount  Haemns  (the  Balkan),  running  from 
W.  to  E.,  and  separating  1 1 1  *  *  plain  of  the  low- 
er Danube  from  the  rivers  which  fall  into  I  lie 
Aegaean.  Two  extensive  mountain  ran  '  - 
branch  off  from  the  S.  side  of  Mi  unit  1 1 
— one  running  S.E.  towards  Constantinople  ; 
and  the  other,  called  Rhodope,  E.  of  the  pre- 
ceding one,  also  running  in  a  S.E.-ly  direc- 
tion near  the  river  Nest  us.  Between  these 
two  ranges  there  are  many  plains,  which  are 
drained  bj  the  Elebrus,  the  largest  river  in 
Thrace.  \t  a  later  time  the  name  Thrace 
wa>  applied  to  a  more  limited  extent  of  coun- 
try. Thraee,  in  its  widest  extent,  was  peo- 
pled in  the  limes  of  Herodotus  and  Thuevd- 
tdea  by  a  vast  number  of  differenl  tribes,  but 
their  custom!  and  cbarai  ter  were  marked  by 
uniformity.  They  were  savage,  cruel, 
and  rapacious,  delighting  in  blood,  mil  brave 
and  warlike.  In  eai  Her  I  hue-,  how  ever,  gome 
of  the  Thraciau  tribes  in  ,  en  dis- 

tinguished by  a  higher  degree  of  civilization 
than  prevailed  among  them  ;it  n  later  period. 
The  earliest  Greek  poets— Orpheus,  I. inns, 

m  a   tens,  and  othei  -    are  all  re| 

<  omiug  from  Thrace.     Eumolpns,  III 
who  founded  the  Eleusinian  mysteries  In  At- 
tica, is  said  to                 ■    a  Thraciau,  aud  to 
have  fongl               I  Brechiheus,  king  of  Ath- 
ens.   \\  e  rtiid  tneiii  Ion  of  the  Thracl i 

other  pat  I    of     ml  hern  <  Ir e,  and  al  o  In 

Asia.  The  principal  Greek  colonies  along 
the  coast,  beglnnin  mon  and  go- 

ing E.-wards,  were   A  Ml'ltl  Col  I    .    \  l:|.|  l:  \,  1)1- 

iw\  or  DioAKi'oi.is,  M  mi,  ,\ii 

hi  Muni  i,  and    \  i  m  .     'i  be  1  bracian  i  ber- 

at  an  early  period,  but  it  did  not  cont  tin   in 
Important  Greek  settlement  lill  the  migration 
of  the  Hi- 1  Miltiade    to  the  c  mntry  dm Ing 
the  reign  of  Plsistratus  al  At  hi 

i  -.  I     On  the  Propontis  the  two  chief 
Greek  settlements  were  those  of  Pbrintuub 


and  Selymukia,  and  on  the  Thracian  Bospo- 
rus was  the  important  town  of  Byzantium. 
There  were  only  a  few  Greek  settlements  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Euxine;  the  most  im- 
portant were  those  of  Apoi.i.onia,  Odkssus, 
Cai.i.atis,  To.mi  (renowned  as  the  place  ot 
Ovid's  banishment),  and  Istria,  near  the  S. 
mouth  of  the  Danube.  The  Thracians  are 
said  to  have  been  conquered  by  Sesostris, 
king  of  Egypt,  aud  subsequently  to  have  been 
subdued  by  the  Tcucrians  and  Mysiaus ;  but 
the  lirst  really  historical  fact  respecting  thein 
is  their  subjugation  by  Megabazus,  the  gen- 
eral of  Darius.  After  the  Persians  had  been 
driven  out  of  Europe  by  the  Greeks,  the  Thra- 
cians recovered  their  independence;  and  al 
the  beginning  of  the  Pelopounesian  war  al- 
most all  the  Thracian  tribes  were  united  un- 
der the  dominion  of  Sitalces,  king  of  the 
Odrysae,  whose  kingdom  extended  from  Ab- 
d«  a  to  the  Euxine  and  the  month  of  the  Dan- 
ube. In  the  third  year  of  the  I'eloponue-i:m 
War  (n.0.  4'2'.0,  Sitalces,  who  had  entered  into 
an  .alliance  with  the  Athenians,  invaded  .Mac- 
edonia with  a  vast  army  of  150,000  men,  bin 
was  compelled  by  the  failure  of  provisions  to 
return  home,  after  remaining  in  Macedonia  30 
days.  Sitalces  fell  in  battle  against  the  Tri- 
balli  in  4'24,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew 
Seuthes,  who  dining  a  long  reign  raised  his 
kingdom  to  a  height  of  power  and  prosperity 

which  it  had  never  previously  attained.  Aft- 
er the  death  of  Seuthe?,  which  appears  to 
have   happened    a    little   before   the   close   of 

the  Pelopounesian  war,  we  find  bis  powerful 
kin;  dom  split  tip  into  different  parts.    Philip, 

the   lather   of   Alexander  the  Great,  reduced 

the  greater  part  of  Thrace,  and  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  the  country  fell  to  the  share  of 
Lysimachus.  It  subsequently  formed  a  pari 
of  the  Macedonian  d luious,     We  do  not 

know     al     What     period    if    became    a    Roman 

province. 

'fin;  \st;  \      ae  .   P.   PAETUS,  a   distin- 
guished   Romi nalor   and    Stole    philoso. 

pher    in    the   reign   of  Nei  o,  was  a   n 

Patavium,  and  was  probably  born  - after 

the  death  of  Augustus,  lie  made  i be  j  onn  ;■ 
er  Cato  bis  model,  of  whose  life  be  wrote  au 

lie  in  ir i  \  i  i vi. ! he  d  inghter  of 

tin-  heroic  An  la  who  show  ed  i 

(  ae.  ina  how   tO  die  :    and  hi-  n  ife  wnt  tt  oi  tin 

of  in  i  moi  hi  i  and  bei  hu  b  ind,     \  I  n  later 

be  gave  in    ow  n  daughter  In  mat  rlage 

to  tteh Idlus  Priscus,  \\ ho  iii  the 

ni  iw.    After  Incur- 

hatred  of  Nero  In  the  ludcnciidcni  e 

of  hi     .  hare  ler  and   I  to-   h.  L'di  an  to  It  b   W'lltl  b 

ii •>    I'd  hi    opinion  .  he  ■■■ 

ed  in  death  b)  the  i  enuti   i immid  of  tin 

emperor,  k.v.  06, 

'fin;  \-i  mils  (-|).      i,  Tyi  ml  -I  Ml 
tun,  was  a  con  ten  lei   and 

Alyatti  i 

Athenian,  SOU   of   l\  CU( .      lb'    I 

nd  took 
an  active  pai i  in  ovei  throwing  ll 

cal  government  of  tie-  wo  I in      « In 

i  he  e  tablli  hmenl  of  i  he   [ 
Athens  he  was  ban 

i  b  tn row- 


THKASYMACHUS. 


404 


TIBAltENI. 


[ng  the  Ten,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  gov- 
ernment, and  eventually  obtained  possession 
of  Athens,  aud  restored  the  democracy,  403. 
In  390  he  commanded  the  Athenian  fleei  in 
the  Aegaeau,  and  was  slain  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Aspendus. — (3)  Brother  of  Gelon 
and  Hieron,  tyrants  of  Syracuse,  the  latter  of 
whom  he  succeeded  in  ii.o.  467,  but  was  soon 
afterwards  expelled  by  the  Syracusans,whom 
oe  had  provoked  by  his  rapacity  and  cruelty. 
THRASYMlCHUS  (-i),  a  native  ofChalce- 
don,  was  a  Sophist,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
cultivators  of  the  art  of  rhetoric.  He  was  a 
contemporary  of  Gorgias. 
THRiSYMENUS.  [Trasimenus.] 
THRONIUM  (-i:  Romani),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Locri  Epicnemidii,  on  the  river  Boa- 
grius,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  with  a 
harbor  upon  the  coast. 

THECYDIDES  (-is).  (1)  An  Athenian 
statesman,  aud  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party 
in  opposition  to  Pericles.  He  was  ostracized 
in  b.c.  444. — (2)  The  great  Athenian  historian, 
of  th£  demus  Halimus,  was  the  sou  of  Olorus 
or  Orolns  aud  Hegesip- 
yle,  and  was  born  in  b.o. 
4T1.  Thucydides  is  said 
to  have  been  instructed 
in  oratory  by  Antiphon, 
and  ill  philosophy  by 
Anaxagoras.  Either  by 
inheritance  or  by  mar- 
riage he  possessed  gold 
mines  in  that  part  of 
Thrace  which  is  opposite 
to  the  island  of  Thasos, 
where  he  was  a  person 
of  the  greatest  influence. 
He  commanded  an  Athe- 
nian squadron  of  7  ships 
at  Thasus,  424,  when  En-  i 
cles,  who  commanded  in 
Amphipolis,  sent  for  his 
assistance  against  Brasidas;  but,  failing  in 
that  enterprise,  he  became  an  exile,  proba- 
bly to  avoid  a  severer  punishment.  He  him- 
self says  that  he  lived  '.'0  years  in  exile  (v.  26), 
and  as  it  commenced  in  the  beginning  of 
423,  he  may  have  returned  to  Athens  in  the 
beginuing  "of  403,  about  the  time  when  Thras- 
ybulus  liberated  Athens.  Thucydides  is  said 
to  have  been  assassinated  at  Athens  soon 
after  his  return  ;  at  all  events  his  death  can 
not  be  placed  later  than  401.  With  regard  to 
his  work,  we  may  conclude  that  we  have  a 
more  exact  history  of  a  long  eventful  period 
by  Thucydides  than  we  have  of  any  period 
in  modern  history  equally  long  and'  equally 
eventful. 

THULE  (-es),  an  island  in  the  X.  part  of 
the  German  Ocean,  regarded  by  I  he  ancients 
as  the  most  N.-ly  point  in  the"  whole  earth, 
and  by  some  supposed  to  have  been  Iceland; 
by  others,  one  of  the  Shetland  group. 

THtJRlI  (-orum),  more  rarely  THtTRIUM 
(-i:  Terra  Nuova),  a  Greek  city  in  Lucania, 
founded  n.o.  443,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Sybaris,  which  had  been  destroyed  more  than 
60  years  before.  [Sybaris.]  It  was  built  by 
the"  remains  of  the  population  of  Sybaris,  as- 


Thncydides. 


sisted  by  colonists  from  all  parts  of  Greece, 
but  especially  from  Athens.  Among  these 
colonists  were  the  historian  Herodotus  and 
the  orator  Lysias.  The  new  city,  from  which 
the  remains  of  the  Sybarites  were  soon  ex- 
pelled, rapidly  attained  great  power  and  pros- 
perity, and  became  one7  of  the  most  impor- 
tant Greek  towns  iu  the  S.  of  Italy. 

THYAMIS  (-is :  Kalama),  a  river  in  Epirus, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Thesprctia 
and  the  district  of  Cestryna. 

THYADES.     [Tuyia.] 

THYESTES  (-ae),  son  of  Pelops  and  Hippo 
damia,  was  tne  brother  of  Atreus  and  the  fa- 
ther of  Aegisthus.    [Ateeub  and  Akgisthus.] 

THYIA  (-ae),  a  daughter  of  Castalius  or 
Cephisseus.  became  by  Apollo  the  mother  of 
Delphus.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
to  have  sacrificed  to  Dionysus  (Bacchus\  and 
to  have  celebrated  orgies  in  his  honor.  From 
her  the  Attic  women,  wiio  we..t  yearly  to 
Mount  Parnassus  to  celebrate  the  Dionysiac 
orgies  with  the  Delphian  Thyiades,  received 
themselves  the  name  of  Thyiades  or  Tiiy- 
Ai>E6.  This  word,  however,  comes  from  5ua>, 
and  properly  signifies  the  raging  or  frantic 
women. 

THYMBRA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  the  Troad, 
!s".  of  Ilium  Yetus,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Apollo,  who  derived  from  this  place  the 
epithet  Thymbraeus. — (2)  A  wooded  district 
in  Phrygia,  no  doubt  connected  with  Tuym- 
beicm. 

Til  YMBRlUM  (-i),  a  small  town  of  Phryg- 
ia, 10  parasangs  W.  of  Tyriaeiini,with  the  so- 
called  fountain  of  Midas. 

THTMBRIUS  (-i :  Thimbrek),  a  river  of  the 
Troad,  falling  into  the  Scamauder. 

THYMELE  (-es),  a  celebrated  mima  or  fe- 
male actress  in  the  reign  of  Domitian,  with 
whom  she  was  a  great  favorite. 

THYMOETES  (-ae),  one  of  the  elders  of 
Troy,  whose  sou  was  killed  by  the  order  of 
Priam,  because  a  soothsayer  had  predicted 
that  Troy  would  be  destroyed  by  a  boy  born 
on  the  day  ou  which  this  child  was  bom. 

TIIYXI  (-orum),  a  Thracian  people,  whose 
origiual  abodes  were  near  Salmydessus,  but 
who  afterwards  passed  over  into  Bituyma. 

THYNIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  land  of  the  Thyni 
in  Thrace.— (2)  Another  name  for  Bitiiyma. 

THYONE  (-C-s).  the  name  of  Senu-le,  under 
which  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  brought  her  from 
Hades,  and  introduced  her  among  the  im- 
mortals.   Hence  Dionysus  is  also  called  Tuv- 

ONEUB. 

TIIYREA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  in  Cvnuria, 
the  district  on  the  borders  of  Laconia  and 
Argolis,  was  situated  upon  a  height  on  the 
bay  of  the  sea  called  after  it  Sinus  Tnvr.'> 
aiVs.  The  territory  of  Thyrea  was  cnlled 
Thykkatis. 

THYSSlGETAE  (-arum),  a  people  of  Sar- 
matia  Asiatica,  on  the  E.  shores  of  the  Palus 
Maeotis. 

TIBARENI  orTIBlRI  (-oram),  a  quiet  ag- 
ricultural people  on  the  N.  coast  of  Poutr.* 
E.  of  the  river  Iris. 


TIBERIAS. 


405 


TIBEKIUS. 


TIBERIAS.  (1)  A  city  of  Galilee,  on  the 
S.W.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  built  by 
Herod  Antipas  in  honor  of  the  emperor  Ti- 
berius.— (2)  Or  Gennesaret,  also  the  Sea  of 
Galilee,  in  the  O.  T.  Chinneeeth  (Bahr  Tu- 
bariyeh),  the  2d  of  the  3  lakes  in  Palestine 
formed  by  the  course  of  the  Jordan.  [Joe- 
danks.]  Its  length  is  11  or  12  geographical 
miles,  and  its  breadth  from  5  to  6.  It  lies 
deep  among  fertile  hills,  has  very  clear  and 
sweet  water,  aud  is  full  of  excellent  fish. 

TIBSRINUS  (-i),  one  of  the  mythical  kings 
of  Alb  l,  son  of  Capetus,  and  father  of  Agrip- 
pa,  is  said  to  have  been  drowned  in  crossing 
the  river  Albula,  which  was  hence  called  Ti- 
beris. 

TlBERIS,  also  TlBRIS,  TTBRIS,  THY- 
BRIS  (-is  or  idis),  AMNIS  TTBfiRlNUS,  or 
simply  TIBERINUS  (-i:  Tiber  or  Teoere),  the 
chief  river  in  Central  Italy,  on  which  stood 
the  city  of  Rome.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
originally  called  .1  limit,  and  to  have  received 
the  name  of  Tiberix  in  consequence  of  Ti- 
berinus,  king  of  Alba,  having  been  drowned 


Tibcris.  The  poets  also  give  it  the  epithets 
of  Tijrrhenus,  because  it  flowed  past  Etruria 
during  the  whole  of  its  course,  and  oflnjdius, 
because  the  Etruscans  are  said  to  have  been 
of  Lydiau  origin. 

TIBERIUS  (-i),  emperor  of  Rome,  a.i>.  1 1 
:;T.  II is  lull  name  was  Tibeeius  Claudii  a 
Nero  Caesar.  He  was  the  sou  of  T.  Clau- 
dius Nero  and  of  Li  via,  and  was  born  on  the 
16th  of  November,  u.o.  42,  before  his  mother 
married  Augustus.  He  was  carefully  edu- 
cated,and  became  well  acquainted  with  Greek 
and  Latin  literature.  In  20  he  was  sent  by 
Augustus  to  restore  Tigranes  to  the  throne 
of  Armenia.  In  13  Tiberius  was  consnl  with 
P.  Qnintilins  Varus.  In  11,  while  his  brother 
Drusus  was  fighting  against  the  Germans, 
Tiberius  conducted  the  war  against  the  Dal- 
matians and  Pamionians.  In  0  In-  obtained 
the  tribunitia  potestas  for  5  years,  but  during 
this  year  he  retired  with  the  emperor's  per- 
mission to  Rhodes,  win-re  he  spent  the  next 
T  years,  His  chief  reason  for  this  retirement 
was  to  get  away  from  his  wife  Julia,  the 


Peraonificntion  of  the  It 


in  it.    The  Tiber  rises  from  2  springs  of  lim- 
pid water  In  the  Apennines ar  Tifernura, 

and  flows  in  n  s.W.-ly  direction,  separating 
Etruria  from  fimbria,  the  land  oftbe  8 
and  Latium.     Mter  flowing  about  1 10  miles, 
it  receives  the  Nar  (Nera),  and  from  II 
flnence  with  this  river  Its  regular  aa\ 

begins.    Three   m  '•       ii Rome,  al   the 

distance  of  nearly  TO  miles  from  the  Nar,  il 
receives  the  A ''/'  veroi 

point   bee. .mi'-    :i    liver   of  considerable    i iii- 

ace.     Within   the  walls  of  Rome  the 
Is  aboul  300  feel  wide,  and  t 
to  18  feet  deep.    After  he  i      rain    th 
in  ancient  times,  tw  al  the  present  d 
quently  overflowed  it-  banks,  and  did  con 
lower  pan-  of  the 
city.    (Hon,  Carm.  i.  2.)    The  waters  of  the 
river  are  muddy  and  yellowish,  when 
frequently  culled  by  the  Roman  poet!   0OTH 


daughter  of  Augustus,  whom  he  had  bean 

Compelled  by  the  emperor  to  many.      II'    if 

turned  to  Rome  \.i>.  -.     from  the  year  of  his 
ndi  pi  Ion  in    \  ii  rui  I  a  ,  i,  d.  i,  to  the  death  of 

that  em] i .  Tiber  us  was  In  command  of 

the  Rom  i  lough  he  visited  Rome 

i  times.    On  the  death  oi 
Nol.i,  on  the  19th  of  August,  v.i>.  1 1,  Tibe- 
rius, who  was  on  bis  waj   to  ri 
immediately  summoned  home  bj  hi    motbei 
l.ivia,  and  too!  the  Imperial 

power  without  any  opposition,    lie  began  his 
i  death  Pn  tun 
daou  of  Au  'ii  "i  .    u  ben 
he  fell  tii in -.1 1  sure  In  hi    plai  e,  he  >  i 

He  look  from  the  populai 
,  atirl 
i  red  it  to  the  senate.    Notwltl 
[ng  in  nature,  Tibei 

teconfideui  e  to  Bejanus.who  (or  many 


TIBISCUS. 


406 


TIBUR. 


years  possessed  the  real  government  of  the 
state.  In  a.i>.  26  Tiberius  left  Home,  and 
withdrew  into  Campania.  He  never  return- 
ed to  the  city.  He  left  on  the  pretext  of  ded- 
icating temples  in  Campania,  but  his  real 
motives  were  his  dislike  to  Rome,  where  he 
heard  a  great  deal  that  was  disagreeable  to 
him,  and  his  wish  to  indulge  his  sensual  pro- 
pensities in  private.  In  order  to  secure  still 
greater  retirement,  he  took  up  his  residence 
(27)  in  the  island  of  Capreae,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  Campanian  coast.  In  31  Se- 
janus,  who  aimed  at  nothing  less  than  the 
imperial  power,  was  put  to  an  ignominious 
death,  which  was  followed  by  the  execution 
of  his  friends;  and  for  the  remainder  of  the 
reign  of  Tiberius  Rome  continued  to  be  the 
scene  of  tragic  occurrences.  Tiberius  died 
on  the  10th  of  March,  37,  at  the  villa  of  Ln- 
cullus,  at  Misenmn,  having  been  smothered 
by  the  order  of  Macro,  the  prefect  of  the  prae- 
torians. 

TIBISCUS  or  TIBISSUS  (-i),  probably  the 
same  as  the  PARTHISCUS  or  PAHTIIIS- 
SUS  (Theixs),  a  river  of  Dacia,  forming  the 
W.  boundary  of  that  country. 

TIBULLUS  (-i),  ALBlUS,  the  Roman  poet, 
was  of  equestrian  family.  His  birth  is  placed 
by  conjectnre  n.o.  54,  and  his  death  n.c.  IS. 
Of  his  youth  and  education,  absolutely  noth- 
ing is  known.  The  estate  belonging  to  the 
equestrian  ancestors  of  Tibtillna  was  at.  Pe- 
dum, between  Tibur  and  Praeneste,  and  the 
poet  spent  there  the  better  portion  of  his 
short  but  peaceful  and  happy  life.  His  great 
patron  was  Messala,  whom  he  accompanied 


in  31  into  Aquitania,  and  the  following  year 
into  the  East.  Tibullus,  however,  was  taken 
ill,  and  obliged  to  remain  in  Corcyra,  from 
whence  he  returned  to  Rome.  So  ceased  the 
active  life  of  Tibullus;  his  life  is  now  the 
chronicle  of  his  poetry,  and  of  those  tender 
passions  which  were  the  inspirati  >n  of  his  po- 
etry. His  elegies  are  addressed  to  two  mis- 
tresses, under  the  probably  flctitions  names 
of  Delia  and  Nemesis  ;  besides  whom,  as  we 
learn  from  Horace  (Od.  i.  33),  he  celebrated 
another  beauty  named  Glycera.  The  poetry 
of  his  contemporaries  shows  Tibullus  as  a 
gentle  and  singularly  amiable  man.  To  Hor- 
ace especially  he  was  an  object  of  warm  at- 
tachment, and  his  epistle  to  Tibullus  give6 
the  most  fall  and  pleasing  view  of  his  poet- 
ical retreat  and  of  his  character. 

TIBUR  (-ui'is :  Tivoli),  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient towns  of  Laiium,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Rome, 
situated  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  (hence  called 
by  Horace  siipiivum  Tibur),  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Anio,  which  here  forms  a  magnificent 
waterfall.  It  became  subject  to  Rome  with 
the  other  Latin  cities  on  the  final  subjugation 
of  Latium  in  n.o.  33S.  Under  the  Romans 
Tibur  continued  to  be  a  large  and  flourishing 
town,  since  the  salubrity  and  beautiful  scen- 
ery of  the  place  led  many  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished  Roman  nobles  to  build  here  mag- 
nificent villas.  Of  these  the  most  splendid 
was  Ihe  villa  of  the  emperor  Hadrian,  in  the 
extensive  remains  of  which  many  valuable 
specimens  of  ancient  art  have  been  discover- 
ed. Here  also  the  celebrated  Zenobia  lived 
after  adorning  the  triumph  of  her  conqueror. 


TICINUM. 


40* 


TIMOLEON. 


Aurelian.  Horace  likewise  had  a  country- 
house  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Tibur,  which 
he  preferred  to  all  his  other  residences. 

TICINUM  (-i:  Pavia),  a  town  of  the  Laevi, 
or.  according  to  others,  of  the  Insubres,  in 
Gallia  Cisalpiua,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ti- 
einus. 

TICINUS  (-i:  Tessino),  an  important  river 
\n  Gallia  Cisalpiua,  rises  in  Mous  Adula,  and 
after  flowing  through  Lacus  Verbanus  (Lago 
dfaggiore),  falls  into  the  Po  near  Ticinuni. 
It  was  upon  the  bank  of  this  river  that  Han- 
nibal gained  his  first  victory  over  the  Ro- 
mans by  the  defeat  of  P.  Scipio,  u.c.  21S. 

TIFATA,  a  mountain  in  Campania,  E.  of 
Capua. 

TIFERNUM  (-i).  (1)  Tibeeinem  (Citta  di 
Caxtellv),  a  towu  of  Unibria,  near  the  sources 
of  the  river  Tiber,  whence  its  surname,  and 
upon  the  confines  of  Etruria. — (2)  Mktau- 
bknse  (S.  Angela  in  Vado),  a  town  in  Umbria, 
E.  of  the  preceding,  on  the  river  Metaurns. — 
(3)  A  town  in  Samniuni,on  the  river  Tifernus. 

TlFERNUS  (-i:  Eiferno),  a  river  of  8am- 
niuni,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  and  flowing 
through  the  country  of  the  Frentaui  into  the 
Adriatic. 

TlGELLTNUS,  SOPHONIUS  (-i),  son  of  a 
native  of  Agrigentum,  I  he  minister  of  Nero's 
worst  passions,  and  of  all  his  favorites  the 
most  obnoxious  to  the  Roman  people.  On 
the  accession  of  Otho,  Tigellinus  was  com- 
pelled to  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

TIGELLITJS   HERMCjGENES.      [IIermo- 

6EHB8.] 

TIGRANES  (-is),  kings  of  Armenia.  (I.) 
Reigned  i;.o.  'JO-.W  or  :,'.,,  In  s:i  hemadehiin- 
ijelf  master  of  the  whole  Syrian  monarchy, 


Tiifrane 


from  the  Euphrates  to  ih''  Bea,  In  09,  hav- 
ing refused  to  deliver  np  hie  son-in-law,  Mith- 
ridates,  to  the  Romans,  Lncullus  luvaded  \i- 
raenia,  defeated  the  mighty  hosl  which  Ti- 
led a  ;ainst  bim,  and  followed  up  hi  - 

■.  i  ifirv  by  the  capture  of  Tign certa.    Sui>- 

Beqnently  Tigranee  rci  overed  hi  -  dominion!  ; 
but  on  tint  approai  b  of  Pompey.  in  66,  I 
leued  !•>  make  overtures  of  submission,  and 
laid  his  tiara  at  bis  feet,  together  with  a  sum 
of  GOOfl  talent.-.    Pompey  left  bim  in  | 
H'n.n  of  Armenia  proper, with  tin-  title ol 
Tigranee  died  in  66  oi  55.    (II)  Son  ofArtavas- 
(lis,  and  grandson  of  the  preceding, 

TIGRlNOCERTA    (-orum,  t.  e.  in   Arme- 
nia, the  City  of  Tigranes:  Serf,  Ku),  tin-  later 


capital  of  Armenia,  built  by  Tigranes  on  a 
height  by  the  river  Nicephorius,  in  the  val- 
ley between  Mount  Masius  and  Niphates. 

TIGRIS  (-idis  and  is),  a  great  river  ofW. 
Asia,  rises  from  several  sources  on  the  S.  side 
of  that  part  of  t lie  Taurus  chain  called  Ni- 
])hates,in  Armenia, and  Hows S.E., first  through 
the  uarrow  valley  between  Mount  Masius  and 
the  prolongation  of  Mount  Niphates,  and  theu 
through  the  great  plain  which  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  last-named  chain,  till  it  falls  into 
the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  after  receiving 
the  Euphrates  from  the  west. 

TIGURINI  (-orum),  a  tribe  of  the  Helve- 
tii,  who  joined  the  Cimbri  in  invading  the 
country  of  the  Allobroges  in  Gaul,  where  they 
defeated  the  consul  L.  Cassias  Longinus,  n.o. 
107.  They  formed  in  the  time  of  Caesar  the 
most  important  of  the  4  cantons  (pagi)  into 
which  the  Helvetii  were  divided. 

TILPHtTSlUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  situ- 
ated upon  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  S. 
of  lake  Copais,  and  between  Coronea  and 
HaliartUS.  It  derived  its  name  from  the 
fountain  Tilphiiea,  which  was  sacred  to  Apol- 
lo, and  where  Tiresias  is  said  to  have  been 
buried. 

TIMAETJS  (-i).  (1)  The  historian,  was  tin- 
sou  of  Aiidromachus,  tyrant  of  Tauronie- 
niuni  in  Sicily,  and  was  born  about  B.C.  i!52. 
He  was  banished  from  Sicily  by  Agathocles. 
and  passed  his  exile  at  Athens, 'where  he  bail 
lived  50  years  when  he  wrote  the  34th  book 
of  his  history.  He  probably  died  about  2.r>i'>. 
The  great  work  of  Timaeus  was  a  history  of 
Sicily  from  the  earliest  times  to  264.— (2)  of 
Locri,  in  Italy,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 

is  said  to  have  been  a  teacher  of  Plato, 

TlMiGfiNES  (-is),  a  rhetorician  and  nn  his- 
torian, was  a  native  of  Alexandria,  from  which 
place  he  was  carried  as  a  prisoner  in  Rome. 

where   lie  opened    a    school    of  rlieloiie,  and 

taught  wit n  •_') eat  success. 

TTMANTIIKS     (-is),    a     celebrated     Greek 

painter  at  Sicyon,  contemporary  with  Zenxis 
ami  Parrhasius,  about  u.o. 400.  The  master- 
piece of  Ti  man  I  he-  was  hi-  celebrated  piclu.fi 

of  the  sacrifice  of  [phigenia,  in  which  Aga- 
memnon was  painted   with  bis   face  hidden 
in  his  mantle. 
'I  IMAVI'S  (-i),a  small   river  in   the   N.  of 

Italy,  forming  ice  b lary  between  [ptrla 

ami  venetia,  ami  falling  Into  the  Sinus  Ter- 

ge    linn-     in    the    Adi  latlC,  between    Tl 

and  Aquileia. 
TlMOCRfiON  (-ontisj,  >>f  Rhodes,  a   lyric 

poet,  cell  bi  ated  for  i  he  bitter  and  pngn 

md  espi  i  lal 
tacks  on  Themistocles  and  Slmonii 
TIMOLSl l '•  in  of  Tlmodem 

etus  ami  ii.  mariste,  bi  Ion  i 
of  the  noblest  families  at  Corinth.    His  early 
life  «;i-  ■  tained  by  a  dreadful  i\m\  ol  I 

told  I  hat     H  ardent   was   hi-   love  of 

hi..  1 1 , .  thai   h  hen   in     brother  TImo| 
endeavi  n  ed  to  m  ike  him  self  tyrant  ol  i  heir 
native  city,  Timoleon  murdered  him  r.i i in-r 
than  allow  him  to  destroy  the  liberty  of  the 
state.    At  He  request  of  the  Greek f 


TIMON. 


408 


TIRYNS. 


Sicily,  the  Corinthians  dispatched  Timoleon 
with  a  small  force  in  n.c.  344  to  repel  the 
Carthaginians  from  that  island.  He  obtained 
possession  of  Syracuse,  and  then  proceeded 
to  expel  the  tyrants  from  the  other  Greek 
cities  of  Sicily",  but  was  interrupted  in  this 
undertaking  by  a  formidable  invasion  of  the 
Carthaginians,  who  landed  at  Lilybaeum,  in 
339,  with  an  immense  army,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Hasdrubal  and  Hamilcar,  consisting 
nf  70,000  foot  and  10,000  horse.  Timoleon 
could  only  induce  12,000  men  to  march  with 
him  against  the  Carthaginians;  but  with  this 
small  force  he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over 
the  Carthaginians  on  the  river  Crimissus 
(339).  The  Carthaginians  were  glad  to  con- 
clude a  treaty  with  Timoleon  in  338,  by  which 
the  river  Hajycns  was  fixed  as  the  boundary 
of  the  Carthaginian  and  Greek  dominions  in 
Sicily.  Subsequently  he  expelled  almost  all 
the  tyrants  from  the  Greek  cities  in  Sicily, 
and  established  democracies  instead.  Timo- 
leon, however,  was  in  reality  the  ruler  of 
Sicily,  for  all  the  states  consulted  him  on  ev- 
ery matter  of  importance;  and  the  wisdom 
of  his  rule  is  attested  by  the  flourishing  con- 
dition of  the  island  for  several  years  even 
after  his  death.    He  died  in  33T. 

TIMON  (-urn's).  (1)  The  son  of  Timarchus 
of  Phlius,  a  philosopher  of  the  sect  of  the 
Skeptics,  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphia,  about  b.c.  279,  and  onwards. 
He  taught  at  Chalcedon  as  a  Sophist  with 
such  success  that  he  realized  a  fortuue.  He 
then  removed  to  Athens,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  with  the  exception  of  a 
short  residence  at  Thebes.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  almost  90.— (2)  The  Misanthrope,  an 
Athenian,  lived  in  the  time  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war.  In  consequence  of  the  ingrati- 
tude he  experienced  and  the  disappointments 
he  suffered  from  his  early  friends  and  com- 
panions, he  secluded  himself  entirely  from 
the  world,  admitting  no  one  to  his  society 
except  Alcibiades.  He  is  said  to  have  died 
in  consequence  of  refusing  to  have  a  broken 
limb  set. 

TIMOTHEUS  (-i).  (1)  A  celebrated  musi- 
cian and  poet  of  the  later  Athenian  dithy- 
ramb, was  a  native  of  Miletus,  and  the  son  of 
Thersander.  He  was  born  b.o.  446,  and  died 
in  357,  in  the  90th  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
at  first  unfortunate  in  his  professional  efforts. 
Even  the  Athenians,  fond  as  they  were  of 
novelty,  were  offended  at  the  bold  innova- 
tions of  Timotheus,  and  hissed  his  perform- 
ance. On  this  occasion  it  is  said  that  Eu- 
ripides encouraged  Timotheus  by  the  pre- 
diction that  he  would  soon  have  the  theatres 
»t  his  feet.  This  prediction  appears  to  have 
been  accomplished  in  the  vast  popularity 
which  Timotheus  afterwards  enjoyed.  He 
delighted  in  the  most  artificial  and  intricate 
forms  of  musical  expression,  and  he  used  in- 
strnmental  music,  without  a  vocal  accompa- 
niment, to  a  greater  extent  than  auy  previous 
composer.  Perhaps  the  most  important  of 
his  innovations,  as  the  means  of  introducing 
all  the  others,  was  his  addition  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  strings  of  the  cithara,  which  he 
seems  to  have  increased  to  11. — (2)  A  distin- 


guished flute-player  of  Thebes,  flourished  un- 
der Alexander  the  Great. 

TINGIS  (-is:  Tangier),  a  city  of  niaure- 
tania,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  Fretum  Gadi- 
tanum  (Strait  of  Gibraltar),  was  a  place  of 
very  great  antiquity.  It  was  mace  by  Augus- 
tus a  free  city,  and  by  Claudius  a  colony,  and 
the  capital  of  Mauretania  Tingitana. 

TINIA  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Umbria,  rislug 
near  Spoletium,  and  falling  into  the  Tiber. 

TIRESIAS  (-ae),  a  Theban,  was  one  of  the 
most  renowned  soothsayers  in  all  antiquity. 
He  was  blind  from  his  seventh  year,  but  lived 
to  a  very  old  age.  The  occasion  of  his  blind- 
ness and  of  his  prophetic  power  is  variously 
related.  In  the  war  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes,  he  declared  that  Thebes  should  be 
victorious  if  Menoeceus  would  sacrifice  him- 
self; and  during  the  war  of  the  Epigoni, 
when  the  Thebans  had  been  defeated,  he  ad- 
vised them  to  commence  negotiations  of 
peace,  and  to  avail  themselves  of  the  oppor. 
tunity  that  would  thus  be  afforded  them  to 
take  to  flight.  He  himself  fled  with  them 
(or,  according  to  others,  he  was  carried  to 
Delphi  as  a  captive),  but  on  his  way  he  drank 
from  the  well  of  Tilphusa,  and  died.  Even 
in  the  lower  world  Tiresias  was  believed  to 
retain  the  powers  of  perception,  while  the 
souls  of  other  mortals  were  mere  shades,  and 
there  also  he  continued  to  use  his  golden 
staff.  The  blind  seer  Tiresias  acts  so  prom- 
inent a  part  in  the  mythical  history  of  Greece, 
that  there  is  scarcely  any  event  with  which 
he  is  not  connected  in  some  way  or  other; 
and  this  introduction  of  the  seer  in  so  many 
occurrences,  separated  by  long  intervals  of 
time,  was  facilitated  by  the  belief  in  his  long 
life. 

TlRIDATES  or  TERIDATES  (-is).  (1)  The 
second  king  of  Parthia.  [Absaoes  II  ]  — (2) 
King  of  Armenia,  and  brother  of  Vologeses 
I.  (Arsaces  XXIII.),  king  of  Parthia.  '  He 
was  made  king  of  Armenia  by  his  brother, 
but  was  driven  out  of  the  kingdom  by  Cor- 
bnlo,  the  Roman  general,  and  finally  received 
the  Armenian  crown  from  Nero  at  Rome  in 
A.i).  03. 

TIRO  (-onis),  M.  TULLIUS,  the  freedman 
of  Cicero,  to  whom  he  was  an  object  of  ten- 
der affection.  He  appears  to  have  been  a 
man  of  very  amiable  disposition  and  highly 
cultivated  intellect.  He  was  not  only  the 
amanuensis  of  the  orator,  and  his  assistant 
in  literary  labor,  but  was  himself  an  authot 
of  no  mean  reputation,  and  notices  of  sev- 
eral works  from  his  pen  have  beer,  preserved 
by  ancient  writers.  After  the  death  of  Cic- 
ero, Tiro  purchased  a  farm  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Puteoli,  where  he  lived  until  he 
reached  his  1 00th  year.  It  is  usually  believed 
that  Tiro  was  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  short- 
hand writing  (Xutae  Tironianae). 

TlRYNS  (-this),  an  ancient  town  in  Argo- 
lis,  S.E.  of  Argos,  and  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient in  all  Greece,  is  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed by  Proetus,  the  brother  of  Actisius.  who 
built  the  massive  walls  ,>f  the  city  with  the 
help  of  the  Cyclopes.  Proetus  was  succeed- 
ed by  Perseus ;  and  it  was  here  tiiat  Kerculea 


TISAMENUS. 


409 


TITHRAUSTES. 


was  brought  up.  Hence  we  find  his  mother, 
Alcmena,  called  Tirynthia,  and  the  hero  him- 
self Tirimtliius.  The  remains  of  the  city  arc 
some  of  the  most  interesting  iu  all  Greece, 
and  are,  with  those  of  Myc.eu.ae,  the  most  an- 
cient specimens  of  what  is  called  Cyclopean 
arcuitecturSk 


h  of  Tiryns 


TTSlMfiNUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Orestes  and 
Hermione,  was  king  of  Argos,  but  was  de- 
prived  of  his  kingdom  when  tlie  Heraclidae 
invaded  Peloponnesus.  He  was  slain  in  a 
battle  against  the  Heraclidae. 

TISIPIIONE.      [EUMENIDAK.] 

TISSAPHERNES  (-is),  a  famous  Persian, 
Who  was  appointed  satrap  of  Lower  Asia  in 
ii. r..  414.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Spar- 
tans in  the  Peloj nesian   war,  but  he  did 

not  give  them  any  effectual  assistance,  since 
his  policy  was  to  exhanst  the  strength  of 
both  parties  by  the  continuance  of  the  war. 
His  plans,  however,  were  thwarted  by  the  ar- 
rival of  Cyrus  in  Asia  .Minor  in  l'>7.  who  sup- 
plied the  Lacedaemonians  with  cordial  and 
effectual  Assistance.     At   the   battle  of  i'i\- 

naxa,  in  401,  Tissaphernes  was  o if  the  t 

generals  who  commanded  the  army  of  Artax- 
erxes,  and  his  troops  were  the  only  portion 

of  the  left  wing  that  was  no!  pill   to  flight   by 

theGreeks.  When  the  10,000 had  beguu their 
retreat,  Tissaphernes  promised  to  conduct 
them  home  in  safety;  bin  in  the  course  of 
the  march  he  treacherously  arrested  Clear- 
chus  and  4  ol  i  be  other  generals.  A  •  1 1 
ward  for  his  services,  be  was  invested  by  the 
king,  in  addition  to  his  own  satrapy,  with 
nil  the  authority  which  Cyrus  had  enjoyed  In 
western  Asia.  This  led  to  a  war  with  Sparta, 
in  which  Tissaphernes  was  unsuccessful;  on 

whirh  account,  as  well  ns  by  the  influe i 

Parysatis,  the  mother  of  Cyi  ns,  he  was  put  to 
death  in  390  by  order  of  i  be  king. 

TITiNES  -inn  .  (1)  The and  daugh- 
ters of  Uranu*  (Heaven)  and  Ga<  i  I 
originally  dwelt  in  heaven,  whence  they  arc 
called  Uranidae.  They  were  12  iu  number,  0 
sous  rtnd  6  daughters,  namely,  ore:, mis,  Coe- 
u^,  Crins,  Hyperion,  iapetns,  Cronus,  Thla, 

Khea,  Themi -,  Mnei Phoebi .  and  Ti 

thys;  but  their  names  are  different  Iu  other 
accounts.     It  le  said  that   Uranus,  the  first 

ruler  of  the  world,  t  hre\i  hi    II- 

toncheiree  Hundied-Hande  I)— B 
'yn,  and  Gyes— and  ti.8t  lyclfipes-  -Arge 
12 


opes,  and  Brontes — into  Tartarus.  Gaea,  in- 
dignant at  this,  persuaded  the  Titans  to  rise 
against  their  father,  and  gave  to  Cronus  (Sat- 
urn) an  adamantine  sickle.  They  did  as  their 
mother  bade  them,  with  the  exception  of 
Oceanus.  Cronus,  with  his  sickle,  unmanned 
his  father,  and  threw  the  part  into  the  sea; 
from  tiie  drops  of  his  blood  there  arose  the 
Eiiuyes  —  Alecto,  Tisiphone,  and  Megaera. 
The  Titans  then  deposed  Uranus,  liberated 
their  brothers  wdio  had  been  cast  into  Tarta- 
rus, and  raised  Cronus  to  the  throne.  But 
Cronus  hurled  the  Cyclopes  back  into  Tarta 
rus,  and  married  his  sister  Khea.  It  having 
been  foretold  to  him  by  Gaea  and  Uranus 
that  he  should  be  dethroned  by  one  of  his 
own  children,  he  swallowed  successively  his 
children  Ilestia  (Vesta),  Demeter  (Ceres), 
Hera  (Juno),  Pluto,  and  Poseidon  (Neptune). 
Khea,  therefore,  when  she  was  pregnant  with 
Zeus  (Jupiter),  went  to  Crete,  and  gave  birth 
to  the  child  in  the  Dictaean  cave,  where  he 
was  brought  up  by  the  Curctcs.  When  Zeus 
had  grown  lip  he  availed  himself  of  tin-  as- 
sistance of  Thetis,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
who  gave  to  Cronus  a  potion  which  caused 
him  to  bring  up  t he  stone  and  the  children 
he  had  swallowed.  United  with  his  broth- 
ers and  sisters,  Zeus  now  began  the  contest 
against  Cronus  and  the  ruling  Titans.  This 
Contest  (usually  called  the  Tilanoniachia)  was 
carried  on  in  Thessaly,  Cronus  and  the  Ti- 
tans occupying  .Mount  Othrys,  and  the  sons 
of  Cronus  Mount  Olympus.  It  lasted  lu 
years,  till  at  length  Gaea  promised  victory  to 

ZeUS   if  lie  would   deliver   the   Cyclopes   and 

Becatoucheires  from  Tartarus.  Zeus  accord- 
ingly slew  cam  pi  ■,  who  guarded  the  Cyclopes, 
and  the  latter  furnished  him  with  thunder 

and  lightning.  The  Titans  then  were  over- 
Come,  and  burled  down  into  a  cavity  below 
Tartarus,  and  the  Hecatoncheires  were  sel  to 
gnai d  i hem.  it  must  be  observed  thai  the 
tight  of  the  Titan-  i-  sometimes  confounded 
by  ancient  writers  with  the  flghl  of  the  Gi- 

pantes.     (2)  The  name  Tii: o  - u  eu  to 

those  divine  or  semi-divine  beings  wno  were 
descended  from  the  Titai  I 'rome- 

theit  .i  lee  ite,  I  nton  i,  Pj  n  ha,  ami  espei  lally 
Helios  mIm-  Sun)  ami  Selune  (the  Moon),  at 

the  children  Oi   II'.  pet  Ion  and  Thia,  an 

im  i  he  di   cend  nl    of  Hello  .  ■  neb  n    t  it  ce 

TITXRESIUS  (-1 :  Elassonmko  or  X\ 
n  river  of  Thessaly.  also  called  Burnous,  rising 
in  Mount  TI  tarns,  flowing  through  the  country 

of  the  I'en  haebi,  and  falling  into  the  PciieUS, 

S.E.  ofPhalannn. 

•i  itiI'.nisi  l),sonofLaomedonandStry. 
in' '-  and  brother  of  Priam,     Bj  I  he  i 
ot  Eot  '  Aurora),  who  loved  him,  he  ol 
|  from  the  gode  immortality,  bw  not  eterna 
youth,  In  consequence  of  \\  hlch 

nil  t i  net  In  hie    ild  n  e;  v  hence  h 

decrepit  old  man  was  on iverbially  culled 
Tiihoni]-.  Eos  changed  him  Into  a  cli  ad  i, 
oi   ■       hopper. 

TITHORfiA.    IN.  i 

TlTHRAU8TES.n  Pi 
Tissaphernes  in  his  satrapy,  and  put  him  to 
death  by  ordi  M  uemon,  d.o 

896 


TITUS. 


410 


TOLUMNIUS. 


TITUS  FLAVlUS  SABINUS  VESPASI- 
S.NUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  a.».  79-81,  com- 
monly  called  by  his  praenomen  TITUS,  was 

the  son  of  the  emperor  Vespasianna  and  his 
wife  Flavia  Domitilla.  He  was  born  on  the 
30th  of  December,  a.i>.  40.  When  a  young 
man,  he  served  as  tribunus  militum  iu  Britain 
and  iu  Germany  with  great  credit.  After 
having  been  quaestor,  he  had  the  command 
of  a  legion,  and  served  under  bis  father  in  the 
Jewish  wars.  Vespasian  returned  to  Italy, 
after  he  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  on  the 
1st  of  July,  A.n.  ti'.i ;  but  Titus  remained  in 
Palestine  to  prosecute  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
duriug  which  he  showed  the  talents  of  a  gen- 
eral with  the  daring  of  a  soldier.  The  siege 
of  Jerusalem  was  concluded  by  the  capture 
of  the  place,  on  the  Sth  of  September,  TO.  Ti- 
tus returned  to  Italy  iu  the  following  year  (71), 
and  triumphed  at  Home  with  his  father.  He 
also  received  the  title  of  Caesar,  and  became 
the  associate  of  Vespasian  in  the  government. 
His  conduct  at  this  time  gave  no  good  prom- 
ise, and  his  attachment  to  Berenice,  the  sister 
of  Agrippa  II.,  also  made  him  unpopular;  but 
he  sent  her  away  from  Koine  after  he  became 
emperor.  Titus  succeeded  his  father  iu  79, 
and  his  government  proved  an  agreeable  sur- 
prise to'those  who  had  anticipated  a  return 
of  the  times  of  Nero.  During  his  whole  reign 
Titus  displayed  a  sincere  desire  for  the  hap- 
piness of  the  people,  and  he  did  all  that  he 
could  to  relieve  them  in  times  of  distress.  He 
assumed  the  office  of  PontifexMaximus  after 
the  death  of  his  father,  and  with  the  purpose, 
as  he  declared,  of  keeping  his  hands  free  from 
blood,  a  resolution  which  he  kept.  The  1st 
year  of  his  reign  is  memorable  for  the  great 
eruption  of  Vesuvius, which  desolated  a  large 
part  of  the  adjacent  country,  and  buried  with 
lava  and  ashes  the  towns  of  Hereulaueum  and 
Pompeii.  Titus  endeavored  to  repair  the  rav- 
ages of  this  great  eruption  ;  and  he  was  also 
at  great  care  and  expense  in  repairing  the 
damage  done  by  a  great  tire  at  Rome,  which 


lasted  3  days  and  nights.  He  completed  the 
Colosseum,  and  erected  the  baths  which  were 
calied  by  his  name.  He  died  on  the  loth  of 
September,  a.t>.  SI,  after  a  reign  of  2  years  and 
2  months  and  20  days.  He  was  in  the  41st 
year  of  his  age ;  and  there  were  suspicions  that 
he  was  poisoned  by  his  brother,  Domitiau. 

TITYUS  (-i),  son  of  Gaea,  or  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter)  and  Elara,  the  daughter  of  Orchomenus, 
was  a  giant  in  Euboea.  Instigated  by  Hera 
(Jtiuo),  he  attempted  to  offer  violence  to  Arte- 
mis (Diana)  when  she  passed  through  Pano- 
paeus  to  Pytho,  but  he  was  killed  by  the  ar- 
rows either  of  Artemis  or  Apollo;  according 
to  others,  Zeus  destroyed  him  with  a  flash  of 
lightning.  He  was  then  cast  into  Tartarus, 
aud  there  he  lay  outstretched  on  the  ground, 
covering  '.)  acres,  while  2  vultures  or  2^snakes 
devoured  his  liver. 

TLEP5LEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Hercules  by 
Astyoche,  daughter  of  Phylas,  or  by  Astyda- 
mia,  daughter  of  Amyntor.  He  was  king  of 
Argos, but,  after  slaying  his  uncle  Licymuins, 
hesettled  in  Rhodes.  "He  joiued  the"  Greeks 
iu  the  Trojau  war  with  y  ships,  and  was  slain 
by  Sarpedon. 

TLOS,  a  considerable  city  in  the  interior  of 
Lycia,  about  21  miles  E.  of  the  river  Xanthus. 

TMOLUS  (-i).  (1)  God  of  Mount  Tmolns 
in  Lydia,  is  described  as  the  husband  of  Pluto 
(or  Omphale)  and  father  of  Tantalus,  and  is 
said  to  have  decided  the  musical  contest  be- 
tween Apollo  and  Pan.— (2)  (lktgh),  a  cele- 
brated mountain  of  Asia  Minor,  running  E. 
and  W.  through  the  centre  of  Lydia,  and  di- 
viding the  plain  of  the  Hermus  on  the  N. 
from  that  of  the  Cayster  on  the  S. 

TOLENUS  or  TEI.ONIUS  (-i  :  Turano),  a 
river  in  the  land  of  the  Sabines,  rising  in  the 
country  of  the  Marsi  aud  Aequi,  and  falling 
into  the  Velinus. 

TOLETUM  (-i :  Toledo),  the  capital  of  the 
Carpetaui  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  situated 
on  the  river  Tagus, which  nearly  en- 
compasses the  town. 

TOLISTOBOGI,  TOLISTOBOII. 
[Gat.atia.] 

T5LOSA  (-ae:  Toulouse),  a  town 
of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Tectosages,  was  situated 
on  the  Garnmna,  near  the  frontiers 
of  Aquitauia.  It  was  subsequently 
made  a  Roman  colony,  and  was  sur- 
named  Palladia.  It  was  a  large  and 
wealthy  town,  and  contained  a  cele- 
brated  temple,  in  which  is  said  to 
have  been  preserved  a  great  part  of 
the  booty  taken  by  Biennus  from  the 
temple  of  Delphi.  The  town  and 
temple  were  plundered  by  the  consul 
(.}.  Servilius  Caepio  in  n.o.  106. 

TOLUMNIUS  (-i).LAR  (-tis),  king 
of  the  Veientes,  to  whom  Fidenae 
revolted  in  u.c.  43S,  and  at  whose 
instigation  the  inhabitants  of  Fide- 
nae slew  the  4  Roma::  embnssa  i<>rs 
who  had  been  sent  to  inquire  into 
the  reasons  of  their  recent  conduct. 
In  the  war  which  followed,  To'.um- 


TOMI. 


411 


TRAJANUS. 


nius  was  s/ain  in  single  combat  by  Cornelius 
Cossus. 

TOMl  (-drum)  or  TDMIS  (-is:  Tomixwar  or 
Jegni  Pangola),  a  town  of  Thrace  (subsequent- 
ly Moesia),  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
Euxine,  and  at  a  later  lime  the  capital  ofScy- 
thia  Minor.  It  is  renowned  as  the  place  of 
Ovid's  banishment. 

TOllFRlS  (-is),  a  queen  of  the  Massagetae, 

by  whom  Cyrus  was  slain  in  battle,  u.c.  525. 

TCRONE  (-es),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  in  the 
iistrict  of  Chalcidice,  and  on  the  S.YV.  side 
of  the  peninsula  Sithouia,  from  which  the 
gulf  between  the  peninsulas  Sithouia  aud 
Pallene  was  called  Sinus  Toronaicus. 

TOR(\>UATUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  patrician 
family  of  the  Manila  gens.— (1)  T.  Mam.h  s 
Impbkiosus Tokquatds,  the  son  of  L.  Maulius 
Capitolinus  Imperiosns,  dictator  n.o.  363,  was 
a  favorite  hero  of  Roman  story.  Manlins  is 
said  to  have  been  dull  of  mind  in  his  youth, 
and  was  brought  up  by  his  father  in  the  closest 
retirement  in  the  country.  In  361  he  served 
under  the  dictator  T.  Quintius  Pennus  in  the 
w;ii-  against  the  Gauls,  and  in  this  campaign 
earned  immortal  glory  by  slaying  in  single 
combat  a  gigantic  Gaul.  Prom  the  dead  body 
of  the  barbarian  he  took  tin-  chain  (/.</■</»,  s) 
which  bad  adorned  him,  and  placed  it  around 
hi-  own  neck  ;  and  from  this  circumstance  lie 
obtained  the  surname  ofTorquatus.  He  was 
dictator  in  353,  and  again  in  349.  lie  wae  also 
three  times  consul,  namely,  in  U47,  344,  and  in 
34(i.  In  the  last  of  these  years  Torquatus  and 
his  colleague,  P.  I  »«■<  j us  Mns,  gained. the  great 
victory  ovei  the  Latins  at  the  foot  of  Vesu- 
vius, which  established  forever  the  suprem- 
acy of  Rome  over  Latium.  shortly  before 
the  battle,  when  the  two  armies  wi 
camped  opposite  to  one  another,  the  i 
published  a  proclamation  that  no  Roman 
should  engage  in  single  combat  with  a  Latin 
on  pain  ofdeatb.  This  command  was  violat- 
ed by  young  Manlius,  the  consul's  son,  who 
was  in  consequence  execnted  by  the  lictor  in 

ce  of  the  assembled  army.   Thi 
sentence  rendet  ed  Torqnatn    an  objeel  of  de- 
testation among  the  Roman  youth-  as  long 
as  he  lived  :  and  '  I  '  ; 

ty  was  preserved  in  after  ages  bj  tbe 
Bion  Mim! mini  Imperia.—w  T.  Mam.h 
quatdb,  consul  n.o  236,  when  lie  conquered 
the  Sardinians ;  censor  in  281  ■,  and  consul  a 
2d  time  in  'iu.    He  possessed  the  ben  litre} 
t  tn  oiiesB  and  seventy  of  hi-  family :  .and  we 
accordingly  And  htm  opposing  in  the  senate 
the  ransom  of  those  Romans  w ho  h 
yikeit  |  ■  i  tie  fatal  l>atl  l<  of  I  lannae. 

He  ".i-  dictator  in 210  I    M 

juaiis. consul  n.o.  or,  with  I..  Aurelin 
In  took  .-in  active  pari  in  supprei  \\>j  the 
in  68 ;    and   he  also 
supported  Cicero  when  he  was  banished  in 

?>S.  —  (4)  I,.  .\i  \  m.i  i  B  TOBQ1  \\  i  B,  -on  ol  No.  :t, 

e  'i  to  tie    oil'.,  rattcal  parly,  and  ac- 
■ 
of  the  civil  war  in  49,     He  v 
year,  and  was  Btationed  nt  Alba  with  6i  <  lent.. 
He  subsequent ly  joined  Pompey  in  i 
and  iii  the  fid  lowing  year  (48)  he  had  tbe  com 


raand  of  Oricnm  intrusted  to  him;  but  was 
obliged  to  surrender  both  himself  and  the 
town  to  r.ie-ar.who,  however,  dismissed  Tor- 
quatus  uninjured.  After  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia,  Torquatus  went  to  Africa,  and  upon  the 
defeat  of  his  party  in  that  country  in  46  he  at- 
tempted to  escape  to  Spain  along  with  Scipio 
and  others,  but  was  taken  prisoner  by  P.  Sit- 
tius  at  Hippo  Regius,  and  slain  together  with 
his  companions.  Torquattt-  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  Creek  literature,  and  is  praised 
by  Cicero,  with  whom  in  early  life  he  was 
Closely  connected,  as  a  man  we'd  trained  in 
every  "kind  of  learning.— (5)  A.  Mam  us  Tob- 
QUATDS,  praetor  in  52,  when  he  presided  at 
the  trial  ofMilo  lor  bribery.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  he  espoused  the  -ide 
of  Pompey,  and  after  the  defeat  of  the  latter 
retired  to  Athens,  where  he  was  living  in  ex- 
ile in  45.  He  was  tin  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero. 

TR.\R£A  (-ae),  Q.,  a  Roman  comic  drama- 
tist, who  occupies  the  eighth  place  in  the  can- 
on of  Volcatius  Sedigitns.  The  period  when 
he  flourished  is  uncertain,  but  lie  has  been 
placed  about  B.C.  130. 

TRlCHIS  orTKACIIIX  (-inis).  (1)  Uso 
called  Hkeaolp.a  Teacuiniak,  or  Hkbaoi.ka 

I'll  i  UIOTIDI8,  or  simply  Hi  a:  vow  \.  a  town  of 
Thessaly  in  the  district  Malis,  celebrated  as 
the  residence  id'  Hercules  for  a  time. — (2)  A 
town  of  l'hocis,  on  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia, 
and  on  the  slope  i  i'  M  unt  Helicon  in  the 
neighborhood  id'  Lebadea. 

Ti:  UHONiTls  or  TRACHON.the  N  <U- 

i  Palestine  beyond  the  .Jordan,  lav  1)6- 
tween  Anti-Libauus  and  the  mountains  of 
Arabia,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
territory  of  Damascus,  on  tbe  B.  by  An  ran  it  is, 

on  tie-  S.  by  Iluraea,  and  on  the  W.  by  Qau- 

lanitis. 

TRUINU8  (-1),  M.  ri.ril's.  Roman  em- 
peror, *.n.  98  117,  waa  born  at  [tallca,  near 
the  1 3th  of  September,  52.  lie  w as 
trained  to  arm-,  and  Berved  with  distinction 
in  Hie  East  and  in  Germany.  He  was  consul 
in  ol,  and  at  the  close  of  91  he  was  adopted 
by  the  emperor  Nerva,  upon  whose  death  In 

the   following  year  Ti.ijau   Mice  ceded    to   the 

empire  with  the  title  of  Impsratoi   • 

Trajanus   Augustus,     His  accession 

was  hailed  with  joy,  and  he  did  not  disap- 
point the  expectation-  Ol  the  people.  At  the 
time  of  Nei  va's  death,  Trajan  wa-  a!  Cologne, 
ami  ilid  not  i  el  urn  to  Rome  for  I  one'  u. 

when  he  entered  it  on  foot,  aci  nmp  > 
his  wife  Pompelu  Plotlna.    Ti  i 

ployed  for  the  next  •>  or  :;  veal-  in  a  war  with 

ugoftheDaci,wh  i 

and  compelled  to  sue  for  peat  e.    Ti 

sinned  tic  ii.ii ti1  utei ed  [tome 

in  triumph  (108).     In  the  follow 
he  commi  ii'  ■  I  lit    id  Daclau  •■■■ 

.w  ho,  ii  Is  said,  had  broken  the  I 
:  leiely  defeated,  fl 

Mier  the  de  uh  of 

■  the  f  >rni  "f 

n\  Ince  :   strong  forts  wen-  built 

in  vaii 

planted.   On  hi-  return  Trajan  had  o  triumph, 


TRAJAN  IS. 


412 


TRAPEZUS. 


nies  to  t lie  people  for  12.; 

ays  About  this  time  Arabia  Peiraea  was 
-ubjected  to  the  empire  by  A.  Cornelius  Palma, 

he  governor  of  Syria;   ami  an  Indian  em- 

uissy  came  to  Ruine.  In  114  Trajan  left 
R  ime  i"  make  war  on  the  Armenians  and 

ne  Parthians.  He  spent  the  winter  of  114  at 
Autioch,  and  in  the  following  year  he  invaded 

ae  Parthian  dominions.  The  most  Btriking 
and  brilliant  success  attended  his  arms.     In 

lie  course  of  2  campaigns  (115-116)  he  cou- 

,nered  tin-  greater  pari  of  the  Parthian  cm- 
id  took  the  Parthian  capital  of  Ctesi- 
pbnii.  In  116  he  descended  the  Tigris,  and 
the  Erythraean  sea  (the  Persian  Gulf). 
While  be  was  i  has  engaged  the  Parthians  rose 
against  the  Romans,  but  were  again  subdued 
by  the  generals  of  Trajan.  On  his  return  to 
Ctesiphon,  Trajan  determined  to  give  the 
Parthians  a  king,  and  placed  the  diadem  ou 
the  head  of  Parthamasp;  tes.     Iu  117  Trajan 


TRAJECTUM  (-i  :  Utrecht),  a  town  of  the 
Batavi  on  the  Rhine,  called  at  a  later  time 
Trajectus  Rheni  or  Ad 
Rhenwm. 

TRALLBS  (-inm)  or 
TRALLIS  (-is:  Ghitb- 
zel-Hwar,  Rn.,  near 
Aidin),  a  flourishing 
commercial  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  reckoned 
sometimes  to  Ionia, 
and  sometimes  to  Ca- 
ria.  It  stood  on  a 
quadrangular  height 
at  the  8.  fool  of  Mount 
Messogis  (with  a  cita- 
del on  a  higher  point), 
on  the  banks  of  the 
little  river  Eudon,  a 
N.  tributary  of  the 
Maeander,  from  which 


Trajan  crowning  the  Parthian  King. 


fell  ill,  and  as  his  complaint  grew'  worse  he 
set  out  for  Italy.  He  lived  to  reach  Selinus 
in  Cilicia,  afterwards  called  Trajanopolis, 
where  he  died  iu  August,  117.  after  a  reign 
of  19  years,  <i  months,  and  15  days.  He  left 
no  children.  Trajan  was  strong"  and  labori- 
ous, of  majestic  appearance,  and  simple  in  bis 
mode  of  life.  Though  not  a  man  of  letters, 
he  had  a  sound  judgment,  and  felt  a  sincere 
desire  for  the  happiness  of  his  people.  Trajan 
constructed  several  great  roads  in  the  empire; 
he  built  libraries  at  Rome,  one  of  which,  called 
the  Ulpia  Bibliotheca,  is  of; en  mentioned ;  and 
a  theatre  in  the  Campus  Martins.  His  great 
work  wag  the  Forum  Trajanum,  in  the  centre 
of  which  was  placed  the  column  of  Trajan. 


the  city  was  distant  SO 
stadia  (8  geog.  miles). 
Under  the  Seleucidae 
it  bore  the  names  of 
Seleucia  and  Autio- 
chia. 

TKAPEZUS(-untis). 
(1)  (Near  Mavria),  a 
city  of  Arcadia,  ou  the 
Alphens.—  (2){Tarabo- 
-  zim,  or  Tre- 
bizond),  a  colony  of 
at  almost  the 
extreme  E.  of  the  N. 
shore  of  Asia  Minor. 
After  Sin  ope  lost  her 


Column  of  Trajan, 


TKASIMENUS  LACUS. 


413 


TRIOPIUM. 


independence,  Trapezns  belonged,  first  to 
Armenia  Minor,  and  afterwards  to  the  king- 
dom of  Pontus.  Under  the  Romans  il  was 
made  a  free  city,  probably  by  Pompey,  and 
by  I'rajan  the  capital  of  Pontus  Cappadocins. 
Hadrian  constructed  a  new  harbor;  and  the 
city  became  a  place  of  first-rate  commercial 
importance.  It  was  taken  by  the  Goths  in 
the  reign  of  Valerian;  but  it  had  recovered, 
and  was  in  a  nourishing  state  in  the  time  of 
Justinian,  who  repaired  its  fortifications.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  was  for  some  time  the  seat 
of  a  fragment  of  the  Greek  empire,  called  the 
empire  of  Trebizond.  It.  is  now  the  second 
commercial  port  of  the  Black  Sea,  ranking 
next  after  Odessa. 

TRlSIMENUS  LiCTJS  (-i  :  Logo  di  Pe- 
rugia), sometimes,  but  not  correctly,  written 
TIIRASYMENUS,  a  lake  in  Etruria,  between 
Clusium  and  Perusia,  memorable  for  tiie  vic- 
tory gained  by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans 
under  Flaminius,  n.o.  217. 

TREBA  (-ae:  Treat),  a  town  in  Latinm, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Anio,  N.E.  of  Auag- 
nia. 

TRfiBATlUS  TESTA.    [Testa.] 

TRfiBELLlUS  (-i)  POLLIO  (-onis),  one  of 
the  6  Scripton  s  Historiae  A  ugustae,  nourished 
under  Constantino. 

TREBIA  (-ae:  TrebMa),  a  small  river  in 
Gallia  Cisalpinaj  falling  into  the  Po  near 
Placentia.  It  is  memorable  for  the  victory 
which  Hannibal  gained  over  the  Romans,  u.v. 
21S. 

TREBSNIUS  (-i),  C,  played  rather  a  prom- 
inent, part,  in  the  last  days  of  the  republic. 
He  commenced  public  life  as  a  supporter  of 
the  aristocratical  party,  bill  changed  sides 
soon  afterwards,  and  in  his  tribunate  of  the 
plebs  (55)  he  proposed  the  /.'  i  Trebonia,  by 
which  Pompey  obtained  the  2  Spain  ,< 
Syria,  a      '  I  he  <  lauls  ana  tllj  ricnm  for 

another  pei  tod  of6  3  cars.    For  1  his  si  1 
was  rewarded  by  being  appoiuted  one  of<  lae- 
sar's  legates  in  On  nl.      In  48  Tn 
city-praetor,  and  towarde  the  end  ol 
ceeded  Q.  1  'a-.-iu-  Longinus  as  pro-proi  tor  In 
the  governmenl  of  Fan  ber  Bpaln      1    ■ 
r.i    ed  aim  to  the  coi    alship  In  1  ictobi  r,  K5, 
and  promised  him  the  piw  Incc  of  Asia.     In 
return  for  all  1  hese  honon  and  1 
n  ins  was  one  of  the  prime  m  ivers  In  the  con- 
spirai  y  to  n         ii     b  Cm         and  after  the 
murder  of  his  patron  (44)  he  wenl  a*  procon- 
sul to  the  province  of  Asia.    In  the  following 
13)  !>.,!  ibella   surprised  the  town  o? 
Smyrna,  where  Trebonins  m  is  residing,  and 
slew  bini  in  ii 

•l-RF;r.n.\  m  .  1  VreggMa),  a  town 
In  Samnium  situated  In  the  S.E.  pari  of  the 
mountains  of  Cajazzo. — (21  Motosoa,  r  town 
of  the  Sal  line-,  of  uncertain  site.— (3)  Suvfk- 
na.  all  0  a  town  of  1  be  811 
tain  Bite. 

TRBRTJ8(-1:  Saeco),  a  river  in  Latinm,  and 
a  tributary  of  the  Lirl  . 

TEE  I  iirnm).     (1)  A  sta- 

tion on  the  v'ia  Appia  in  Ln  Inm,  hi 
Aricia  and  Forum  A-ppii.    It  is  mentioned 


in  the  account  of  SL  Paul's  journey  to  Rome, 
—(2)  (Borghetto),  a  station  in  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  on  the  road  from  Placentia  to  Medio 
lanum. 

TRBVIRI  or  TREVfiRI  (-drum),  a  power- 
ful people  in  Gallia  Belgica,who  were  faithful 
allies  of  the  Romans,  and  whose  cavalry  was 
the  best  in  ali  Gaul.  The  river  Mosella  flow- 
ed through  their  territory,  which  extended 
W.-ward  from  the  Rhine  as  far  as  the  Kcmi 
Their  chief  town  was  made  a  Roman  colon} 

by  Augustus,  and  was  called  Ai  ..1  BT  \  TEl  Vi- 
la hum  . '/Ye  ror  Trt  ves).  Ii  stood  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Mosella,  and  became  under  the 
later  empire  one  of  the  mosl  flourishing  Ro- 
man cities  N.  of  the  Alps.  Il  was  tin-  capital 
of  Belgica  Prima;  and  after  the  division  of 
the  Roman  world  by  Diocletian  ( \.n.  292)  into 
4  districts  it  became  the  residence  of  the 
Caesar  who  had  the  government  of  Britain, 
Gaul,  and  Spain.  The  modern  city  still  con- 
tains many  interesting  Roman  remains. 

TRIBAI.LI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
Thrace,  a  branch  of  the  ( Setae,  dwelling  along 

the  Danube,  who  were  defeated  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  u.o.  335. 

TRIBOCC1  (-orum),  a  German  people,  -et- 
tled  in  Gallia  Belgica,  between  Mount  Voge- 

stis  and  the  Rhine,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Strasburg. 

TRICASSES,  TRICASlL  or  TRICASSIN1 
(-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Lugduuensis,  E,  of 
the  Senones,  whose  chief  town  was  Augnsto- 
bona,  afterwards  Tricassae  (2Vi 

TRTcasTTNI  (-5rum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensia,  inhabiting  a  narrow  slip  of 
country  between  the  Drome  and  the  usere. 
Their  chief  town  was  Augusta  Trlcastinornm, 
or  simply  Augusta  (.1 

TRICCA  (-ae).  subsequently  TRICALA 
/'/'/  ikkala  .111.1.  lent  tow  u  nfThessal y  lu  1  he 

tlisl  rid  llesliaenlis,  sil  haled  un  1 

N.  of  the  Penetis.    Homer  rei nta  it  a-* 

governed  by  the  eone  of  Aesculapius ;  nnd  it 

contai 1  lu  later  1  ime  -  n  1  elebrated  temple 

god. 

'i  l:P    mI.'II        ,.,,,   D  I  ,,,    people    111 

Gallia  Nnrbonensis,  n  branch  of  the  Sn! 
Ila  and  Aqu 

TRIDENTUM  1  I:  Trent,  In  [tallan  /'.  ■ 

the  capital   of  I  hO  Tl  I  Dl  mini,  and   the  ,  ail  I 

tow  n  of  Rhaetin,  Bituated  on  the  river  ' 
1  dig>  ,  and  on  the  p  <   1  of  I  lie 

Tl;T\  m  i;i  \.     [Sn  ,.  .v. 1 

1  RINOD  VNT1 
powerful   people  of  Bi  Italu,  ; 

ne.de,  n    I 

TRJi  iPAS  (-ai         1   if  1 
and  Canace,  a  daughter  of   Voolns,  or  ol 
Helios  (tl  ni  Rhodos,  and  the  fnthet 

of  [phltnedla  and  1 

on  Ei     Ichthon  nd  bin 

1  1         1      aoi 

'I  IM<  'it'll    Mi:';  ■  .111.  .IV 

which    linn; 


TRIPIIYLIA. 


414 


TROAS. 


forming  the  S.W.  headland  ofCaria  and  of 

Asia  Minor. 

TRIPHYLIA  (-ae),  the  S.  portion  of  Elis, 
lying  between  the  Alpheus  and  the  Ned;i,  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  3 
different  tribes  by  which  it  was  peopled.  Its 
chief  town  was  Pylos. 

TRIPfJLIS  (-is),  properly  the  name  of  a 
confederacy  composed  uf  ^  cities,  or  a  district 
containing  3  cities;  but  it  is  aUo  applied  to 
single  cities  which  had  some  such  relation 
to  others  a*  to  make  the  name  appropriate. 
(1)  (Kash  Yeniji),  a  city  on  the  Maeander,  12 
miles  W.  of  Hierapolis,  on  the  borders  of 
Phrygia,  Curia,  and  Lydia,  to  each  of  which 
it  is  assigned  by  different  authorities. — (2) 
(7V;  i  bul i),  a  fortress  on  the  coast  of  Pontns, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name  (Tireboli  Su),  90 
stadia  E.  of  the  Prom.  Zephyr  ium  (C.  Zefrch). — 
(3)  (Tripoli,  Tarabulux),  on  the  coast  of  Phoe- 
nicia, consisted  of  3  distinct  cities,  1  stadium 
(600  feet)  apart,  each  having  its  own  walls, 
but  all  united  in  a  common  constitution, 
having  one  place  of  assembly,  and  forming 
in  reality  one  city.  They  were  colonies  of 
Tyre,  Sidon,  and  Aradus  respectively.  It  is 
now  a  city  of  about  15,000  inhabitants,  and  the 
capital  of  one  of  the  pashalics  of  Syria,  that 
of  Tripoli.  —  (4)  The  district  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Africa  between  the  2  Syrtes,  comprising 
the  three  cities  of  Sabrata  (or  Abrotonum), 
Oea,  and  Leptis  Magna,  and  also  called  Tri- 
politana  Kegio.    [Syktica.] 

TRIPTOLEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Celeus,  king  of 
Eleusis,  and  Metauira  or  Polymnia.  Others 
describe  him  as  a  sou  of  king  Elensis  by 
Cothonea,  or  of  Oceaims  and  Gaea,  or  of  Tro- 
chilus  by  an  Eleusinian  woman.  Triptole- 
mus  was  the  favorite  of  Demeter  (Ceres), 
and  the  inventor  of  the  plow  and  agricult- 
ure, and  of  civilization,  which  is  the  result 
of  it.  He  was  the  great  hero  in  the  Eleu- 
sinian mysteries.  According  to  the  commou 
legend,  he  hospitably  received  Demeter  at 
Eleusis,  when  she  was  wandering  in  search 
of  her  daughter.  The  goddess,  in  return, 
wished  to  make  his  son  Demophon  immor- 
tal, and  placed  him  in  the  fire  in  order  to  de- 
stroy his  mortal  parts;  but  Metanira  screamed 
out  at  the  Bight,  and  the  child  was  consumed 
by  the  flames.  As  a  compensation  for  this 
bereavement,  the  goddess  gave  to  Triptol- 
etnns  a  chariot  with  winged  dragons  and 
seeds  of  wheat.  In  this  chariot  Triptolemus 
rode  over  the  earth,  making  man  acquaint- 
ed with  the  blessings  of  agriculture.  On  his 
return  to  Attica,  Celens  endeavored  to  kill 
him;  but  by  the  command  of  Demeter  he 
was  obliged"  to  give  up  his  country  to  Trip- 
tolemus, who  now  established  the  worship 
of  Demeter,  and  instituted  the  Thesmopho- 
ria.  Triptolemus  is  represented  in  works 
of  art  as  a  youthful  hero,  sometimes  with 
the  petasns,  on  a  chariot  drawn  by  dragons, 
and  holding  in  his  hand  a  sceptic;  and  corn 
ears. 

TPITAEA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  Phocis, 
N.W.  of  Cleonae,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Cephissus  and  on  the  frontiers  of  Locris.— 


(2)  One  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia,  120  stadia 
E.  of  Pharae  and  near  the  frontiers  of  Ar- 
cadia. 

TRITO  (-:.s),or  TRIToGENlA  (-ae),  a  sur- 
name of  Athena  (Minerva),  derived  by  some 
from  lake  Tritonis  in  Libya,  by  others  from 
the  stream  Triton  near  Alalcomenae  in  Boe- 
otia  ;  and  by  the  grammarians  from  -rpnw, 
which,  in  the  dialect  of  the  Athamanians,  is 
said  to  signify  "  head." 

TRITON  (-onis),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Ainphitrite  (or  Celaeno),  who  dwelt  with 
his  father  and  mother  in  a  golden  palace  in 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  or,  according  to  Ho- 
mer, at  Agae.  Later  writers  describe  him  as 
riding  over  the  sea  on  sea-horses  or  other 
monsters.  Sometimes  we  find  mention  of 
Tritons  in  the  plural.     Their  appearance  ig 


Triton.    (F 


Roman  lamp.) 


variously  described,  though  they  are  always 
conceived  as  having  the  human  figure  in  the 
upper  part,  of  their  bodies,  and  that  of  a  fish 
in  the  lower  part.  The  chief  characteristic 
of  Tritons  in  poetry  as  well  as  in  works  of 
art  is  a  trumpet  made  out  of  a  shell  (concha), 
which  the  Tritons  blow  at  the  command  of 
Poseidon,  to  soothe  the  restless  waves  of  the 
sea. 

TRITON  (-onis)  FL.,  TRITONIS  (-is),  or 
TRITONITIS  PlLUS,  a  river  and  lake  on 
the  Mediterranean  coast  of  Libya,  which  are 
mentioned  in  several  old  Greek  legends,  es- 
pecially in  the  mythology  of  Athena  (Miner- 
va), whom  one  account  represented  as  born 
on  the  lake  Tritonis.  The  lake  is  undoubt- 
edly the  great  salt  lake  in  the  S.  of  Tunis 
called  El-Sibkah.  Some  of  the  ancient  writ- 
ers gave  altogether  a  different  locality  to  the 
legend,  and  identify  the  Triton  with  the  river 
usually  called  Latuon  in  Cvrenaica. 

TRIVTCUM  (-i  :  THvico),  a  small  town  in 
Samnium,  situated  among  the  mountains  -sep- 
arating Samninm  from  Apulia. 

TROAS  (-adis  :  Chan),  the  territorv  of  Ilium 
or  Troy,  formed  the  N.W.  part  of  Mysia.  It 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Aegaeau  sea. 
from  Prom.  Lectnm  to  Prom.  Siireum,  at  tic 
entrance  of  the  Hellespont  ;  on  the  N.W.  by 
the  Hellespont,  as  fir  as  the  river  Rh 
below  Abydns:  on  the  X.E.  and   E.  h\  ih« 


TROAS. 


415 


TROGLODYTAE. 


mountains  which  border  the  valley  of  the 
Rhodius,  and  mi  the  S.  by  the  N.  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Adramyttium  along  the  S.  foot  of  Ida  ; 
but  on  the  N.B.  and  E.  the  boundary  is  some- 
times extended  so  far  as  to  include  the  whole 
coast  of  the  Hellespont  and  part  of  the  Pro- 
pontis,  and  the  country  as  far  as  the  river 
Granicus,  thus  embracing  the  district  of  Dar- 
dania,  and  somewhat  more.  The  Troad  is 
for  the  most  part  mountainous,  being  inter- 
sected by  Mount  Ida  and  its  branches:  the 
largest  plain  is  that  in  which  Troy  stood. 
The  chief  rivers  were  the  Satnois  on  the  S., 
the  Rnonius  on  the  N.,  and  the  Soamandeb 
and  Simois  in  the  centre.  These  'J  rivers,  so 
renowned  in  the  legends  of  the  Trojan  war, 
flow  from  -J  different  points  in  the  chain  of 
Mount  Ida,  and  unite  in  the  plain  of  Troy, 
through  which  the  united  stream  flows  N.W., 
and  falls  into  the  Hellespont  K.  of  the  prom- 
ontory of  Sigeum.  The  precise  locality  of 
the  city  of  Troy,  or,  according  to  its  genuine 
Greek  name,  ilium,  is  the  subject  of  much 
dispute.  The  most  probable  opinion  seems 
to  be  that  which  places  the  original  city  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  plain,  on  a  moderate  el- 
evation, at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ida,  and  its  cit- 
adel (called  Pergiima,  it  >-,.'/"•)  on  a  loftier 
height,  almost  separated  from  the  city  l>v  a 
ravine,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  S  a- 
mander.     This  city  seems  never  to  have  been 


ter,  who  married  Dardanus.  [Dardania.] 
From  this  Tencer  the  people  were  called  Tea- 
cri.  Dardanus  had  -i  sous,  lias  and  Erich* 
thonius  ;  and  the  latter  was  the  father  of 
Tros,  from  whom  the  country  and  people  de- 
rived the  names  of  Troas  and  Troes.  Tros 
was  the  father  of  litis,  who  founded  the  city, 
which  was  called  after  him  Ii.hm,  and  also, 
after  his  father,  Teoja.  The  next  king  was 
Laombdon,  and  after  him  Priam,  j  I'm  uai  s.  1 
In  his  reign  the  city  was  taken  and  destroyed 
by  the  confederated  Greeks,  after  a  in  years' 
siege.  The  chronologers  assigned  different 
dates  for  the  capture  of  Troy  ;  ihe  calculatioi 
most  generally  accepted  placed  it  in  u.o. 
1184. 

TROCMI  or  -II.     [Gai.atia.] 

TROES.     [Troas.] 

TROEZEN  (-em's:  Dluonahn.  the  capital  of 
TeOKZBNIA,  a  district  in  the  S.K.  of  Argolis, 
on  tin-  Saronic  gulf,  and  opposiie  ihe  islaud 
ol  A'  ina.  The  town  was  situated  at  some 
little  distance  from  the  coast,  on  which  it 
possessed  a  harbor  called   Pogon,  opposite 

the  island   of  t'alauria.      Troezen   W88    a  very 

ancient  city,  and  i-  said  to  have  been  origi- 
nally called  Poseidouin,  on  account  of  Its 
worship  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  It  received 
the  name  of  Troezen  from  Troezen,  one  of 
the  sons  of  Pelops;  and  ii  i<  celebrated  id 


restored  after  its  destruction  by  th-  Greel 
The  Aeolian  colonli  it  subsequently  built  a 
new  city,  on  the  site,  as  they  donbtli       bi 
lieved,  of  the  old ■,  but  really  mr<!h  lower 

lowil   the  plain  ;   ami  this  city  is  Ihe  TboJ  > 

or  [mum  Vm  .,  of ri  of  the  ancient  writ- 
ers.    After  the  time  of  Alexander  th 
declined,  and  a  new  one  was  built  still  far- 
ther down  the  plain,  below  lie-  e, Millie 
the  Simois  and  Si   imamler,  and  near  Ihe  Ilel 
lit,  and   this    was   called    [Ml  H    Novi  M. 

The  mythical  account  of  the  origin  of  ii  e 
kingdom  of  Troy  is  briefly  as  follow       i. 
cer,  the  tir.-l  kin,'  in  Ihe  Troad,  had  a  dnngh 


mythology  as  the  place  where  Pittheus,  tin 
matet  n  il  gi  nndfnl  nei  nl  Tl  d,  and 

where  Theseus  himself  was  born.      It 

i ii  Ii  il  pei  iod  n  n at  a  i  me  Im- 

portance. 

TROGU  [AE  '   Irum  .  8  small  Islands,  ly- 
ing off  i  lie  promnntoi  v  of  Trogillum. 

I  ROG1  0D1  r  ■  I 
•  iii  ,    .  i  he  i,  me-  npplfed 

llzed   peopli 
had  no  abodee  b  i 

Inhabitant    of  the  W.  con  I  Sea, 

iloti    i  Iii     hi  i  and  Aethl 


TROGUS. 


416 


TULLIUS. 


opia.  There  were  also  Troglodytae  in  Mo- 
esia,  ou  the  banks  ol'  the  Danube. 

TROGUS,  POMPEII'S.     [JnsxiNus.] 

TROILIUM.     [Tbossitlum.] 

TROILUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
or,  according  to  others,  son  of  Apollo.  He 
fell  by  the  hands  of  Achilles. 

TROJA  (-ae),  the  name  of  the  city  of 
Troy  or  Ilium,  also  applied  to  the  country. 
[Tkoas.] 

TRQPHONIUS  (-i),  son  of  Erginus,  king 
of  Orchomenus,  and  brother  of  Agamedes. 
He  and  his  brother  built  the  temple  at  Del- 
phi, and  the  treasury  of  king  Hyrieus  in 
Boeotia.  [Agamedes.]  Trophonius  after 
his  death  was  worshiped  as  a  hero,  and 
had  a  celebrated  oracle  in  a  cave  near  Leb- 
adea,  in  Boeotia.  (See  Diet,  of  Antiq.,  art. 
Oracitlum.) 

TROS  (-ois),  son  of  Erichthonius  and  As- 
tyoche,  and  grandson  of  Dardanus.    He  was 

married  to  Callirrhoe,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Ilns,  Assaracus,  and  Ganyme- 
des,  and  was  king  of  Phrygia.  The  country 
and  people  of  Troy  derived  their  name  from 
him.  He  gave  up  his  sou  Ganymedes  to 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  for  a  present  of  horses.  [Gan- 
ymedes.] 

TROSSt'LUM  (-i:  Trosso),  a  town  in  Etru- 
ria,  9  miles  from  Volsinii,  which  is  said  to 
have  been  taken  by  some  Roman  equites, 
without  the  aid  of  foot-soldiers  ;  whence  the 
Roman  equites  obtained  the  name  of  Tros- 
suli. 

TRUEXTUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Picemnn,  on 
the  river  Truentus  or  Trnentinus  (Trpnto). 

TRUTULENSIS  PORTUS,  a  harbor  on  the 
N.E.  coast  of  Britain,  near  the  estuary  Tans 
(Tay). 

TUBERO  (-cnis),  AELlUS.  (1)  Q.,  son-in- 
law  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulas,  served  under  the 
latter  in  his  war  against  Perseus,  king  of 
Macedonia.  —  (2)  Q.7  sou  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  pupil  of  Pauaetius,  and  is  called  the 
Stoic.  He  had  a  reputation  for  talent  and 
legal  knowledge.  He  was  praetor  in  123,  and 
consul  suffectus  in  IIS.  He  was  au  opponent 
of  Tib.  Gracchus,  as  well  as  of  C.  Gracchus, 
and  delivered  some  speeches  against  the  bit- 
ter, 123.  Tubero  is  one  of  the  speaker-  i  i 
Cicero's  dialogue  De  Republiea. — (3)  L.,  an  in- 
timate friend  of  Cicero.  On  the  breaking  nut 
of  the  civil  war,  Tubero  espoused  the  party 
of  Pompey,  under  whom  he  served  in  Greece. 
He  was  afterwards  pardoned  by  Caesar,  and 
returned  with  his  son  Quintits  to  Rome. 
Tubero  cultivated  literature  and  philosophy. 
— (4)  Q.,  son  of  the  precedin<_r,  obtained  con- 
siderable reputation  as  a  jurist,  and  is  ofteu 
quoted  in  the  Digest. 

TUCCA  (-ae),  PLOTIUS,  a  friend  of  Horace 
and  V'i reril,  to  whom  and  Varius  the  latter  be- 
queathed his  unfinished  works. 

TtfDER  (-eris:  Todi),  an  ancient  town  of 
Umbria,  situated  on  a  hill  near  the  Tiber, 
and  on  the  road  from  Mcvania  to  Rome. 

TULLIA  (-ae),  the  name  of  the  2  daughters 
of  Servius  Tnllius,  the  6th  king  of  Rome. 


TULLIA  (-ae),  frequently  called  by  the  di. 
minutive  TULLlOLA,  was  the  daughter  of 
M.  Cicero  aud  Terentia,  and  was  probably 
born  it.o.  79  or  78.  She  was  betrothed  iu  07 
to  C.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi,  whom  she  mar- 
ried in  03,  during  the  consulship  of  her  fa- 
ther. During  Cicero's  banishment  Tullia  lost 
her  first  husband.  She  was  married  again  iu 
50  to  Furius  Crassipes,  a  young  man  of  rank 
and  large  property  ;  but  s'he  did  not  live  with 
him  long,  though  the  tirne  and  the  reason  of 
her  divorce  are  alike  unknown.  In  50  she 
was  married  to  her  3d  husbaud,  P.  Cornelius 
Dolabella,  who  was  a  thorough  profligate. 
The  marriage  took  place  during  Cicero's  ab- 

:  sence  in  Cillcia,  and,  as  might  have  been  an- 
ticipated, was  not  a  happy  one.     In  40  a  di- 

;  vorce  took  [dace  by  mutual  consent.  At  the 
beginning  of  45  Tullia  was  delivered  of  a  son, 
her  2d  child  by  Dolabella.  As  soon  as  she 
was  sufficiently  recovered  to  bear  the  fa- 
tigues of  a  jouruey,  she  accompauied  her  fa- 
ther to  Tnsculum,  but  she  died  there  iu  Feb- 
ruary. 

TULLIANOI  (-i),  a  dismal  subterranean 
dungeon,  added  by  Servius  Tnllius  to  the  Car- 
eer Alaniertmus.  It  now  serves  as  a  chapel 
to  a  small  church  built  on  the  spot,  called  S. 

j  Pietro  in  Carcere. 

I      TULLIUS   CICERO.     [Cigero.1 

TULLIUS,  SERVIUS  (-i),  the  6th  king  of 
Rome.  The  account  of  the  early  life  and 
death  of  Servius  Tnllius  is  full  of  marvels, 
and  can  not  be  regarded  as  possessing  any 
title  to  a  real  historical  narrative.  His  moth- 
er, Ocrisia,  was  one  of  the  captives  taken  at 
Corniculum,  and  became  a  female  slave  of 
Tanaquil,  the  wife  of  Tarquinius  Priscus.  He 
was  born  in  the  king's  palace,  and  notwith- 
standing his  servile  origin  was  brought  up 
as  the  kind's  son,  since  Tanaquil  by  her  pow- 
ers of  divination  had  foreseen  the  greatness 
of  the  child  ;  aud  Tarquinius  placed  such  con- 
fidence in  him  that  he  gave  him  his  daughter 
in  marriage,  and  intrusted  him  with  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  government.  The  sons  of  Ancus 
Marcius,  fearing  lest  he  should  deprive  them 
of  the  throne  which  they  claimed  as  their  in- 
heritance, procured  the  assassination  of  Tar- 
quinius [Tav.quinus]  ;  but  Tanaquil,  by  a 
stratagem,  preserved  the  royal  power  for  Ser- 
vius. Three  important  events  are  assigned 
to  his  reign  by  universal  tradition.  First,  he 
gave  a  new  constitution  to  the  Roman  state. 
The  two  main  objects  of  this  constitution 
were  to  give  the  plebs  political  independence, 
and  to  assign  to  property  that  influence  in 
the  state  which  had  previously  belonged  to 
birth  exclusively.  [For  details,  see  Diet,  of 
A  nttq.,  art.  Comitia.]  Secondly,  he  extended 
the  pomoerium,  or  hallowed  boundary  of  the 
city,  and  completed  the  city  by  incorporating 
with  it.  the  Quiriual,  Viminal,  and  Esquiline 
hills.  [Roma.]  Thirdly,  he  established  an 
important  alliance  with  the  Latius,  by  which 
Rome  and  the  cities  of  Latium  became  the 
members  of  one  great  league.  By  bis  new 
constitution  Servius  incurred  the  hostility  of 
the  patricians,  who  conspired  with  L.  Tar- 
quinius to  deprive  him  of  his  life  and  of  his 
throne.    According  to  the  legend,  Tullia,  on« 


Tl'LLIUS. 


417 


TUSCULOI. 


of  the  daughters  of  Serving,  an  ambitions 
woman,  who  had  paved  the  way  for  her  mar- 
riage with  L. Tarquinius  by  the  murder  of  her 
former  husband,  A  runs,  and  of  her  sister,  the 
former  wife  of  Tarquinius,  was  one  of  the 
prime  movers  in  this  conspiracy.  At  her  in- 
stigation Tarquinius  entered  the  forum  ar- 
.  in  the  kingly  robe.-,  seated  himself  in 
the  royal  chair  in  the  senate-house,  and  or- 
dered "the  senators  to  be  summoned  to  him 
as  their  king.  At  the  first  news  of  the  com- 
motion, Servius  hastened  to  the  senate-house, 
and,  standing  at  the  doorway,  ordered  Tar- 
quinius to  come  down  from  the  throne.  Tar- 
quinius sprang  forward,  seized  the  old  man, 
and  flung  him"  down  the  stone  steps.  Cov- 
ered with  blood,  the  king  was  hastening 
home  ;  but,  before  he  reached  it,  he  was  over- 
taken by  the  servants  of  Tarquinius  and  mur- 
dered. Tullia  drove  to  the  senate-bouse,  and 
greeted  her  husband  as  king  ;  bat  iter  trans- 
ports of  joy  .-truck  even  iiim  with  horror. 
He  bade  her  go  home;  and  as  she  was  re- 
turning, her  charioteer  pulled  up  ami  pointed 
out  the  corpse  of  her  father  lying  in  ins  blood 
across  the  road.  She  commanded  him  to 
drive  on  ;  the  blood  of  her  father  spirted  over 
the  carriage  and  on  her  dress;  and  from  that 
day  forward  the  street  bore  the  name  of  the 
yicits  Sceleratus,  or  Wicked  Street.  S  rvius 
bad  reigned 44  years.  His  memory  w..  long 
cherished  by  the  plebeians. 

TULLIUS  TIRO.     [Tibo.] 

TULLTJS  HOSTILIUS  (-i),  3d  king  of 
Rome,  is  said  to  have  been  the  grandson  of 
Hostus  Hostilius,  who  fell  i:i  battle  against 
the  Sabines  in  the  reign  of  Romulof 
legend  ran  as  follows:  Tulltis  Hostilius  de- 
frora  the  peaceful  ways  of  Numa,  and 
aspired  to  the  martial  renown  of  Romulus. 
He  mad'.'  Alba  acknowledge  Romi  '-  suprem- 
acy in  the  war  wherein  the  :;  Roman  broth- 
ers, the  Boratii,  fought  with  rhe  3 
br  .tin  itii   at  the  l 

Next  be  warred  with  Fidenne  and  with  Veii, 
•->  1 1 . 1  being  straitly  pressed  by  their  joint 
hosts,  he  vowed  temples  to  Pallor  nnd  Pavor 
—Paleness  and  Panic.  And  after  the  tight 
was  won,  he  tore  ai  under  with  chariots  Met- 
tin-  Pnfetins,  the  king  or  dictator  ol  Alba, 
because  he  had  desired  to  betray  Rome ;  and 
he  utterly  destroyed  Alba,  sparing  only  the 
teinpli  ds,  and  bringing  the'  Alban 

to  Rome,  where  he  gave  them  the 
Daelian  hill  to  dwell  on.  Then  he  tnrned 
himself  to  war  with  the  Sabinee :  and  being 
again  straitened  in  fight  in  a  wood  called  tbe 
Wicked  Wood,  be  vowed  a  yearly  festival  to 

and  Ops,  and  to  donble  the  number 

oi  the  8  ilii.oi  ■  '  when, 

bv  their  help,  be  had  vanquished  the  Sabines, 

be  pei  row,  and  its  records  were 

tsts  Saturnalia  and  Opalia.    In  bin  old 

d  when 

mi  i.  b  in  and  hi    people,  and 

a  shower  of  burn;:. 

on  Mi  inn)  Alba,  oni  is  of  the  A  Iban 

fame  forth  bom  the  solitary  temple  ol 
npiier  on  its  summit,  he  remembered  thi 

il  and  happy  days  ot'Nimia,  and  BOUghl 

to  win  the  favor  of  the  gods,  as  Numa  had 


done,  by  prayer  and  divination.  But  the  gods 
heeded  neither  his  prayers  nor  bis  charms, 
and  when  he  would  inquire  of  Jupiter  Elic- 
ins,  Jupiter  was  wroth,  aud  smote Tullus  and 
his  whole  house  with  lire.  Perhaps  the  only 
historical  fact  embodied  in  the  legend  of 
Tullus  is  the  ruin  of  Alba. 

TUNES  or  TUNIS  (-is:  runts),  a  strongly 
fortified  city  of  N.  Africa,  stood  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Carthaginian  gulf,  in  miles  s.w. 
of  Carthage,  at  tbe  month  of  the  little  rivet 
Catada. 

TTJNGRI  (-drum),  a  German  people,  who 
crossed  the  Rhine,  and  settled  in  Gaul  in  the 
country  formerly  occupied  by  the  Atluatici 
and  the  Eburoi.es.  'I  heir  chief  town  was 
called  TxnsQBi  or  Aduaoa  Tongkobcm  (Ton- 

TURDfiTiNl  (-orum),  the  most  numerous 
people  in  Hispania  Baetica,  dwelt  in  the  8. 
of  the  province,  on  both  banks  of  the  BaetlS, 
;is  far  as  Lusitania. 

TURDtJLl  (-drum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Baetica,  situated  to  the  E.  and  S.  of  the  Tur- 
detani,  with  whom  they  were  closely  con- 
nected. 

Tl'IilA  (-:>c i or  Tt  I .'i  I'M  (-i:  Guadal, 
a  river  on  the  B.  coast  of  Spain,  down 

the  sea  at  Valentia,  me able  for  the  bat- 

ghl  on  its  banks  between  Pompej  and 
Sertorius. 

Tl'KM's  (-i).  (l)  Son  of  Dannns  and  Ve- 
nilia,  and  king  of  the  Rntnli  at  the  lime  of 
the  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy.     He  was  a 

brother   of  .luturna,   aud   related   to   Amata, 

the  wife  of  king  Latinns;  ana  he  fought 
against  Aeneas  because  Latinus  bad  given 
to  the  Trojan  hero  bis  daughter  Lai  inia,  who 
had  bet  u  p  e\  iously  promised  to  Turuns. 
He  appears  in  the  Aeneid  as  a  brave  warrior; 
but  in  the  end  he  fell  by  the  baud  of  > 

■   Roman  satiric  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Amine  a,  and  lived  under  Vespasian  and  Do- 

TTJRNU8  HERDONlUS.    [Hi 

'ii  RONES  (-urn ■.  'I  i '  Ki'iM,  or  tck'mmi 
(.flrum  .  o  people  In  the  Interior  of  Gallia 
Lugdnnensix,  between  the  Aulerct,  Audi-, 
„ii,i   p[i  tone  .     Thi  Ir  chief  town  was  Cai 

the  LI  i 

'I  i  i.i.i  -  II  WMUM.IS  (-is:  Botirj  Salek- 
t'ih.  i:n.  .  a  castle  i  B 

ml    \.  hoiia,  belonging  m 

ii here  when  I 

to  Antlochut  the  Great. 
TTTRRI8  8TRAT5NIS  No.8.] 

Ti  SCI,  TU8CJ  \.     [Etbi  ttiA.i 
Tl'st  ium  (-1 :  in.  Fratcati   I 
cienl  town  ol  La  nated  about  10 

B.B.  of  Rome,  on  a  lofiy  summit  of  the  mount- 
ains, which  ore  colled  after  the  tov  n, 

i  i  Id  tohn        een  found- 

ed bj    I  j""1  '• 

roe  of  the  mo  ol  the 

o  the  <  lensoi 
ilum,     i  nlty  to  Romi 

labrity,  and  the  be  tuty  ol  it-  situation,  made 
ai  ■!  of  tin*  Roman 


TUTICAX  OS. 


418 


TYRRHENES. 


during  the  summer.  Cicero,  among  other?, 
had  a  favorite  villa  at  this  place,  which  he 
frequently  meutious  under  the  name  of  Tcs- 

•JUT.UM. 

Tf  TlCAXFS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet,  and  a 
friend  of  Ovid. 

TYANA  (-drum  :  Kiz  Hisar,  Pai.),  a  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  S.  of  Cappadocia,  at 
the  N.  foot  of  Mount  Taurus.  Tyana  was  the 
native  place  of  Apollonius,  the  supposed  work- 
er of  miracles.  The  S.  district  of  Cappadocia, 
in  which  the  city  stood,  was  called  Tyanltis. 

TVCHE.     (1)  "Foktina.— (2)  Sycacisak. 

TYDEUS  (-cms,  ii.  or  el),  son  ofOeneus,  king 
of  Calydon,  and  Periboea.  lie  was  obliged 
to  leave  Calydon  in  consequence  of  some  mur- 
der which  he  had  committed,  but  which  is 
differently  described  by  different  authors.  He 
fled  to  Adrastus  at  Argos,  who  purified  him 
from  the  murder,  and  gave  him  his  daughter 
Peipyle  in  marriage,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  Diomedcs,  who  is  heace  frequently 
called  Typibes.  He  accompanied  Adrastus 
in  the  expedition  against  Thebes,  where  he 
was  wounded  by  Melanippus,  who,  however, 
was  slain  by  hint.  When  Tydeus  lay  on  the 
ground  wounded,  Athena  (Minerva)  appeared 
to  him  with  a  remedy  which  she  had  received 
from  Zens  (Jupiter),  and  which  was  to  make 
him  immortal.  This,  however, was  prevented 
by  a  stratagem  of  Amphiaraus.  who  hated 
Tydeus,  for  he  cut  off  the  hehd  of  Melanippus, 
and  brought  it  to  Tydeus,  who  divided  it  and 
ate  the  brain,  or  devoured  some  of  the  flesh. 
Athena,  seeing  this,  shuddered,  and  left  Ty- 
deus to  his  fate,  who  consequently  died,  and 
was  buried  by  Macon. 

TYMPHAEI  (-6mm),  a  people  of  Epirus, 
on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  so  called  from 
Mount  Tymi'he.     Their  country  was  called 

TVMPHAEA. 

TYMPIIRESTTS  (-i:  Elladha),a  mountain 
in  Thessaly,  in  the  country  of  the  Dryopes, 
in  which  the  river  SperchC-us  rises. 

TYNDAREUS  (-ei:  notTYNOAEcs),  was  the 
son  of  Perieres  and  Gorgophone,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  son  of  Oebalus,  by  the  nymph 
Batia  or  by  Gorgophone.  Tyndareus  and  his 
brother  Icarius  were  expelled  by  their  step- 
brother llippocoou  and  his  sons;  whereupon 
Tyndareus  tied  to  Thestins  in  Aetolia,  and 
assisted  him  in  his  wars  against  his  neighbors. 
In  Aetolia  Tyndareus  married  Leda,  thedaugh- 
ter  of  Thestins,  and  was  afterwards  restored 
to  Sparta  by  Hercules.  By  Leda.  Tyndareus 
became  the  father  of  Tim.-indra,  Clytaemues- 
tra.  and  Philopoe.  One  night  Leda  was  em- 
braced both  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Tyndareus, 
and  the  result  was  the  birth  of  Pollux  and 
Helena,  the  children  of  Zeus,  and  of  I 
and  Clytaemnestra,  the  children  of  Tyndareus. 
The  patronymic  Tynhaf.ipae  is  frequently 
given  to  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  the  female 
patronymic  Tynh.vris  to  Helen  and  Clytaem- 
nestra. When  Castor  and  Pollux  had  been 
received  among  the  immortals,  Tyndareus  in- 
vited Menelaus  to  come  to  Sparta,  and  sur- 
rendered his  kingdom  to  him. 

TYXDARIS  (-idis)  or  TYNDARlUM  (-i : 
findare),  a  town  on  the  X.  coast  of  Sicily,  a 


little  W.  of  Messana,  founded  by  the  elder 
Dionysius,  n.c.  S'.tC. 

TYPHON  (-.mis)  or  TYPHOEUS  (-oeos, 
oei,  or  oel),  a  monster  of  the  primitive  world, 
is  described  sometimes  as  a  destructive  hurri- 
cane, and  sometimes  as  a  fire-breathing  giant. 
According  to  Homer,  he  was  concealed  in  the 
earth  in  the  country  of  tin-  Arimi,  which  was 
lashed  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  with  flashes  of  light- 
ning. In  Hesiod,  Typhaon  and  Typhoeus  are 
2  distinct  beings.  Typhaon  is  represented  as 
a  son  of  Typhoeus,  and  a  fearful  hurricane, 
and  as  having  become  by  Echidna  the  father 
of  the  dog  Orthus,  Cerberus,  the  Lernaean 
hydra, Chimaera,  and  the  Sphyux.  Typhoons, 
oil  the  other  hand,  Ls  called  the  youngest  son 
of  Tartarus  and  Gaea,  or  of  Hera  (Juno)  alone, 
because  she  was  indignant  at  Zeus  having 
given  birth  to  Athena  (Minerva).  He  is  de- 
scribed as  a  monster  with  100  heads,  fearful 
eyes,  and  terrible  voices ;  he  wanted  to  ac- 
quire the  sovereignty  of  gods  and  men,  but, 
after  a  fearful  struggle,  was  subdued  by  Zeus 
with  a  thunderbolt.  He  begot  the  winds, 
whence  he  is  also  called  the  father  of  the 
Harpies  ;  but  the  beneficent  winds  Notus, 
Boreas,  Argestes,  and  Zephyrus,  were  not  his 
sons.  He  was  buried  in  Tartarus.underMount 
Ael::a,  the  workshop  of  Hephaestus  (Vulcan), 
whi  u  is  hence  called  by  the  poets  Typhoig 
Aetna. 

TYRANNlON  (-onis).  (1)  A  Greek  gram- 
marian, a  native  of  Amisus  in  Pontus,  was 
taken  captive  by  Lucullus,  and  carried  to 
Rome,  n.c.  72.  He  was  given  by  Lucullus 
to  Murena,  who  manumitted  him.  At  Rome 
Tyranuion  occupied  himself  in  teaching.  He 
was  also  employed  in  arranging  the  library 
of  Apellicou,  which  Sulla  brought  to  Rome, 
and  which  contained  the  writings  of  Aristotle. 
Cicero  speaks  in  the  highest  terms  of  his  learn- 
ing and  ability. — (2)  A  native  of  Phoenicia, 
the  son  of  Artemidorus,  aud  a  disciple  of  the 
preceding. 

TYRAS  (-ae:  Dniester),  subsequently  called 
Damastbis,  a  river  in  European  Sarmatia, 
forming  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course  the 
boundary  between  Dacia  and  Sarmatia.  and 
felling  into  the  Pontus  Euxinus  N.  of  the 
Danube. 

TYRIAEUM  (-i:  Ilghun),  a  city  of  Lyca- 
onia,  20  parasangs  W.  of  Iconium. 

TYRO  (-iis),  daughter  of  Salmonens  and 
Alcidice.  She  was  the  wife  of  Crethens,  and 
beloved  by  the  river-god  Enipcus  in  Thessaly, 
iu  whose  form  Poseidon  (Neptune)  appeared 
to  her,  and  became  by  her  the  father  of  Pelias 
and  Neleus.  By  Crethens  she  was  the  mother 
of  Aeson,  Pheres,  and  Amythaon. 

TYRRHENE  TYRRHENlA.     [Etkitria.] 

TYRRHENUM  MaRE.    [Etbukia.] 

TYRRHENUS  (-i),  sou  of  the  Lydian  king 
Atys  and  Caliithea.  and  brother  of  Lydus,  is 
said  to  have  led  a  Pelasgian  colony  from  Lydie 
into  Italy,  into  the  country  of  the  Umbriaus, 
and  to  have  sriven  to  the  colonists  his  came. 
Others  call  Tynhenus  a  son  of  Hercules  by 
Omphale,  or  of  Tclephus  and  Hiera,  and  a 
brother  of  Tarchou.  The  name  Tarchon  seems 
to  be  only  another  form  of  Tvrrheuus. 


TYEBHEUS. 


41!» 


ULYSSES. 


TYRRHEUS  (-ei),  a  shepherd  of  king  La- 

tiuus. 

TYRTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Archembrotus,  of 
Aphidnae  in  Attica.  According  to  the  older 
tradition,  the  Spartans  during  the  2d  Mes- 
senian  war  were  commanded  by  an  mack-  to 
take  a  leader  from  among  the  Athenians,  and 
thus  toconquertheirenemies, whereupon  they 
chose  Tyrtaens.  Later  writers  embellish  the 
story,  audiepresentTyrtaeusasa  lame  school- 
master, of  low  family  and  reputation,  whom 
the  Athenians,  when  applied  to  by  the  Lace- 
daemonians, purposely  sent  as  the  most  inef- 
ficient leader  they  could  select,  being  unwill- 
ing to  assist  the  Lacedaemonians  in  extend- 
ing their  dominion  in  the  Peloponnesus,  but 
little  thinking  that  the  poetry  of  Tyrtaens 
would  achieve  that  victory  which  his  physical 
constitution  seemed  to  forbid  his  aspiring  to. 
The  poems  of  Tyrtaens  exorcised  an  impor- 
tant influence  upon  the  Spartans,  composing 
their  dissensions  at  home,  and  animating 
their  courage  in  the  field,  in  their  conflict 
with  the  Messenians.  He  must  have  flour- 
ished down  to  b.0.  668,  which  was  the  last 
year  of  the  2d  Meesenian  war. 

TYRPS  (-i:  Aram.  Tura:  O.  T.  Tear:  Sur, 

Hit.),  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  famous 


i  if  the  ancient  world,  stood  on  the  coast 
of  Phoenice,  about  20  miles  8.  of  Sidon.    It 

was  a  colony  of  the  Sidouians,  and  i*  there- 
fore called  in  Scripture  "the  danghter  of  Si- 
don.''  In  the  time  of  Solomon,  we  find  its 
king,  Hiram,  who  was  also  kinu'  of  Sidon,  in 
close  alliance  with  the  Hebrew  monarch. 
The  Assyrian  king  Shalmaueser  laid  siege  to 
Tyre  for  •">  years,  but  witlu  i.t  BUCCess.  It  was 
again  besieged  for  13  veals  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar.     At  the  period  when  the  Creeks  began 

in  be  well  acquainted  with  the  city,  its  old 
site  bad  been  abandoned,  and  a  new  city 
erected  on  a  small  island  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  shore.  In  B.O.  3'.'2  the  lvrians  re- 
fused to  open  their  gates  to  Alexander,  who 
laid  siege  to  the  city  for  7  months,  and  united 
the  island  on  which  it  stood  to  the  mainland 
by  a  mole  constructed  chiefly  of  the  ruins  of 
Old  Tyre.  This  mole  has  ever  -ince  formed 
a  permanent  connection  between  the  island 
and  the  mainland.  After  its  capture  and  sack 
by  Alexander.  Tyre  never  regained  its  former 
consequence,  and  its  commerce  was  for  the 
most  part  transferred  to  Alexandria.  It  was, 
however,  a  place  of  considerable  importance 
in  mediaeval  history,  especially  as  one  of  the 
lasl  points  held  by  the  Christians  on  thecoaet 

of  Syria. 


u. 


T'P.f  I  (-orum),  a  German  people,  who  origi- 
nally dwelt  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
bntwere  transported  across  the  river  by  Agrip- 
pa,  in  h.c.  :;T,  at  their  own  request,  because 
they  wished  to  escape  the  hostilities  of  the 
Suevi.  They  took  the  name  of  Agripp 
from  their  town  CoLONIA  AaitlPPINA. 

TJCAL£G(3N  (-ontis),  one  of  the  elders  at 
Troy,  whose  house  was  burned  at  the  di 
tion  of  the  city. 

PlT.XS  (-entis:  Uffente),a  river  in  Latinm, 
flowing  from  Setia,  and  falling  into  the  Am- 
B 

ri'lf'til'M  (-1),  a  town  in  Priittium,  be- 
tween  Scyllacinm  and  Rbegium. 

TT.PTaM's  (-1).  I  k~»m  i  i  ii  3.  act  lebrated 
Roman  jurist,  derived  his  origin  from  Tyre. 
I'inii  i-  \ lex  uiiii'i  Several  he  became  the  em- 
peror'e  chief  adviser,  and  held  tlie  offices  of 
Scriniorummagi8ter,Praefe<  tu    At 

O.     I    liii.ni  pet  i-  bed  ill  the 
reign  of  Alexander  by  the   bund-  of  the  BOl- 

diers,  who  foi  ced  their  way  into   h 

Dight,  and  killed  him  in  the  presence  of  tin' 

smperor  and  hi    thei 

i  the  In- 

af  the  Roman  jurists. 

t'l.'i't IB  ■  •  ■> ■  -  ,  ■'  the  avenger."  n  Rtirname 
of  Mars,  to  whom  Augustus  bail;  n  temple  at 
Rome  in  the  Pornm,  after  takttt 
upon  the  murderers  of  hi    gri  nl  uncle,  Julius 

: 'i.i  BRAE  (-arum),  a  small  town  In  La- 
ctam, of  uncertain  site,  but,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Pontine  Marshes. 


f'LYSSKS,  i  i.vxks,  or  i  LTXaS(-isorol. 
ed  ODYSSEUS  by  the  Greeks,  one  of 
the  principal  < li eek  heroes  in  the  Tn  jan  war, 
was  a  son  ofLnSrtes  and  Antiri.  a,  or, accord- 
ing to  a  later  tradition,  of  Sisyphus  and  Antl- 
clea,  and  was  married  to  Penelope,  the  daugh- 
ter of  IcnriUB,  by  whom  be  bee  one  tie'  father 

of  Telemachus.  During  the  Biege  of  Troy  he 
distinguished  himself  by  bis  valor,  prudence, 
and  eloquence,  and  after  the  death  of  Achillea 

contended  for  his  armor  with  the  Telamonlan 
Ajax,  ami  gained  i lie  prize,  lie  \~  said  by 
some  to  have  devised  thi  of  the 

wooden  horse, and  be  was  one  of  the  heroes 

concealed  within  it.      He  i-  also  Bald  to  have 

taken  part  in  carrying  ofl  the  p  illadlura  Bui 
i  lie  nio-i  celebrated  pari  of  ins  story  consists 
oi  in   odvi  ntui  e  af  ei  I  lie  di    ti  nctl fTroj , 

which  form   i :  I    lloniei '.-  0 

After  visiting  the  < 'nones  nnd  Lotoph 

i    i    of  Si.  ||y,  u  he:  0 

with  12  companion!  be  entered  the  i  ave  of 

the  Cyi  I'M"  i'"! yphemns,  Tin-  glnnl  de- 
voured 0  of  the  compniif 

kepi   I  elf  and  II. e  o  ol    ■ 

i  however,  cot 

to  make  the   I ler  dim 

a  burning  pole  depi 

Ing  himself  and  them  un- 
der the  bo. lie-  ofl  he  uhCl  ;.  "  hich 
lei   oiii    i  •      I   arrived  at 

nnd  the  cod  on  his  de- 
parture gave  him  a  bng  of  winds,  which  were 
to  carry  him  home ;  bni  tie-  companl 
i  opened  t he  i.:,  -,  and  tie-  winds   •*- 

Caped,  w  hereupon  the  ship  It    '■"  l( 

to  the  island  i  I    \'  ilus,  "ho   indignantly  (V 


ULYSSES. 


420 


I'MBWA. 


fused  all  further  assistance.    After  a  visit  to 

Telepylos,  the  city  of  Lamus,  his  fate  carried 

him  to  Aeaea,  an  island  inhabited  by  the  sor- 

Circe.    Ulysses  sent  part  of  his  people 

to  explore  the  island,  but  they  were  changed 
by  Circe  into  swine.  Eurylochus  alone  es- 
caped, and  brought  the  sad  news  to  I 
who, when  he  was  hastening  to  the  assistance 
of  his  friends,  was  instructed  by  Hemic-  how 
to  resist  the  magic  powers  of  Circe.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  liberating  his  companions, who  were 
sgaiu  changed  into  men,  and  were  most  hos- 
pitably treated  by  the  sorceress.  By  her  ad- 
vice he  sailed  across  the  river  Oceauus.  and 
having  landed  in  the  country  of  the  Cimme- 
rians, he  entered  Hades,  and  consulted  Tire- 
sias  about  the  manner  in  which  he  might 
reach  his  native  island.    Ulysses  then  return- 


Ulvsses  aDd  Tiresias.    (Winckelmann  lion.  Ined.,  No.  1 


ed  with  his  companions  to  Aeaea, when  Circe 
again  sent  them  a  wind  which  carried  them 
to  the  island  of  the  Sirens.  Ulysses,  in  order 
to  escape  their  enticing bnt  dangerous  songs, 
filled  the  ears  of  his  companions  with  wax, 
and  fastened  himself  to  the  mast  of  his  ship, 
until  he  was  out  of  reach  of  their  voices.  In 
sailing  between  Scylla  and  Charvbdis,  the 
former  monster  carried  off  and  devoured  G  of 
the  companions  of  Ulysses.  Having  next 
landed  on  Thrinacia,  his  companions,  con- 
trary to  the  admonitions  of  Tiresias,  killed 
some  of  the  oxen  of  Helios  ;  in  consequence 
of  which,  when  thev  next  put  to  sea,  Zeus  de- 
stroyed their  ship  by  lightning,  and  all  were 
frowned  with  the  exception  of  Ulysses,  who 
saved  himself  by  means  of  the  mast  and  planks, 
and  after  10  days  reached  the  island 
gia,  inhabited  by  the  nymph  Calypso.  She 
received  him  with  kindness,  and  desired  him 
to  marry  her.  promising  immortality  and  eter- 
nal youth.  But  Ulysses,  who  had  spent  8 
years  with  Calypso,  longed  for  his  home  :  and 
at  the  intercession  of  Athena  (Minerva),  Her- 


mes (Mercury)  carried  to  Calypso  the  com- 
mand of  Zeus  to  dismiss  Ulysses.    The  nymph 
obeyed,  and  taught  him  how  to  build  a  raft, 
on  which  he  left  the  island.    In  18  days  he 
came  in  sight  of  Scheria,  the  island  of  the 
Phaeacians,  when  Poseidon  (Xeptune)  sent  a 
storm,  which  cast  him  off  the  raft ;  but  by  the 
assistance  of  Leucotheaand  Athena  he  swam 
ashore.      The  exhausted  hero  slept  on  the 
shore  until  he  was  awoke  by  the  voices  of 
maidens.    He  found  Nausicaa,  the  daughter 
of  king  Alcinous  and  Arete,  who  conducted 
the  hero  to  her  father's  court.    Here  the  min- 
strel Demodocus  sang  of  the   fall   of  Troy, 
which  moved  Ulysses  to  tears,  and  being  ques- 
tioned about  the  cause  of  his  emotion,  he  re- 
Uuedhis  whole  history.  A  ship  was  provided  to 
convey  him  to  Ithaca,  from  which  he  had  been 
absent  20  years.     During  his  absence 
his  father  Laertes,  bowed   down   by 
grief  and  old  age,  had  withdrawn  into 
the  country,  his  mother  Anticlea  had 
died  of  sorrow,  his  son  Telemachus 
had  grown  up  to  manhood,  and  his 
wife  Penelope  had  rejected  all  the 
offers  that  had  been  made  to  her  by 
the    importunate    suitors    from    the 
neighboring  islands.    In  order  that 
he  might  not  be  recognized,  Athena 
metamorphosed  Ulysses  into  an  un- 
sightly beggar.     He  was  kindly  re- 
ceived  by  Eumaeus.  the  swineherd, 
a  faithful  servant  of  his  house:  and 
while  staying  with  Eumaeus,  Tele- 
machus  returned   from   Sparta   and 
Pylos,  whither  he  had  gone  to  obtain 
information   conceruiug  his   father. 
Ulysses  made  himself  known  to  him, 
and  a  plan  of  revenge  was  resolved 
on.     Penelope,  with  great  difficulty, 
was  made  to  promise  her  hand  to  him 
who   should   conquer   the   others  in 
shooting  with   the   bow   of  Ulysses. 
As  none  of  the  suitors  were  able  to 
draw  this  bow,  Ulysses  himself  took 
it  up,  and, directing  his  arrows  against 
the  snitors,  slew  them  all.     Ulysses 
now  made  himself  known  to  Penel- 
ope, aud  went  to  see  his  aged  father.     In 
the  mean  time  the  report  of  the  death  of  the 
snitors  was  spread  abroad,  and  their  relatives 
rose  in  arms  against  Ulysses  :  but  Athena, 
who    assumed   the   appearance    of  Mentor, 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between  the 
people  and  the  king. 

UMBRIA  (-ae),  called  by  the  Greeks  OM- 
BRICA,  a  district  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Gallia  Cisalpina,  from  which  it  was  sepa- 
rated bv  the  river  Rubicon :  on  the  E.  by  the 
Adriatic  Sea;  on  the  S.  by  the  rivers  Aesis 
and  Nar;  and  on  the  YV.  by  the  Tiber,  lis 
inhabitants,  the  Ukisbi  (sing.  Umber),  called 
by  the  Greeks  Ujibkioi,  were  one  of  the  most 
ancient  and  powerful  peoples  in  Central  Italy, 
and  origina'Iy  extended  across  the  peninsula 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Tyrrhene  seas.  Thus 
thev  inhabited  the  country  afterwards  called 
Etfuria;  aud  we  are  expressly  told  thai  Cro- 
tona,  Perusia,  Clusinm.  and  other  Etruscan 
cities,  were  built  by  the  Umbriaus.  They 
were  afterwards  deprived  of  their  possessions 
W.  of  the  Tiber  by  the  Etruscans,  aud  tbeii 


UMBRO. 


421 


VAGIEXNI. 


territories  were  still  f;irther  diminished  by 
the  Senones,  a  Gallic  people,  who  took  pos- 
session of  the  whole  country  on  the  coast, 
from  Ariminum  to  the  Aesis.  The  I'mbri 
were  subdued  by  the  Romans,  n.o. 307 ;  and 
after  the  conquest  of  the  Seuones  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  2S3,  they  again  obtained  possession 
of  the  country  on  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic. 
The  chief  towns  of  Umbria  were  Aki.mim  m, 
Fantm  Fobtunab,  Mevauia,  Tinr.it,  Naknia, 
and  Spoletium. 

I'MBRO  (-onis:  Ombi-one),oi\ct>Hhe.  largest 
rivers  in  Etruria,  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene 
sea  uear  a  town  of  the  same  name. 

UNELLI  (-ornm),  a  people  on  the  N.  coasl 
ofGanljOii  a  promontory  opposite  Britain  (the 
modern  Cotantin),  belonging  to  the  ArmoricL 

UPIS.  (1)  A  surname  of  Artemis  (Diana), 
as  the  goddess  assisting  women  in  childbirth. 

— (2)  The  name  of  a  mythical  being,  who  is 
said  to  have  reared  Artemis,  and  wini  i-  men- 
tioned by  Virgil  as  one  of  the  nymphs  in  her 
train.  The  masculine  Dpis  is  mentioned  by 
Cicero  as  the  father  of  Artemis. 
TJR.     [EnKssA.] 

fjR&NIA  (-ae).  (1)  One  of  the  Muses,  a 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  by  Mnemosyne. 
The  ancient  bard  Linus  is  called  her  son  by 
Apollo,  ami  Hymenaeus  also  is  said  to  have 
been  a  son  of  urania.  she  was  regarded,  as 
her  name  indicates,  as  the  Muse  of  Astron- 
omy, and  was  represented  with  a  celestial 
globe,  to  which  she  points  with  a  small  staff. 
—(2)  Daughter  ofOceanns  and  Tethys,  who 
al-o  occurs  as  a  nymph  in  the  train  of  Per- 
sephone (Proserpine).  —  (3)  A  surname  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  describing  her 
heavenly,"  or  spiritual,  to  distinguish  her 
from  AphrodHS  PandSmos.  Pla  >  represents 
her  as  a  daughter  of  Uranus,  begotten  with- 
out, a  neither.  Wine  w,i-  nut.  used  ill  the 
libations  offered  to  her. 

PRAM'S  (-i)  or  HEAVEN,  sometimes 
called  a  son  ami  sometimes  the  husband  of 

Gaea  (Earth).    By  Qaea,  I  ranue  I the 

father   of  Ol  IS,   Hyperion, 

lapetus,  This,  Rhea,  Themis,   Mnemosyne, 
Phoebe,  Tethys,  Cronos ;   of  the  Cycl 
Brontes,  Steropes.Arges;  and  of  the  Qecaton- 
cheires    i  B  iareus,  and  Gyes.   Accord- 

ins  to  l  ■'■•  to,  Dranua  wa 
Mercury  by  Dfa  and  of  Venus   by  Bemera. 
Dranua  hated  his  children,  and  Irami  < 
after  their  birth  be  confined  them  In  Tartarus, 


in  consequence  of  which  he  was  unmanued 
and  dethroned  by  Cronos  at  the  instigation 
of  Gaea.  Out  of  the  drops  of  his  blood  sprang 
the  Gigantes, the  Melian  nymphs,  and, accord? 
iug  to  some,  Silenus,  and  from  the  foam  gath- 
ering around  his  limbs  in  the  sea  sprang 
Aphrodite. 

DRBINTJM  (-i).  (l)  Hoktenbh  (Urbino), 
a  town  in  Umbria  and  a  mnnicipium. — (2) 
Mm  m  eensb  i Orbania),  a  town  in  Umbria  on 
the  river  Metaurus,  and  not  fur  from  it* 
source. 

i  i;i  \  (-ae:  Oria),  called.  HYRIA  by  Herod- 
otus, a  town  in  Calabria,  on  the  road  from 
Brundusium  to  Tarentniri,  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  [apygia,  and  is  said  to  have  "necu 
founded  by  tin:  Cretans  under  Minos. 

DRlUM  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Apulia,  from 
which  the  Sinus  Drills  took  its  name,  being 

on  the  X.  side  of  Mount  Gai 
opposite  the  Diomedcau  islands. 

USXPETES  (-um)  or  I'sii'H  (-ornm),  a  Ger- 
man  people  who,  in  the  time  of  Caesar,  took 
up  their  abode  on  the  Lippe.  At  a  later  time 
they  become  lost  under  the  general  name  of 
Alemanni. 

DSTICA  (-ae),  a  valley  near  the  Sabine  villa 
of  Horace. 

tJTICA  (-ae:   Bou-Shatcr,  Rn.),  the  g 
city  of  ancient.  Africa,  after  Carthage,  was  a 
Phoenician  colony,  older  than  Carthage,  and 

rather  her  ally  than  subject.      I:  si 1  on  tin' 

shore  of  the  N.  pari  of  the  <  arthugininn  gulf, 
n  little  W.  of  the  month  of  the  Bagradas,  ana 
27  Roman  miles  \.\v.  of  Carthage.  In  the 
3d  Punic  war  i  ticn  took  pari  with  the  Ro- 
mans against  Carthage,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  greatest  pan  of  the  ( '.a rili.. 
territory.    It  afterwards  became  renowned  to 

all  future  i inie  na  i he  acei f  the  loal    land 

made  by  the  Pompeian  pari  j  ngainsl  I 

and  of  the  gloriout  though  tni-iai.cn  self- 

sacrifice  of  the  younger  » fato.    i  < 

i  xi. i  i  <  >  i  >  t  mm  i  a  town  of  he  <  -i- 
durcl  in  Gallia  Aqnltanica. 

DXENTUM  (-i:  UgenU  .  a  town  In  Cala- 
bria, N.\S'.  of  the  I  1 1 1 \  ■  i : 1 1 1  promontory, 

i\  1 1  (-01  Mm  .  a  wai  like  people,  ol  p 
tory  habits,  who  had   then    atrongholds  in 
Mo'uni   Pal  ichoathi  as,  on   the   N .  boi  dor  of 
Pei -i-.  in  the  district  i  ailed  Uxia,  bul   >\ ho 
also  extended  ovei  a  con 
country  In  Mi 


Y. 


VACCA,  VAGA.or  VABA  (fli 
Zeugitaun  In  N.  A I 

8.  of  riica.    it  was  de  tro  ed  h 

the  Jugnrtbine  war,  bat  waa  restored  and 

colonized  by  the  Romans.    Justinian 

it  Tbeodoriae  in  honor  of  hi-  wife. 

VACCAE1  (-orum),a  peoplein  thelutcriorof 
HispaniaTarrai  oneni  is,occup3  h 
Toro.  Paletu  •      '  Their 

chief  towns  were  Palantia  and  [uteri  \  i  i  \. 


v  iDlMONia  i.\>  i   ■    /  ■       •  Baaaano), . 
small  lake  of  Ett  in  In,  ol  u  clrcul  ir  form,  « Itfl 

flouting  Islandi .    it  i-  '  el<  brated  In  i 

for    the    defeat    of   H 

battles,  Ural  b 

n  188.  u  hen  Ihi 

r  the  1  ■  outed 

by  i  he  consul  < 
VAGI  EN  '.  i  In  Ligtt 


VAIIALIS. 


422 


VAREO. 


ria,  whose  chief  town  was  Augusta  Vagieu- 
uonini. 

VAIIALIS.    [Rhends.] 

VALEXS  (-entis),  emperor  of  the  East,  a.d. 
364-378,  was  born  about  a.i».  32S.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  Goth;:,  near  Hadrianople,  on  the 
9th  of  August,  3TS,  and  was  never  seen  after 
the  battle. 

VALENTIA  (-ae).  (X)  (Valencia),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Edetaui  on  the  river  Turia,  3  miles 
from  the  coast,  and  on  the  road  from  Carthago 
Nova  to  Castillo. — (2)  (Valence),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis  on  the  Rhone,  and  a  Ro- 
man colony.— (3)  A  town  of  Sardinia  of  uncer- 
tain site. — (4)  Or  Vai.entium,  a  town  in  Apulia, 
10  miles  from  Bruudnsium. — (5)  A  province 
in  the  X.  of  Britain,  beyond  the  Roman  wall. 
It  existed  only  for  a  short  time.    [Britannia.] 

VALEXTlNIAXUS  (-i),  (I.)  Roman  em- 
peror, a.i).  364-375,  was  the  son  of  Gratianus, 
and  was  born  a.i>.  321,  at  Cibalis  in  Pannonia. 
He  expired  suddenly  at  Bregetio, while  giving 
an  audience  to  the  deputies  of  the  Quadi,  on 
the  17th  of  November,  375. — (II.)  Roman  em- 
peror, a.d.  375-392,  younger  son  of  the  preced- 
tng,  was  proclaimed  Augustus  by  the  army 
after  his  father's  death,  though  he  was  then 
only  4  or  5  years  of  age.  In  392  Valentinian 
was  murdered  by  the  general  Arbo<rastes,who 
raised  Eugenius  to  the  throne. — (III.)  Roman 
emperor,  a.d.  425-455,  was  born  in  419,  and  was 
the  son  of  Constantius  III.  He  was  slain  in 
455  by  Petrouius  Maximus, whose  wife  he  had 
violated. 

VALERIA  GEXS,  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  houses  at  Rome,  was  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin, and  their  ancestor,  Volesus  orVolusus,  is 
said  to  have  settled  at  Rome  with  Titus  Ta- 
tius.  One  of  the  descendants  of  this  Volesus, 
P.  Valerius,  afterwards  surnamed  Publicola, 
plays  a  distinguished  part  in  the  story  of  the 
expulsion  of  the  kings,  and  was  elected  con- 
sul in  the  first  year  of  the  republic,  b.o.  509. 
From  tnis  time  down  to  the  latest  period  of 
the  empire,  for  nearly  1000  years,  the  name 
occurs  more  or  less  frequently  in  the  Fasti, 
and  it  was  borne  by  several  of  the  emperors. 
The  Valeria  gens  enjoyed  extraordinary  hon- 
ors and  privileges  at  Rome.  In  early  times 
they  were  always  foremost  in  advocating  the 
rights  of  the  plebeians,  and  the  laws  which 
they  proposed  were  the  great  charters  of  the 
liberties  of  the  second  order.  (See  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  s.  v.  Leges  Valeriae.)  The  Valeria  gens 
was  divided  into  various  families  under  the 
republic,  the  most  important  of  which  bore 
the  names  of  Cor.vt  -.  Fi.  u  oi    .  Mi  ss  vla,  and 

PCBI.ICOLA. 

VALERiAXUS  (-i).  (l)  Roman  emperor, 
a.d.  253-260.  He  was  entrapped  into  a  con- 
ference by  the  Persians,  taken  prisoner  (200), 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  cap- 
tivity, subjected  to  every  insult  which  Orient- 
al cruelty  could  devise.— (2)  Son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, perished  along  with  Gallienus  at  .Mi- 
lan in  26S.     [Gai.uenus.] 

VALERIUS.     [Valeria  Gens.] 

VALERIUS VOLUSUS  MAXIMUS  (-i),M., 
was  a  brother  of  P.  Valerius  Publicola,  and 
was  dictator  in  b.o.  494,when  the  dissensions 


de  .Xexti  between  the  burghers  and  commoti- 
alty  of  Rome  were  at  the  highest.  Valerius 
was  popular  with  the  plebs,  and  induced  them 
to  enlist  for  the  Sabine  and  Aeqnian  wars  by 
promising  that  when  the  enemy  was  repulsed 
the  condition  of  the  debtors  (next)  should  be 
alleviated.  He  defeated  and  triumphed  over 
the  Sabines  ;  but,  unable  to  fulfill  his  promise 
to  the  commons,  resigned  his  dictatorship. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS  (-;),  is  known  to 
us  as  the  compiler  of  a  lar<_'e  collection  of  his- 
torical anecdotes,  entitled  De  Factis  Dictisgue 
Memorabilibius  Libri  IX.  He  lived  in  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  to  whom  he 
dedicated  his  work.  In  an  historical  point 
of  view  the  work  is  by  no  means  without 
value,  since  it  preserves  a  record  of  many 
curious  events  not  to  be  found  elsewhere; 
but  its  statements  do  not  always  deserve  im- 
plicit confidence. 

VALERIUS  FLACCUS.     [Flacccs.] 

VALGlUS  RUFUS  (-i),  C,  a  Roman  poet, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Virgil  and  Horace. 

VAXDALI,  VAXDALlI,  or  VIXDALlI 
(-orum),  a  confederacy  of  German  peoples, 
who  dwelt  originally  on  the  X.  coast  of  Ger- 
many, but  were  afterwards  settled  X.  of  the 
Marcomanni  in  the  Riesengebirge,  which  are 
hence  called  Vandalici  Montes.  They  subse- 
quently appear  for  a  short  time  in  Dacia  and 
Pannonia;  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  5th 
century  (a.d.  409)  they  traversed  Germany 
and  Gaul,  and  invaded" Spain.  In  this  coun- 
try they  subjugated  the  Alani,  and  founded  a 
powerful  kingdom,  the  name  of  which  is  still 
preserved  in  Andalusia  (Vandalusia).  In 
a.d.  429  they  crossed  over  into  Africa,  under 
their  king  Geuseric,  and  conquered  all  the 
Roman  dominions  in  that  country.  Genseric 
subsequently  invaded  Italy,  and  took  and 
plundered  Rome  in  455.  The  Vandals  con- 
tinued masters  of  Africa  till  535.  when  their 
kingdom  was  destroyed  by  Belisarius,  and 
annexed  to  the  Byzantine  empire. 

VAXGIOXES(-nm),  a  German  people  dwell, 
ing  along  the  Rhine,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  modern  Worms. 

VARAGRI.     [Veragri.] 

VARGUXTEIUS  (-i),  a  senator,  and  one  of 
Catiline's  conspirators,  undertook,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  C.  Cornelius,  to  murder  Cicero  in 
b.c.  63,  but  their  plan  was  frustrated  by  in- 
formation conveyed  to  Cicero  through  Fulvia. 

VARIUS  RUFUS  (-i),  L.,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  poets  of  the  Augustan  aL'e,  the 
companion  and  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace. 
By  the  latter  he  is  placed  in  the  foremost  rank 
among  the  epic  bards,  and  Quintilian  has  pro- 
nounced that  his  tragedy  of  Thyestes  might 
stand  a  comparison  with  any  production  of 
the  Grecian  staue. 

VARRO  (-onis),  TEUEXTlUS.  (1)  C,  con 
sul  b.c.  210  with  L.  Aemilius  Paulas.  Oi'  low 
origin  and  ultra-democratic  opinions.  Varro, 
notwithstanding  the  strong  opposition  of  the 
aristocracy,  was  raised  to  the  consulship  by 
the  people,  to  bring  the  war  against  Hannibal 
to  a  close.  His  colleague  was  L.  Aemilius 
Paulus,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  aristocratical 


VARUS. 


423 


VEIL 


party.  Th<;  2  consuls  were  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal at  the  memorable  battle  of  Cannae  [Han- 
nibal], which  was  fought  by  Varro  against 
the  advice  of  Paulus.  The  Roman  army  was 
all  but  annihilated.  Paulus  and  almost  all 
the  officers  perished.  Varro  was  one  of  the 
few  who  escaped  and  reached  Venusia  in  safe- 
ty, with  about  70  horsemen.  His  conduct 
after  the  battle  seems  to  have  been  deserving 
of  high  praise.  He  proceeded  to  Cannsium, 
where  the  remnant  of  the  Roman  army  had 
taken  refuge,  and  there  adopted  every  precau- 
tion which  the  exigencies  of  the  case  required. 
11 1  ^  conduct  was  appreciated  by  the  senate 
and  the  people,  and  bis  defeat  was  forgotten 
in  the  services  he  bad  lately  rendered. — (2) 
M.,  the  celebrated  writer,  whose  vast  and 
varied  erudition  in  almost  every  department 
of  literature  earned  for  him  the  title  of  the 
"most  learned  of  the  Romans,"  was  born  B.C. 
116.  Varro  held  a  high  naval  command  in 
the  wars  against  the  pirates  and  Mithridates, 
and  afterwards  served  as  the  legatus  ofPom- 
peins  in  Spain  in  the  civil  war,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  his  forces  to  Caesar.  He 
then  passed  over  into  Greece,  anil  shared  the 
fortunes  of  the  Pompeian  party  till  after  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  when  he  sued  for  and  ob- 
tained the  forgiveuess  of  Caesar,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  superintending  the  collection 
and  arrangement  of  the  great  Horary  designed 
for  public  use.  Ilis  death  took  place  B.O.  28, 
when  he  was  in  his  89th  year.  Varro  com- 
posed no  fewer  than  4'JO  books;  but  of  these 
only  -1  works  have  come  down  to  us,  and  01)6 
of  them  in  a  mutilated  form,  viz.,  the  treatises 
Be  Re  Riistica  and  Be  Lingua  Latino. — (3) 
P.,  a  Latin  poet  of  considerable  celebrity,  sur- 
named  Ataoimus,  from  the  Atax,  a  river  of 
(id!  a  \arbi  n:  i::  ■:',  In:;  natuc  prQVHlCI  W  18 
born  u.o.  82.  Of  his  personal  history  nothing 
further  is  known. 

VARUS,  i  cognomen  in  many  Roman  gen- 
tes,  signified  .i  person  who  had  hie  legs  beul 
inward-. 

ViRTJS  (-i),  ALFENUS.  (1)  A  Roman 
jurist,  the  "Alfenne  vafer"  of  Horace,  was  a 
native  of  Cremona,  where  he  curried  on  the 
trade  of  a  barber  or  a  cobbler.  Saving  come 
to  Rome,  he  became  a  pupil  ofServine  Sulpi- 
eiit-.  attained  the  dignity  of  the  consulship, 
honored  \\ i t ti  a  public  funeral.  (2) 
\  gi  neral  of  Vitelline  In  the  civil  war  in  a.i>. 
69. 

VARUS      i     Ql   I'.  I  ll.irs.wa-  | ml  B.O. 

13,  and  wa  -  Bubseqti  ml  i  ■  appointed  totl 
ernment  of  Syria,  where  he  acquired  eun 
wealth,     shortly  after  his  return  from  Syria 
he  wn    madi      t  many  (pi  obabl  | 

abonl  A.l>.  7),  and  •■■ 

to  introduce  the  R an  jurisdiction  into  that 

newly  conquered  conntry.  The  Qermnns, 
howc  ■  to  enbmll  thus 

tamely  to  the  R  iman  ■  ■  ike.  and  I 

\iiiiiiiins.  a  noble  chief  of  the  I  I 
who  organized  n  general  revolt,  of  all  the 
German  tribes  between  the  Visurgls  and  the 
Weser.  When  he  had  fully  matured  his  plans, 
lie  suddenly  attacked  Varus,  at  the  head  of  a 
count  let  s  host  of  b  i    the  Roman 

general  was  marching  with  hie   B 


through  a  pass  of  the  SaltuH  Teutubwgietisis, 
a  range  of  hills  covered  with  wood, which  ex- 
tends X.  of  the  Lippe  from  Osnabrnck  to  Pa- 

derbom,  and  is  known  in  the  present  day  by 
the  name  of  the  Teutoburgerwald  orLippische 
Wald.  The  battle  lasted  3  days,  and  ended 
with  the  entire  destruction  of  the  Roman 
army.  Varus  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  His 
defeat  was  followed  by  the  loss  of  all  the  Ro- 
man possessions  between  the  Weser  and  the 
Rhine,  and  the  latter  river  again  became  '.lie 
boundary  of  the  Roman  dominions.  When 
the  news  of  this  defeat  reached  Rome,  the 
whole  city  was  thrown  into  consternation; 
and  Augustus,  who  was  both  weak  and  aged, 
gave  way  to  tin;  mosl  violent  grief,  tearing 
his  garments  and  calling  upon  Varus  to  give 
him  back  his  legions. 

ViRTJS  (-i :  I'd/-  or  Varo),  a  river  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  forming  the  boundary  between 

that  province  and  Italy,  ri-es  in  Mount  Tenia 
in  the  Alps,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  between  Antipolis  and  Nicnea. 

VASCONES  '-nni),  a  powerful  people  on 
the  X.  coast  of  llispania  Tai'raconensis,  be- 
tween the  Iberus  and  the  Pyrenees,  ill  the 
modern  Navarre  and  Guipuzco.    Then  chief 

towns  were  I'c.i  it.i.on  and  CalAGI  r.liis. 

VlTlNlUS  (-i).  (1)  P.,  a  political  advent- 
urer iii  the  1  ist  day--  of  the  republic,  who  Is 
described  by  Cicero  as  one  of  the  greatest 
scamps  and"  villains  that  ever  lived.  Vali- 
ums was  quaestor  u.o.  03,  and  tribune  of  the 
plebsin  59,  when  he  sold  his  services  to  I  laesar, 

wdio  was  then  consul  along  with  Hi  bit  his.     In 

56  he  appeared  as  a  witness  against  Milo  and 
Sestius,  i  wo  oft  licero'e  friends,  in  consequence 

of  which  th ator  made  a  vehement  attack 

upon  tin  character  of  Vatiniue,  in  the  speech 
which  has  come  down  to  us.    Vatiniue  was 

praetor  in  55,  and  in  the  following   year  (54) 

he  was  accused  by  c.  Liciniue  Calvus  of  hav- 
ing gained  tin-  praetorship  by  bribery.     Be 

wa-   defended   on   thi-  or n     •     ■     cero,  in 

i  rdei  to  please  I  nesar,  «  horn  I 
fended  by  his  former  attai  i<  n| 

the  civil  war  Val inlua  uttached  him- 
self to  the  fortunes  of  Caee  ir.  (2)  Of  Bene- 
ventum,  one  of  the  vilest  and  mosl  hateful 
creatures  of  Nero'.-  court,  equally  deformed 

in   body  and  in  mind,  and  who.  ni 

■  da  buffoon,  ended 

b\  becoming  a  5<  latot ,  oi  public  lufoi  a 

.mi  is   or    \  i.i   i  \    (M   a/    Wigh 
Island  on  :  of  Britain. 

VEDIUS  POLLlO.    H'oi.i.i o.i 
VfiGBTlUS        .    i  I  \\  n  s    i:f:\ 

the   author   Ol 

lulu,  in-  lipitomf-  /.'' '  Militarin,  dedicated  to 
t  he  emperoi  Valenl  Inlan  1 1. 

\'F;1I     or Tmla   Fa  of  the 

mo  I  am  lenl  and  powi  iTnl  citl  ol  Etrui  la, 
situate. i  oh  thi  Cremi  ra,  abo  it  12  i 

from  Rome     I 

;■  on.  ami  apparent!}  the 
of  all.     \    fat  a    wi   i 

■  1 1  ii  1 1  .  , :  v.  i    about  7  m 
iference,  whli  h  ngn  <     w  Ith  thi 

menl    of    |l 

to  Athen  ,     i>     terril  n  ■•     Iga   K«*  na\  was 


VEIOVIS. 


424 


VENTI. 


sxteusive,  and  appears  originally  to  have  ex- 
tended on  the  S.  and  E.  to  the  Tiber;  on  the 
S.W.  to  the  sea,  embracing  the  salinae  or  salt- 
works lit  the  mouth  of  the  river;  and  on  the 
\V.  to  the  territory  of  Caere.  The  Ciminian 
forest  appears  to  have  been  its  N.W.  bound- 
ary ;  on  the  E.  it  must  have  embraced  all  the 
district  S.  ofSoracteandE.-ward  to  t lie  Tiber. 
The  cities  of Capena  and  Fidenae  were  colo- 
nies of  Veii.  The  Veientes  were  engaged  in 
almost  unceasing  hostilities  with  Rome  for 
more  than  three  "centuries  and  a  half,  and  we 
have  records  of  14  distinct  wars  between  the  2 
peoples.  Veii  was  at  length  taken  by  the  dicta- 
tor Oamillus,  after  a  siege  which  is  said  to 
have  lasted  10  years.  From  this  time  Veii 
was  abandoned";  but  after  the  lapse  of  ages 
it  was  colonized  afresh  by  Augustus,  and 
made  a  Roman  municipium.  The  new  col- 
ony, however,  occupied  scan  ely  a  third  of  the 
ancient  city,  and  had  again  sunk  into  decay 
in  the  reign  of  Hadrian. 

VElOViS  (-is),  a  Roman  deity,  whose  name 
is  explained  by  some  to  mean  'Hit  tie  Jupiter;" 
while  others  interpret  it  "  the  destructive  Jupi- 
ter," and  identify  him  with  Pluto.  Originally 
Veiovis  was  probably  an  Etruscan  divinity, 
whose  fearful  lightnings  produced  deafness, 
even  before  they  were  actually  hurled.  His 
temple  at  Rome  stood  between  the  Capitol 
and  the  Tarpeian  rock.  He  was  represented 
as  a  youthful  god  armed  with  arrows. 

VELA.BRUM  (-i),  a  district  in  Rome,  origi- 
nally a  morass,  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Pala- 
tinej  between  the  Vicus  Tuscus  and  the  Forum 
Boarium. 

VELAUNI  or  VELLAVI  (-ornm),  a  people 
in  Gallia  Aqtiitanica,  in  the  modern  Pelay,who 
were  originally  subject  to  the  Arverni,  but 
subsequently  appear  as  an  independent  peo- 
ple. 

VELEDA  (-ae),  a  prophetic  virgin,  who  by 
birth  belonged  to  the  Bructcri,  and  in  the 
reign  of  Vespasian  was  regarded  as  a  divine 
being  by  most  of  the  nations  in  Central  Ger- 
many. 

VEI.IA  or  ELEA  (-ae),  also  called  HYELE 
(-es:  CasteW  a  Mare  delta  Brucca),  a  Greek 
town  of  Lucania,  on  the  W.  coast  between 
Paestum  and  Buxentnm,  was  founded  by  the 
Phocaeaus,  who  had  abandoned  their  native 
city  to  escape  from  the  Persian  sovereignty, 
about  li.c.  543.  It  was  situated  about  3  miles 
E.  of  the  river  Hales,  and  possessed  a  good 
harbor.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of 
the  philosophers  Parmenides  and  Zeno,  who 
founded  a  school  of  philosophy  usually  known 
under  the  name  of  the  Eleatic. 

VELlNUS  (-i :  Velino),  a  river  in  the  terri- 
itory  of  the  Sabines,  rising  in  the  central  Apen- 
nines, and  falling  hit"  the  Nar.  This  river  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Heate  overflowed  its 
banks  and  formed  several  small  lakes,  the 
largest  of  which  was  called  Laocs  Vbunds 
(F'ie  di  Lagn,  also  Laijo  dells  Harmon  I. 

VELITRAE  (-orum:  Felletri),  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Volscians  in  Latium,  but  subse- 
quently belonging  to  the  Latin  League.  It  is 
chiefly"  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
emperor  Augustus. 


VELLAUNODTJNUM  (-i :  Beaune),  a  town 
of  the  Senones  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis. 
VELLAVI.     [Velauni.] 
VELLEIUS    PATERCITLUS.       [Patercu- 

LDS.] 

VELLOCASSES,  a  people  in  Gallia  Lugdu- 
nensis, N.W.  of  the  Parisii,  extending  alonu 
the  Seqtiana  as  far  as  the  ocean  ;  their  chief 
town  was  Katomagds. 

VENAFKU.M  (-i:  Venafri),  a  town  in  the 
N.  "t  Samnium,  near  the  river  Vulturuns,  and 
on  the  confines  of  Latium,  celebrated  for  the 
excellence  of  its  olives. 

VENEDI  (-orum)  or  VENEDAE  (-arum),  a 
people  in  European  Sarmatia,  dwelling  on  the 
Baltic,  E.  of  the  Vistula.  The  Sinus  venkdi- 
cus  {Gulf  of  Riga),  and  the  Venedici  Montes, 
a  range  of  mountains  between  Poland  and 
Ea>t  Prussia,  were  called  after  this  people. 

VENfiTIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  in  the  N.  of 
Italy,  was  originally  included  under  the  gen- 
eral'name  of  Gallia"  Cisalpina,  but  was  made 
by  Augustus  the  loth  Regio  of  Italy.  It  was 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  river  Athesis,  which 
separated  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina ;  on  the  N. 
by  the  Carnic  Alps;  on  the  E.  by  the  river 
Timavus, which  separated  it  from  "istria;  and 
on  the  S.  by  the  Adriatic  gulf.  Its  inhabit- 
ants, i he  Veneti,  frequently  called  Heneti 
by  the  decks,  were  not  an  Italian  race,  but 
their  real  origin  is  doubtful.  In  consequence 
of  their  hostility  to  the  Celtic  tribes  in  their 
neighborhood,  they  formed  at  an  early  period 
an  alliance  with  Rome;  and  their  country 
was  defended  by  the  Romans  against  their 
dangerous  enemies.  On  the  conquest  of  the 
Cisalpine  Gauls,  the  Veneti  likewise  became 
included  under  the  Roman  dominions.  The 
Veneti  continued  to  enjoy  great  prosperity 
down  to  the  time  of  the  Marcomannic  wars, 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Aurelitis;  but 
from  this  time  their  country  was  frequently 
devastated  by  the  barbarians  who  invaded 
Italy ;  and  at  length,  in  the  5th  century,  many 
of  its  inhabitants,  to  escape  the  ravages  of 
the  Huns  under  Attila,  took  refuge  in  the 
islands  off  their  coast,  on  which  now  stands 
the  city  of  Venice.  The  chief  towns  of  Veue- 
tia  in  ancient  times  were  Pataviu.m.  Ai.tinum, 
and  Aquii.eia.— (2)  A  district  in  the  N.W.  of 
Gallia  Lugdunensis,  inhabited  by  the  Veneti. 
Off  their  coast  was  a  group  of  islands  called 
Insulae  Venetioae. 

VKNETUS  LlCUS.    [Brigantinus  L\crs.] 

VENlLIA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  daughter  of 
Pilumnns,  sister  of  Amata,  wife  of  king 
Latiuus,  and  mother  of  Turuus  and  Jnturna 
by  Dauuiis. 

VHN'NQNES  (-urn),  a  people  of  Rhaetia, 
and  according  to  Strabo  the  most  savage  of 
the  Rhaetian  tribes,  inhabiting  the  Alps  near 
the  sources  of  the  Athesis  (Adigi  I. 

VENTA  (-ae).  (1)  Bklgabdm  ( Winchester), 
the  chief  town  of  the  Belgae  in  Britain.  The 
modern  city  still  contains  several  Roman  re- 
mains.—(2)     IOKNOBUM.        [IcESI.]  — (3)    SlU- 

rcm  (Caertoent),  a   town    of  the   silures   in 
Britain,  in  Monmouthshire. 
VENTI  (-orum),  the  winds.    They  appear 


ViiNCB  Geniteix.    (Villa  Borghese.) 


VENTI. 


i2Z 


VENUS. 


personified  even  in  the  Homeric  poems,  but 
at  the  same  time  they  are  conceived  as  ordi- 
nary phenomena  of  nature.  The  master  and 
ruler  of  all  the  winds  is  Aeolus,  who  resides 
in  the  island  Aeolia  [Aeolus]  ;  but  the  other 
gods  also,  especially  Zeus  (Jupiter),  exercise 
a  power  over  them.  Homer  mentions  by  name 
Boreas  (N.  wind),  Euros  (E.  wind),  Notus  (S. 
•wind),  and  Zephyrus  (\V.  wind).  According  to 
Hesiod,  the  beneficial  winds — Notus,  Boreas, 
Argestes,  and  Zephyrus — were  the  sons  of  As- 
traeus  and  Eos;  and  the  destructive  ones — 
such  as  Typhon— are  said  to  be  the  sons  of 
Typhoeus.  Later,  especially  philosophical, 
writers  endeavored  to  define  the  winds  more 
accurately,  according  to  their  places  on  the 
compass.  Thus  Aristotle,  besides  the  4  prin- 
cipal winds  (Boreas  or  Aparetias,  Euros,  No- 
tus, and  Zephyrus),  mentions  3,  the  Meses, 
Caicias,  and  Apeliotes,  between  Boreas  and 
Euros;  between  Euros  and  Notus  he  places 
the  Phoenicias;  between  Notus  and  Zeph- 
yrus he  has  only  the  Lips  ;  aud  between  Zeph- 
yrus and  Boreas  he  places  the  Argestes  (Olym- 
pias  or  Seiron)  and  the  'lirascias.  It  must 
further  be  observed  that,  according  to  Aristo- 
tle, the  Euros  is  not  due  E.  but  S.E.  In  the 
Museum  Pio-Clemeutiuum  there  exists  a  mar- 
ble monument  upon  which  the  winds  are  de- 
scribed with  their  Greek  and  Latin  nanus, 
viz.,  Septentrio  (Aparetias),  Euros  (Euros  or 
S.E.),  and  between  these  '&  Aquilo  (Boreas), 
Vulturous  (Caicias),  and  Solanus  (Apeliotes). 
Between  Euros  and  Notus  (Notos)  there  is 
only  one,  the  Euro-Auster  (Euro-Notus) ;  be- 
tween Notus  and  Favonins  (Zephyrus)  are 
marked  Austro-Africus  (Libonotus)  and  *  in- 
cus (Lips);  and  between  Favonius  and  Sep- 
tentrio we  find  Cbrns  (lapyx)  and  Circiua 
(Thracius).     The  winds  were  represented  by 


poets  aud  artists  in  various  ways;  the  latter 
usually  represented  them  as  beings  with  wings 
at  their  heads  aud  shoulders.  Black  lambs 
were  offered  as  sacrifices  to  the  destructive 
winds,  and  white  ones  to  favorable  or  good 
winds. 

VENTIDIUS  BASSUS  (-i).  P.,  a  celebrated 
FiOinau  general,  at  first  gained  a  poor  living 
by  jobbing  mules  and  carriages.  Caesar, 
however,  saw  his  abilities,  and  employed  him 
in  Gaul,  and  iu  the  civil  war.    After  Caesar's 


Vantl,  tlio  Winds.    (Bartoli,  Vatican  Virgil,  p 


Medal  commtmomtin),'  the  Parthian  triumph  of  Ventldloa, 

death  Veutiditis  sided  with  M.  Antony,  and 
in  43  was  made  consul   snffectns,     In  89 

Antony  sent  Ventidius  into  Asia,  where  lit* 
defeated  the  Parthiaus  and  LabieUUE  ;  and  in 

the  2d  campaign  gained  a  still  more  brilliant 
victory  over  the  Parthlans,  who  had  again 
invaded  Syria.  For  these  services  be  ob- 
tained a  triumph  in  38. 

VENUS  (-Ms),  theeoddesa 
of  love  among  the  Etonians. 
Before  she  was  Identified 
with  the  Greek  Aphrodite', 

she  wag •  ui  the  ieasl  Im- 

lortanl  divinities  in  the  re- 
Iglon  "f  the  Romans ;  hut 
still  her  worship  teems  to 
have  been  established  at 
Rome  at  an  early  time,  Here 
the  bore  the  snrunmi  of 
Mn,  i,, i  in  Mm , -,,,,  from  her 
fondnesc  for  Lbs  myrl le  I ree 
,  ami  nit  loot  mn  nnd 
Calva.  The.  tymologyofthe 
t  i  wo  epithets  li  \  arionsly 

j'iven.  That  ui'  '  'alXHX  proba- 
bly  refers   lo  the  fal  I    Ileal   00 

ler  wedding  day  the  in Ide, 
either  actually  or  symbolic- 
ally, ent  nil'  a  Inel;  of  bait  lo 

It  to  Venus,  in  later 
times  the  »m -hip  ui  Venos 
became  mm  h  moi  e  extend- 
ed, and  Iht  Identification 
with  the  Greek  AphrodltJ 
Introduced  vai  loni  new  at- 

ll  llillli"   .        At     the    bl 

of  i  he  '  econd  Pun  c  war  thw 
worship  of  Vi         I  i 

was  introduced  from  Sn  lly. 


VENUSIA. 


426 


VERTUMNUS. 


Iu  the  year  b.o.  114,  on  account  of  the  general 
corruption,  and  especially  amoug  the  Vestals, 
a  temple  was  built  to  Venus  Verticordia  (the 
goddess  who  turns  the  human  heart).  After 
the  close  of  the  Samnite  war,  Fabius  Gurges 
founded  the  worship  of  Venus  Obsequeus  and 
Postvorta;  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  that 
of  Venus  Genitrix,  in  which  he  was  after- 
wards followed  by  Caesar,  who  added  that  of 
Venus  Victrix.  The  worship  of  Venus  was 
promoted  by  Caesar,  who  traced  his  descent 
from  Aeneas,  supposed  to  be  the  son  of  Mars 
and  Venus.  The  month  of  April,  as  the  be- 
ginning of  spring,  was  thought  to  be  pecul- 
iarly sacred  to  the  goddess  of  love.  Respect- 
ing the  Greek  goddess,  see  Aphrodite. 

VENUSIA  (-ae :  Venosa),  an  ancient  town 
of  Apulia,  S.  of  the  river  Auridus,  and  near 
Mount  Vultur,  situated  in  a  romantic  country, 
and  memorable  as  the  birthplace  of  the  poet 
Horace. 

VERAGRI  or  VARAGRI  (-Orum),  a  people 
In  Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  Pennine  Alps,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Dranse  and  the  Rhone. 

VERBlNUS  LACUS  (Lago  Maggiore),  a 
lake  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  and  the  largest  In 
all  Italy,  being  about  40  miles  in  length  from 
N.  to  S. ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  8  miles. 

VERCELLAE  (-arum :  Vercelli),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Liuici  in  Gallia  Cisalpina. 

VERCINGETORIX  (-Igis),  the  celebrated 
chieftain  of  the  Arverni,  who  carried  on  war 
with  great  ability  against  Caesar  in  b.o.  52. 
He  was  taken  to  Rome  after  the  capture  of 
Alesia,  where  he  adorned  the  triumph  of  his 
conqueror  in  45,  and  was  afterwards  put  to 
death. 

VERETUM  (-i:  Alessano),  more  anciently 
called  Barib,  a  town  in  Calabria,  on  the  road 
from  Leuca  to  Tareutum,  and  000  stadia  S.E. 
of  the  latter  city. 

VERGELLUS  (-i),  a  rivulet  in  Apulia,  said 
to  have  been  choked  by  the  dead  bodies  of 
the  Romans  slain  in  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

VEROLAMIUM  or  VERULAMIUM  (-i : 
Old  Verulam,  near  St.  Albans),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Catnellani  in  Britain,  probably  the  resi- 
dence of  the  king  Cassivellaunus,  which  was 
conquered  by  Caesar. 

VEROMANDUI  (-mum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  between  the  Nervii  and  Suessiones, 
in  the  modern  Vermandois.  Their  chief  town 
was  Augusta  Vkro.manduorcm  (SLQuentin). 

VERONA  (-ae :  Verona),  an  important  town 
in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  on  the  river  Athesis,  was 
originally  the  capital  of  the  Euganei,  but  sub- 
sequently belonged  to  the  Cenomani.  At  a 
still  later  time  it  was  made  a  Roman  colony, 
with  the  surname  Augusta;  and  under  the 
empire  it  was  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  towns  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Catullus  ;  and,  according  to 
some  accounts,  of  the  elder  Pliny.  There  are 
6till  many  Roman  remains  at  Verona,  and 
among  others  an  amphitheatre  in  a  good  state 
of  preservation. 

VERRES  (-is),  C,  was  quaestor  in  b.o.  S2  to 
Cn.  Papirius  Carbo,  and  therefore  at  that 
mi  iod  belonged  to  the  Marian  party ;  but  he 


afterwards  went  over  to  Sulla.  After  being 
legate  and  proquaestor  of  Dolabella  in  Cih- 
cia,  Verres  became  praetor  urbauus  iu  74,  and 
afterwards  propraetor  in  Sicily,  where  he  re- 
mained nearly  3  years  (73-71).  The  extortions 
and  exactions  of  Verres  iu  the  island  have  be- 
come notorious  through  the  celebrated  ora- 
tions of  Cicero.  His  three  years'  rule  deso- 
lated the  island  more  effectually  than  the  two 
recent  Servile  wars.or  the  old  struggle  between 
Carthage  and  Rome  for  the  possession  of  the 
island.  As  soon  as  he  left  Sicily,  the  inhab- 
itants resolved  to  bring  him  to  trial.  They 
committed  the  prosecution  to  Cicero,  who 
had  been  Lilybaean  quaestor  in  Sicily  in  75, 
and  had  promised  his  good  offices  to  the  Si- 
cilians whenever  they  might  demand  them. 
Cicero  heartily  entered  into  the  cause  of  the 
Sicilians,  and  spared  no  pains  to  secure  a  con- 
viction of  the  great  criminal.  Verres  was  de- 
fended by  Hortensius,  and  was  supported  by 
the  whole  power  of  the  aristocracy.  Horten- 
sius endeavored  to  substitute  Q.  Caecilius 
Niger  as  prosecutor  instead  of  Cicero ;  but 
the  judges  decided  in  favor  of  the  latter.  The 
oration  which  Cicero  delivered  on  this  occa- 
sion was  the  Divinatio  in  Q.  Caecilitim.  Cic- 
ero was  allowed  110  days  to  collect  evidence, 
but,  assisted  by  his  cousin  Lucius,  completed 
his  researches  in  50.  Hortensius  now  grasped 
at  his  last  chance  of  an  acquittal — that  of  pro- 
longing the  trial  till  the  following  year,when 
he  himself  would  be  consul.  Cicero  therefore 
abandoned  all  thought  of  eloquence  or  dis- 
play, and,  merely  introducing  his  case  in  the 
rirst  of  the  Verrine  orations,  rested  all  his 
hopes  of  success  on  the  weight  of  testimony 
alone.  Hortensius  was  quite  unprepared 
with  counter-evidence,  and  after  the  first  day 
abandoned  the  cause  of  Verres.  Before  the 
nine  days  occupied  in  hearing  evidence  were 
over,  Verres  quitted  the  city  in  despair,  and 
was  condemned  in  his  absence.  He  retired 
to  Marseilles,  retaining  so  many  of  his  treas- 
ures of  art  as  to  cause  eventually  his  proscrip- 
tion by  M.  Antony  in  43. 

VERTICORDIA.    [Venus.] 

VERTUMNUS  or  VORTUMNUS  (-i).  is 
said  to  have  been  an  Eirnscan  divinity,  but 
this  story  seems  to  be  refuted  by  his  genuine 
Roman  name,  viz.,  from  verto,  to  change. 
The  Romans  connected  Vertumnns  with  all 
occurrences  to  which  the  verb  verto  applies, 
such  as  the  change  of  seasons,  purchase  and 
sale,  the  return  of  rivers  to  their  proper  beds, 
etc.  But  in  reality  the  god  was  connected 
only  with  the  transformation  of  plants  and 
their  progress  from  blossom  to  fruit.  Hence 
the  story  that  when  Vertumuus  was  in  love 
with  Pomona  he  assumed  all  possible  forms, 
until  at  last  he  gained  his  end  by  metamor- 
phosing himself  into  a  blooming  youth. 
Gardeners  accordingly  offered  to  "him  the 
tirst  produce  of  their  gardens  and  garlands 
of  budding  flowers.  The  whole  people  cele- 
brated a  festival  to  Vertumnus  on  the  23d 
of  August,  under  the  name  of  the  Vortum- 
nalia,  denoting  the  transition  from  the  beauti- 
ful season  of  autumn  to  the  less  agreeable  one. 
The  importance  of  the  worship  of  Vertupinus 
at  Rome  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  it  was 


Vesta. 


VERULAE. 


427 


VESTA. 


attended  to  by  a  special  flameu  (jlamen  Vor- 
tumnalis). 


Vcrtunin 


Bouillon,  vol.  S,  pi.  14.) 


VERULAE  (-arum:  Verdi),  a,  town  of  the 
Ilernici  iu  Latium,  S.E.  of  Aletrium,  and  N. 
of  Frusino,  subsequently  a  Roman  colony. 

VERULAMIUM.     [Vkuoi.amium.] 

vERUS  (-i),  L.  AURELIUS,  the  colleague 
of  M.  Aurelius  in  the  empire,  a.d.  161-169. 
He  was  adopted  by  M.  AntoniUS,  and  on  his 
death  succeeded  to  the  empire  along  with 
M.  Aurelius.  The  history  of  his  reign  is 
given  under  AURELIUS.  Verus  died  suddenly 
at  Altinum,  in  the  country  of  the  Veneti,  to- 
wards the  close  of  169. 

VESCINUS  XGER,  a  district  of  the  Au- 
runci  in  Latium. 

VEsEVUS.    [.Vksuvius.] 

VESONTiO  (-anis:  Besancon),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Seqnanl  in  Gallia  Belgica.  situated 
on  tin'  river  Dubis  (Douba),  which  flowed 
around  the  town,  with  the  exception  of  a 
space  of  600  feet,  on  which  Btood  a  mountain, 

forming  the  citadel  of  the  town. 

VKsi-AsrANt's  (-i),  t.  FI.AVirs  SAl'.T- 
NUS,  Roman  emperor,  a.d.  70-79,  was  born  on 

the  17th  of  November,  a.d.  0.  His  father  was 
a  man  of  mean  condition, of  Reate,  in  I  beCOUn- 

tryof  tbeSablni.  His  mother,  Vespasla  Polla, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  praefectns  caetrorum, 
and  the  sister  of  a  Roman  senator.  Vespn  Ian 
served  as  tribunus  milltam  lnThrace,and  was 
quaestor  in  Crete  and  Cyrene.  Be  we  aftei 
wards  aedile  and  praetor.  A  in  mi  this  time  lie 

took  to  wife  Flavia  Domit  ilia,  die  daughter  of 
a  Roman  eques,  bv  whom  he  bad  'J  sons,  botb 

<>f  whom  succeeded  him.  In  the  reign  of 
Claudius  in'  was  sen  I  into  German;  as  legatui 
leL'ionis;  and  in  48  be  held  the  same  com- 
mand in  Britain,  and  reduced  the  Me  of 

Wight.  He  was  consul  in  51,  and  proconsul 
Of  Africa  Undei  Nero.  He  was  at.  Ibis  limr 
very  poor,  anil  was  BCCnsed  "I     'It  in  [  money 

by  dishonorable  means.    Bui  be  had  a  greal 

military  reputation,  anil  be  was  liked  bv  the 

soldiers.     Nero  afterwards  sent  him  to  the 


East  (66),  to  conduct  the  war  against  the  Jews. 
His  conduct  of  this  war  raised  his  reputation, 
and  \yheu  the  war  broke  out  between  Otho 
and  Vitellins,  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror at  Alexandria  on  the  1st  of  July,  (','.>,  and 
soon  after  all  through  the  East,  lie  came  to 
Rome  in  the  following  year  (70).  leaving  his 
son  Titus  to  continue  the  war  against  ihr 
Jews.  On  his  arrival  at  Rome,  be  worked 
with  great  industry  to  restore  order  in  the 
city  and  in  the  empire.  The  simplicity  and 
frugality  of  his  mode  of  life  formed  a  striking 
contrast  with  the  profusion  and  luxury  of 
some  of  his  predecessors,  and  his  example  i- 
said  to  have  done  more  to  reform  the  morals 
of  Rome  than  all  the  laws  which  had  ever 
been  enacted.  He  was  never  ashamed  of  the 
meanness  of  his  origin,  and  ridiculed  all  at- 
tempts to  make  out  for  him  a  distinguished 
genealogy.  He  is  accused  of  avarice,  and  of 
a  taste  for  low  humor.  Yet  it  is  admitted 
that  he  was  liberal  iu  all  his  expenditures  for 
purposes  of  public  utility.  In  71  Titus  returned 
to  Rome,  and  both  lather  and  son  triumphed 
together  on  account  of  the  conquest  of  tin; 
.lews.  The  reign  of  Vespasian  was  marked 
bv  lew  striking  events.  The  most  important 
was  the  conqiiest  of  North  Wales  and  the 
island  of  Anglesey  by  Agricola,whowas  sent 
into  Britain  in  78.  Iu  the  .summer  of  79, Ves- 
pasian, whose  health  was  failing,  went  to 
spend  some  time  at  his  paternal  house  in  the 
mountains  of  the  Sabini,  and  expired  on  the 
24th  of  June  in  that  year,  at  the  age  of  09. 

VESTA  (-ae),  one  of  the  great  Roman  divini- 
ties, identical  with  the  Greek  I  lost  in  [IIksi  [a], 
she  was  the  Lroiide.-s  of  the  hearth,  ami  there- 
fore Inseparably  connected  with  the  Penates ; 
for  Aeneas  was  believed  to  have  brouu'lil  the 
eternal  lire  of  Vesta  from  Troy,  along  with 

the  images  of  the  Penates ;  and  the  praetors. 

consuls,  and  dictators,  before  entering  upon 
their  official  functions,  sacrificed,  nol  only  to 
the  Penates,  but  also  to  Vesta  at  Lavlulum. 

In  the  ancient  Roman  house,  the  health  was 


"• 


VESTIXI. 


428 


VICTORIA. 


the  central  part,  and  around  it  all  the  inmates 
daily  assem  bled  for  their  common  meal  (coeiui) ; 
every  meal  thus  taken  was  a  fresh  bond  of 
union  and  affection  among  the  members  of  a 
family,  and  at  the  same  time  an  act  of  wor- 
ship of  Vesta,  combined  with  a  sacrifice  to 
her  and  the  Penates.  Every  dwelling-house 
therefore  was,  in  some  sense,  a  temple  of  Ves- 
ta ;  but  a  public  sanctuary  united  all  the  citi- 
zens of  the  state  into  onelarge  family.  This 
sanctuary  stood  in  the  Forum,  between  the 
Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills,  and  not  far 
from  the  temple  of  the  Penates.  The  god- 
dess was  not  represented  in  her  temple  by  a 
statue,  but  the  eternal  fire  burning  on  her 
hearth  or  altar  was  her  living  symbol,  and 
was  kept  up  and  attended  to  by  the  Vestals, 
her  virgin  priestesses,  who  were  chaste  and 
pure  like  the  goddess  herself.  Respecting 
their  duties  and  obligations,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  art.  Vestales.  On  the  1st  of  March  in 
every  year  the  sacred  lire  of  Vesta,  and  the 
laurel-tree  which  shaded  her  hearth,  were  re- 
newed, and  on  the  15th  of  June  her  temple 
was  cleaned  and  purified.  The  dirt  was  car- 
ried into  an  angiportus  behind  the  temple, 
which  was  locked  by  a  gate  that  no  one  might 
enter  it.  The  day  on  "which  this  took  place 
was  a  dies  nefaatus,  the  first  half  of  which  was 
thought  to  be  so  inauspicious  that  the  priest- 
ess of  Juno  was  not  allowed  to  comb  her  bail- 
or to  cut  her  nails,  while  the  second  half  was 
very  favorable  to  contracting  a  marriage  or 
entering  upon  other  important  undertakings. 
A  few  days  before  that  solemnity,  on  the  9th 
of  June,  the  Vestalia  were  celebrated  in  hon- 
or of  the  goddess,  on  which  occasion  none 
but  women  walked  to  the  temple,  and  that 
with  bare  feet. 

VESTIXI  (-Grum),  a  Sabellian  people  in 
Central  Italy,  lying  between  the  Apennines 
and  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  separated  from 
Picenum  by  the  river  Matriuus,  and  from  the 
Marrucini  by  the  river  Aternus.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Romans  in  b.  c.  32S,  and 
from  this  time  appear  as  the  allies  of  Rome. 

VESUVIUS  (-i),  also  called  VESEVUS, 
VESBIUS,  or  VESViUS,  the  celebrated  vol- 
canic mountain  in  Campania,  rising  out  of  the 
plain  S.E.  of  Xeapolis.  There  are  no  records 
of  any  eruption  of  Vesuvius  before  the  Chris- 
tian era,  but  the  ancient  writers  were  aware 
of  its  volcanic  nature  from  the  igneous  ap- 
pearance of  its  rocks.  In  a.i>.  63  the  volcano 
gave  the  first  symptoms  of  agitation  in  an 
earthquake,  which  occasioned  considerable 
damage  to  several  towns  in  its  vicinity:  and 
on  the  24th  of  August,  a.t>.  79,  occurred  the 
first  great  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  which  over- 
whelmed the  cities  of  Stabiae,  Herculanenm, 
find  Pompeii.  It  was  in  this  eruption  that 
the  elder  Pliny  lost  his  life. 

VETRAXIO  (-onis)  commanded  the  legions 
in  Illyria  and  Pannonia  in  a.d.  350,  when 
Constans  was  treacherously  destroyed,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  troops ;  but 
at  the  end  of  10  months  resigned  in  favor  of 
Constantius. 

VETTIUS  (-i),  L.,  a  Roman  eques,  in  the 
pay  of  Cicero  in  b.c.  03,  to  whom  be  gave 
Eome   valuable   information  respecting  the 


Catilinarian  conspiracy.  In  59  he  accused 
Curio,  Cicero,  L.  Lucullus,  and  many  other  dis- 
tinguished men,  of  having  formed  a  conspir- 
acy to  assassinate  Pompey.  Cicero  regarded 
this  accusation  as  the  work  of  Caesar,  who 
used  the  tribune  Vatinins  as  his  instrument. 
On  the  day  after  he  had  given  his  evidence, 
Vettius  was  found  strangled  in  prison. 

VETTOXES  or  VECTOXES  (-urn),  a  people 
in  the  interior  of  Lusitania,  E.  of  the  Lusitani, 
and  W.  of  the  Carpetani,  extending  from  the 
Durius  to  the  Tagus. 

VETULOXIA  (-ae),  VETULOXIUM  (-i), 
or  VETULOXII  (-orum),  an  ancient  city  of 
Etruria,  and  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  Etrus- 
can confederation.  From  this  city  the  Ro- 
mans are  said  to  have  borrowed  the  insignia 
of  their  magistrates — the  fasces,  sella  curulis, 
and  toga  praetexta — as  well  as  the  use  of  the 
brazen  trumpet  in  war.  Its  site  has  been  dis- 
covered within  the  last  few  years  near  a  small 
village  called  Magliano,  between  the  river  Osa 
and  The  Albegna,  and  about  S  miles  inland. 

VETURIUS  MAMURIUS  (-i)  is  said  to 
have  been  the  armorer  who  made  the  11  an- 
cilia  exactly  like  the  one  that  was  sent  from 
heaven  in  "the  reign  of  Xuma.  His  praises 
formed  one  of  the  chief  subjects  of  the  songs 
of  the  Salii. 

VI.vDUS  (-i :  Oder),  a  river  of  Germany, 
falling  into  the  Baltic. 

VIBIUS  PANS  A.    [Pans  a.] 

VIBIUS  SEQUESTER.    [Sequester] 

VIBO  (-Onis:  Bivona),  the  Roman  form  of 
the  Greek  town  Hipponium,  situated  on  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Bruttium,  and  on  a  gulf  called 
after  it  Sinus  Vibonensis,  or  Hipfo>iates. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Loeri 
Epizephyrii ;  but  it  was  destroyed  by  the  el- 
der Dionysins,  who  transplanted  its  inhabit- 
ants to  Syracuse.  It  was  afterwards  restored ; 
and  at  a  "later  time  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Brnttii,  together  with  the  other  Greek  cities 
on  this  coast,  It  was  taken  from  the  Bruttii 
by  the  Romans,  who  colonized  it  b.c.  194,  and 
called  it  Vino  Valentia.  Cicero  speaks  of  it 
as  a  mnnicipium  :  and  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus it  was  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities 
in  the  S.  of  Italy. 

VICEXTTA  or  VICETIA  (-ae),  less  cor- 
rectly VIXCEXTIA  (Vicenza),  a  town  on  the 
river  Togisonus  in  Venetia,  in  theX.  of  Italy, 
and  a  Roman  municipium. 

VICTOR  (-Oris),  SEX.  AURELIUS,  a  Latin 
writer,  was  born  of  humble  parents,  but  rose 
to  distinction  by  his  zeal  in  the  cultivation 
of  literature.  Having  attracted  the  attention 
of  Julian  when  at  Sirmium,  he  was  appointed 
by  that  prince  governor  of  one  division  of 
Pannonia.  At  a  subsequent  period  he  was 
elevated  by  Tbeodosius  to  the  high  office  of 
city  praefect.  He  is  the  reputed  author  of  a 
work  entitled  De  Caesaribus ;  besides  which 
2  or  3  others  are  ascribed  to  him. 

VICTORIA  (-ae),  the  personification  of  vic- 
tory among  the  Romans. 

VICTORIA  or  VICToRl^A  (-ae),  the 
mother  of  Victorinus,  after  whose  death  she 
was  hailed  as  the  mother  of  camps  [MattT 


VioToniA.    (Munich.) 


VICTORINUS 


429 


VIRGILIUS. 


Castrorum);  and  coins  were  struck  bearing 
her  effigy.  She  transferred  her  power  first 
to  Marius,  and  then  to  Tetricus. 

VICTORINUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Thirty 
Tyrants,  was  the  3d  of  the  usurpers  who  in 
succession  ruled  Gaul  during  the  reign  of 
Gallienus.  He  was  assassinated  at  Agrip- 
pina  by  one  of  his  own  officers  in  a.d.  2GS, 
after  reigning  somewhat  more  than  a  year. 

VICTRIX.    [Venus.] 

VIENNA  (-ae:  Vienne),  the  chief  town  of 
the  Allobroges  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  situ- 
ated on  the  Rhone,  S.  of  Lugdunum. 

VlMINALIS  (-is),  PORTA,  a  gate  of  Rome 
in  the  Servian  walls,  leading  to  the  Via 
Tiburtina. 

VINDELICIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Danube.wliich  sep- 
arated it  from  Germany,  on  the  W.  by  the 
territory  of  the  Helvetii  "in  Gaul,  on  the  S.  by 
Rhaetia,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Oenus  (Inn), 
which  separated  it  from  Noricum,  thus  cor- 
responding to  the  N.E.  part  of  Switzerland, 
the  S.E.  of  Baden,  the  S.  of  Wi'irtemberg  and 
Bavaria,  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Tyrol,  it  was 
originally  part  of  the  province  of  Rhaetia, 
and  was  conquered  by  Tiberius  in  the  reign 
of  Augustus.  At  a  later  time  Rhaetia  was 
divided  into  two  provinces,  Rhaetia  Prima 
and  liliait  in  Secunda,  the  latter  of  which  names 
was  gradually  supplanted  by  that  of  Vindeli- 
cia.  It  was  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the 
Danube,  of  which  the  most  important  were 
the  Licias.  or  Liens  (Lech),  with  its  tributary 
thcVindo,Vi!ida,orVirdo(HY/7<(<-/0,theIsarus 
(Jmr),  iind  Oenus  (Inn).  The  EL  part  of  the 
I, arii-  Brigantinue  (l,nke  of  Comtance)  also 
belonged  to  Vindelicia.  It  derived  its  name 
from  its  chief  inhabitants,  the  Vi.nhki.ici,  a 
warlike  people  dwelling  in  the  8.  of  the  coun- 
try. The  other  tribes  in  Vindelicia  were  the 
Brigantii  on  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  Licatii 
or  Urates  mi  the  Lech,  and  the  Bieuni  in  the 
N.  of  the  Tyrol  on  the  Brenner.  The  chief 
town  in  the  province  was  Augusta  Vindelico- 
rum  (Auqeburtf).  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Vindo  and  the  Ueus. 

VINDlCIUS  (-i),  a  slave,  who  is  said  tobave 
given  Information  to  the  coneule  of  the  con- 
spiracy which  was  formed  for  the  restoration 

Of  the"  Tarquius,  and   who  was   rewarded   in 

consequence  with  liberty  and  the  Roman 
franchise. 

VINIHI.I.      [  Vam.iij.I 

VINDor.oNA  (-ae:  Vienna,  Engl. ;  Wim, 
Germ.),  a  town  in  Pannocia,  on  the  Danube, 
was  originally  a  Celtic  place,  and  subsequent- 
ly a  Human  munlctplum.    under  the  Romans 

It  became   a  town   of  importance  :    il   was  the 

chief  stat  ion  of  theRoman  fleet  on  the  Danube, 
and  the  head-quarter   of  a  Roman  legion. 

VENDONISSA  (-ae:  Windiach),  a  town  In 
Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  triangular  tong 

land  between  the  Aar  and  ReUBS,  was  an  im- 
portant Roman  fortress  In  the  country  of  the 
Helvetii. 

VIPSANIA  AGRIPPlNA(-ae).  (l)Dangh 
ter  of  M.Vipsanins  Agrippa  by  his  first  wife 
Pomponia.  Aiigiistns  gave  her  in  marriage 
to  his  step-son  Tiberius,  by  whom  she  was 


much  beloved;  but  after  she  had  borne  him 
a  son,  Drusns,  Tiberius  was  compelled  to 
divorce  her  by  the  command  of  the  emperor, 
in  order  to  marry  Julia,  the  daughter  of  the 
latter.  Vipsania  afterwards  married  Asinius 
Gallus.  She  died  in  a.d.  20.— (2)  Daughter 
of  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa  by  his  second  wife 
Julia,  better  known  by  the  name  of  Agrippina. 
[Agiuvi'ina.] 

VIPSANIUS  AGRIPPA,  M.     [Aukiim-a.] 

VIRBIUS  (-i),  a  Latin  divinity  worshiped 
along  with  Diana  in  the  grove  at  Alicia,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Alban  Mount.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  the  same  as  Hippolytus,  who  was 
restored  to  life  by  Aesculapius  at  the  request 
of  Diana. 

VIRDO.    [Vindelioia.] 

VIRGlLiUS  (-i)  or  VERGILIUS  MXlU), 
P.,  the  Roman  p  ef,  was  born  on  the  15th  of 
October,  u.c.  70,  at  Amies  (Pietola),  a  small 
village  near  Mantua  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  Vir- 
gil's father  probably  had  a  small  estate  which 
he  cultivated:  his  mother's  name  was  Maia. 
lie  was  educated  at  Cremona  and  Mediolanum 
(Milan),  and  he  took  the  toga  virilis  at  Cre- 
mona in  65,  on  the  day  on  which  he  com- 
menced his  16th  year.  It  is  said  that  he  sub- 
sequently studied  atNeapolis  (A'aplea)  under 
Parthenius,  a  native  of  Billiynia,  from  whom 
he  learned  Greek,  lie  was  also  instructed  by 
Syron,  an  Epicurean,  and  probably  at  Koine. 
Virgil's  writings  prove  thai  he  received  a 
learned  education,  and  traces  of  Epicurean 
opinions  are  apparent  in  them.  After  com- 
pleting his  edueati Virgil  appears  tO  have 

retired  to  his  paternal  farm,  and  here  he  may 

have  written  Borne  of  the  small  pieces  which 
are  attributed  to  him.  In  the  division  of  hind 
among  the  soldiers  after  the  buttle  of  Philip- 
pi  (42), Virgil  was  deprived  of  his  property; 
but  it  was  afterwards  restored  at  the  com- 
mand ofOctavian.  it  Is  supposed  thai  Virgil 
wrote  the  Eclogue  which  stands  first  in  our 
editions  to  commemorate  bit  gratitude  to 
Octavian.  Virgil  probably  became  acquainted 
with   Maeci  an     - i  after  « i Itlng  his   Bc- 

iii  v  hii  ii  m aecenae  Is  Dot  mentioned. 
Hi*  most  finished  work,  the  Georgioo,  was  un- 
dertaken at  thi  ofMaei  euai 
iii.  ii  i :  and  was  completed  aftei  the  battle  of 
\  <  t  i  ii  in,  ii.  i .  Bl|  while  Octaviau  wai  In  the 
Bast.    The  Ai  tu  Id  n  a    probably  Ion 

ted  by  the  poet  while  \ 
in  Spain  (27 J,  he  wrote  to  Virgil  i  pressing  a 
wish  to  have  some  monument  of  ins  poetical 
talent  Virgil  appear-  to  have  commeni .  d 
the  Aeneld  about  this  time.  In  28  died  Mar 
i  ellus,  the  son  of  Octuvla,  Cai  ir'  ter,  by 
ber  Oral  bu  band  •  and  i  Virgil  lost  no  op 
portunity  of  gratifying  hli  patron,  he  Intro 

duced  Into  in-  6th  i k  of  the  Aeneld  (888) 

the  well  known  .allusion  to  the  virtues  of  i ins 
youth,  who  wai  cat  off  by  death. 

Octavfa  la  said  to  have  been  present  when  the 
poet  was  reciting  this  allusion  to  her  son,  and 
to  have  fainted  from  her  emotions.     I 
warded  the  poet  munlfli  ently  for  hli  i 
ble  Battel  y.    As  Mai  die  till  18, 

i ne  e  line    «i  ere  e  written  nl  i 

death,  but  that  doe-  not  provi  that  the  whole 
,,t  the  6tb  book  wai  written  to  late,    A  pup- 


VIRGINIA. 


430 


VITELLIUS. 


sage  in  the  "th  book  (600)  appears  to  allude 
to  Augustus  receiving  back  the  Parthian 
standards,  which  event  belongs  to  20.  When 
Augustus  was  returning  from  Samos,  where 
he  had  spent  the  winter  of  20,  he  met  Virgil 
at  Athens.  The  poet,  it  is  said,  had  intended 
to  make  a  tour  of  Greece,  but  he  accompanied 
the  emperor  to  Megara,  and  thence  to  Italy. 
His  health,  which  had  been  long  declining, 
was  now  completely  broken,  and  he  died  soon 
after  his  arrival  at  Bruudusium,  on  the  22d 
of  September,  19,  not  having  quite  completed 
his  51st  year.  His  remains  were  transferred 
to  Naples,  which  had  been  his  favorite  resi- 
dence, and  interred  near  the  road  from  Naples 
to  Puteoli  (Pozzu-oli),  where  a  monument  is 
still  shown,  supposed  to  be  the  tomb  of  the 
poet.  Virgil  had  been  enriched  by  the  liber- 
ality of  his  patrons,  and  he  left  behind  him 
a  considerable  property  and  a  house  on  the 
Esquiline  hill,  near  thegardens  of  Maecenas. 
In  his  fortunes  and  his" friends  Virgil  was  a 
happy  man.  Munificent  patronage  gave  him 
ample  means  of  enjoyment  and  of  leisnre, 
and  he  had  the  friendship  of  all  the  most 
accomplished  men  of  the  day,  among  whom 
Horace  entertained  a  strong  affection  for  him. 
He  was  an  amiable,  good-tempered  man,  free 
from  the  mean  passions  of  envy  and  jealousy ; 
and  in  all  but  health  he  was  prosperous. 
Besides  the  Bucnlica,  Gfeorgica,  and  Aeneid, 
several  shorter  pieces  are  attributed  to  Virgil, 
which  may  possibly  have  been  the  productions 
of  his  youth.  Such  are  the  Cukx,Cirix,Coixt, 
etc.  Of  all  his  works  the  Georgica  are  both 
the  most  finished  and  the  most  original.  The 
Aeneid  leaves  on  the  whole  a  feeble  impres- 
sion, notwithstanding  the  exquisite  beauty 
of  some  passages,  and  the  good  taste  which 
reigns  throughout.  Nevertheless,  Virgil  must 
be  considered  as  by  far  the  first  of  all  the  Ro- 
man epic  poets. 

VIRGINIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  L.  Virginius, 
a  brave  centurion,  was  a  beautiful  and  inno- 
cent girl,  betrothed  to  L.  Icilius.  Her  beauty 
excited  the  lust  of  the  decemvir  Appius  Clau- 
dius, who  instigated  one  of  his  clients  to  seize 
the  damsel  and  claim  her  as  his  slave.  Her 
father,  who  had  come  from  the  camp  the  morn- 
ing on  which  Claudius  gave  judgment  assign- 
ing Virginia  to  his  client,  seeing  that  all  hope 
was  gone,  prayed  the  decemvir  to  be  allowed 
to  speak  one  word  to  the  nurse  in  his  daugh- 
ter's hearins,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether 
the  was  really  his  daughter.  The  request  was 
granted ;  Virginius  drew  them  both  aside,  and 
Bnatchiug  up  a  butcher's  knife  from  one  of  the 
stalls,  plunged  it  in  his  daughter's  breast,  ex- 
claiming, "There  is  no  way  but  this  to  keep 
thee  free :"  then,  holding  his  bloody  knife  on 
high,  he  rushed  to  the  gate  of  the  city,  and 
hastened  to  the  Roman  camp.  The  result  is 
known.  Both  camp  and  city  rose  against 
the  decemvirs,  who  were  deprived  of  their 
power,  and  the  old  form  of  government  was 
restored.  L.  Virginins  was  the  first  who  was 
elected  tribune,  and  by  his  orders  Appius  was 
draped  to  prison,  where  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life. 

VIRGINIA  or  VERGINlA  GEXS,  patri- 
cian and  plebeian.     The  patrician  Virginii 


frequently  filled  the  highest  honors  of  the 
state  during  the  early  years  of  the  re- 
public. 

VIRGINIUS  (-i),  L.,  father  of  Virginia. 
whose  tragic  fate  occasioned  the  downfall  of 
the  decemvirs,  b.c.  449.     [Virginia.] 

VIRIATHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Lusitanian, 
is  described  by  the  Romans  as  originally  a 
shepherd  or  huntsman,  and  afterwards  a  rob- 
ber, or,  as  he  would  be  called  in  Spain  in  the 
present  day,  a  guerrilla  chief.  He  was  one  of 
the  Lusitanians  who  escaped  the  treacherous 
and  savage  massacre  of  the  people  by  the  pro- 
consul Galba  in  b.c.  150.  [Galija,  No.  2.]  He 
collected  a  formidable  force,  and  for  several 
successive  years  defeated  one  Roman  army 
after  another.  In  140,  the  proconsul  Fabins 
Servilianus  concluded  a  peace  with  Viriathus 
in  order  to  save  his  army,  which  had  been 
inclosed  by  the  Lusitanians  in  a  mountain 
pass.  But  Servilius  Caepio,  who  succeeded 
to  the  command  of  Farther  Spain  in  140,  re- 
newed the  war,  and  shortly  afterwards  pro- 
cured the  assassiuatiou  of  Viriathus  by  brib- 
ing 3  of  his  friends. 

VIRIDOMARUS  (-i>.  (1)  Or  Britomartus, 
the  leader  of  the  Gauls  slain  by  Marcellus. 
[Marcellus,  No.  1.]— (2)  Or  Vikhumaris,  a 
chieftaiu  of  the  Aedui,  whom  Caesar  had 
raised  from  a  low  rank  to  the  highest  honor, 
but  who  afterwards  joined  the  Gauls  iu  their 
great  revolt  in  b.c.  52. 

VIRTUS  (-utis),  the  Roman  personification 
of  manly  valor.  She  was  represented  with 
a  short  tunic,  her  right  breast  uncovered,  a 
helmet  on  her  head,  a  spear  in  her  left  hand, 
a  sword  in  the  right,  and  standing  with  her 
right  foot  on  a  helmet.  A  temple  of  Virtus 
was  built  by  Marcellus  close  to  one  of  Honor. 
[Honor.] 

VISTULA  (-ae  :  Vistula,  Engl.  ;  Weichsel, 
German),  an  important  river  of  Germany, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Germany 
and  Sarmatia,  rising  in  the  Hercynia  Silva 
and  falling  into  the  Mare  Suevicum  or  the 
Baltic. 

VISURGIS  (-is:  Weser),  an  important  riv- 
er of  Germany,  falling  into  the  German 
Ocean. 

VITELLIUS  (-i).  A.,  Roman  emperor  from 
January  2d  to  December  22d,  a.d.  09,  was  the 
son  of  L.  Vitellius,  consul  in  A.n.  34.  He  had 
someknowledge  of  letters  and  some  eloquence. 
His  vices  made  him  a  favorite  of  Tiberias,  Cai- 
ns Caligula,  Claudius,  and  Nero,  who  loaded 
him  with  favors.  People  were  much  surprised 
when  Galba  chose  such  a  man  to  command 
the  legions  in  Lower  Germany,  for  he  had  no 
military  talent.  The  soldiers  "of  Vitellius  pro- 
claimed him  emperor  at  Colonia  Agrippinen- 
sis  (Cologtie)  on  the  2d  of  January,  09.  His 
generals  Fabius  Valens  and  Caeciua  marched 
into  Italy,  defeated  Otho"s  troops  at  the  de- 
cisive battle  of  Bedriacum,  and  thus  secured 
for  Vitellius  the  undisputed  command  of  Italy. 
He  displayed  some  moderation  after  his  ac- 
cession ;  but  he  was  a  glutton  and  an  epicure, 
;  aud  his  chief  amusement  was  the  table,  on 
i  which  he  spent  enormous  sums  of  money. 
Meantime  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  emperor 


VITRUVIL'S  POLLIO. 


431 


VOLCAE. 


at  Alexandria  on  the  1st  of  July ;  and  the 
legions  of  lllyricnm,  under  Antonitis  Primus, 
entered  the  N.  of  Italy  and  declared  for  him. 
Vitellius  dispatched  Caecina  with  a  powerful 
force  to  oppose  Primus ;  but  Caecina  was  uot 
faithful  to  the  emperor.  Primus  defeated  the 
Vitellians  in  two  battles  j  then  marched  upon 
Rome,  aud  forced  his  way  into  the  city,  alter 
much  lighting.  Vitellius  was  seized" in  the 
palace,  Ted  through  the  streets  with  every 
circumstance  of  ignominy,  and  dragged  to  the 
Germoniae  Scalae,  where  he  was  killed  with 
repeated  blows. 

VITRUVIUS  POLLIO  (-ouis),  M.,  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  treatise  on  Archi- 
tecture, appears  to  have  served  a*  a  military 
engineer  under  Julius  Caesar  in  the  African 
war,  u.  o.  46,  aud  he  was  broken  down  with  age 
when  he  composed  his  work,  which  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  emperor  Augustus.  Compara- 
tively unsuccessful  as  au  architect,  for  we  have 
no  building  of  his  mentioned  except  the  basil- 
ica at  Fanum,  he  attempted  to  establish  his 
reputation  as  a  writer  upon  the  theory  of  his 
art.  iiis  style  is  so  obscure  as  to  be  often  on- 
intelligible. 

VOCONTII  (-oruni),  a  powerful  and  im- 
portant people  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  inhab- 
iting the  S.E.  part  of  Dauphinc  and  a  part  of 
Provence  between  the  Drac  and  the  Durance, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Allobroges,  and  on 
the  S.  by  the  Salves  and  Albioeci.  They  were 
allowed  by  the  Romans  to  live  under  their 
own  laws. 

V0GESUS  or  VOSGfiSDS  (-i:  Vosges),  a 
range  of  mountains  of  Gaul,  In  the  territory 
of  the  Lingones,  running  parallel  to  the  Rhine, 
and  separating  its  basin  from  that  of  the  Bio- 


Bella.  The  rivers  Sequana  (Seine),  Arar 
(Saone),  and  Mosella  (Moselle)  rise  iu  theee 
mountains. 

VOLATERRAE  (-arum  :  Volaterra),  called 
by  the  Etruscans  VELATHRI,  one  of  the  12 
cities  of  the  Etruscan  confederation,  was  built 
on  a  lofty  and  precipitous  hill,  about  1800 
English  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  was 
the  most  N.-ly  city  of  the  confederation,  and 
its  dominions  extended  E.-ward  as  far  aa  the 
territory  of  Arretium, which  was  50  miles  dis- 
tant; W.-ward  as  far  as  the  Mediterranean, 
which  was  more  than  20  miles  off;  and  S.-ward 
at  least  as  far  as  Populonia,  which  was  either 
a  colony  or  an  acquisition  of  Volaterrae.  In 
consequence  of  possessing  the  2  great  ports 
of  Luna  and  Populonia,  Volaterrae,  though  so 
far  inland,  was  reckoned  as  one  of  the  power- 
ful maritime  cities  of  Etruria.  We  have  no 
record  of  its  conquest  by  the  Romans.  Like 
most  of  the  Etruscan  cities,  it  espoused  the 
Marian  party  against  Sulla;  and  it  was  not 
till  after  a  siege  of  two  years  that  the  city 
fell  into  Sulla's  hands.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Western  empire,  it  was  for  a  time  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Lombard  kind's.  The  modern 
town  contains  several  interesting  Etruscan 
remains. 

VoLATERRANA  VADA,  a  small  town  in 
the  territory  of  Volaterrae. 

VOLCAE  (-arum),  a  powerful  Celtic  i pie 

in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  divided  into  the  i 
tribes  of  the  Volcae  Tectosagea  and  Volcae 
Arecomii'i,  extending  from  tin-  Pyrenees  and 
the  frontiers  of  Aquitania  alone  the  coast  rs 
far  as  the  Rhone.  They  lived  under  their 
own  laws,  without  being  Bubject  to  the  Ro- 
man governor  of  the  provfnt  '•,  and  tl" 


An  ti  of  VolnUrrfe. 


VOLCI. 


432 


XANTI1US. 


possessed  the  Jus  Latii.  The  chief  town  of 
the  Tectosages  was  Tolosa.  A  portion  of  the 
Tectosages  "left  their  native  couutry  under 
Brennus,  and  were  one  of  the  3  great  tribes 
into  which  the  Galatians  in  Asia  Minor  were 
divided.     [Gal  aha.] 

VOLCI  or  VULCI.  (1)  (Vulci),  an  inland 
city  of  Etruria,  about  IS  miles  N.W.  of  Tar- 
quinii.  Of  the  history  of  this  city  -.ve  know 
nothing,  but  its  extensive  sepulchres,  and  the 
va.^t  treasures  of  ancieut  art  which  they  con- 
tain, prove  that  Vulci  must  at  one  time  have 
been  a  powerful  and  flourishing  city.  —  (2) 
(Vallo),  a  town  in  Lucania,  3G  miles  S.E.  of 
Paestum  on  the  road  to  Buxeutum. 
VOLERO  PUBLILIUS.  [Puiililics.] 
VOLOGESES,  the  name  of  5  kings  of  Par- 
thia.  [Ausaoks  XXIII.,  XXVII.,  XXVIIL, 
XXIX.,  XXX] 

VOLSCI  (-drum),  an  ancient  people  in  La- 
tium,  but  originally  distinct  from  the  Latins, 
dwelt  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Liris,  and  ex- 
tended down  to  the  Tyrrhene  sea.  They 
were  not  completely  subdued  by  the  Romans 
till  b.c.  33S. 

VOLSINII  or  VULSINII  (-drum:  Bolsena), 
called  VELSINA  or  VELSUNA  by  the  Etrus- 
cans, one  of  the  most  ancient  and  most  pow- 
erful of  the  12  cities  of  the  Etruscan  confed- 
eration, was  situated  on  a  lofty  hill  on  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  the  lake  called  after  it  Lacus 
Volsinif.nsis  and  Vulsiniknsis  (Lchjo  cli  Bol- 
sena).  The  Volsinieuses  carried  on  war  with 
the  Romans  in  u.o.  392,  311,  294,  and  2S0.  but 
were  on  each  occasion  defeated,  and  in  the 
last  of  these  years  appear  to  have  been  finally 
subdued.  Their  city  was  then  razed  to  the 
ground  by  the  Romans,  and  its  inhabitants 
were  compelled  to  settle  on  a  less  defensi- 
ble site  in  the  plain,  that  of  the  modern  Bol- 
sena. 

VOLTURClUS  or  VTJLTURClUS  (-i),  T., 
of  Crotona,  one  of  Catiline's  conspirators,  who 
turned  informer  upon  obtaining  the  promise 
of  pardon. 

V5LUMNIA   (-ae),   wife    of  Coriolanus. 

[COKIOLANrS.] 

VOLtJPIA  (-ae)  or  VOLUPTAS  (-atis),  the 
personification  of  sensual  pleasure  among  the 
Romans,who  was  honored  with  a  temple  near 
the  Porta  Romanula. 

VoMANL'S  (-i :  Vomano),  a  small  river  in 
Picenum. 

VONONES  (-is),  the  name  of  two  kings  of 
Parthia.    [Aksaoeb  XVIII. ,  XXII.  ] 


VOPISCUS  (-i),  a  Roman  praenomen,  sig- 
nified a  twin-child,  who  was  born  safe,  while 
the  other  twin  died  before  birth.  Like  many 
other  ancient  Roman  praenomens,  it  was 
afterwards  used  as  a  cognomen. 

VOPISCUS  (-i),  FLAVIUS,  a  native  of  Syr- 
acuse, and  one  of  the  6  Seriptores  Historiae 
Augustae,  flourished  about  a.i>.  300. 

VOSGESUS.     [Vogesus.] 

VULCANIAE    INSULAE.     [Aeoliak    In- 

8ULAE.] 

VULCANUS  (-i),  the  Romau  god  of  fire, 
whose  name  seems  to  be  connected  with 
fulgere,  fulgur,  and  fulmen.  Tatius  is  re- 
ported to  have  established  the  worship  of  Vul- 
can along  with  that  of  Vesta,  and  Romulus 
to  have  dedicated  to  him  a  quadriga  after  his 
victory  orer  the  Fidenatans,  and  to  have  set 
up  a  statue  of  himself  near  the  temple  of  the 
god.  According  to  others  the  temple  was  also 
built  by  Romulus,  who  planted  near  it  the 
sacred  lotus-tree  which  still  existed  in  the 
days  of  Pliny.  These  circumstances,  and 
what  is  related  of  the  iotus-tree,  show  that 
the  temple  of  Vulcan,  like  that  of  Vesta,  was 
regarded  as  a  central  point  of  the  whole  state, 
and  hence  it  was  perhaps  not  without  a  mean- 
ing that  the  temple  of  Concord  was  subse- 
quently built  within  the  same  district.  The 
most  ancient  festival  in  honor  of  Vulcan  seems 
to  have  been  the  Fornacalia  or  Furnalia,  Vul- 
can being  the  god  of  furnaces  ;  but  his  great 
festival  was  called  Vnlcanalia,  and  was  cele- 
brated on  the  23d  of  August.  The  Roman 
poets  transfer  all  the  stories  which  are  re- 
lated of  the  Greek  Hephaestus  to  their  own 
Vulcan.     [Hephaestus.] 

VULCI.     [Vot.oi.] 

VULGIENTES,  an  Alpine  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  whose  chief  town  was  Apta 
Julia  (Apt). 

VULSINII.     [Volsinii.] 

VULTUR  (-uris),  a  mountain  dividing 
Apulia  and  Lucania  near  Veuusia,  is  a  branch 
of  the  Apennines.  It  is  celebrated  by  Horace 
as  one  of  the  haunts  of  his  youth.  From  it 
the  S.E.  wind  was  called  Vdltdend6  by  the 
Romans. 

VULTURNUM  (-i:  Castcl  cli  Volturno),  a 
town  in  Campania,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Vulturnus. 

VULTURNUS  (-i:  Volturno),  the  chief 
river  in  Campania,  rising  in  the  Apennines 
in  Saninium,  and  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene 
sea.  its  principal  affluents  are  the  Calor 
(Colore),  Tamarus  (Tamaro),  and  Sabatus 
(Sabato). 


X. 


XANTHIPPE  (-es),  wife  of  Socrates,  said 
to  have  been  of  a  peevish  and  quarrelsome 
disposition. 

XANTHIPPUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Ariphron 
and  father  of  Pericles.  He  succeeded  The- 
mistocles  as  commander  of  the  Athenian 
fleet  in  u.o.  479,  and  commanded  the  Athe- 


nians at  the  decisive  battle  of  Mycale.—  (2) 
The  Lacedaemonian,  who  commauded  the 
Carthaginians  against  Regnlus.  [Recti. i  s." 
XANTHUS  (-i),  rivers.  (1)  [Soamandkk.] 
—(2)  (Kchen  Chai),  the  chief  river  of  Lycia, 
rises  in  Mount  Taurus,  and  flows  S.  through 
Lycia,  between  Mount  Cragus  and  Mount 


Vitloan.    (Bronze  Statue  In  the  Brltfeh  Mnscnin,) 


XANTHUS. 


433 


XENOPHON. 


Massicytus,  falling  at  last  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  a  little  west  of  Patara.  It  is 
navigable  for  a  considerable  part  of  its 
course. 

XANTHUS  (-i  :  Gunik,  Ru.),  the  most  fa- 
mous city  of  Lycia,  stood  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  river  of  the  same  name,  60  stadia  from  its 
mouth.  Twice  in  the  course  of  its  history  it 
sustained  sie^es,which  terminated  in  the  self- 
destruction  of  the  inhabitants  with  their  prop- 
erty, first  against  the  Persians  under  Harpa- 
gus,  and  long  afterwards  against  the  Romans 
under  Brutus*  The  city  was  never  restored 
after  its  destruction  on  the  latter  occasion. 
Xanthus  was  rich  in  temples  and  tombs,  and 
other  monuments  of  a  most  interesting  char- 
acter, and  several  important  remains  of  its 
works  of  art  are  now  exhibited  in  the  British 
Museum. 

XENOUrXTES  (-is),  the  philosopher,  was  a 
native  of  Chalcedon.  He  was  born  b.c.  396, 
and  died  in  314  at  the  age  of  82.  He  attached 
himself  first  to  Aeschiues  the  Socratic,  and 
afterwards, while  still  a  youth,  to  Plato, whom 
he  accompanied  to  Syracuse.  After  the  death 
of  Plato  he  betook  himself,  with  Aristotle,  to 
Hermias,  tyrant  of  Atarneus  ;  and,  after  his 
return  to  Athens,  he  was  repeatedly  sent  ou 
embassies  to  Philip  of  Macedonia,  and  at  a 
later  time  to  Antipater  during  the  Laniian 
war.  He  became  president  of  the  Academy 
even  before  the  death  of  Speusippus,  and  oc- 
cupied that  post  for  25 years. — The  importance 
of  Xenocrates  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  Aris- 
totle and  Theophrastus  wrote  upon  his  doc- 
trines, and  that  Panaetius  and  Cicero  enter- 
tained a  high  regard  for  him.  Only  the  titles 
of  his  wmk-  have  come  down  to  us. 

XfiNOPH  INES  (-is),  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  <  tolopbon,  and  flourish- 
ed between  B.o.  540  and  600.  lb'  was  also  a 
poet,  and  considerable  fragments  have  come 
down  to  us  of  his  elegies,  and  of  a  didactic 
poem  "On  Nature."  According  to  the  frag- 
ments of  one  of  bis  elegies,  he  (eft  bis  native 
land  at  the  age  of  25,  and  bad  already  lived 
87  years  in  Hellas, when,  at.  the  age  of  92,  In- 
composed  that  elegy.  He  quitted  Colophon 
as  a  fugitive  or  exile,  and  must  have  lived 
some  time  at  Blea  (velia)  in  [taly,  a  he 
mentioned  as  the  founder  of  the  Bleatic  school 

of  philosophy.     Senophanes  was  usually  re- 
garded in  antiquity  as  the  originator  of  the 
Eleatic  doctrine  of  the  oneness  of  the  uni- 
verse. 
XEXol'llux  Wtatis).     (l)  The  Athenian, 

was  the  son  of  Grylltis,  and  a  native  of  the 
demus  Erchla.  The  time  of  his  birth  is  not 
known,  but  it  may  probably  be  placed  iii 
about  ii. o.   Ill,  and  he  appears  to  have  lived 

above  90  years.     Xenophon  i    said  to  have 

been  a  pupil  of  Socrates  at  

the  latter  saved  bis  life  at  the  battle  of  Deltnm 
in  424.  The  most  memorable  event  in  Seno 
phon's  life  is  bis  connection  with  the  Greek 
army  which  marched  under  Cynu 
Artaxerxes  in  401.  He  accompanied  Cyrus 
into  Upper  Asia.  In  the  battle  of  i  no  ,  i 
('vrus  lost  his  life,  his  barbarian  troops  were 
dispersed,  and  the  Greeks  were  left  alone  on 


the  wide  plains  between  the  Tigris  and  the 
Euphrates.  It.  was  after  the  treacherous  mas- 
sacre of  Clearcbns  and  others  of  the  Greek 
commanders  by  the  Persian  satrap  Tissapher- 
nes  that  Xenophon  came  forward.  lie  had 
held  no  command  in  the  army  of  Cyrus,  nor 
had  he  in  fact  served  as  a  soldier.  "  He  was 
now  elected  one  of  the  generals,  and  took  the 
principal  part  in  conducting  the  Greeks  in 
their  memorable  retreat  along  the  Tigris  over 
the  high  table-lands  of  Armenia  to  Trapezus 
(Trebizond),  on  the  Black  Sea.  Prom  Trape- 
zus the  troops  were  conducted  to  Chrysopoiis, 
which  is  opposite  to  Byzantium.  The  Greeks 
were  in  great  distress,  and  some  of  them  un- 
der Xenophon  entered  the  service  of  Scathes, 
king  of  Thrace.  As  the  Lacedaemonians  un- 
der Thimbron  were  now  at  war  with  Tissa- 
phernes  and  Pharnabazus,  Xenophon  ami  his 
troops  were  invited  to  join  the  army  of  Thim- 
bron, and  Xenophon  led  them  back  out  of 
Asia  to  join  Thimbron  in  399.  Socrates  was 
put  to  death  in  399,  and  it  seems  probable 
that  Xenophon  was  banished  from  Athens 
either  shortly  before  or  shortly  after  that 
event.  In  39G  he  was  with  Agesilaus,  the 
Spartan  king.who  was  commanding  the  Lace- 
daemonian forces  in  Asia  against  t  he  Persians. 
When  Agesilaus  was  recalled  (394),  Xenophon 
accompanied  him:  and  he  was  mi  the  side  of 
the  Lacedaemonians  in  the  battle  which  they 
fought  at  Coronea  (394)  against,  tin:  Athenians. 
It.  seems  that  he  went  to  Sparta  with  Agesila- 
us after  the  battle  of  Coronea,  and  800D  al'lci 

he  settle, i  it  Scilius  in  Elis,  not  for  from  Olym- 

pia,  Where  he  was  joined  by  his  wife  l'hilesia 

and  his  children.  Xenophon  was  at  last  ex- 
pelled from  his  quiet  retreat  at  ScillUS  In  the 
Cleans  after  remaining  there  about  20  years. 
The  sentence  of  banishment  from  Athens  was 
repealed  on  the  motion  of  Eubulns,  but  it  is 

Uncertain  in  what  year.    There  is  no  evident  8 

tint  Xenophon  ever  returned  to  Athens,    lie 

is  said  to  have  retired  to  Corinth  alter  hi-  ex- 
pulsion from  Scilius,  and,  as  we  know  noth- 
ing more,  we  assume  that  he  died  there.    The 

two   principal    works   of  Xenophon    ate    the 

Anabasis  and  the  Cyropaedia.    in  the  former 

lie  ,|,    cribes  the  expedition  of  Cyni-  ami  the 

retreat  of  the  Greeks ;  tho  latter  is  n  kind  of 

noli)  leal   romance,  the   basis  Of  which 

uistory  of  cyni,  1 1 1.'  founder  of  the  Persian 
monarchy.    His  Hellenica,  a  continuation  of 
the  history  of  Thncydides.  is  a  dry  narrative 
of  events.    Tin'  Memorabilia  of  Socrate  ,in4 
book-,  was  written  iiy  Xenophon  to  defend 
the  memoi y  of  his  master  against  tin 
of  irrellglon  ami  of  corrupting  the  Athenian 
youth.    That,  it   is  a  genuine  picture  "I  the 
man  is  Indisputable,  aid  ii  h  the  most  value 
hie  memorial  thai  we  have  of  the  pi 
phllo  ophy  of  Socrate      Be  Idi  i  I  het  e,  Xeno- 
phon w.i     the  author  of  >.-\ ,  i ,,]  minoi 
I  All  antiquity  and  all  modern  wrltet    a  reein 
allowing  Senophi  >n  i  writer 

of n  plain,   Imple,  p  ind  nnaffei  ted 

style  ;  but   his  1 

and  not  adapteil  \'nr  pure  phllo 

uiation.  ■:>.,  'i  he  ESpheslan.  the  onthor  "i  a 
romam  tnt,  enl  Itled  I 

tin-  Loves  of  Anthia  and    Ujrocoma      The 
I  age  of  Xenophon  la  uncertain  ;  but  be  it 


XERXES. 


434 


ZALMOXLS. 


probably  the  oldest  of  the  Greek  romance 
writers. 

XERXES  (-is).  (I.)  King  of  Persia,  b.c. 485 
-405,  was  the  son  of  Darius  and  Atossa.  After 
reducing  the  revolted  Egyptians  to  subjection, 
Xerxes,  in  the  spring  of  480,  set  out  from  Sar- 
dis  on  his  memorable  expedition  against 
Greece.  He  crossed  the  Hellespont  by  a 
bridge  of  boats,  and  continued  his  march 
through  the  Thracian  Chersonese  till  he 
reached  the  plain  of  Doriscus.  Here  he  re- 
solved to  number  both  his  land  and  naval 
forces,  which  are  said  by  Herodotus  to  have 
amounted  to  2,641,610  righting  men.  This 
statement  is  incredible  ;  yet  we  may  well  be- 
lieve that  the  numbers  of  Xerxes  were  greater 
than  were  ever  assembled  in  ancient  times, 
or  perhaps  at  any  known  epoch  of  history. 
Xerxes,  continuing  his  march,  ordered  his 
fleet  to  sail  through  the  canal  that  had  been 
previously  dug  across  the  isthmus  of  Athos 
— of  which  the  remains  are  still  visible  [Atuos] 
— and  await  his  arrival  at  Therme.  Hence 
he  marched  through  Macedonia  and  Thessa- 
ly,  and  arrived  in  safety  with  his  land  forces 
before  Thermopylae.  Here  the  Greeks  had 
resolved  to  make  a  stand,  and  when  Xerxes 
attempted  to  force  his  way  through  the  pass, 
his  troops  were  repulsed  agaiu  and  again  by 
Leonidas,  the  Spartan  king;  till  a  Malian,  of 
the  name  of  Ephialtes,  showed  the  Persians 
a  pass  over  the  mountains  of  Oeta,  and  thus 
enabled  them  to  fall  on  the  rear  of  the  Greeks. 
Leonidas  and  his  Spartans  disdained  to  fly, 
and  were  all  slain.  [Leonidas.  1  Hence  Xerx- 
es marched  through  Phocis  and  Boeotia,  and 
at  length  reached  Athens.  About  the  same 
time  as  Xerxes  en  tcred  Athens,  his  fleet,  which 
had  been  crippled  by  storms  and  engagements, 
arrived  in  the  bay  of  Phalerum.  He  now  re- 
solved upon  an  engagement  with  the  Greek 
fleet-    The  history  of  the  memorable  battle 


of  Salamis  is  related  elsewhere.  [Tiiemisto- 
oles.]  Xerxes  wituessed,  from  a  lofty  seat 
on  one  of  the  declivities  of  Mount  Aegaleos, 
the  defeat  and  dispersion  of  his  mighty  arma- 
ment. Xerxes  now  became  alarmed  for  his 
own  safety,  and  leaving  Mardonius  with  300,- 
000  troops  to  complete  the  conquest  of  Greece, 
with  the  remainder  set  out  on  his  march 
homewards.  He  entered  Sardis  towards  the 
end  of  the  year  4S0.  In  the  following  year, 
479,  the  war  was  continued  in  Greece;  but 
Mardonius  was  defeated  at  Plataea  by  the 
combined  forces  of  the  Greeks,  and  on  the 
same  day  another  victory  was  gained  over 
the  Persians  at  Mycale  in  Ionia.  We  know 
little  more  of  the  personal  history  of  Xerxes. 
He  was  murdered  by  Artabanus  in  465,  after 
a  reign  of  20  years.— (II.)  The  son  of  Ar- 
taxerxes  I.,  succeeded  his  father  as  king 
of  Persia  in  425,  but  was  murdered  after  a 
reign  of  only  2  mouths  by  his  half-brother 
Sogdianus. 

XOlS  or  CIlOlS,  an  ancient  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  N.  of  Leontopolis,  on  an  island  of  the 
Nile,  in  the  Nomos  Sebeuuyticus,  the  seat, 
at  one  time,  of  a  dynasty  of  Egyptian  kings. 
Its  site  is  very  doubtful. 

XtJTniTS  (-i),  son  of  Hellen  by  the  nymph 
Orseis,  and  a  brother  of  Doras  and  Aeolus. 
He  was  king  of  Peloponnesus,  and  the  hus- 
band of  C'reusa,  the  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Achaeus 
and  Ion.  Others  state  that  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  Hellen,  Xuthus  was  expelled 
from  Thessaly  by  his  brothers,  and  went  to 
Athens,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Erechtheus.  After  the  death  of  Erechtheus, 
Xuthus  being  chosen  arbitrator,  adjudged  the 
kingdom  to  his  eldest  brother-in-law,Cecrops, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled  by 
the  other  sons  of  Erechtheus,  and  settled  in 
Aegialus,  in  Peloponnesus. 


z. 


ZAB  TUS.     [Lvods,  No.  5.] 

ZXCYNTHUS  (-i :  ZanU),  an  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Elis,  about40  miles 
in  circumference.  It  contained  a  large  and 
flourishing  town  of  the  same  name  upon  the 
E.  coast,  the  citadel  of  which  was  called 
Psophis.  Zacynthns  was  inhabited  by  & 
Greek  population  at  an  early  period.  It  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Zacynthus, 
a  son  of  Dardanus,  who  colonized  the  island 
from  Psophis  in  Arcadia.  It  was  afterwards 
colonized  by  Achaeans  from  Peloponnesus. 
It  formed  part  of  the  maritime  empire  of 
Athens,  and  continued  faithful  to  the  Athe- 
nians during  the  Peloponnesiau  war.  At  a 
later  time  it  was  subject  to  the  Macedonian 
monarchs,  and  on  the  conquest  of  Macedonia 
by  the  Romans  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
latter.  It  is  now  one  of  the  Ionian  islands, 
under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

ZAGREUS,  a  surname  of  the  mystic  Dio- 
nysus (Bacchus),  whom  Zeus  (Jupiter),  in  the 
form  of  a  drasron,  is  said  to  have  begotten  by 
Persephone  (Proserpina),  before  she  was  car- 


ried off  by  Pluto.  He  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  Titans,  and  Athena  (Minerva)  carried  his 
heart  to  Zeus. 

ZALEUCUS  (-i),  the  celebrated  lawgiver  of 
the  Epizephyrian  Locrians,  is  said  by  some 
to  have  been  originally  a  slave,  but  is  de- 
scribed by  others  as  a  man  of  good  family. 
He  could  not,  however,  have  been  a  disciple 
of  Pythagoras,  as  some  writers  state,  since 
he  lived  upwards  of  100  years  before  Pythag- 
oras. The  date  of  the  legislation  of  Zaleucus 
is  assigned  to  u.o.  660.  His  code,  which  was 
severe,  is  stated  to  have  been  the  first  col- 
lection of  written  laws  that  the  Greeks  pos- 
sessed. 

ZALMOXIS  or  ZlMOLXIS  (-is),  said  to 
have  been  so  called  from  the  bear's  skin 
(ZaA/uo?)  in  which  he  was  clothed  as  soon  as 
he  was  born.  He  was,  according  to  the  story 
current,  among  the  Greeks  on  the  Hellespont, 
a  Getan,  who  had  been  a  slave  to  Pythagoras 
iu  Santos,  but  was  manumitted,  and  acquired 
not  only  great  wealth,  but  large  stores  of 
knowledge  from  Pythagoras,  and  from  the 


ZAMA  REGIA. 


435 


ZEPHYRUS. 


Egyptians,  whom  he  visited  in  the  course  of 
his  travels.     He  returned  among  the  Getae, 

introducing  the  civilization  and  the  religious 
ideas  which  he  had  gained,  especially  regard- 
ing the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Herodotus, 
however,  suspects  that  he  was  au  indigenous 
Getan  divinity. 

ZAMA  REGIA  (-ae :  Zoioareen,  S.E.  of 
Kaff),  a  strongly  fortified  city  iu  the  interior 
of  Numidia,  on  the  borders  of  the  Cartha- 
ginian territory.  It  was  ihe  scene  of  one  of 
the  most  important  battles  in  the  history  of 
the  world,  that  in  which  Hannibal  was  de- 
feated by  Scipio,  and  the  2d  Punic  war  was 
ended,  b.o.  202. 

ZANCLE.     [Messaxa.] 

ZELA  or  ZIELA,  a  city  in  the  S.  of  Pon- 
tus,  not  far  S.  of  Amasia.  The  surrounding 
district  was  called  ZelGtis  or  Zelitis.  At  Zela 
the  Komnn  general  Valerius  Triarius  was  de- 
feated by  Mithridates;  but  the  city  is  more 
celebrated  for  another  great  battle,  that  in 
which  Julius  Caesar  defeated  Pharuaces,  and 
of  which  he  wrote  this  dispatch  to  Rome — 
Vkni  :  Vidi  :  Vici. 

ZELIA  (-ae),  an  ancient  city  of  Mysia,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Ida,  and  on  the  river  Aessptis, 
SO  stadia  from  its  mouth,  belonging  to  the 
territory  of  Cyzicus. 

ZELTJS  (-i),  the  personification  of  zeal  or 
strife,  is  described  as  a  son  of  Pallas  and 
Styx,  and  a  brother  of  Nice. 

ZENO  or  ZENON  (-finis),  (l)  The  founder 
of  the  Stoic  philosophy,  was  anativeofCitium 

in  Cyprus,  and  the  son  of  Mnaseas.  He  began 
at  an  early  age  to  study  the  writings  of  the 
Socratic  philosophers.  At  the  age  of  '.'J,  or, 
according  to  others,  of  30  years,  Zeno  w;is 
shipwrecked  in  the  neighborhood  of  Piraeus; 
whereupon  he  was  led  to  settle  in  Athens,  and 
to  devote  himself  entirely  to  the  study  of 
philosophy.  The  weakness  of  his  health  is 
said  to  have  first  determined  him  to  live 
rigorously  and  simply;  but  his  desire  to  make 
himself  Independent  of  all  external  circum- 
stances seems  to  have  been  an  additional 
motive,  and  to  have  led  him  to  attach  him- 
self to  the  Cynic  Crates.  He  is  said  to  have 
studied  under  various  Megarlc  and  Academic 
philosophers  for  a  period  of  20  years.  At  its 
close,  and  after  be  had  developed  his  pecnliar 
philosophical  svstem,  he  opened  bis  school 
in  the  porch  adorned  with  the  paintil 
Polygnotne  (Stoa  Poecile),  which  al  an  earlier 
time  had  been  a  place  In  which  poets  met. 
Prom  this  place  his  disciples   were  called 

Stole*.       Among  the  warm  admirers  of  Zeno 

was  Antigonne  Sonatas,  king  of  Macedonia. 

The  Athenians  likewise  placed  the  greate  I 

confidence  in  him,  and,  by  a  decree  of  I  In-  peo 
pie,  a  golden  crown  and  a  public  burial  in  the 
Ceramicus  were  awarded  to  him.     We  do  not 

know  the  year  either  ofZeno's  birth  or  death. 
Me  \t  said  to  have  presided  over  big  school 
for  Bfl  years,  and  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  98. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  still  alive  in  the  1801  b 
Olympiad  (b.o.  260).— (2)The  Bleattc  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Elea  (Velia)  in  Italy, 
eon  of  Teleutagoras,  and  the  favorite  disciple 
of  Parmenides.     He  was  born  about  n.o.  483, 


and  at  the  age  of  40  accompanied  Parmen- 
ides to  Athens,  where  he  resided  some  lime. 
His  love  of  freedom  is  shown  by  the  courage 
with  which  he  exposed  his  life  in  order  to 
deliver  his  native  country  from  a  tyrant. 
Zeno  devoted  all  his  energies  to  explain  and 
develop  the  philosophical  system  of  Par- 
menides. [Pakmknidks.] — (3)  Au  Epicurean 
philosopher,  a  native  of  Sidon,  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Cicero,  who  heard  him  when  at 
Athens. 

ZEN5BIA  (-ae),  queen  of  Palmyra.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  Odenathns,  whom, 
according  to  some  accounts,  she  assassinated 
(a.d.  206),  she  assumed  the  imperial  diadem, 
as  regeut,  for  her  sons.  Put  not  content  with 
enjoying  the  independence  conceded  by  Gal- 
lieuus  and  tolerated  by  Claudius,  she  Bought 
to  include  all  Syria,  Asia,  and  Egypt  within 
the  limits  of  her  sway,  and  to  make  good 
the  title  which  she  claimed  ofGueen  of  the 
East.  Bv  this  rash  ambition  she  lost  both 
her  kingdom  and  her  liberty.  She  was  de- 
feated by  Aurelian,  taken  prisoner  on  the 
capture  of  Palmyra  (273),  and  carried  to 
Rome,  where  she  adorned  the  triumph  of 
her  conqueror  c_'74).  Her  life  was  spared 
by  Aurelian,  and  she  passed  the  remainder 
Of  her  years  with  her  sons  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tibnr  (Tivoli).  Longinns  lived  at  her 
court,  and  was  put,  to  death  on  the  capture 
of  Palmyra.     [Lo.noinus.] 

ZkNoDOTUS  (-i),  of  Epliesus,  a  celebrated 
grammarian,  superintendent  of  the  great  li- 
brary at  Alexandria,  nourished  under  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  about  no.  208,  Zenodotos  was 
employed  by  Philadelphus,  together  with  his 
2  contemporaries,  A  lexander  Ihe  Aetolian  and 
Lycophron  the  Chalcidiali,  tO  Collect  and  re- 
vise all  the  ( ireek  poets. 

ZfiPHjRlUM  (-i),  l.e,  the  western  promon- 
tory, the  name  of  several  promontories  ,.|  the 

ancient  world,  nol  all  of  which,  however,  raced 

the  west.      The  chief  Of  them  were:    (1 

Brussano),  a  promontory  in Bruttium,  tormina 

the  S.  I-:,  extremity  of  the  country,  from  which 
the  Locri,  who  settled  in  ihe  neighbor] I, 

are  said  to  have  obtained  the  name  of 

phyrii,  [Loom.]  (2)  A  promontory  on  the 
w. Coast  of  Cyprus.  (3)  In  Clllcla  (prob.  C. 
CavalUre),  a  far-projecting  promontory,  W. 
of  Prom.  Sarpedon. 

zf;i'iii  ims  (  IV  the  personification  of  the 
w.  wind,  i-  described  by  Hesiod  as  n  son  of 
Astraeus  and  Bos.   Zepnyrusand  Bon 


Z«pb;i 


(!■„„„  «.), .•  TunpU  o(  U"'  WTIad*  »i 

Allium.) 


ZERYNTHUS. 


43G 


ZEUS. 


frequently  mentioned  together  by  Homer,  and 
both  dwelt  together  in  a  palace  in  Thrace.  By 
the  Harpy  Podarge,  Zephyrus  became  the  la- 
ther of  the  horses  Xanthus  and  Balius,  which 
belonged  to  Achilles  ;  but  he  was  married  to 
Chloris,  whom  he  had  carried  off  by  force,  and 
by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Carpus. 

ZERYNTHUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Thrace,  in  the 
territory  of  Aenos,  with  a  temple  of  Apollo 
and  a  cave  of  Hecate,  who  are  hence  called 
Zerynthius  and  Zerynthia  respectively. 

ZETES  (-ae)  and  CALAIS  (-is),  sons  of  Bo- 
reas and  Orithyia,  frequently  called  theBoREA- 
i>  ae,  are  mentioned  among  the  Argonauts,  and 
are  described  as  winged  beings.  Their  sister, 
Cleopatra,  who  was  married  to  Phineus,  king 
of  Salmydessus,  had  been  thrown  with  her 
sons  into  prison  by  Phineus,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  his  second  wife.  Here  she  was  found 
by  Zetes  and  Calais  when  they  arrived  at 
Salmydessus  in  the  Argonautic  expedition. 
They  liberated  their  sister  and  her  children, 
gave  the  kingdom  to  the  latter,  and  sent  the 
second  wife  of  Phineus  to  her  own  country, 
Scythia.  Others  relate  that  the  Boreadae 
delivered  Phineus  from  the  Harpies;  for  it 
had  been  foretold  that  the  Harpies  might  be 
killed  by  the  sons  of  Boreas,  but  that  the 
sons  of  Boreas  must  die  if  they  should  not 
be  able  to  overtake  the  Harpies.  Others  again 
state  that  the  Boreadae  perished  in  their 
pursnit  of  the  Harpies,  or  that  Hercules  kill- 
ed them  with  his  arrows  near  the  island  of 
Tenos. 

ZETHUS  (-i),  brother  of  Amphion.     [Am- 

PHION.] 

ZEUGIS,  ZETJGITANA  REGIO  (N.  part 
of  Tunis),  the  N.  district  of  Africa  Propria. 
[Africa.] 

ZEUGMA  (-litis :  prob.  Rumkaleh),  a  city  of 
Syria,  on  the  borders  of  Commageue  and 
Cyrrhestice,  built  by  Selencus  Nicator  on  the 
\V.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  at  a  point  where 
the  river  was  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
which  had  been  constructed  by  Alexander 
the  Great. 

ZEUS  (Dios),  called  JUPITER  by  the  Ro- 
mans, the  greatest  of  the  Olympian  gods, was 
a  son  of  Cronns  (Saturnus)  and  Rhea,*a  brother 
of  Poseidon  (Neptunus),  Hades  (Pluto),  Hestia 
(Vesta),  Demeter  (Ceres),  Hera  (Juno),  and 
was  also  married  to  his  sister,  Hera.  When 
Zeus  and  his  brothers  distributed  among 
themselves  the  government  of  the  world  by 
lot,  Poseidon  obtained  the  sea,  Hades  the 
lower  world,  and  Zeus  the  heavens  and  the 
upper  regions,  but  the  earth  became  common 
to  all.  According  to  the  Homeric  account, 
Zeus  dwelt  on  Mount  Olympns  in  Thessaly, 
which  was  believed  to  penetrate  with  its  lofty 
eummit  into  heaven  itself.  He  is  called  the 
father  of  gods  and  men,  the  most  high  and 
powerful  among  the  immortals,  whom  all 
others  obey.  He  is  the  supreme  ruler,  who 
with  his  counsel  manages  every  thing;  the 
founder  of  kingly  power,  and  of  law  and  or- 
der, whence  Dice,  Themis,  and  Nemesis  are 
his  assistants.  Every  thing  good,  as  well  as 
bad,  comes  from  Zeus ;  according  to  his  own 
choice  he  assigns  good  or  evil'  to  mortals ; 


and  fate  itself  was  subordinate  to  him.  He 
is  armed  with  thunder  and  lightning,  and  the 
shaking  of  his  aegis  produces  storm  and  tem- 
pest: a  number  of  epithets  of  Zeus,  in  the 
Homeric  poems,  describe  him  as  the  thuuder- 
er,  the  gatherer  of  clouds,  and  the  like.  By 
Hera  he  had  two  sons,  Ares  (Mars)  and  He- 
phaestus (Vulcanus),  and  one  daughter,  Hebe. 
Hera  sometimes  acts  as  an  independent  di- 
vinity; she  is  ambitious,  aud  rebels  against 
her  lord,  but  she  is  nevertheless  inferior  to 
him,  and  is  punished  for  her  opposition  ;  his 
amours  with  other  goddesses  or  mortal  women 
are  not  concealed  from  her,  though  they  gen- 
erally rouse  her  jealousy  and  revenge.  Zeus, 
no  doubt,  was  originally  a  god  of"a  portion 
of  nature.  Hence  the  oak,  with  its  eatable 
fruit,  and  the  prolific  doves,  were  sacred  to  him 
at  Dodona  and  in  Arcadia.  Hence,  also,  rain, 
storms,  and  the  seasons  were  regarded  as  his 
work.  Hesiod  also  calls  Zeus  the  son  of  Cro- 
nus aud  Rhea,  and  the  brother  of  Hestia,  De- 
meter,  Hera,  Hades,  and  Poseidon.     Cronus 


Jspiter,  from  a  Cameo. 


swallowed  his  children  immediately  after 
their  birth;  but  when  Rhea  was  pregnant 
with  Zeus,  she  applied  to  Uranus  and  Ge  to 
save  the  life  of  the  child.  Uranus  and  Ge 
therefore  sent  Rhea  to  Lyctos  in  Crete,  re- 
questing her  to  bring  up  her  child  there. 
Rhea  accordingly  concealed  Zeus  in  a  cave  of 
Mount  Aegaeon,  and  gave  to  Cronns  a  stone 
wrapped  lip  in  cloth,  which  he  swallowed  in 
the  belief  that  it  was  his  son.  Other  tradi- 
tions state  that  Zeus  was  born  and  brought 
up  on  Mount  Dicte  or  Ida  (also  the  Trojan 
Ida),  Ithome  in  Messenia,  Thebes  in  Boeotia, 
Aetriou  in  Achaia,  or  Oleuos  in  Aetolia.  Ac- 
cording to  the  common  account,  however, 
Zeus  grew  up  in  Crete.  In  the  mean  time 
Cronus,  by  a  cunning  device  of  Ge  or  Metis, 


Hi-ad  oi  Zi.ik.  (Mash  band  al  OtrlcoM,    Vatican  Museum.) 


ZEUS. 


4:;  7 


ZOPYR  US. 


was  made  to  bring  up  the  children  he  had 
swallowed,  and  tirst  of  all  the  stone,  which 
was  afterwards  set  up  by  Zeus  at  Delphi.  The 
young  god  now  delivered  the  Cyclopes  from 
the  bonds  with  which  they  had  been  fettered 
by  Cronus,  and  they,  in  their  gratitude,  pro- 
vided him  with  thunder  and  lightning.  On  the 
advice  of  GC-,  Zeus  also  liberated  the  hundred- 
armed  Gigantes — Briareus,Cottus,  andGyes — 
that  they  might  assist  him  in  his  right  against 
the  Titans.  The  Titans  were  conquered  and 
shut  up  in  Tartarus,  where  they  were  heuce- 
forth  guarded  by  the  Hecatoncheires.  There- 
upon Tartarus  and  GO  begot  Typhoeus,  who 
begau  a  fearful  struggle  with  Zeus,  but  was 
conquered.  Zeus  now  obtained  the  dominion 
of  the  world,  and  chose  Metis  for  his  wife. 
When  she  was  pregnant  with  Athena  (Min- 
erva), he  took  the  child  out  of  her  body  and 
concealed  it  in  his  head,  on  the  advice  of 
Uranus  and  GO,  who  told  him  that  thereby 
he  would  retain  the  supremacy  of  the  world; 
for  if  Metis  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  this  son 
(so  fate  had  ordained  it)  would  have  acquired 
the  sovereignty.  After  this  Zeus  became  the 
father  of  the  Ilorae  and  Moerae,  by  his  second 
wife  Themis;  of  the  Charites  or  Graces,  by 
Eurynome  ;  of  Persephone  (Proserpine),  by 
Demeter;  of  the  Muses,  by  Mnemosyne;  of 
Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana),  by  Leto;  and  of 
Hebe,  Ares,  and  Ilitli via,  by  Hera.  Athena 
was  born  out  of  the  head  of  Zens ;  while  Hera, 
on  the  other  hand,  gave  birth  to  Hephaestus 
without  the  co-operation  of  Zeus.  The 
family  of  the  Cronidae  accordingly  embraces 
the  12  great  gods  of  Olympus,  Zen's  (the  head 
of  them  all),  Poseidon,  Apollo,  Ares,  Heimes 


Zem  (Jupiter)  and  the  G 


(Mercnry),Hephnc  tn  .  Hestla,  Demob 
Athena,'  Aphrodite    (Vcnns),  and    \ttemis, 
These  12  Olympian  gods,  who  In  some  placet 
were  worshiped  as  a  body,  were  re© 
not  only  by  the  Greek*,  bnl  were  odon  < 
by  the  Romans,  wh<»,  In  particular,  Identified 
their  Jupiter  with  the  Greek  Zens.    The  Greek 
and  Latin  p  *ts  give  in  Zeaa  or  Jupiter  an 
Immense  number  of  epithets  and  snrnames, 
which  are  derived  partly  from  the  places  W  here 


he  was  worshiped,  and  partly  from  his  powers 
and  functions.  The  eagle,  the  oak,  and  the 
summits  of  mountains  "were  sacred  to  him, 
and  his  sacrifices  generally  consisted  of  goats, 
bulls,  and  cows.  His  usual  attributes  are, 
the  sceptre,  eagle,  thunderbolt,  and  a  figure 
of  Victory  in  his  hand,  and  sometimes  also  a 
cornucopia.  The  Olympian  Zeus  sometimes 
wears  a  wreath  of  olive,  and  the  Dodonaean 
Zeus  a  wreath  of  oak  leaves.  In  works  of 
art,  Zeus  is  generally  represented  as  the  om- 
nipotent father  and  king  of  gods  and  men, 
according  to  the  idea  which  had  been  em- 
bodied in  the  statue  of  the  Olympian  Zeus 
by  Phidias.  Respecting  the  Homan  god,  see 
Jupiter. 

ZEDXIS  (-idis).  the  celebrated  Greek  paint- 
er, was  a  native  of  Heraclea,  and  nourished  b.o. 
424-400.  He  came  to  Athens  soon  after  the 
beginning  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  when 
he  had  already  achieved  a  great  reputation, 
although  a  young  man.  lie  lived  some  years 
in  Macedonia,  at  the  court  of  Archelaus,  and 
must  have  spent  some  time  in  Magna  Graecia, 
as  we  learn  from  the  story  respecting  the  pict- 
ure of  Helen,  his  masterpiece, which  he  paint- 
ed for  the  city  of  Croton.  Zeiuds  acquired  a 
great  fortune  by  his  art.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  The  accurate  Imitation 
of  inanimate  objects  was  a  department  of  the 
art  which  Zcuxis  and  his  younger  rival  I'ar- 
rhasius  appear  to  have  carried  almost  to  per- 
fection. 

ZOlLTJS  (-i),  a  grammarian,  was  a  native 
of  Amphipoils,  and  nourished  in  the  lime  iif 
Philip  of  Macedon.  lie  was  celebrated  for 
the  asperity  with  which  he  as- 
sailed Homer,  and  his  name  be- 
came proverbial  for  a  captious 
and  malignant  critic. 

ZOFTRUB  (-i).  (l)  A  distin- 
guished Persian,  son  of  Megaby- 
ziis.     After  Darius  Qystaspis  had 

besieged  Babj  Ion  for  S iths 

in  vain, z  ipj  i  n    resolved  :  i 
the  place  for  bis  master  bj   the 
[traordinary  sell    si  rlfli  e. 

Ac Ilnglj ,  one  day  be  appealed 

befot  i  I  >at  (ue  «  Etta  hi  -  body  muti- 
nied In  the  moel  horrible  man- 

tiii     eat    and were 

eni  off,  ami  bis  person  otherw Ise 

1 1  hi-  Intention) .  he  Bed  to 

i  in  as  a  victim  of  the  cruelty 

ol  the  Persian  kit 

Ion  lane  gave  him  their  confident  e. 

ami  placed  him  at  the  head  of 

thelrt i'     ii n  found  menus 

.i  i,,  betrnj  the  city  to  Dai 

:  hid  the  inii 
fir  their  revolt     Unite-  appointed  Zopyrns 
Butrap  of  Babylon  fm'  life,  «i>ii  the  • 
mi  ei  ofits  entire  ><■■  PI 

h  the  latter  admitted  wen 
propensities,  but  said  thai  they  had  been  over- 
come by  philosophy.    (3    ' 

aiidrl  i.  tin  in! r  Apollonlni  «  it i<  u«is>  and 

Posldn  i  about  Me-  hi  ginning  of  thu  1st 
century  II  I 


ZOROASTER. 


438 


ZOSTER. 


ZOROASTER  or  ZOROASTRES  (-tri ),  the 
Zaratuustua.  of  the  Zendavesta,  and  the 
Zekdubht  of  the  Persians,  was  the  founder 
of  the  Magian  religion.  The  most  opposite 
opinions  have  been  held  by  both  ancient  and 
modern  writers  respecting  the  time  in  which 
he  lived ;  but  it  is  quite  impossible  to  come  to 
any  conclusion  on  the  subject.  As  the  founder 
of  the  Magian  religion,  he  must  be  placed  in 
remote  antiquity,  aud  it  may  even  be  ques- 
tioned whether  such  a  person  ever  existed. 


ZOSIMUS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  the  younger  Theodosius.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Roman  empire  in  6 
books,  which  is  still  extant.  Zosimus  was  a 
pagan,  and  comments  severely  upon  the  faults 
and  crimes  of  the  Christian  emperors.  Hence 
his  credibility  has  been  assailed  by  seTeral 
Christian  writers. 

ZOSTER  (-eris :  C.  of  Van),  a  promontory 
on  the  W.  of  Attica,  between  Phalerum  and 
Sunium. 


THE    END. 


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a  full  View  of  the  English-Dutch  Struggle  against  Spain,  and  of  the 
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English  Words.  By  the  Rev.  James  Stormonth.  The  Pronuncia- 
tion Revised  by  the  Rev.  P.  H.  Phelp,  M.A.  Imperial  8vo,  Cloth, 
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A  MANUAL  OF  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE,  comprising  Brief 
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Courses  of  Historical  St".:dy,  for  the  Use  of  Students,  General  Read- 
ers, and  Collectors  of  Books.  By  Charles  Kendall  Adams,  LL.D. 
Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.      Crown  8vo,  Cloth,  $2  50. 

aOLIOS,  the  City  and  Country  of  the  Trojans.  A  Narrative  of  the  Most 
Recent  Discoveries  and  Researches  made  on  the  I'hiin  of  Trov.  By 
Dr.  Henry  Schliemann.  Maps,  Plans,  and  Illustrations.  Impe^ 
rial  8vo,  Illuminated  Cloth,  $7  50;  Half  Morocco,  $10  00. 

FROJA.  Results  of  the  Latest  Researches  and  Discoveries  on  the 
Site  of  Homer's  Troy,  and  in  the  Heroic  Tumuli  a. id  other  Sites, 
made  in  the  Year  1882,  and  a  Narrative  of  a  Journey  in  the  Troad 
in  1881.  By  Dr.  Henry  Schliemann.  Preface  by  Professor  A. 
H.  Sayce.  With  Wood-cuts,  Maps,  and  Plans.  8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00; 
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THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  REPUBLIC'S.  By  Theodore  Child. 
Illustrated  by  T.  de  Thulstuup,  Frederic  Remington,  William 
Hamilton  Giuson,  W.  H.  Rogers,  and  other  Eminent  Artists. 
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ART  AND  CRITICISM.  Monographs  and  Studies.  By  Theodore 
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HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  By  Richard  Hildketii. 
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MEMOIR  OF  THE  LIFE  OE  LAURENCE  OLIPHANT  mid  of 
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2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and  Gill  Tops,  $7  00.     (In  it  Box.) 

EPISODES  IN  A  LIFE  OF  ADVENTURE;  or,  Moss  from  a  Roll 
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HAIFA  ;  OR,  LIFE  IN  MODERN  PALESTINE.  By  Laurhmoi 
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12mo,  Cloth,  $1    75. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  OF  'THE  UNITED  STATES  fron 
their  Declaration  of  Independence  to  tb«  Close  of  their  Civil  War, 

By  GhORGE  TlCKNOR  CURTIS.      In  two  Volumes.     Vol.  I.,  8m.,  Cloth 
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OUR  ITALY.  An  Exposition  of  the  Climate  and  Resources  of  South 
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LONDON  LETTERS,  AND  SOME  OTHERS.  By  George  W. 
Smalley,  London  Correspondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune.  2  vols. 
Vol  I.  Personalities — Two  Midlothian  Campaigns.  Vol.  II.  Notes 
on  Social  Life  —  Notes  on  Parliament  —  Pageants  —  Miscellanier 
8vo,  Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and  Gilt  Tops,  $0  00. 

LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  THOMAS  J.  JACKSOM 
(Stonewall  Jackson).  By  His  Wife,  Mary  Anna  Jackson.  With 
an  Introduction  by  Henry  M.  Field,  D.D.  Illustrated.  8vo, 
Cloth,  $2  00. 

'POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  RECENT  TIMES  (1816-1875).  With 
Special  Reference  to  Germany.  By  William  Mulllr.  Trans- 
lated, witli  an  Appendix  covering  the  Period  from  1876  to  1881,  by 
the  Rev.  John  P.  Peters,  Ph.D.      12mo,  Cloth,  $2  00. 

THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  LORD  MACAULAY.  By  his 
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THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  CHARLES  JAMES  FOX.  By  Georgb 
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MEMOIRS  OF  JOHN  ADAMS  DIX.  Compiled  by  his  Son,  Mor- 
gan Dix.  With  Five  Steel-plate  Portraits.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth, 
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THROUGH  THE  DARK  CONTINENT;  or,  The  Sources  of  the 
Nile,  Around  the  Great  Lakes  of  Equatorial  Africa,  and  Down  the 
Livingstone  River  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  140  Illustrations  and  10 
Maps.  By  H.  M.  Stanley.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $V  50 ;  Sheep, 
$9  50;  Half  Morocco,  SI2   00. 

THE  CONGO  and  the  Founding  of  its  Free  State,  a  Story  of  Work 
and  Exploration.  With  over  One  Hundred  Full-page  and  smaller 
Illustrations,  Two  Large  Maps,  and  several  smaller  ones.  By  H.  M. 
Stanley.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $7  50;  Sheep,  $9  50;  Half  Morocco, 
$12  00. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  PEOPLE.  By  John  Richard 
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Volumes  sold  separately.  Complete  sets,  Sheep,  $12  00;  Half 
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THE  MAKING  OF  ENGLAND.      By  John  Richard  Green.     Witt 

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THE  CONQUEST  OF  ENGLAND.  By  John  Richard  Green. 
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A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  PEOPLE.  By  JoHij? 
Richard  Green,  M.A.  Revised  and  Enlarged.  With  Colored 
Map*  and  Tables.      8vo,  Cloth,  $1   20. 


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THE  LAND  OF  THE  MIDNIGHT  SUN.  Summer  and  Winter 
Journeys  in  Sweden,  Norway,  Lapland,  and  Northern  Finland.  By 
Paul  B.  Dtj  Chaillu.  Illustrated.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $7  50; 
Half  Calf,  $12  00. 

CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  UNITED  STATES  HISTORY.  From  the  Ab- 
original Period  to  187G.  By  Benson  J.  Lossing.  Illustrated  by 
2  Steel  Portraits  and  over  1000  Engravings.  2  vols.,  Royal  8vo, 
Cloth,  $10  00;    Sheep,  $12  00;    Half  Morocco,  $15  00. 

PICTORIAL  FIELD-BOOK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION;  or,  Illus- 
trations by  Pen  and  Pencil  of  the  History,  Biography,  Scenery,  Relics, 
and  Traditions  of  the  War  for  Independence.  By  Bknson  J.  Los- 
sing.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  $14  00;  Sheep  or  Roan,  $15  00;  Half 
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PICTORIAL  FIELD-BOOK  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1812;  or,  Illus- 
trations by  Pen  and  Pencil  of  the  History,  Biography,  Scenery, 
Relics,  and  Traditions  of  the  last  War  for  American  Independence. 
By  Benson  J.  Lossing.  8vo,  Cloth,  $7  00;  Sheep  or  Roan,  $8  50; 
Half  Calf,  $10  00. 

ENGLISH   MEN   OF  LETTERS.      Edited  by  John  Mokley.     The 

following  volumes  are  now  ready: 

Johnson.  By  I,.  Stephen.— Gibbon.  By  J.  C.  Morison.— Scott.  By  It.  H.  Hut- 
ton. — Shelley.  By  J.  A.  Symonds. — Goldsmith.  By  W.  Black. — Hume.  By  Pro- 
fessor Huxley. — Defoe.  By  W.  Minto.— Burns.  By  Principal  Shairp. — Spenser. 
By  R.  W.  Church.— Thackeray.  By  A.  Trollope. — Burke.  By  J.  llorley.— Mil- 
ton. By  M.  Pattison. — SOUTHET.  By  E.  Dowden. — CHAUCER.  By  A.  W.  Ward. — 
Bunyan.  By  J.  A.  Froude. — Cowi-ek.  By  6.  Smith. — Pope.  By  I,.  Stephen. — By- 
ron. By  J.  Nichols.— Locke.  By  t.  Fowler.  — Wordsworth.  By  F.  W.  H.  Myers. 
— Hawthorne,  By  Henry  James,  Jr.— Drydbn.  By  G.  Saintsbury.— Landor.  By 
S.  Colviu. — Be  Quincey.  By  I).  Masson.— Lamb.  By  A.  Ainger. —  Bentley.  By 
R.  C.  Jebb.— Dickens.  By  A.  w~.  Ward.— Gray.  ByB.  W.  Gosse.— Swift,  By  L 
Stephen.— Sterne.  By  11.  I>.  Traill. — Macaulay.  By  ,1.  C.  Morison.-  FIELDING. 
By  A.  Dobson. — Sheridan.  By  Mrs.  Oliphant.—  Addison.  Hy  W.  J.  Courthopo. — 
Bacon.  By  K.  W.  Church.— Coleridge.  By  H.  D.  Traill.-  Sib  Philip  Sidney.  By 
J.  A.  Symonds. — Keats.     By  S.  Colvin.     12mo,  Cloth,  76  (cuts  per  volume. 

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HISTORY  OF  THE  INQUISITION  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES, 
liv  II inky  Chabi.es  Lea.  '.\  vols.,  8vo,  Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and 
Gilt  Tops,  $3  00  per  vol. 

THE  MIKADO'S   EMPIRE.     Book   I.  History  of  Japan,  from  6601 

b.c.  to  1872  A.i).  Book  II.  Personal  Experiences,  Observations, 
and  Studies  in  Japan,  from  1870  to  1874.  "With  Two  Supplement 
ary  Chapters:  Japan  in  1888,  1886,  and  1890.  By  W.  E.  Gristis. 
Copiously  Illustrated.     8vo,  Cloth,  $4  00;  HalfCnlf,  $6  25. 

A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  COLONIES  IN  AMER 
ICA.  By  HiiNKY  Cabot  Lodge.  With  Colored  Map.  8vo,  Half 
Leather.  $8  00. 


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THE  LAND  AND  THE  BOOK.  Biblical  Illustrations  drawn  from 
the  Manners  and  Customs,  the  Scenes  and  Scenery,  of  the  Holy 
Land.  By  William  M.  Thomson,  D.D.,  Forty-five  Years  a  Mis- 
sionary in  Syria  and  Palestine.  In  Three  Volumes.  Copiously  Il- 
lustrated. Square  8vo,  Ornamental  Cloth,  per  volume,  $6  00; 
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Volume  I.  Southern  Palestine  and  Jerusalem. — Volume  II. 
Central  Palestine  and  Phoenicia. — Volume  III.  Lebanon,  Da- 
mascus, and  Beyond  Jordan. 

Also,  Handsome  Pojmlar  Edition  in  Three  VqIs.,  Cloth,  §9  00  per 
Set  ;   Half  Leather,  $12  00.     (Said  only  in  Sets.) 

HISTORY  OF  MEDIAEVAL  ART.  By  Dr.  Franz  von  Reber. 
Translated  and  Augmented  by  Joseph  Timelier  Clarke.  With  422 
Illustrations,  and  a  Glossary  of  Technical  Terms.     8vo,  Cloth,  $5  00. 

HISTORY  OF  ANCIENT  ART.  By  Dr.  Franz  von  Reber.  Re- 
vised by  the  Author.  Translated  and  Augmented  by  Joseph  Thach- 
er  Clarke.  With  310  Illustrations  and  a  Glossary  of  Technical 
Terms.     8vo,  Cloth,  $3  50. 

THE  INVASION  OF  THE  CRIMEA:  its  Origin,  and  an  Account 
of  its  Progress  down  to  the  Death  of  Lord  Raglan.  By  Alexander 
William  Kinglake.  With  Maps  and  Plans.  Six  volumes,  12mo, 
Cloth,  $2  00  per  vol.  ;   Half  Calf,  $22  50  per  set. 

THE  TSAR  AND  HIS  PEOPLE;  or,  Social  Life  in  Russia.  Pa- 
pers by  Theodore  Child,  Eugene  Melchior  de  Vogue,  Clar- 
ence Cook,  and  Vassili  Verestchagin.  Illustrated.  Square  8vo, 
Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and  Gilt  Top,  $3  00. 

LIFE  OF  BISHOP  MATTHEW  SIMPSON,  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  Bv  George  R.  Crooks,  D.D.  Illustrated.  8vo, 
Cloth,  $3  75;  Gilt  Edges,  $4  25;  Half  Morocco,  $5  25.  (Sold  by 
Subscription.) 

SERMONS  BY  BISHOP  MATTHEW  SIMPSON,  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  Edited  by  George  It.  Crooks,  D.D.  8vo, 
Cloth,  $2  50. 

OUTLINES  OF  INTERNATIONAL  LAW,  with  an  Account  of  its 
Origin  and  Sources,  and  of  its  Historical  Development.  By  George 
B.  Davis,  U.S.A.     Crown  Svo,  Cloth,  $2  00. 

CURIOSITIES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  STAGE.  By  Laurence 
Hutton.  Willi  Copious  and  Characteristic  Illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and  Gilt  Top.  $2  50. 

LITERARY  LANDMARKS  OF  EDINBURGH.  By  Laurence 
Hutton.     Illustrated.     Post  Svo,  Cloth.  Ornamental,  $1  00. 

STUDIES  IN  THE  WAGNERIAN  DRAMA.  By  Henry  E.  Krkh- 
biel.     Tost  8vo,  Cloth,  $1   25. 


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CYPRUS:  its  Ancient  Cities,  Tombs,  ami  Temples.  A  Narrative  of 
Researches  and  Excavations  during  Ten  Years'  Residence  in  that 
Island.  By  L.  P.  di  Cl:snola.  With  Portrait,  Maps,  and  400  Il- 
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